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Rosevear, Alan, Dan Bogart und Leigh Shaw-Taylor. „The spatial patterns of coaching in England and Wales from 1681 to 1836: A geographic information systems approach“. Journal of Transport History 40, Nr. 3 (26.09.2019): 418–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619875258.
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Passenger coach services grew enormously in England and Wales between 1681 and 1836. This article documents the spatial patterns using data from trade directories, original maps and geographic information systems. Digital mapping illustrates the development of long-distance services from London to various destinations, including resorts, ports, industrial towns and county towns. Mapping also illustrates the development of Country services between provincial towns, especially major hubs like Manchester and Birmingham, and commuter traffic around large conurbations. Overall the maps and figures point to substantial change in destinations and the structure of the coach network. Country coach services increased after the 1790s to complement the London services. By 1835, an extensive, interlinked network of long-stage coaches grew across the country and a radial network of daily-return services grew on roads leading into London. Beyond coaching, our findings illustrate how traditional primary sources can yield new insights when combined with geographic information systems.
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Pettai, Vello. „Estonia: Old Maps and New Roads“. Journal of Democracy 4, Nr. 1 (1993): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1993.0015.
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Et al., Rashidbek M. Xudoyqulov. „Monitoring of Road Conditions Based on Geographic Information Systems: A Case Study of Yangiyul District of Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan“. Psychology and Education Journal 58, Nr. 2 (01.02.2021): 1500–1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2301.
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Modern requirements for road management require the use of new technologies and methods in solving the problems of construction, reconstruction and maintenance of roads. Currently, road organizations have begun work on the creation of a geographic information system for roads; digital maps with the location and layer of roads are being assembled. Information about roads, is very important data for many social-economic sectors of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this paper, creating geospatial digital and informative map of roads of Bukhara district of Tashkent region is revealed. The map covers all types and categories of roads. All availability conditions of roads inserted to attribute table of ArcGIS 10.2 and analyzed geospatial operations. On maps, created by not road organizations, information about roads is presented in a standard form, which leads to the lack of modern information on the condition of roads.
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DeLeon, Richard E. „Old Maps And New Roads. Left Turns in Urban Politics“. Policy Studies Journal 21, Nr. 1 (März 1993): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1993.tb01462.x.
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Chiu, Ching‐Sang, James F. Lynch und Glen Gawarkiewicz. „Tomographic maps of the New England Shelfbreak Front“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, Nr. 5 (Mai 2000): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.429157.
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Valenti, Michael. „Proving Wind Power in New England“. Mechanical Engineering 120, Nr. 08 (01.08.1998): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-aug-9.
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This article discusses that despite of the challenging winter weather conditions the largest windmill-based power plant located on East of Mississippi has been exceeding performance expectations. Green Mountain Power selected the Searsburg site because of its powerful and persistent winds and its proximity to existing access roads and transmission lines. The stronger winter winds enable the plant to generate more electricity at the time it is most needed. Indeed, the wind power plant at Searsburg, the largest east of the Mississippi River, is expected to have a positive effect on the environment by reducing the need to burn fossil fuels in other parts of New England. Green Mountain Power estimates that the electricity generated by the Searsburg plant will eliminate approximately 22 million pounds of air emissions per year that would have been generated by adding fossil fuel-burning capacity.
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Sui, Haigang, Ning Zhou, Mingting Zhou und Liang Ge. „Vector Road Map Updating from High-Resolution Remote-Sensing Images with the Guidance of Road Intersection Change Detection and Directed Road Tracing“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 7 (30.03.2023): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071840.
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Updating vector road maps from current remote-sensing images provides fundamental data for applications, such as smart transportation and autonomous driving. Updating historical road vector maps involves verifying unchanged roads, extracting newly built roads, and removing disappeared roads. Prior work extracted roads from a current remote-sensing image to build a new road vector map, yielding inaccurate results and redundant processing procedures. In this paper, we argue that changes in roads are closely related to changes in road intersections. Hence, a novel changed road-intersection-guided vector road map updating framework (VecRoadUpd) is proposed to update road vector maps with high efficiency and accuracy. Road-intersection changes include the detection of newly built or disappeared road junctions and the discovery of road branch changes at each road junction. A CNN-based intersection-detection network (CINet) is adopted to extract road intersections from a current image and an old road vector map to discover newly built or disappeared road junctions. A road branch detection network (RoadBranchNet) is used to detect the direction of road branches for each road junction to find road branch changes. Based on the discovery of direction-changed road branches, the VecRoadUpd framework extracts newly built roads and removes disappeared roads through directed road tracing, thus, updating the whole road vector map. Extensive experiments conducted on the public MUNO21 dataset demonstrate that the proposed VecRoadUpd framework exceeds the comparative methods by 11.01% in pixel-level Qual-improvement and 13.85% in graph-level F1-score.
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Bromberg, Keryn D., und Mark D. Bertness. „Reconstructing New England salt marsh losses using historical maps“. Estuaries 28, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2005): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696012.
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Shaw, Jon, und William Walton. „Labour's New Trunk-Roads Policy for England: An Emerging Pragmatic Multimodalism?“ Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, Nr. 6 (Juni 2001): 1031–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a33202.
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Chen, Banqiao, Chibiao Ding, Wenjuan Ren und Guangluan Xu. „Automatically Tracking Road Centerlines from Low-Frequency GPS Trajectory Data“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, Nr. 3 (01.03.2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030122.
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High-quality digital road maps are essential prerequisites of location-based services and smart city applications. The massive and accessible GPS trajectory data generated by mobile GPS devices provide a new means through which to generate maps. However, due to the low sampling rate and multi-level disparity problems, automatically generating road maps is challenging and the generated maps cannot yet meet commercial requirements. In this paper, we present a GPS trajectory data-based road tracking algorithm, including an active contour-based road centerline refinement algorithm as the necessary post-processing. First, the low-frequency trajectory data were transferred into a density estimation map representing the roads through a kernel density estimator, for a seeding algorithm to automatically generate the initial points of the road-tracking algorithm. Then, we present a template-matching-based road-direction extraction algorithm for the road trackers to conduct simple correction, based on local density information. Last, we present an active contour-based road centerline refinement algorithm, considering both the geometric information of roads and density information. The generated road map was quantitatively evaluated using maps offered by the OpenStreetMap. Compared to other methods, our approach could produce a higher quality map with fewer zig-zag roads, and therefore more accurately represents reality.
