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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Road traffic collision“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Road traffic collision"
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Cabrera-Arnau, Carmen, und Steven R. Bishop. „Urban population size and road traffic collisions in Europe“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 8 (27.08.2021): e0256485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256485.
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Millions of road traffic collisions take place every year, leading to significant knock-on effects. Many of these traffic collisions take place in urban areas, where traffic levels can be elevated. Yet, little is known about the extent to which urban population size impacts road traffic collision rates. Here, we use urban scaling models to analyse geographic and road traffic collision data from over 300 European urban areas in order to study this issue. Our results show that there is no significant change in the number of road traffic collisions per person for urban areas of different sizes. However, we find individual urban locations with traffic collision rates which are remarkably high. These findings have the potential to inform policies for the allocation of resources to prevent road traffic collisions across the different cities.
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Tian, Zhun. „Investigating Impact of Speed on Traffic Safety using Collision Prediction Model“. Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.482.
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Motor vehicle speed is a risk factor contributing to many road accidents which result in significant social and economic costs. Although a review of previous research shows that the literature is extensive on the impact of speed on traffic safety, the majority of previous researches mainly focused on rural roads while rarely on urban roads. It is crucial that the relationship between speed and road collisions should be investigated in urban areas because of the fact that a high ratio of collisions is occurred on urban roads. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of motor vehicle speed on road collisions on urban road sections. This objective is achieved by developing collision prediction models which quantitatively correlate collision frequency to speed characteristics. It is found that both mean speed and speed standard deviation are positively related to collision frequency. Both of them are risk factors in traffic safety.
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Babaoglu, Liza, und Ceni Babaoglu. „Prediction of Fatalities in Vehicle Collisions in Canada“. Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, Nr. 5 (08.10.2021): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i5.3782.
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Traffic collisions affect millions around the world and are the leading cause of death for children and young adults. Thus, Canada’s road safety plan is to reduce collision injuries and fatalities with a vision of making the safest roads in the world. We aim to predict fatalities of collisions on Canadian roads, and to discover causation of fatalities through exploratory data analysis and machine learning techniques. We analyse the vehicle collisions from Canada’s National Collision Database (1999–2017.) Through data mining methodologies, we investigate association rules and key contributing factors that lead to fatalities. Then, we propose two supervised learning classification models, Lasso Regression and XGBoost, to predict fatalities. Our analysis shows the deadliness of head-on collisions, especially in non-intersection areas with lacking traffic control systems. We also reveal that most collision fatalities occur in non-extreme weather and road conditions. Our prediction models show that the best classifier of fatalities is XGBoost with 83% accuracy. Its most important features are “collision configuration” and “used safety devices” elements, outnumbering attributes such as vehicle year, collision time, age, or sex of the individual. Our exploratory and predictive analysis reveal the importance of road design and traffic safety education.
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Wang, Ningcheng, Yufan Liu, Jinzi Wang, Xingjian Qian, Xizhi Zhao, Jianping Wu, Bin Wu, Shenjun Yao und Lei Fang. „Investigating the Potential of Using POI and Nighttime Light Data to Map Urban Road Safety at the Micro-Level: A Case in Shanghai, China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 17 (30.08.2019): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174739.
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The way in which the occurrence of urban traffic collisions can be conveniently and precisely predicted plays an important role in traffic safety management, which can help ensure urban sustainability. Point of interest (POI) and nighttime light (NTL) data have always been used for characterizing human activities and built environments. By using a district of Shanghai as the study area, this research employed the two types of urban sensing data to map vehicle–pedestrian and vehicle–vehicle collision risks at the micro-level by road type with random forest regression (RFR) models. First, the Network Kernel Density Estimation (NKDE) algorithm was used to generate the traffic collision density surface. Next, by establishing a set of RFR models, the observed density surface was modeled with POI and NTL variables, based on different road types and periods of the day. Finally, the accuracy of the models and the predicted outcomes were analyzed. The results show that the two datasets have great potential for mapping vehicle–pedestrian and vehicle–vehicle collision risks, but they should be carefully utilized for different types of roads and collision types. First, POI and NTL data are not applicable to the modeling of traffic collisions that happen on expressways. Second, the two types of sensing data are quite suitable for estimating the occurrence of traffic collisions on arterial and secondary trunk roads. Third, while the two datasets are capable of predicting vehicle–pedestrian collision risks on branch roads, their ability to predict vehicle safety on branch roads is limited.
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Find’o, S., M. Skuban, M. Kajba, J. Chalmers und M. Kalaš. „Identifying attributes associated with brown bear (Ursus arctos) road-crossing and roadkill sites“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, Nr. 2 (Februar 2019): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0088.
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Habitat fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure is an issue of growing concern worldwide. We show how secondary roads may affect landscape permeability for brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). We focused on identifying environmental variables that govern the selection of road-crossing zones by bears (crossing model). We also investigated whether variables that characterize road-crossing zones differ from those that are typical for bear–vehicle collision sites (collision model). The study area was located in north-central Slovakia. To identify road-crossing sites, we used the GPS fixes of 27 bears and identified 35 bear–vehicle collision sites from a different data set. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to model resource selection at road-crossing sites and to compare bear-crossing sites with bear-kill sites. The crossing model showed that the traffic volume with distance to forest and grassland were the most influential factors in bear selection of road-crossing sites. Results of the collision model indicated that successful road crossings by bears were located at different road sections from vehicle collisions, which differed by a traffic volume of 5000 vehicles/24 h. The outcomes of this study can facilitate improved mitigation measures on secondary roads.
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Xu, Zhi Qiang. „Research of Mechanics Based on Accident Collision“. Advanced Materials Research 1021 (August 2014): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1021.214.
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With the rapid development of the economy, the automotive industry and road transport have also been rapidly developed. Road traffic accidents occur frequently, which not only brings a lot of inconvenience to road traffic management but also threatens people's lives and property. In many road accidents, vehicle collisions are the most serious and dangerous also the largest. So having a comprehensive, systematic study of the car's collision is becoming the world's most pressing subject. The whole process of the collision of moving vehicle is inseparable from the role of the force. So in order to better analyze vehicle collisions and reproduce this process, a lot of mechanical knowledge should be required. This paper studies the vehicle accident reconstruction mechanical problems, laying the foundation of further research.
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Zhong, Weifan, und Lijing Du. „Predicting Traffic Casualties Using Support Vector Machines with Heuristic Algorithms: A Study Based on Collision Data of Urban Roads“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 4 (06.02.2023): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15042944.
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Traffic accidents on urban roads are a major cause of death despite the development of traffic safety measures. However, the prediction of casualties in urban road traffic accidents has not been deeply explored in previous research. Effective forecasting methods for the casualties of traffic accidents can improve the manner of traffic accident warnings, further avoiding unnecessary loss. This paper provides a practicable model for traffic forecast problems, in which ten variables, including time characteristics, weather factors, accident types, collision characteristics, and road environment conditions, were selected as independent factors. A mixed-support vector machine (SVM) with a genetic algorithm (GA), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), grey wolf optimizer algorithm (GWO) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) separately are proposed to predict the casualties of collisions. Grounded on 4285 valid urban road traffic collisions, the computing results show that the SSA-SVM performs effectively in the casualties forecast compared with the GWO-SVM, GA-SVM and PSO-SVM.