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Haft, Adele. „John Ogilby, Post-Roads, and the “Unmapped Savanna of Dumb Shades”: Maps and Mapping in Kenneth Slessor’s Poetic Sequence The Atlas, Part Two“. Cartographic Perspectives, Nr. 72 (01.06.2012): 27–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp72.424.
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Written by the acclaimed Australian poet Kenneth Slessor, “Post-roads” is the second poem of his sequence The Atlas and of his collection Cuckooz Contrey (1932), in which it debuted. Like the other four Atlas poems, “Post-roads” begins with a quote from a prominent seventeenth-century map-maker; in this case, John Ogilby (1600–1676)—the celebrated British publisher, surveyor, and cartographer. Slessor not only transformed Ogilby’s work (and portrait) into poetic images, but made Ogilby’s “tireless ghost” the central character of his poem. This article, part of the first full-scale examination of Slessor’s ambitious but poorly understood sequence, begins by reproducing the poem and tracing the poem’s development in Slessor’s poetry notebook. To reconstruct his creative process, it details the poet’s debt to the ephemeral catalogue of atlases and maps in which he discovered his title, epigraph, central character, and a possible source for the colorfully named coaches and carriages that conveyed passengers not only throughout London and Britain beginning in the early seventeenth century, but also throughout Australia from around 1800 to 1920. After comparing poet and cartographer, we consider the poem’s relationship to two of Ogilby’s atlases: the monumental Britannia (1675) and the posthumous, if far more accessible Traveller’s Guide (1699, 1712). Both reveal how Ogilby—even from the grave—helped passengers like the poem’s “yawning Fares” trace their routes. Finally, after offering reasons for Slessor’s choice of “Guildford” out of all the place-names along the roads through England and Wales, and proposing literary inspirations for “Post-roads,” the paper returns to Slessor’s hero/artist.
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KALININ, M. V. „STABILITY OF ROAD ROUTES IN THE MOSCOW UYEZD IN THE 17TH - FIRST THIRD OF THE 18TH CENTURY“. LOMONOSOV HISTORY JOURNAL 64, Nr. 2023, №3 (17.12.2023): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0083-8-2023-64-3-30-40.
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The article examines a little-studied problem in the period of formation of the system of overland roads in the central part of the Russian state. The purpose of the study is to find out how stable were the road routes in the southern (Zaretskaya) part of the Moscow uyezd in the 17th and the first third of the 18th century. This choice is explained by the fact that the roads in the southern part of the uyezd, separated from its northern (Zamoskovnaya) part by the Moskva river, were a unified complex of communications. The research was based on the cadasters of 1627-1629, Moscow uyezd’s maps of the second half of the 17th century, as well as land surveyor’s plans in the 1720s from the map collection of J.-N. Delisle. The study included identification of settlements indicated on the early 18th-century maps and plans of the second half of the 17th century, a comparison of identified settlements, and search for settlements from the cadasters of 1627-1629 on the basis of comparisons of maps and plans (in some cases, the settlements in the cadasters have references to roads that serve as landmarks). The author concludes that five major roads in southern Moscow suburbs, New Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod, Borovsk, Kashira and Kamensk roads, were formed up to the mid-17th century and kept their importance throughout the 18th century. They were postal highways, “federal highways” of that time. It is impossible to draw a conclusion about the route stability of country roads on the basis of the analyzed sources. The data of cadasters of 1627-1629 allows to confirm that at least three out of five roads (Borovsk, Kamensk and Kashira) existed not only in the second, but also in the first half of the 17th century. The absence of the Zvenigorod road in the Zaretskaya part of the uyezd in the cadasters does not mean that it did not exist in the first third of the17th century. Most likely the scribe simply did not indicate it as a landmark.
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Panecki, Tomasz. „Creating a common symbol classification for a new historical geoportal of Poland“. Miscellanea Geographica 18, Nr. 4 (01.12.2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0018.
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Abstract The crowd-sourcing approach should be implemented into a new historical geoportal of Poland due to its increasing potential in WebGIS. Registered users will be able to acquire spatial data from various map series. As it requires feature class harmonization, a common symbol classification should be proposed. It will be based on chosen topographic maps of Polish land from the 19th and 20th centuries. Feature classes derived from archival maps will be standardized and reclassified, but with no information lost. This will be done in four steps which require: data acquisition, map content harmonization, feature class typification and attribute table elaboration. In addition, four methods of data harmonization can be distinguished: symbol sequence, semantic analogies, spatial relations and a combined method. The paper covers the elaboration of two thematic layers - roads and railways based on three topographic maps (Austrian 1:75 000, German 1:100 000, Russian 1: 126 000).
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Chiu, Ching‐Sang, James F. Lynch und Glen Gawarkiewicz. „Shallow‐water tomography: Acoustic maps of the New England shelfbreak front“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, Nr. 2 (Februar 1999): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.425564.
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King, David I., und Richard M. DeGraaf. „The Effect of Forest Roads on the Reproductive Success of Forest-Dwelling Passerine Birds“. Forest Science 48, Nr. 2 (01.05.2002): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.2.391.
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Abstract Recent studies indicate that forest roads may affect the distribution of forest-dwelling birds. However, previous studies have not demonstrated any significant effects of forest roads on avian productivity. We studied the effect of maintained and unmaintained forest roads on (1) forest bird nest survival, (2) reproductive parameters of ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) potentially associated with food abundance, and (3) habitat and microclimate at six sites on the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, during two breeding seasons. Nest survival did not differ between areas near (0–150 m) and far (>150 m) from maintained forest roads, and was marginally (P=0.08) higher in areas near (0–150 m) unmaintained roads. When the 0–150 m distance class was subdivided, however, nest survival was significantly higher within 0–75 m of maintained roads than >75–150 m away. Ovenbird nest initiation dates, clutch size, and fledging success did not differ between areas near (0–150 m) and far (>150 m) from maintained and unmaintained forest roads, and this result did not change when the distance class 0–150 m from roads was subdivided. There were no relationships between habitat or microclimate and distance from maintained roads. We conclude that small, unsurfaced forest roads at low road density do not result in decreases in forest passerine bird productivity in extensively forested areas in New England. FOR. SCI. 48(2):391–396.
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Gibbs, James P. „Amphibian Movements in Response to Forest Edges, Roads, and Streambeds in Southern New England“. Journal of Wildlife Management 62, Nr. 2 (April 1998): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802333.
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Georgiou, Efthymios Spyridon. „Cartographical digital products: Maps, 3D models, diagrams“. Journal of Geography and Cartography 7, Nr. 1 (24.04.2024): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jgc.v7i1.4514.
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The current paper aims at spatial presentation in Cinque Terre. The purpose is to reconstruct digital products (maps, statistics, diagrams, 3D models) and the spatial analysis of the five villages. The goals are the presentation of the geomorphology, geography, population, density, and area. Also, the Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis creates the region disadvantages advantages of the five villages. The methodology is based on the software (G.I.S Pro, QGIS, Zephyr 3D, Microsoft Excel, Generic Mapping Tool) and the bibliography study. For instance, the construction 3D terrain model shows the buildings, roads, green areas, and land cover of the five villages. The digital products help better “reading” the region and emphasize the measurements and location of the region’s elements. The final results contain a message about new technologies and spatial planning. The new technologies have given spatial solutions in the last few years. The innovative, understanding, attractive cartographical digital products present the geomorphology of the traditional villages in Cinque Terre.
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Youssef, A. M., B. Pradhan, A. F. D. Gaber und M. F. Buchroithner. „Geomorphological hazard analysis along the Egyptian Red Sea coast between Safaga and Quseir“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (19.05.2009): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-751-2009.
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Abstract. Geomophological hazard assessment is an important component of natural hazard risk assessment. This paper presents GIS-based geomorphological hazard mapping in the Red Sea area between Safaga and Quseir, Egypt. This includes the integration of published geological, geomorphological, and other data into GIS, and generation of new map products, combining governmental concerns and legal restrictions. Detailed geomorphological hazard maps for flooding zones and earth movement potential, especially along the roads and railways, have been prepared. Further the paper illustrates the application of vulnerability maps dealing with the effect of hazard on urban areas, tourist villages, industrial facilities, quarries, and road networks. These maps can help to initiate appropriate measures to mitigate the probable hazards in the area.
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Feeney, Alison E. „Beer-trail maps and the growth of experiential tourism“. Cartographic Perspectives, Nr. 87 (03.11.2017): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp87.1383.
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A well-designed map can influence tourists’ activities, yet tourist maps and their designs remain under-examined in the cartographic literature. Today, many Americans are traveling to indulge in new food and drink experiences, which can potentially increase revenues in other related tourist amenities. Specifically, travel to craft breweries is increasing, and tourism agencies throughout North America promote beer trails. This study identified 100 beer trails promoted by official tourism agencies, inventoried how many of those trails’ marketing materials included a map, and evaluated those maps using Quantitative Content Analysis (QCA) for common design elements. The overall goal of the project was to determine if the maps featured only the breweries or if they promoted visiting additional experiential activities that contributed to the creation of a sense of place, and that in turn, may provide potential benefits to the travel destination. The results found that tourism agencies aggressively advertise local breweries, but the maps developed for beer trails significantly underutilize effective cartographic principles and do not promote other regional activities. Most trail maps were made with Google Maps, an effective tool for navigation, but one that often produced unbalanced layouts and did not use symbology to effectively emphasize tourist activities. Additionally, Google Maps tends to suggest travel on main roads or highways rather than smaller back roads that are more likely to host additional local activities. A limited number of maps were artistically designed to focus the viewer’s attention on the regional landscape and other available activities, but were designed in a highly generalized, cartoon-like style. Only two agencies mapped breweries along with suggested routes and additional activities using symbols, colors, fonts, and pictures appropriate for the age demographic of their market audience.
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Farewell, Timothy S., Simon Jude und Oliver Pritchard. „How the impacts of burst water mains are influenced by soil sand content“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, Nr. 11 (09.11.2018): 2951–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2951-2018.
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Abstract. Society relies on infrastructure, but as infrastructure systems are often collocated and interdependent, they are vulnerable to cascading failures. This study investigated cross-infrastructure and societal impacts of burst water mains, with the hypothesis that multi-infrastructure failures triggered by burst water mains are more common in sandy soils. When water mains in sandy soils burst, pressurised water can create subsurface voids and abrasive slurries, contributing to further infrastructure failures. Three spatial data investigations, at nested scales, were used to assess the influence that soil sand content has on the frequency and damage caused by burst water mains (1) to roads in the county of Lincolnshire, (2) to other proximal water mains in East Anglia and (3) to other proximal infrastructure and wider society across England and Wales. These investigations used infrastructure network and failure data, media reports and soil maps, and were supported by workshop discussions and structured interviews with infrastructure industry experts. The workshop, interviews and media reports produced a greater depth of information on the infrastructure and societal impacts of cascading failures than the analysis of infrastructure data. Cross-infrastructure impacts were most common on roads, built structures and gas pipes, and they occurred at a higher rate in soils with very high sand contents.
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Matijošaitienė, Irina. „THE EFFECT OF ROADS AND STREETS ON SOCIAL AND SPATIAL CITY STRUCTURE“. Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, Nr. 3 (30.06.2010): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.055.
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New roads and streets usually affect the social and spatial structure of cities, towns or living area. To demonstrate such effect, research on the municipal areas of Silainiai and Sargenai in Kaunas city was carried out. Two periods of time including before and after building a viaduct joining the municipal areas of Silainiai and Sargenai were investigated. The results of research showed that the spatial composition of the area had changed. Axial maps demonstrated the transformation of territory social code.
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Karimzadeh, Sadra, und Masashi Matsuoka. „Development of Nationwide Road Quality Map: Remote Sensing Meets Field Sensing“. Sensors 21, Nr. 6 (23.03.2021): 2251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062251.
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In this study, we measured the in situ international roughness index (IRI) for first-degree roads spanning more than 1300 km in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, using a quarter car (QC). Since road quality mapping with in situ measurements is a costly and time-consuming task, we also developed new equations for constructing a road quality proxy map (RQPM) using discriminant analysis and multispectral information from high-resolution Sentinel-2 images, which we calibrated using the in situ data on the basis of geographic information system (GIS) data. The developed equations using optimum index factor (OIF) and norm R provide a valuable tool for creating proxy maps and mitigating hazards at the network scale, not only for primary roads but also for secondary roads, and for reducing the costs of road quality monitoring. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the norm R equation for road classification in East Azerbaijan province are 65.0% and 0.59, respectively.