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Lovegrove, Gordon R., und Tarek Sayed. „Macro-level collision prediction models for evaluating neighbourhood traffic safety“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, Nr. 5 (01.05.2006): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-013.
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This study describes the development of macro-level (i.e., neighbourhood or traffic zone level) collision prediction models using data from 577 neighbourhoods across the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The objective is to provide a safety planning decision-support tool that facilitates a proactive approach to community planning which addresses road safety before problems emerge. The models are developed using the generalized linear regression modelling (GLM) technique assuming a negative binomial error structure. The resulting models relate traffic collisions to neighbourhood characteristics such as traffic volume, demographics, network shape, and transportation demand management. Several models are presented for total or severe collisions in rural or urban zones using measured and (or) modelled data. It is hoped that quantifying a predictive traffic safety – neighbourhood planning relationship will facilitate improved decisions by community planners and engineers and, ultimately, facilitate improved neighbourhood traffic safety for residents and other road users.Key words: neighbourhood safety, macro-level collision prediction models, road safety, safety planning, transportation demand management, sociodemographic, generalized linear regression modelling.
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Keisham, Supriya, Pabitramala Nandeibam, Kh Pradipkumar Singh, George Vanlalchhuanga und H. Nabachandra. „Retrospective study on fatal road traffic accident in Aizawl, Mizoram during 2014-2018“. IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 6, Nr. 3 (15.09.2021): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2021.020.
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A traffic collision, also called a motor vehicle collision, car accident, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or any stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building. Traffic collisions often result in injury, disability, death and damage to property as well as financial cost to both the society & individuals involved.
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Niemi, Milla, Sari C. Cunningham, Robert Serrouya, Veli-Matti Väänänen und Sakari Mykrä-Pohja. „Traffic mortality of wild forest reindeer Rangifer tarandus fennicus in Finland“. Nature Conservation 57 (16.12.2024): 89–102. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.57.107332.
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Vehicle collisions kill at least one million ungulates annually in Europe. The number of traffic-killed individuals is usually relatively low for managed species, compared to the annual harvest quota. Therefore, traffic mortality in common ungulate species has historically been seen as a management and traffic safety problem, rather than a conservation issue. However, rare ungulate species, such as European wild forest reindeer (WFR) Rangifer tarandus fennicus, challenge this paradigm. The global population of WFR is approximately 5 300 individuals, divided into three main subpopulations: Suomenselkä and Kainuu in Finland, and N-W Russia. WFR females generally produce only one calf per year, which makes this species particularly vulnerable to any additional source of mortality. Here, we investigate traffic mortality of WFR in Finland. For both Finnish WFR subpopulations we estimated a kill rate (the proportion of individuals killed/struck) and, in relation to their winter population sizes, the collision and traffic mortality rates. Our collision data was collected during 2017–2022 by volunteer hunters and consisted of 390 road traffic collisions (407 WFR individuals), with supplementary data on railway collisions. In total, 259 individuals were killed directly in road traffic collisions or euthanized later after tracking (kill rate 64%). An age class (adult/juvenile) was determined for 265 animals (65%), and the results indicated that noticeably more adults than juveniles were killed. In relation to wintering subpopulation sizes, there were higher collision and traffic mortality rates in Suomenselkä (3.0% and 2.0% of the winter population, respectively) than in Kainuu (1.8% and 1.3%). WFR-train collisions occurred in both subpopulations. In Suomenselkä, a railway mortality rate of 0.2% was recorded, while in Kainuu it was 0.7%. We found collision and traffic mortality rates that were relatively low and comparable with those of other ungulate species. However, the relatively high proportion of adults observed among road-killed individuals lends support for further studies to develop species-specific mitigation measures for WFR.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Road traffic collision"
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Reddy, Nitin. „DRIVER ASSISTANCE FOR ENHANCED ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1237493386.
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Malomane, Rixongile. „Investigating the role of alcohol in road traffic collision fatalities in Western Cape, South Africa“. Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32791.
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Road traffic collisions (RTCs) are a major contributor to unnatural death worldwide, but especially in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) where motorised transport has rapidly expanded. A literature review into RTCs and alcohol indicated that it is well recognised that alcohol intoxication is a key risk factor in RTCs and road traffic fatalities (RTFs). It also indicated that literature concerning the role of alcohol intoxication in RTFs in South Africa is limited. Hence, this study aimed to investigate alcohol in RTF victims in five of the major mortuaries (Salt River, Tygerberg, Paarl, Worcester and George) in the Western Cape Province between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. Cases were extracted from the Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service (FPS) internal database, which included demographic and crash information, together with blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results. In total, 2079 cases over the two years were included in the study, with most cases admitted in the metropole of Cape Town (Salt River: n=838, Tygerberg: n=693). The proportion of unnatural deaths were greater outside the metropole (George, Worcester and Paarl) compared to the metropole (Salt River and Tygerberg) areas. The majority of fatalities were male individuals (male to female ratio of 3.52:1), with the average age of 35.2 ± 17.2 years. Most victims were pedestrians (n = 1106; 53.7%) and dark wet roads, and highways were noted as risk factors in RTFs. Blood was submitted for alcohol analysis in 1432 (68.9%) cases, and results were available for 1314 (91.8%) cases. Of the available results, 709 cases (54%) were positive for alcohol (BAC of ≥ 0.01g/100 mL). Of the positive cases, most had a BAC between 0.15 and 0.29 g/100mL and the overall average BAC was 0.20 g/100 mL. Pedestrians and drivers had the highest median BACs, and almost a third of all the positive BAC results were from pedestrian deaths. The findings of this dissertation can contribute to the growing research on alcohol and injury in South Africa, especially as it relates to RTFs. Insight into vulnerable populations within the province is highlighted, together with key risk factors associated with RTFs, as well as safety measures that may be targeted for improvement, especially with regards to driving and walking on the roads while intoxicated.
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Youssef, Dalal. „Améliorer la sécurité routière au Liban : un parcours multidimensionnel allant de l'analyse exhaustive des défis à l'intégration des données et l'examen du comportement des conducteurs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0268.