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Boving, Thomas, Tabatha Lewis und Eko Siswoyo. „An innovative approach to tracking sediment transport along roads“. MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928004001.
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A study of sediment transport was carried out in the New England area of the United States where large quantities of sediments and other debris accumulate along roads. These sediments are mostly transported by roadway runoff and stormwater drainage structures, where present, tend to concentrate them. However, polluted sediments might also find their way into ecologically sensitive areas. Our research aimed at tracking the transport of these sediments as they move along a road. Further, we attempted to quantify the rate by which the sediments were transported. Glass microbeads in the size range of sand were released as a tracer of sediment transport at six comparable locations. Over a period of 10 months, their movement was tracked using microscopy. Our results indicate that this type of tracer was successful in following along the sediment transport. More research is required to establish this new method under different stormwater runoff regimes or different roadside maintenance conditions.
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Desmarais, Norman. „Historic USGS Maps of New England & New York2010198Historic USGS Maps of New England & New York. URL: http://docs.unh.edu/nhtopos/nhtopos.htm: University of New Hampshire Dimond Library, Documents Department & Data Center Last visited December 2009. Gratis“. Reference Reviews 24, Nr. 4 (04.05.2010): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121011045944.
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Fedorova, Alla Semenovna, Antonina Nikolaevna Savvinova, Viktoriya Viktorovna Filippova, Anna Petrovna Itegelova und Maria Vladimirovna Kuklina. „Settlement dynamics and development of transport communications in Southern Yakutia in late the XX – early XXI centuries“. Исторический журнал: научные исследования, Nr. 6 (Juni 2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.6.37017.
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This article examines the settlement dynamics in relation to the development of transport communications using the statistical, comparative geographical, and cartographic methods. A brief characteristics is given to the system of displacement of population of Southern Yakutia in the late XX – early XXI centuries. The analysis employs the materials of the population censuses of 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010, which allows compiling the population maps that reveal the peculiarities of settlement network, their population density and structure. Spatial representation of the data is presented on the example of population displacement maps and development of transport communications in Southern Yakutia as of 1959 and 2010. Comparative analysis maps of different periods demonstrates a three-fold decrease in the number of settlements in Southern Yakutia during the intercensal period (1959–2010) due to liquidation of unpromising villages and change of nomadic lifestyle of the indigenous population to sedentary life in larger rural settlements during the period of Soviet administrative reforms of the late XX century. The emergence of new transport communications is associated with active industrial development of Southern Yakutia; however the territories were affected unevenly. It is established that spatial peculiarities of population displacement in Southern Yakutia in the late XX – early XXI centuries have remained, although the settlement areas of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North- the Evenks – have decreased. The study of transport communications on the maps of different periods revealed the dynamics of their development in different historical periods, determining the historical roads, abandoned transport routes, emergence of new types and categories of communication lines, including the network of technological roads of industrial companies used for infrastructure maintenance.
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MCINTYRE, ROY W. „A COMPARISON BETWEEN ‘PART OF SCOTLAND’ ON WILLIAM SMITH'S MAPS AND CONTEMPORARY MAPS OF SCOTLAND BY LOUIS-ALBERT NECKER AND JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERGER“. Earth Sciences History 39, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.1.88.
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William Smith's 1815 geologic map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with Part of Scotland did not initially portray the stratum ‘Trap Rocks’. He did, however, include ‘Trap Rocks’ on the much simplified, reduced-scale 1820 map entitled A New Geological Map of England and Wales, a revision of his 1815 map. On the 1820 map, outcrop patterns in the Midland Valley resemble patterns seen on two earlier maps of Scotland; those by Louis-Albert Necker de Saussure in 1808 and Jean-François Berger in 1816. The present comparison examines all the changes Smith made in Scotland between his 1815 map and his 1820 map, and relates them to what is on the two earlier maps by Necker and Berger. What might not be known is how Smith learned of the maps by Necker and Berger and what they showed.
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Kane, Brian, und H. Dennis Ryan III. „Locating Trees Using a Geographic Information System and the Global Positioning System“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 24, Nr. 3 (01.05.1998): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1998.017.
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This paper reviews the basics of GPS and GIS technology and describes their application for locating trees in rural park and forest settings. During a hazard tree survey in a Massachusetts state park, project members investigated the feasibility of using GPS and GIS to create maps that highlighted individual trees and other landmarks. The project intended to show that GPS and GIS can accurately locate trees. This technology is especially useful for arborists and urban foresters who need to map trees in rural parks, along rural roads and trails, and on large estates and institutional land, where other location methods are impractical. Depending on a variety of circumstances, GPS and GIS can be used in combination with aerial photographs or standard line and symbol maps to create appropriate tree maps for a particular area. Although certain problems still hinder the mapping process, new technology developments will expedite using GPS and GIS to produce maps.
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MCINTYRE, ROY W. „DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS WILLIAM SMITH USED AS MANUSCRIPT MAPS IN THE FIELD AND ON HIS PUBLISHED MAPS“. Earth Sciences History 42, Nr. 2 (01.07.2023): 255–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.2.255.
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ABSTRACT William Smith (1769–1839) chose large scale topographic manuscript maps for recording his field observations. Those for the northeastern counties of Durham and Northumberland were at one inch to the mile. They were made by Andrew Armstrong, and published in 1768 and 1769, respectively. The copies acquired by Smith, and colored and annotated by him, are the only early large–scale manuscript maps to have survived. They offer a rare insight into how he carried out fieldwork in counties that were unfamiliar to him, as he began work on what would become his celebrated map of England and Wales with Part of Scotland, first published in 1815. The Durham map has a near complete delineation of the strata, but the Northumberland map has little more than an outline. The stratum Millstone Grit was added on both maps, and the ‘stratum’ Whinstone on the Northumberland map. These were omitted from Smith's 1815 map. On each map, Armstrong plotted lead mines and coal mines then operating. Smith made use of these, particularly on the Northumberland manuscript map. Armstrong gave names to several features on his Northumberland map, which hinted at some mining activity there. This did not escape Smith’s notice. In 1821 Smith, and his nephew John Phillips, began a fresh survey of northern England for the county maps that would form part VI of Smith’s New Geological Atlas. Some information was carried over from the early manuscript maps to later manuscript maps, for which the topographic county maps by John Cary were the base maps. This included some of the geological information that Armstrong had printed.