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Les collisions de la route, une préoccupation mondiale en matière de santé publique et de socio-économie, coûtent la vie à 1,19 million de personnes chaque année. Le Liban, avec une population de moins de 6 millions d'habitants, enregistre chaque année près de 1 000 décès dus aux collisions de la route. Les défis sont exacerbés par la croissance démographique, la possession de véhicules au sein des foyers, la détérioration des infrastructures et les conflits régionaux, le tout compliqué par des données fragmentées. Le manque de recherches antérieures sur la sécurité routière aggrave la situation en entravant la formulation de politiques éclairées. En utilisant une approche multidimensionnelle, cette thèse entreprend une exploration exhaustive des défis de la sécurité routière, visant à combler les lacunes de la recherche et s'efforce de fournir une stratégie holistique pour améliorer la sécurité routière. Sa vision ultime s'étend à des routes plus sûres, à une réduction des décès et à l'évolution vers un système de transport durable. La thèse se déploie en deux axes principaux : le système de management de la sécurité routière et le comportement des conducteurs. Dans le premier axe, une analyse exhaustive de la situation actuelle du système de management de la sécurité routière au Liban a été réalisée. Cette analyse examine en profondeur les défis, ainsi que les complexités historiques, institutionnelles, organisationnelles et financières qui influencent le cadre actuel de la sécurité routière. La thèse évalue les mécanismes d'application du code routier, les affectations budgétaires et propose des recommandations fondées sur des données probantes pour améliorer à la fois la sécurité routière et la durabilité au Liban. Cette analyse exhaustive souligne l'urgence d'adopter une stratégie holistique couvrant un large éventail d'aspects liés à la sécurité routière, de l'application rigoureuse des lois à l'amélioration des infrastructures, en passant par l'allocation durable des financements et la collaboration internationale active. Reconnaissant que les données soient la pierre angulaire d'une gestion efficace de la sécurité routière, la thèse aborde brièvement le problème crucial de la fragmentation et de l'incomplétude des données sur les traumatismes liés à la circulation routière au Liban. Se penchant sur le facteur humain, le deuxième axe se concentre sur le comportement des conducteurs, élément essentiel de la sécurité routière qui a manqué d'outils validés dans le contexte libanais. La thèse comporte l'adaptation transculturelle de quatre échelles de mesure (le locus de contrôle du trafic, le questionnaire sur le comportement des conducteurs, l’échelle de la colère au volant et l'inventaire des compétences des conducteurs) pour comprendre et atténuer les comportements dangereux des conducteurs. Ce processus complexe implique la traduction, l'adaptation transculturelle, une validation rigoureuse et l'implication de divers groupes de conducteurs libanais dans la collecte de données. Au-delà de la validation, elle explore l'association entre ce comportement et les collisions de la route, avec le potentiel d'influencer les politiques de sécurité routière et de promouvoir de bonnes pratiques de conduite. Cette thèse sert alors de plan directeur transformateur, visant à forger des routes plus sûres, à réduire les collisions et à améliorer la qualité de vie au Liban. Il s'agit d'un appel sans équivoque à répondre à l'urgence d'agir et à promouvoir des solutions fondées sur des données probantesRoad traffic collisions, a global public health and socio-economic concern, claim 1.19 million lives annually worldwide. Lebanon, with a population under 6 million, contends with nearly 1,000 road fatalities each year. Challenges are amplified by population growth, increased household vehicle ownership, deteriorating infrastructure, and the enduring impact of regional conflicts, all further obscured by fragmented data. The dearth of prior research on Lebanese road safety compounds the predicament, impeding informed policy formulation and precise solutions. The thesis unfolds along two main axes: road safety management and driver behaviour. The first axis provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of road safety management in Lebanon. This analysis delves deeply into the challenges, as well as the historical, institutional, organizational, and financial complexities that shape the current framework for road safety. The thesis evaluates existing policies, enforcement mechanisms, budget allocations, and proposes evidence-based recommendations to improve both road safety and sustainability in Lebanon. This thorough analysis highlights the urgent need for a holistic strategy that covers a wide range of road safety aspects, from strict law enforcement to infrastructure improvements, sustainable funding allocation, and active international collaboration. Recognizing that data is the cornerstone of effective road safety management, the thesis addresses briefly the critical issue of fragmented and incomplete data on road traffic injuries in Lebanon. Focusing on the human factor, the second axis concentrates on driver behaviour, a key element of road safety that has lacked validated tools in the Lebanese context. The thesis advocates for the cross-cultural adaptation of four measurement scales (Traffic Locus of Control, Driver Behaviour Questionnaire, Driving Anger Scale, and Driver Skills Inventory) to understand and mitigate risky driver behaviours. This complex process involves translation, cross-cultural adaptation, rigorous validation, and the involvement of various groups of Lebanese drivers in data collection. Beyond validation, it explores the relationship between driver behaviour and road collisions, with the potential to influence road safety policies and promote good driving practices. This thesis thus serves as a transformative roadmap, aiming to create safer roads, reduce collisions, and improve the quality of life in Lebanon. It is a clarion call to address the urgent need for action and the pursuit of data-driven solutions
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Slepánek, Petr. „Komplexní systém pro analýzu silničních nehod typu střet vozidla s motocyklem“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234310.
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The thesis describes the problems of a complex system for analysis of road accidents, specifically the methodology for solving the collision between vehicle and motorcycle. There are statistics described motorcycle accidents, motorcycle safety features, the basic types of collision positions between vehicles and motorcycles, design methodology for solving with traffic accidents between vehicles and motorcycles. The work is performed a set of different measurements used to supplement and refine the input data for the analysis of road accidents involving motorcycles. The work contains data obtained from measurements.
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Christoforou, Zoi. „Incidence occurrence and response on urban freeways“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626573.
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Research on road safety has been of great interest to engineers and planners for decades. Regardless of modeling techniques, a serious factor of inaccuracy - in most past studies - has been data aggregation. Nowadays, most freeways are equipped with continuous surveillance systems making disaggregate traffic data readily available ; these have been used in few studies. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to capitalize highway traffic data collected on a real-time basis at the moment of accident occurrence in order to expand previous road safety work and to highlight potential further applications. To this end, we first examine the effects of various traffic parameters on type of road crash as well as on the injury level sustained by vehicle occupants involved in accidents, while controlling for environmental and geometric factors. Probit models are specified on 4-years of data from the A4-A86 highway section in the Ile-de -France region, France. Empirical findings indicate that crash type can almost exclusively be defined by the prevailing traffic conditions shortly before its occurrence. Increased traffic volume is found to have a consistently positive effect on severity, while speed has a differential effect on severity depending on flow conditions. We then establish a conceptual framework for incident management applications using real-time traffic data on urban freeways. We use dissertation previous findings to explore potential implications towards incident propensity detection and enhanced management
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Porč, Jiří. „Autoškola - pravidla silničního provozu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237142.
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This diploma thesis focuses on a traffic simulator design. The matter of simulation methods is described here as well as a project of a town model, road system and its usage in an implementation in a traffic simulator. The work further explains the principles and techniques for creation of the town model in an editor and it analyzes traffic rules that are necessary for the creation of the simulator of this type. The created simulator uses various engines for its functioning. It would not be possible to continue in further work without their proper adjustment. That is why the installation of the used engines is described in the thesis. Principles of 3D model and texture usage are also explained.
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Mattox, Todd Berry. „Evaluation of Roadside Collisions with Utility Poles and Trees at Intersection Locations“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19829.
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The United States averages 40,000 traffic fatalities annually. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide cites run-off-the-road crashes as contributing greatly to this statistic, with about one-third of all traffic deaths [1]. This number has remained relatively constant over the past four decades, and despite a major increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the rate of fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled has declined. However, this relatively large number of run-off-the-road crashes should remain a major concern in all roadway design.
The Highway Safety Act of 1966 marks a defining moment in the history of roadside safety [ ]. Before this point, roadways were only designed for motorists who remained on the roadway, with no regard for driver error. As there was no legislation or guidelines concerning roadside design, roadways constructed prior to 1966 are littered with fixed objects directly off of the edge of pavement. Fortunately, many of these roads have reached their thirty year design lives and have become candidates for improvement.
The following report examines roadside crashes on nine Atlanta urban arterial roadways. Accident type, severity, and location for all crashes on these were evaluated. It is found roadside collisions with utility poles and trees were more prone to occur at intersection locations than midblock locations. Also for the studied roadway corridors, on average, roadside collisions were more likely to result in serious injury or fatality. Based on these findings initial recommendations are offer for improving clear zone requirements.