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PIANA, PIETRO, CHARLES WATKINS und ROSS BALZARETTI. „Travel, Modernity and Rural Landscapes in Nineteenth-Century Liguria“. Rural History 29, Nr. 2 (10.09.2018): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000079.
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Abstract:New roads and, later, railways were essential for the modernisation and rapid economic development of north-western Italy in the early nineteenth century. The new routes also encouraged an increasing number of foreign travellers to visit the region. They opened up fresh tracts of countryside and provided novel viewpoints and points of interest; many travellers took the opportunity to record these views with topographical drawings and watercolours. In this article we make use of some of these views to examine how the modernised transport routes released new places to be celebrated by tourists and became themselves features and objects of especial interest and comment. We examine the works of three artists, one English and two Italian, who depicted landscapes of contrasting rural Ligurian landscapes. Their drawings and prints are contextualised and interpreted with maps, field data, archival documents and contemporary descriptions of roads and railways by travellers and in guidebooks.
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Font, D., G. Furdada und J. M. Vilaplana. „Aeolian susceptibility maps: methodology and applications“. Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819210.
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AbstractIn this paper we present a new methodology for the study of drifting-snow phenomena at an Alpine site This method emphasizes the accurate determination of local wind directions and the distribution of snow denudation and accumulation zones through the observation, measurement and mapping of aeolian “snowforms” and drifts. The aim is to find out whether the local wind directions on extensive surfaces in mountain areas (of about a few km2) are independent of the main wind intensity and direction, and whether valid erosion and accumulation zones are spatially stable and can be established for dominant winds. The methodology proposed to study the spatial distribution of snow by the wind has been used in the redesign of an old ski slope at La Molina, a resort in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees. Results have been very useful for deciding the design of the slopes. Therefore, we believe that the prediction of spatial snow distribution by wind in mountain areas, without the need for expensive instruments, has a valuable part to play in the management of mountain and ski resorts and roads, and in avalanche forecasting.
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Sharpe, Tom. „William Smith's 1815 map, a delineation of the strata of England and Wales: Its production, distribution, variants and survival“. Earth Sciences History 35, Nr. 1 (01.01.2016): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-35.1.47.
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A new survey of surviving copies of William Smith's 1815 map, A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland verifies the 1938 classification of the maps by Joan and Victor Eyles into five series but proposes that their unnumbered and unsigned Series V maps be divided into Series Va and Series Vb. The Series Va maps share characteristics with late Series IV maps while Series Vb maps appear to represent a possible second edition dating from the mid to late 1830s during which Smith was also working on a revised, but never issued, edition of his Memoir. While the paper for almost all copies of the main issue of Smith's map came from the Springfield Mill at Maidstone in Kent and is countermarked 1812, the copies of Series Vb maps examined are on paper made at Rye Mill near High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire in the 1830s. The new survey has confidently located about seventy surviving copies of Smith's map, and the likely location of at least thirty additional copies. It is suggested that perhaps as many as 130 to 150 copies of the map survive out of a probable original print-run of about 330 to 350.
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Woodward, Walter W. „Captain John Smith and the Campaign for New England: A Study in Early Modern Identity and Promotion“. New England Quarterly 81, Nr. 1 (März 2008): 91–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq.2008.81.1.91.
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In print, on maps, and in person, Captain John Smith tirelessly promoted English-controlled northeast North America as a “new” England. His creative, multi-pronged campaign reveals the difficulties of raising venture capital for English Atlantic world colonization and offers an important example of early modern place branding and regional identity creation.
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Pangesti, Indri, Andri Irfan Rifai und Joewono Prasetijo. „The Horizontal Curved Geometric Planning Using the Autocad® Civil 3D Method on Tanah Merah Road, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan“. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 1, Nr. 1 (17.01.2023): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i1.388.
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In modern times, technological developments are very rapid, one of which is in the field of transportation, which is now a hot research topic. Transportation is closely related to safety factors, so this study discusses how to plan roads by looking at safe and comfortable design aspects. This research opens new access roads on Tanah Merah roads by concentrating on geometric horizontal arches using the AutoCAD Civil 3D® application. The writing method and research method in the preparation of this research used secondary data and qualitative research methods. The data is collected from various sources: the internet, Google Maps, Google Earth, and Global Mapping. The length of the trace along ±1,519 Km. The arch discussed in this study is the Pl4 arch with the type of Spiral Circle Spiral (S-C-S) arch. Superelevation with a radius of 300 m is 4.5%. After doing this planning, it can be concluded that using AutoCAD Civil 3D® is considered more manageable, faster, and more effective than using manual methods.
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Hall, Dorothy K., Andrew B. Tait, James L. Foster, Alfred T. C. Chang und Milan Allen. „Intercomparison of satellite-derived snow-cover maps“. Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820066.
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AbstractIn anticipation of the launch of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra, and the Aqua spacecraft in 1999 and 2000, respectively, efforts are ongoing to determine errors of satellite-derived snow-cover maps. EOS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrora-diometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-E (AMSR-E) snow-cover products will be produced. For this study we compare snow maps covering the same study areas in Canada and the United States, acquired from different sensors using different snow-mapping algorithms. Four locations are studied: (1) Saskatchewan, Canada; (2) New England (New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts) and eastern New York; (3) central Idaho and western Montana; and (4) North and South Dakota. Snow maps were produced using a prototype MODIS snow-mapping algorithm from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes of each study area at 30 m and when the TM data were degraded to 1 km resolution. U.S. National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) 1km resolution snow maps were also used, as were snow maps derived from 0.5° × 0.5° resolution Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data. A land-cover map derived from the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program land-cover map of North America was also registered to the scenes. The TM, NOHRSC and SSM/ I snow maps, and land-cover maps were compared digitally. In most cases, TM-derived maps show less snow cover than the NOHRSC and SSM/I maps because areas of incomplete snow cover in forests (e.g. tree canopies, branches and trunks) are seen in the TM data but not in the coarser-resolution maps which may map the areas as completely snow-covered. The snow maps generally agree with respect to the spatial variability of the snow cover. The 30 m resolutionTM data provide the most accurate snow maps, and are thus used as the baseline for comparison with the other maps. Results show that the changes in amount of snow cover, as compared to to the 30 m resolution TM maps, are lowest using the TM 1km resolution maps, at 0–40%. The greatest change (>100%) is found in the New England study area, probably due to the presence of patchy snow cover. A scene with patchy snow cover is more difficult to map accurately than is a scene with a well-defined snowline such as is found on the North and South Dakota scene where the changes were 0–40%. There are also some important differences in the amount of snow mapped using the two different SSM/I algorithms because they utilize different channels.