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Weston, Lauren. „Exploring the factors which underpin young drivers' over-representation in road traffic collisions“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5153.
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Worldwide, young drivers are involved in more road traffic collisions than any other age group (Taubman & Katz, 2012). Comprehensive driver training and various forms of pre- and- post-test road safety interventions (RSIs) are in place, but young drivers continue to be involved in more at-fault, fatal collisions than older, newly qualified drivers (e.g. Emmerson, 2008; Braitman et al, 2008; Clarke et al, 2010). The evidence base to date is mixed regarding why young drivers are at a heightened risk of collision and so this thesis aims to provide further understanding about the factors underpinning young drivers’ engagement in risky driving. An evaluation of a young driver RSI, found that young males were less likely than young females to report safer attitudes and intentions after attending the RSI. We considered that this may be due to young males’ behaviour being motivated by a desire to seek rewards (e.g. the thrill of risky driving) rather than a fear of punishment which forms the basis of traditional RSIs. Two subsequent studies were conducted to ascertain whether a heightened sensitivity to reward might underpin the risk-taking behaviour of those most at risk. We found that young males and females scoring high on reward sensitivity reported engaging in more road traffic violations and displayed slower reaction times on a driving game; suggesting that young people may have a heightened sensitivity to reward, in general, and concurrently tend to accept a higher degree of risk than other drivers. We also found that reward sensitive young drivers rated road safety messages framed in terms of financial gains as most effective, suggesting that financial incentives may be a potential route to engage young drivers in the future. The findings from another study provided insight into the precise mechanisms at play in the relationship between young drivers and their peer passengers, and the evaluation of the pilot peer-to-peer RSI showed how it might be possible to improve young drivers’ intentions to drive safely by modifying the norm that risky driving is an appropriate way to attain social prestige within a peer group. The thesis offers a significant contribution to the literature by establishing empirically the effect of reward sensitivity on young drivers’ engagement in risky driving and suggesting multiple ways to better improve young drivers’ safety in the future.
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Sin, Jerome Ga Nok. „Safety impact study of centerline rumble strips in Georgia“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51775.
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Within the last decade, centerline rumble strips have become increasingly prevalent as a safety countermeasure on undivided roadways throughout the United States. Within the state of Georgia, nearly 200 miles of centerline rumble strips have been installed in an effort to address the severity and frequency of crashes involving the centerline. With several thousands of miles of new installations throughout the nation in the last decade, much literature on this subject is still being amassed. This paper will compile and summarize existing literature in order to provide a thorough overview of the latest information from around the United States regarding the safety, usage, and impacts of centerline rumble strips. Furthermore, this paper seeks to comprehensively determine the safety impacts of centerline rumble strips on undivided, rural highway facilities in the state of Georgia. This portion of the study will prepare an updated inventory of centerline rumble strip installations in Georgia and perform a before-after study using three methods: a direct before-after analysis, a comparison before-after analysis, and a comparative analysis. These analyses will incorporate data from crash databases, police records, and traffic records to produce results unique to Georgia. Lastly, this paper will determine the current status of centerline rumble strips and the potential short- and long-term safety, physical, and unintended effects of centerline rumble strips both in the state of Georgia and throughout the United States through a survey sent to all fifty state transportation agencies. Through literature compilation, safety analyses, and findings on the effects of centerline rumble strips, this paper will aid in the future of centerline rumble strips within Georgia and the United States.
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Redpath, Gwyneth Margaret. „An examination of the characteristics of young drivers in Northern Ireland and their involvement in road traffic collisions“. Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695347.
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The aims and objectives of this thesis were to examine the reasons for the high proportion of collisions resulting in death or serious injuries, especially to young drivers on Northern Ireland roads by examining why they suffer more deaths and injuries than their proportion in the population. This was achieved by issuing and analysing a questionnaire based on one previously issued in GB; conducting a Naturalistic Driving experiment with a qualified, approved driving instructor and his pupils to study the use of an audible signal as a means of highlighting hazards; and desk research. Results showed that new drivers in Northern Ireland are not significantly different from those in GB and that an audible signal can be useful in slowing down drivers ahead of a hazard. It was concluded that traffic fatalities have reduced because of the depressed economy but are likely to rise as the economy improves and that the use of a pre-emptive/advanced warning or signal could be one means of enabling young driver road traffic fatalities to remain low, even as the economy improves and more younger drivers start driving on the roads.
Bücher zum Thema "Road traffic collision"
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Board, United States National Transportation Safety. Collision between Mission Consolidated Independent school bus and Valley Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Inc. tractor-semitrailer, intersection of Bryan Road and Texas farm-to-market road 676, Alton, Texas, September 21, 1989. [Washington, D.C.]: The Board, 1990.
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Board, United States National Transportation Safety. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Schoolbus-loss of control and collision with guard rail and sign pillar, U.S. Highway 70 near Lucas and Hunt Road, St. Louis County, Missouri, November 11, 1985. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1987.
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Chris, Allaire, Ahner Dan, Washington (State) Transportation Division und United States. Federal Highway Administration., Hrsg. Relationship between side slope conditions and collision records in Washington State: Research agreement GCA0004 : flattening slopes--effects on collisions. [Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 1996.
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Motumah, Linus Kiambati. An evaluation of collision rate trends on daylight headlight sections in California. [Sacramento]: California Dept. of Transportation, 1996.
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Institute, Western Transportation, und United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety R&D, Hrsg. Wildlife-vehicle collision reduction study: Report to Congress. McLean, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2008.
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Serrano, Maria A., Erez Hadad, Roberto Cavicchioli, Rut Palmero, Luca Chiantore, Danilo Amendola und Eduardo Quiñones. „Distributed Big Data Analytics in a Smart City“. In Technologies and Applications for Big Data Value, 475–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78307-5_21.
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AbstractThis chapter describes an actual smart city use-case application for advanced mobility and intelligent traffic management, implemented in the city of Modena, Italy. This use case is developed in the context of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 project CLASS [4]—Edge and Cloud Computation: A highly Distributed Software for Big Data Analytics. This use-case requires both real-time data processing (data in motion) for driving assistance and online city-wide monitoring, as well as large-scale offline processing of big data sets collected from sensors (data at rest). As such, it demonstrates the advanced capabilities of the CLASS software architecture to coordinate edge and cloud for big data analytics. Concretely, the CLASS smart city use case includes a range of mobility-related applications, including extended car awareness for collision avoidance, air pollution monitoring, and digital traffic sign management. These applications serve to improve the quality of road traffic in terms of safety, sustainability, and efficiency. This chapter shows the big data analytics methods and algorithms for implementing these applications efficiently.
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Eilbrecht, Jan, und Olaf Stursberg. „Hierarchical Motion Planning for Consistent and Safe Decisions in Cooperative Autonomous Driving“. In Cooperatively Interacting Vehicles, 303–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_11.
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AbstractThe immersion of autonomous cars in continuously changing environments of on-road traffic requires procedures for decision-making with fast adaptation as well as guarantees on safe motion and collision-avoidance. This contribution proposes a three-layer hierarchic decomposition of the task of automatically steering the autonomous car along a designated route in cooperation with neighbored vehicles. The upper layer of the hierarchy identifies cooperative groups of those vehicles which are involved in a joint scenario for a phase of the planning horizon. The medium layer employs set-based computations of the free space for any vehicle of a joint scenario together with constrained optimal control to determine optimized motion plans. These plans are used on the lower layer as reference signals for tracking control in order to realize motion trajectories. The architecture ensures consistency of the vehicle motion with respect to safety for given assumptions, as well as relatively small computation times by combining offline with online computation.