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Kumar Reddy, Sama Lenin, C. V. Rao, P. Rajesh Kumar, R. V. G. Anjaneyulu und B. Gopala Krishna. „An index based road feature extraction from LANDSAT-8 OLI images“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1319-1336.
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Road feature extraction from the remote sensing images is an arduous task and has a significant role in various applications of urban planning, updating the maps, traffic management, etc. In this paper, a new band combination (B652) to form a road index (RI) from OLI multispectral bands based on the spectral reflectance of asphalt, is presented for road feature extraction. The B652 is converted to road index by normalization. The morphological operators (top-hat or bottom-hat) uses on RI to enhance the roads. To sharpen the edges and for better discrimination of features, shock square filter (SSF), is proposed. Then, an iterative adaptive threshold (IAT) based online search with variational min-max and Markov random fields (MRF) model are used on the SSF image to segment the roads and non-roads. The roads are extracting by using the rules based on the connected component analysis. IAT and MRF model segmentation methods prove the proposed index (RI) able to extract road features productively. The proposed methodology is a combination of saturation based adaptive thresholding and morphology (SATM), and saturation based MRF (SMRF), applied to OLI images of several urban cities of India, producing the satisfactory results. The experimental results with the quantitative analysis presented in the paper.
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Spooner, Peter G., und Ian D. Lunt. „The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape“. Australian Journal of Botany 52, Nr. 4 (2004): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04008.
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We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
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Su, Ke Hua, Hao Feng Wang, Yu Zhang und Hong Cheng. „Identify Intersections, Curves and Bifurcation Junctions from GPS Traces“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (Dezember 2012): 1666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1666.
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With the increasing popularity of route guidance systems, it becomes more important for such highly advanced applications as the cross detection to induce road maps with a higher accuracy. In this paper, we present a novel approach to induce higher-precision maps with the help of the GPS data, mainly identify intersections, curves, and bifurcation junctions. Our approach consists of several successive processing steps: Firstly, try to find out areas where the distribution of GPS feature points is very intensive. Then, analyze the characteristic of the intersections and attach some restrictions to filter out the intersections, curves and bifurcation junctions which meet with our conditions. We also propose this method to improve the efficient of our algorithm. Among the new contributions are a creative method that connects both the TargetRegion_Detect algorithm and the AbnormalPointFilter algorithm which helps us identify the three forms of roads mentioned above and induce road maps with a higher accuracy.
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Courtial, Azelle, Achraf El Ayedi, Guillaume Touya und Xiang Zhang. „Exploring the Potential of Deep Learning Segmentation for Mountain Roads Generalisation“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, Nr. 5 (25.05.2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050338.
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Among cartographic generalisation problems, the generalisation of sinuous bends in mountain roads has always been a popular one due to its difficulty. Recent research showed the potential of deep learning techniques to overcome some remaining research problems regarding the automation of cartographic generalisation. This paper explores this potential on the popular mountain road generalisation problem, which requires smoothing the road, enlarging the bend summits, and schematising the bend series by removing some of the bends. We modelled the mountain road generalisation as a deep learning problem by generating an image from input vector road data, and tried to generate it as an output of the model a new image of the generalised roads. Similarly to previous studies on building generalisation, we used a U-Net architecture to generate the generalised image from the ungeneralised image. The deep learning model was trained and evaluated on a dataset composed of roads in the Alps extracted from IGN (the French national mapping agency) maps at 1:250,000 (output) and 1:25,000 (input) scale. The results are encouraging as the output image looks like a generalised version of the roads and the accuracy of pixel segmentation is around 65%. The model learns how to smooth the output roads, and that it needs to displace and enlarge symbols but does not always correctly achieve these operations. This article shows the ability of deep learning to understand and manage the geographic information for generalisation, but also highlights challenges to come.
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Putri, Niken Anissa, und Adi Wibowo. „Spatial-Temporal Land Use Change in Depati Amir Airport Based on Google Earth Imagery“. Volume 7 No. 2. September 2023 7, Nr. 7 (28.09.2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jcbeem.v7i2.7905.
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The new Depati Amir Airport was built in 2013, which can destroy the natural vegetation due to the airport's development and extensive buildings. The research aims to identify and analyze the spatial‐temporal land‐use change characteristics in the new Depati Amir Airport. The land use change detections are in the new Depati Amir Airport by spatial-temporal analysis with three land use maps (2004, 2014, and 2022) on Google Earth Imagery. Google Earth Imagery is analyzed with QGIS to assess spatiotemporal land use changes in the new Depati Amir Airport between 2004, 2014, and 2022. Depati Amir Airport, as the new airport in Bangka Tengah Regency, has influenced land use change in Bangka Tengah Regency. The new Depati Amir Airport land types are buildings, including roads, natural vegetation, tin mining, and open space. The three new Depati Amir Airport Imagery in 2004, 2014, and 2022 on Google Earth Data can examine land use changes that depict red, orange, purple, and green rectangles. The natural vegetation and tin mining decreased due to the development of a new airport, such as roads, open spaces, and extensive buildings with a significant transformation. Hence, understanding the land use changes for local governments, regional planners, and scientific communities require close attention to spatial to reach crucial knowledge.
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Mokoena, Refiloe, Georges Mturi, Johan Maritz, Mohau Mateyisi und Peter Klein. „African Case Studies: Developing Pavement Temperature Maps for Performance-Graded Asphalt Bitumen Selection“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 3 (18.01.2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031048.