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Belin, Matts-Åke, und Anna Vadeby. „Speed and Technology: Different Modus of Operandi“. In The Vision Zero Handbook, 971–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_37.
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AbstractWithin Vision Zero as a strategy, it is imbedded the fact that injuries occur when the mechanical energy reaches individuals at rates that entail forces in excess of their thresholds for injury. Therefore, according to Vision Zero, there are three main strategies to eliminate fatalities and severe injuries due to road crashes: protect people from exposure of harmful energy, reduce the risk of events with harmful energy, and protect people from harmful energy in the event of a collision. Controlling speed is therefore of the task of utmost importance in a strategy such as Vision Zero.A traffic enforcement camera, or “speed camera,” system has the possibility to control speed in a road system, and it has the possibility to affect its road users both at a macro and a micro perspective. In a micro perspective, it primarily concerns how effective the cameras are locally at the road sections where the enforcement is focused on, while at a macro perspective it is more focused on how the camera enforcement system and strategies, possibly together with the overall enforcement strategy, affects attitudes and norms related to driving with excessive speed. Experience worldwide has proven the effectiveness of automated speed cameras in reducing speed and, in turn, crashes and injuries.In this chapter, firstly the rationale behind speed limits, speed management, and speed compliance strategies will be explored and analyzed, in particular from a Vision Zero perspective. Secondly, various different approaches to speed camera systems in Europe, in Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and France, will be analyzed and further explored. Finally, based on similarities and differences in approaches in these countries, in the last section some aspects concerning the setting of speed limits, speed management strategies that underpin the choice of camera technology, and modus of operandi, safety effects of and attitudes toward cameras, will be explored and discussed.
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Belin, Matts-Åke, und Anna Vadeby. „Speed and Technology: Different Modus of Operandi“. In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_37-1.
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AbstractWithin Vision Zero as a strategy, it is imbedded the fact that injuries occur when the mechanical energy reaches individuals at rates that entail forces in excess of their thresholds for injury. Therefore, according to Vision Zero, there are three main strategies to eliminate fatalities and severe injuries due to road crashes: protect people from exposure of harmful energy, reduce the risk of events with harmful energy, and protect people from harmful energy in the event of a collision. Controlling speed is therefore of the task of utmost importance in a strategy such as Vision Zero.A traffic enforcement camera, or “speed camera,” system has the possibility to control speed in a road system, and it has the possibility to affect its road users both at a macro and a micro perspective. In a micro perspective, it primarily concerns how effective the cameras are locally at the road sections where the enforcement is focused on, while at a macro perspective it is more focused on how the camera enforcement system and strategies, possibly together with the overall enforcement strategy, affects attitudes and norms related to driving with excessive speed. Experience worldwide has proven the effectiveness of automated speed cameras in reducing speed and, in turn, crashes and injuries.In this chapter, firstly the rationale behind speed limits, speed management, and speed compliance strategies will be explored and analyzed, in particular from a Vision Zero perspective. Secondly, various different approaches to speed camera systems in Europe, in Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and France, will be analyzed and further explored. Finally, based on similarities and differences in approaches in these countries, in the last section some aspects concerning the setting of speed limits, speed management strategies that underpin the choice of camera technology, and modus of operandi, safety effects of and attitudes toward cameras, will be explored and discussed.
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Kisilowski, Jerzy, und Jarosław Zalewski. „Vehicle Collisions—The Selected Issues“. In Modeling of Road Traffic Events, 41–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91398-4_3.
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Jena, Jajati K., Ajit K. Verma, Uday Kumar und Srividya Ajit. „A Statistical Approach to Estimate Severe Accident Vehicle Collision Probability Inside a Multi-lane Road Tunnel with Unidirectional Traffic Flow“. In Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, 381–97. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55048-5_23.
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Nichting, Matthias, Daniel Heß und Frank Köster. „Maneuver-Level Cooperation of Automated Vehicles“. In Cooperatively Interacting Vehicles, 277–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60494-2_10.
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AbstractCooperative behavior of automated vehicles at the maneuver level is of utmost importance for the efficient and safe use of traffic space. This chapter discusses a vehicle-to-vehicle communication-based negotiation and cooperation method for maneuver cooperation. The method is based on the negotiation about explicitly defined reservation areas on the road for the exclusive use of a particular traffic participant. It covers all standard traffic situations occurring on regular streets and thus achieves universal applicability. The evaluation of simulations and driving tests shows the suitability of the method for effective maneuver cooperation in various traffic situations. Furthermore, based on this method, the planning and execution of cooperative maneuvers in emergency situations are investigated. Simulations show that collisions can be avoided in relevant cases by this method. Moreover, further simulations and driving tests show that joint maneuvers can avoid sharp braking maneuvers in many situations. In addition, research on a methodology for implicit maneuver cooperation is presented. Based on reinforcement learning methods, partially cooperative decision-making functions are studied in a setting that benefits from cooperative behavior. The evaluation shows that cooperative behaviors of road participants can be achieved using this technique.
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Sendek-Matysiak, Ewelina. „Analysis of the Relation Between Assessing Own as Well as Other People’s Driving Skills and Causing Road Collisions and Accidents“. In Contemporary Challenges of Transport Systems and Traffic Engineering, 127–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43985-3_11.
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Panagariya, Arvind. „Road Traffic“. In Blackstone’s Police Operational Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192868701.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses offences around road traffic. It starts with the acknowledgement that the term ‘road’ has multiple meanings within various legislations. The Road Traffic Act 1988 provides various powers to stop vehicles and offences of drivers neglecting or refusing to comply with traffic directions given by a police constable. The chapter then looks at the consequences, offences, and defences of failing to comply with traffic signs, dangerous driving, and road traffic collision. It details the Traffic Fixed Penalty Notices (TFPNs) and procedures with regard to road traffic offences under the sections of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988.
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„Collision Density in Two-Dimensional Space“. In Spatial Analysis Methods of Road Traffic Collisions, 19–40. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18937-3.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Road traffic collision"
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Ballay, Michal, Ludmila Macurova, Pavol Kohut und Miroslav Redl. „Influence of road user behavior on occurrence of accident: agricultural vehicles and motorcyclists“. In 23rd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2024.23.tf107.
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The heightened presence of agricultural vehicles on roads is driven by the seasonal nature of agricultural operations. These vehicles are typically wider, heavier and slower than other road vehicles, significantly impacting the traffic flow and posing a safety concern. While accidents involving agricultural vehicles are less frequent compared to those involving other road vehicles, their severity is often far greater. In the event of a collision between an agricultural vehicle and one of the most vulnerable road users, the consequences can be particularly severe. If they collide with each other, there is a much higher probability of serious injuries (given their nature and extent), very often with fatal consequences. The most common causes of these traffic collisions include the risky behaviour of road users, disregard for road traffic rules, mental and physical fatigue, vehicle breakdowns, etc. Critical sections where various traffic collisions occur the most are intersections, exits from a side road to the main road or vice versa, wrong turning from the main road to a side road, confusing turns. The paper deals with the analysis of a specific traffic accident involving an agricultural vehicle with a trailer (Zetor Forterra tractor) and motorcycles. This traffic accident was located in the outskirts of the village, on a straight section of the road, on a slight incline, where the maximum speed of 90 kilometers per hour was allowed. The emergence and course of the accident scene is investigated with regard to the specificities of the movement of road traffic participants on roads. As part of the analysis, the speed of the vehicles before the collision, the impact speed with regard to the drivers’ vision, the driving technique of the drivers was calculated and evaluated, and the technical cause of the accident event was established. At the end, the possibilities of averting an accident on the part of individual road traffic participants are described.