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The reliable performance of roads is crucial for service delivery, and it is a catalyst for domestic and cross-border spatial development. Paved national roads are expected to carry higher traffic volumes over time as a result of urbanization and to support the economic development in the continent. Increased traffic levels combined with expected increases in air temperatures as a result of global warming highlight the need to appropriately select bituminous road materials for a reliable performance of asphalt roads. The objective of the paper is to present African case studies on the development of temperature maps necessary for performance-graded bitumen selection for road design and construction. A consistent approach, that caters for the variability of geographical, environmental and climatic conditions, does not currently exist within the continent. Therefore, this paper discusses a series of critical components in the development of temperature maps for performance-graded bitumen including (i) pavement temperature models and climatic zones in Africa; (ii) the effect of urban heat islands on pavement temperature; (iii) sources of weather data and (iv) the mapping procedure to produce temperature maps. Characterizing the thermal properties of the pavement was found to be an important factor for reliably calculating expected road temperatures as well as the consideration of the ambient climate for a given location. During this study, the urban heat island effect was found to have little influence on the maximum pavement temperatures but a significant effect on the minimum pavement temperatures. Some areas of the urban district assessed in this investigation were found to increase by two performance grades according to the minimum temperature criteria. The recent observed weather data from weather stations are the most accurate means of measurement of the ambient environmental conditions necessary for performance-based specifications, but they are not always easily accessible, and therefore other sources of data, such as satellite data, may need to be used instead. With the expected temperature increases expected as a result of climate change, the use of Global Climate Models also opens new avenues for performance-based material selection in the African continent for expected climates as an alternative to traditional approaches based on historically observed weather.
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Moreno-Vergara, Maria-Camila, Brayan-Daniel Sarmiento-Iscala, Fabián-Enrique Casares-Pavia, Yerson-Duvan Angulo-Rodríguez und Danilo-José Morales-Arenales. „Analysis of Satellite Images Using Deep Learning Techniques and Remotely Piloted Aircraft for a Detailed Description of Tertiary Roads“. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 30, Nr. 58 (08.12.2021): e13816. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v30.n58.2021.13816.
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This document presents the results of a proof of concept for describing with more detail the social and complementary infrastructure around the tertiary roads of the Taminango region in the department of Nariño, Colombia. A dataset with samples of free satellite images from Google Maps and OpenStreetMaps was obtained. Then, a supervised deep learning algorithm with FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) topology is applied for the points of interest labeling process and the identification of the state of the roads using Keras and TensorFlow. Subsequently, a system consisting of a desktop application and a mobile application that integrates the functionalities of the trained algorithm through an intuitive interface and simple logic that stimulates interaction with the consultant is proposed. The desktop application includes a GUI designed in Python for tagging points of interest. The mobile application was developed with Flutter and comprises a database with documentation of the routes and road network in the region. It includes an augmented reality system in Vuforia Engine and Unity with virtual content developed in Blender and SolidWorks; A 3D model of the map of the region has been recreated for easier interaction and visualization of the points of interest and the status of the studied roads. In addition, complementary information was collected through remotely piloted aircraft for data acquisition in environments difficult to access, and through the community participation for the description and identification of areas not visible on official maps or statistics. This study addresses a method for the classification and identification of state of tertiary road network of the studied region, as well as labeling points of interest for the efficient management of resources for the development of new infrastructure there.
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Boucher, Christophe, Hiba Al-Assaad, Ali Daher, Ahmad Shahin und Jean-Charles Noyer. „DEM Embedding in GNSS-Based Navigation Using a Statistical Modeling“. Engineering Proceedings 6, Nr. 1 (17.05.2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10100.
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Given the boom linked to smart mobility, transport systems require increasingly precise and relevant navigation applications to offer optimized journeys in terms of time and energy consumption, such as for HEV. Most of these navigation applications are based on the processing of 2D digital road maps, while taking into account the GNSS location of vehicles. These localization systems also integrate sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes to overcome the well-known problems of GPS positioning, even if the current limited introduction of IoT in the transport industry has made it possible to develop new aided-GPS methods such as geofencing. This paper focuses on one important parameter in the journey optimization of land vehicles: the road slope. We propose a method to estimate the roads’ inclination parameters by fusing GNSS, INS, OSM and ASTER GDEM data through a nonlinear filter. The incremental estimate of the slope will complement the 2D modeling of the roads already available in OpenStreetMap and could be used in route planning optimization. The scientific novelty lies more specifically in the statistical map-matching approaches that we develop both for OSM and DEM data. Estimation results of the roads slopes are shown in experimental conditions.
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Xie, Shutong. „A road semantic segmentation system for remote sensing images based on deep learning“. Applied and Computational Engineering 64, Nr. 1 (15.05.2024): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/64/20241342.
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With the rapid development of deep learning of computer science nowadays in China, many fields in academic research have experienced the powerful and efficient advantages of deep learning and have begun to integrate it with their own research. To be specific, in the field of remote sensing, the challenge of road extraction from the original images can be effectively solved by using deep learning technology. Getting a high precision in road extraction can not only help scientists to update their road map in time but also speed up the process of digitization of roads in big cities. However, until now, compared to manual road extraction, the accuracy is not high enough to meet the needs of high-precision road extraction for the deep learning model because the model cannot extract the roads exactly in complex situations such as villages. However, this study trained a new road extraction model based on UNet model by using only datasets from large cities and can get a pretty high precision in extraction for roads in big cities. Undoubtedly, this can lead to over-fitting, but its unique high accuracy ensures that the model's ability to extract roads can be well utilized under the situations of large cities, helping researchers to update road maps more conveniently and quickly in large cities.
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Rutkowski, Jan. „Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists – the first road atlas in the independent Poland“. Polish Cartographical Review 47, Nr. 2 (01.07.2015): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2015-0007.
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Abstract The 90th anniversary of the appearance of Atlas Polski Continental dla automobilistów (Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists) published by Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie Ltd Warsaw is nearing. The Atlas was the first publication of its kind after Poland had regained its independence in 1918. After mentioning the earlier 19th and the beginning of 20th century road maps, mainly from the region known as the Kingdom of Poland being at the time under the rule of the Russian Empire, the author of the article discusses the Continental road atlas. The date of publishing the Continental road atlas is not known, therefore in the article the author makes an attempt at establishing it on the basis of the map’s contents: railroad lines, settlement network and administrative borders. Unfortunately, the study does not allow one to unequivocally state the date of publication due to numerous shortcomings in the map’s contents. Nevertheless, the date may be estimated as the beginning of the year 1926. The atlas consists of 20 single-sided map sheets (foldouts) at the scale of 1:1,000,000, which cover the whole territory of Poland as well as some parts of neighboring countries, and a general map showing the division into sheets. The maps’ main contents consists of five categories of roads marked in red. Their background is composed of railroad lines, towns and villages in seven size classes according to the number of inhabitants, water network, some peaks and passes as well as mountain range names. Explanations of map symbols in the legend are given in five languages: Polish, Russian, German, French, English. The atlas very clearly shows the differences in the density and quality of roads between the regions of the Prussian and Austrian partitions and the road infrastructure-wise neglected Russian partition, especially its eastern part. Apart from mileage information for roads, the maps do not contain additional information specifically for motorists. They do not even show petrol stations or auto repair shops. What is really worth praise is the sole idea of creating such an automobile atlas and publishing it in 10,000 copies, a copy for every other Polish driver at the time! The fact speaks for the publisher’s, Continental Caoutchouc Compagnie’s, perspective. Despite numerous shortcomings discussed in the article, the Continental Atlas of Poland for Automobilists remains an unique work, which gave a beginning to a new kind of maps in Poland.