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Pawelec, J., K. Kosmowski und Z. Krawczyk. „ICT Anti Collision Radar for Road Traffic“. In 2007 IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2007.313.
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Chung, Duckwon, Xuhua Rui, Dugki Min und Hwasoo Yeo. „Road traffic big data collision analysis processing framework“. In 2013 7th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaict.2013.6722733.
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Essam, Mohamed, Nagia M. Ghanem und Mohamed A. Ismail. „Detection of Road Traffic Crashes based on Collision Estimation“. In 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (CAIML 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121213.
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This paper introduces a framework based on computer vision that can detect road traffic crashes (RCTs) by using the installed surveillance/CCTV camera and report them to the emergency in real-time with the exact location and time of occurrence of the accident. The framework is built of five modules. We start with the detection of vehicles by using YOLO architecture; The second module is the tracking of vehicles using MOSSE tracker, Then the third module is a new approach to detect accidents based on collision estimation. Then the fourth module for each vehicle, we detect if there is a car accident or not based on the violent flow descriptor (ViF) followed by an SVM classifier for crash prediction. Finally, in the last stage, if there is a car accident, the system will send a notification to the emergency by using a GPS module that provides us with the location, time, and date of the accident to be sent to the emergency with the help of the GSM module. The main objective is to achieve higher accuracy with fewer false alarms and to implement a simple system based on pipelining technique.
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Onelcin, Pelin, und Yalcin Alver. „Time-to-collision analysis at modern roundabouts“. In 8th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure, 199–205. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2024.1553.
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Roundabouts have been shown to reduce fatalities and injuries at intersections. However, there is still room for improvement and a better understanding of their safety performance is needed, especially considering the anticipated increase in roundabout construction in the future. This study aims to determine the critical Time to Collision (TTC) value for conflicts between entering and circulating vehicles at modern roundabouts. Three modern roundabouts in Izmir, Türkiye, were chosen for data collection. Video data was collected using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and processed using the AIMSUN simulation program to obtain vehicle trajectories. The Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) was then used to determine the critical TTC value for each roundabout. The calibrated TTC values for the three roundabouts were found to be 1.58 s, 3.00 s, and 4.9 s. These differences are believed to be due to variations in traffic volume, composition, and geometry. The results of this study suggest that there is no single critical TTC for conflicts between entering and circulating vehicles at modern roundabouts. Instead, it is important to consider the specific characteristics of each roundabout, such as traffic volume, composition, and geometry. This study also implies directions for future research and practical applications, suggesting the need for pilot studies across various intersection types to validate its findings.
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Rajaram, Vignesh, und Shankar C. Subramanian. „Collision Avoidance Algorithm for a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle Under Heterogeneous Traffic“. In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66307.
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In this paper, a collision avoidance algorithm (CAA) has been proposed using variable time headway considering heterogeneous traffic. The time headway used in the proposed CAA was tuned based on the traffic scenarios, the host vehicle’s load conditions and the type of the lead vehicle that the host vehicle encounters in the traffic. The proposed variable time headway would help to avoid the intervention of the collision avoidance system during normal driving and gain driver’s acceptance. The CAA was evaluated using a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) experimental set-up integrated with the vehicle dynamic simulation software IPG/TruckMaker® for different categories of lead vehicles such as 2/3 wheelers, passenger cars, light commercial road vehicles (LCVs) and heavy commercial road vehicles (HCVs). From the results, it was observed that while following a HCV, a smaller time headway was sufficient to prevent a collision compared to following a passenger car, LCV and 2/3 wheeler.
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Ravishankar, N. S., und C. Cammin. „P25 - Road Traffic Safety Measures: Lab Testing on Collision Avoidance“. In 22. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2024. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2024/p25.
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Seredin, G. V., V. O. Borodkin, A. N. Shvyriov, V. N. Bukhtoyarov und A. D. Golev. „RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTION AUTOMATED BRAKING SYSTEMS“. In Innovative technologies in road transport. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/itrt2021_51-55.
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In the modern world, more and more attention is paid to traffic safety. For this purpose, a large number of electronic assistants are installed on a modern car. Among them, the most important are the driver's warning systems about a possible collision with the vehicle in front and the automatic braking systems. The article discusses the methods of testing these systems.
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Mikulec, Roman, Pavlína Moravcova, Kateřina Bucsuházy, Martina Kostíková und Jakub Motl. „Vehicle mismatch – a case study“. In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1167.
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Sport utility vehicles (SUV) gain more popularity and with more manufacturers being involved in their production their accessibility rises as well. This however creates an opportunity for collisions with smaller passenger vehicles. There is obvious mismatch in weight, stiffness and height between SUVs and other, smaller passenger vehicles. Furthermore, the average age of passenger vehicles in Czech Republic is over 15 years. Even when these older vehicles crash even with vehicle of similar weight and build, there is a significant mismatch in stiffness and safety equipment (especially airbags). These kinds of vehicle mismatches thus create risk of more serious injuries in case of crashes. The Czech In-Depth Accident Study project (CzIDAS) collects on-site crash data and injury data for further analysis of traffic accidents in order to present traffic risk factors. Analysis of vehicles’ collision speed and damage is carried out and verified using simulation programme calculation, information about passengers’ injuries is obtained from contracted hospital facilities. The traffic accidents presented in this case study serve to showcase the risks associated with vehicle mismatch crashes, currently happening on roads of Czech Republic.
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Barbo, Matej, und Blaž Rodič. „Modelling the Influence of Driving Safety Aids on the Incidence of Traffic Accidents“. In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.7.
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Several thousand motorcyclists die in the EU every year. Despite the severe risk of death and injuries, there is relatively little research on motorcycle safety, and standard automobile safety features are not offered for most motorcycle models. More than a quarter of all traffic accidents represent rear-end collisions, with motorcycles at a higher risk due to poorer visibility and driver protection. In this paper we present an overview of literature on collision warning systems and their influence on traffic safety, and the current state of our research on the potential impact of introduction of a rear-end collision warning system in motorcycles in the EU and thus its potential contribution to the EU "Vision Zero" goal: reduce road deaths to almost zero by 2050. To this end we have developed a hybrid simulation model of rear-end collisions using multiple simulation methodologies, including System Dynamics (SD) and Agent Based Modelling (ABM).
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Road traffic collision"
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Pourhomayoun, Mohammad. Artificial Intelligence for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety: Using AI to Detect Near-Miss Collisions. Mineta Transportation Institute, Oktober 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2350.
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Near-Miss Collisions are events that, with a slight change in position or timing, could have resulted in a collision, which could have caused severe injury or property damage. Understanding near-miss collisions can help identify risks and potentially improve road safety. In this project, we developed an effective end-to-end system based on advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models and computer vision algorithms to detect and report near-miss collisions as an important indicator to identify and measure safety risks, especially in specific circumstances such as a right turn on a red light. The main objective is to improve the safety of pedestrians and bicyclists, by applying automated AI-powered systems to detect accident risks for pedestrians and cyclists. The developed system includes algorithms for detecting and tracking all traffic objects including pedestrians and bicyclists, as well as algorithms for estimating collision risks and detecting near misses. We evaluated the developed system on real videos captured by actual traffic cameras in the city of Los Angeles. Despite the low quality of some of the videos, our results demonstrate high accuracy of the developed models in identifying traffic collision risks and detecting near-misses. The information generated by the developed system allows us to enhance safety measures for pedestrians and bicyclists while simultaneously optimizing traffic flow.
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Ahmad, Noshin S., Raul Pineda-Mendez, Fahad Alqahtani, Mario Romero, Jose Thomaz und Andrew P. Tarko. Effective Design and Operation of Pedestrian Crossings. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317438.
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Pedestrians are vulnerable road users since they are prone to more severe injuries in any vehicular collision. While innovative solutions promise improved pedestrian safety, a careful analysis of local conditions is required before selecting proper corrective measures. This research study had two focuses: (1) methodology to identify roads and areas in Indiana where the frequency and severity of pedestrian collisions are heightened above the acceptable level, and (2) selecting effective countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate safety-critical conditions. Two general methods of identifying specific pedestrian safety concerns were proposed: (1) area-wide analysis, and (2) road-focused analysis. A suitable tool, Safety Needs Analysis Program (SNAP), is currently under development by the research team and is likely the future method to implement an area-wide type of analysis. The following models have been developed to facilitate the road-focused analysis: (1) pedestrian crossing activity level to fill the gap in pedestrian traffic data, and (2) crash probability and severity models to estimate the risk of pedestrian crashes around urban intersections in Indiana. The pedestrian safety model was effectively utilized in screening and identifying high-risk urban intersection segments for safety audits and improvements. In addition, detailed guidance was provided for many potential pedestrian safety countermeasures with specific behavioral and road conditions that justify these countermeasures. Furthermore, a procedure was presented to predict the economic feasibility of the countermeasures based on crash reduction factors. The findings of this study should help expand the existing RoadHAT tool used by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to emphasize and strengthen pedestrian safety considerations in the current tool.
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He, Zhitong, Abin Mathew, Abhijeet Ingale, Jue Zhou, Feng Li und Yaobin Chen. Traffic Management Geocast Study with Connected Vehicles on Indiana Highways. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317753.
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Vehicular communication allows vehicles to interact with road users, roadside infrastructure, and cloud-connected devices. It holds a crucial position in modern transportation systems, impacting both fundamental and advanced aspects and enhancing traffic safety and efficiency. C-V2X is a wireless communication technology that uses cellular networks to enable communication between vehicles and infrastructure. C-V2X can be used for applications such as collision avoidance, traffic management, and remote vehicle diagnostics. This project conducted a feasibility study on the current position of C-V2X in the industry and developed a prototype, RampCast, to fundamentally understand the current C-V2X implementations as part of the 3GPP Release 14. A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art CV2X technologies and various demonstration projects were carried out by the automotive industry, cellular wireless chips/systems companies, and federal/states DOTs in the U.S. and Europe. A geocast-based prototype system, named RampCast, was built using a software-defined radio approach. The RampCast algorithms focused on the geocasting and were developed for improving message prioritization and retransmission. The field tests that were conducted in a campus parking lot and on the test track revealed sub-100 ms latency and a range of up to 2,500 ft for C-V2X, which emphasized its effectiveness in transmitting critical messages and traffic guidance. Further extensions for the prototype include incorporating multiple units, expanding message types (e.g., points of interest and location-specific adverts), optimizing the prototype's GUI for diverse scenarios, and conducting long-term data analysis for better message flow optimization.
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Huijser, M. P., und S. C. Getty. Electrified Barriers Installed on Top of Wildlife Guards to Help Keep Large Wild Mammals Out of a Fenced Road Corridor. Western Transportation Institute, Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1702675805.
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Most wildlife mitigation measures along highways are aimed at improving human safety, reducing direct wildlife mortality, and providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. Fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures are the most effective combination of mitigation measures to achieve these objectives. For fences to reliably reduce collisions with large wild mammals by 80% or more, at least 5 kilometers (3 miles) of road length needs to be fenced, including a buffer zone that extends well beyond the known hotspots for wildlife-vehicle collisions. Collisions that still occur within the fenced road sections tend to be concentrated near the fence-ends. In addition, gaps in fences, including at access roads, can result in concentrations of collisions inside fenced road sections. Gates are commonly used at gaps in the fence at low traffic volume access roads, but they are often left open allowing wildlife to access the road corridor. While cattle guards or wildlife guards can be effective for some ungulate species, double wide cattle or wildlife guards consisting of round bars or bridge grate material, situated above a pit, are generally recommended for ungulates. However, such guards are not a substantial barrier for species with paws, including many carnivore species. Electrified mats or electrified guards can be a barrier for both ungulates and species with paws, but to prevent animals from jumping across the mat, they need to be 4.6-6.6 m (15-22 ft)) wide. For this project, a combination of wildlife guards and electrified barriers on top of these wildlife guards was evaluated. Both electrified mats that were tested (Crosstek and BS Fabrications) on top of existing wildlife guards resulted in a near absolute barrier for both ungulates and species with paws (97.9% barrier for the 2 deer species combined, 100% barrier for coyotes and black bears); an improvement to a wildlife guard only without an electrified mat (89.3% for the 2 deer species combined, 54.5% barrier for coyotes and 45.5% barrier for black bears). Based on the images, there is evidence that a shock is delivered to the animals that touch the electrified mats and that most of the animals respond by returning to the habitat side of the barrier. Specifically for bears, if it was not for the electrified barriers, likely at least 3 black bears and 1 grizzly bear would have crossed into the fenced road corridor where they would have been exposed to vehicles.
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Huijser, Marcel P., und James S. Begley. Exploration of opportunities to address the impacts of roads and traffic on wildlife around Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Western Transportation Institute, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1706129872.
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Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge (“the Refuge”) in Colorado near Denver, Colorado, has a history (1952-1 989) of producing components for nuclear weapons. The current goal for the area is “to restore and preserve the native prairie ecosystems, provide habitat for migratory and resident wildlife, conserve and protect habitat for Preble’s meadow jumping mouse, and provide research and education opportunities”. The grasslands of the Refuge are surrounded by busy roads to the west (Hwy 93, 18,000 AADT), north (Hwy 128, 4,200 AADT) and east (Indiana St. 7,000 AADT), and there are houses and associated roads on its southern boundary. Other open space with non-motorized trails and protected areas with predominantly grassland are to the west, north and east. Large ungulates, including mule deer, elk, and moose cross the roads. This results in large ungulate -vehicle collisions and the roads also represent a barrier to the movements of animals. Creek crossings under the roads are a concern as they are likely a barrier for species dependent on riparian habitat, including the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. The objectives of the current project were to 1. Formulate measures that reduce collisions with large wild mammals, and 2. Formulate measures that improve connectivity across roads for large wild mammal species and one small mammal species in specific, the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. We suggest large open span bridges at creek crossings (for deer, moose, black bear, mountain lion, and Preble’s meadow jumping mouse) and designated wildlife overpasses for elk and also f or mule deer. The crossing structures may be combined with human co-use to connect the trails on the refuge with the trail system in the surrounding areas.