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Tsai, Meng-Ting, und Hung-Wen Chang. „Contribution of Accessibility to Urban Resilience and Evacuation Planning Using Spatial Analysis“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 4 (07.02.2023): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042913.
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Cities evolve and change with economic development and population growth, and urban planning laws in Taiwan have regulations that should be comprehensively reviewed every six years. Most current government policies aim to add new disaster prevention shelters or rescue stations. An economical way to improve the disaster prevention capabilities of urban planning is through examining or reviewing spatial structures and disaster prevention plans from the perspective of citizens or residents. The UN Office of Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) launched the Making Cities Resilient Campaign policy to enhance disaster-resistant and sustainable urban environments through integrated disaster mitigation, reduction, response, and evacuation plans. This study used space syntax to ascertain evacuation route features using geometric distance analysis. There was 31.61% efficiency in relation to accessible roads on a comprehensive map. We could clearly see that since the areas in the first quadrant were relatively close to accessible roads, and there was an area that was not connected to the existing evacuation channels. The increased number of channels was more accessible and extensive. Such suggestions are helpful for government departments to prepare for disaster management. The spatial characteristics of the physical environment are explained by the accessibility and efficiency of axial maps and visibility analyzed by space syntax. Our findings reveal that space syntax is an important application when examining evacuation maps.
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Fatima, Samra, Zulfa Hanan Ash'aari, Mohammad Firuz Ramli, Amir Hamzah Sharaai und Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry. „Comparison of Landfill Site Suitability Assessment Using Ahp and Fuzzy Ahp Methods“. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, Nr. 4 (01.11.2021): 746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.746.
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Landfill site selection is a multi-criteria decision problem and has strategic value for various countries. The conventional method for landfill site selection is not enough to address the vague nature of linguistic assessment. An integrated Fuzzy AHP method was used to resolve this issue. Suitability maps produced by conventional Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and integrated Fuzzy AHP methods were compared and validated, which adds a new dimension in the waste management field. Various environmental, socio-economic, and infrastructure factors were used as predictors, which included groundwater level, soil type, slope, land cover, distance to settlements, railways, roads, surface water sources, airport, power lines, wells, and protected areas. Relative Operation Characteristic (ROC) analyses gave results of 0.77 and 0.86 for the suitability maps of AHP and Fuzzy AHP, respectively. The landfill site suitability maps produced from this study could help urban planners, engineers, decision-makers, and land-use developers to make suitable decisions. Furthermore, the resulted integrated model showed the best suitability that could be implemented to resolve the fundamental landfill siting problems in other cities of Pakistan.
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Litvaitis, J. A., B. Johnson, W. Jakubas und K. Morris. „Distribution and habitat features associated with remnant populations of New England cottontails in Maine“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, Nr. 5 (01.05.2003): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-068.
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We investigated the distribution and habitat associations of New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis; NEC) at the northern edge of their historic range (state of Maine) during the winters of 19992000 and 20002001. We compared features of regions ([Formula: see text]100 km2), landscapes (multiple home ranges of NEC within 1 km of suitable habitat), and patches (usually <0.1 km2) among sites that were occupied by NEC, occupied by a potential competitor (snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus), or vacant. The current range of NEC in Maine is approximately 1600 km2 versus a recent historic range of 9400 km2 (83% decline). Loss of early-successional forests may explain the decline in abundance but does not explain the pattern of range contraction. Patches occupied by NEC were larger, had a greater density of understory vegetation, and were more frequently associated with idle agricultural lands than vacant patches. Habitats occupied by snowshoe hares were characterized by a greater proportion of forest and a lower density of roads in the surrounding landscape, were more often associated with recent clearcuts, and had a lower density of understory vegetation than sites occupied by NEC. Based on current land-use patterns, remaining populations of NEC in Maine are vulnerable to extirpation.
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Wadikar, Pinak, und Dr Rupesh C. Jaiswal. „Congestion Detection with Sentiment Analysis“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 12 (31.12.2023): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.57425.
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Abstract: This paper describes an approach to get insights into congestion on roads as well as get the general feedback of the state of transportation in a particular city and/or state. Google Maps gives you the location of the congestion but not the reason behind it. In this innovative approach, we try to extract the cause of the congestion as well as its severity with the help of sentiment analysis on Twitter feed. This data is especially helpful for authorities to arrange medical help, civic authorities for city planning as well as the common man who is new to a particular location.
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Ranasinghe, Mark. „The New Silk Roads. By Peter Frankopan. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. Pp. 320. $16.40, hardcover; $10.93, paper.“ Journal of Economic History 81, Nr. 1 (März 2021): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000012.
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Vugule, Kristine, und Simon Bell. „The Soviet modernisation of the public road landscape“. SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196304004.
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Under the Soviet regime and as part of the development of the economy, the Latvian road infrastructure and its associated landscape went through major changes. Through modernisation old roads were straightened, historically established road routes and their surroundings changed, new roads planned and constructed, some elements of the road landscape disappeared and new ones emerged. Snow and wind protection hedges were planted along open stretches. With the increase of public transport many unique bus stop pavilions rest areas for drivers and tourists were constructed. A lot of attention was paid to roadside views and aesthetics through the use of tree plantings. The aim of this study was to explore the heritage of road planning and landscape development in Latvia during the Soviet era from 1945 to 1991. The study used literature review and analyses of maps and archival materials from the Latvian road museum supported by fieldwork. Elements which are disappearing as the road network is upgraded through European structural funding were identified through map analyses of different time periods and a number of field studies of sample stretches of roads, were undertaken. The road infrastructure and the landscape of that time is part of the cultural heritage of the 20th century and is connected to the development of the rural economy and collectivisation and to military preparedness. The study uncovered a well-developed road planning and landscape design theory which was applied in Latvia and used as an example in other Soviet Republics.