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Ament, Rob, Marcel Huijser und Dana May. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Cost Effective Solutions - Final Report. Nevada Department of Transportation, Juli 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.1.4.
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Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) are a significant component of overall crashes in the US and Canada. Roads and their traffic also create partial or total barriers to the movement of wildlife, both large and small. There are several well-studied proven mitigation measures that significantly reduce WVCs, provide for safe animal passage across roads, and maintain habitat connectivity. Highly effective measures, such as overpasses and underpasses with fencing can reduce large animal WVCs by over 80% – 100% on average; yet these structures can be costly and there is room for improvement in their design, the use of new materials, adding elements that improve their use by smaller animal species, such as reptiles and amphibians and improving their cost effectiveness. This Transportation Pooled Fund Study, TPF-5(358) (TPF Study), allowed researchers to evaluate the latest information on the effectiveness of 24 different highway mitigation measures designed to decrease collisions with large wildlife, large feral and domestic animals. Also reviewed were these same measures’ ability to protect small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from collisions. The TPF Study also explored the effectiveness of the 24 measures ability to maintain or enhance habitat connectivity. It conducted 11 different research projects that variously explored a) the costs and benefits of animal-vehicle collisions and the mitigation measures that seek to reduce them, b) the ecological effectiveness of various mitigation measures, and 3) new designs for crossing structures for a variety of species. The project developed a manual of best practices and concluded with a final report.
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bell, Matthew, Marcel P. Huijser und David Kack. Exploring Apex Predator Effects on Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions: A Case Study on Wolf Reintroductions in Yellowstone. Western Transportation Institute, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1727735675.
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This study investigates the impact of wolf reintroduction on wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) along a segment of US-191 bordering Yellowstone National Park. Wolves were reintroduced in 1995–1996, and subsequent wolf pack establishment may have influenced the behavior and population dynamics of prey species, potentially altering WVC patterns. Using carcass data collected from 1989 to 2021, the analysis was divided into two primary phases: before wolves (1989–1996) and after wolves (1997–2021). A series of linear mixed-effects models were developed to assess changes in WVCs across these time periods. Predictor variables included average annual daily traffic (AADT), elk population estimates, and wolf counts. Results showed that WVCs significantly declined in the post-wolf period, suggesting that the presence of wolves may reduce WVCs directly by modifying prey behavior and movement patterns, or indirectly by reducing prey population densities. Further analysis revealed that while elk populations were a significant predictor of WVCs before wolves were reintroduced, this relationship weakened post-reintroduction. Traffic volume did not significantly influence WVC patterns in either period, nor did it interact significantly with wolf presence. The inclusion of wolf counts as a continuous variable showed a negative relationship with WVCs, indicating that higher wolf densities may contribute to a further reduction in collisions over time. These findings suggest that apex predators can play a role in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts, such as WVCs, by influencing prey species’ behavior and distribution. The study provides valuable insights for wildlife managers and transportation planners, highlighting the potential benefits of predator conservation for road safety and ecosystem health.
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Sakulneya, Apidej, und Jeffery Roesler. Enhancing Construction Work-Zone Safety by Passive Pavement-to-Vehicle Communication. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-016.
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Construction work zones for roads pose significant safety challenges for drivers and workers, which can lead to accidents, injuries, fatalities, and property damage. Enhancing construction work-zone safety requires an understanding of the factors influencing accidents and fatalities and an evaluation of existing safety and traffic-management measures. The objective of this study was to improve work-zone safety for roadways, by connecting passive material sensing in the road with vehicle communication systems. A review of the main roadway work-zone safety literature found driver behavior, traffic congestion, and signage effectiveness to be the most significant factors. Vehicle speed, type of vehicles, type of collisions, and environmental conditions were found to have the most impact on the fatality rate in work zones. Past attempts to improve work-zone safety include adding rumble strips, more warning signs, and implementing smart-work-zone (SWZ) technologies. SWZ communication in-vehicle was found to reduce traffic speeds and promote faster and more consistent merging in the work-zone transition area. Pavement-assisted passive sensing, coupled with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, may offer enhanced in-vehicle speed and lane-merge warnings, which could improve driver awareness, reduce vehicle speeds, and improve work-zone safety. A laboratory-based experiment was developed to validate the theoretical configurations of smart work zones (SWZ) using passive pavement sensing, with the objective being to determine suitable spacings and inclination angles for the electromagnetic (EM) strips as speed and lane-merge warning systems, respectively. The experimental results revealed that these EM strips can estimate vehicle speed with sufficient accuracy, and the spacing of the EM-sensing strips influences the signal intensity. Additionally, the spacing and inclination angle of the EM strips influence the captured signals. This lab pilot study clearly demonstrated the potential of EM-based strips in enhancing speed and lane-merge warning systems using V2I technology for improved safety in roadway work zones.
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Hynd, David, Caroline Wallbank, Jonathan Kent, Ciaran Ellis, Arun Kalaiyarasan, Robert Hunt und Matthias Seidl. Costs and Benefits of Electronic Stability Control in Selected G20 Countries. TRL, Januar 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/lsrg3377.
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This report, commissioned by Bloomberg Philanthropies, finds that 42,000 lives could be saved and 150,000 serious injuries prevented by 2030 if all new cars in seven G20 countries were required to be equipped with an inexpensive crash avoidance technology starting in 2020. Thirteen G20 counties currently adhere to United Nations regulations on electronic stability control (ESC). If the seven remaining countries—Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa—also mandated ESC in 2020, the report estimates $21.5 billion in economic benefit to those countries from the prevention of deaths and serious injuries. Argentina and Brazil are due to start applying ESC regulations in 2020. The UK-based Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) conducted the independent study of costs and benefits of applying ESC regulation in G20 countries, which are responsible for 98% of the world’s passenger car production. This report comes before the 3rd Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, which is the largest gathering of governments and is a key opportunity for adoption of this UN-recommended standard. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Road Safety Report, the number of road traffic deaths reached 1.35 million in 2016. Of all vehicle safety features, electronic stability control is regarded as the most important one for crash avoidance since it is 38% effective in reducing the number of deaths in loss-of-control collisions. ESC tries to prevent skidding and loss of control in cases of over-steering and under-steering. The technology continuously monitors a vehicle’s direction of travel, steering wheel angle and the speed at which the individual wheels are rotating. If there is a mismatch between the intended direction of travel and the actual direction of travel, as indicated by the steering wheel position, ESC will selectively apply the brakes and modulate the engine power to keep the vehicle traveling along the intended path. The cost of implementing ESC on vehicles that already contain anti-lock braking systems is thought to be as little as $50 per car. And the report finds the benefits are significant: For every dollar spent by consumers in purchasing vehicles with these technologies, there is a US$2.80 return in economic benefit to society because of the deaths and serious injuries avoided. The analysis warns that without regulation of ESC, the seven remaining G20 countries will only reach 44% installation of ESC by 2030. However, if all seven countries implemented ESC regulations this year, 85% of the total car fleet in G20 countries will have ESC by 2030, a figure still below the United Nations target of 100% ESC fleet coverage by 2030.