Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „RNA modifikace“

Samomor je dobro opisan javnozdravstveni problem. Glede na število samomorov se Slovenija že dolgo uvršča v svetovni vrh. Na biološki ravni so bile opravljene številne genetske in biokemijske raziskave živčnih prenašalcev, v zadnjih letih so pogostejše tudi raziskave na področju epigenetike, kamor uvrščamo delovanje nekodirajočih RNA (miRNA), metilacijo DNA in posttranslacijske modifikacije histonov. Mikro RNA so kratke, 19–25 nukleotidov dolge enoverižne molekule RNA, ki se specifično vežejo na mRNA in znižajo izražanje tarčnih genov. Pri žrtvah samomora so zaznali spremembe v izražanju miRNA v povezavi z možganskim nevrotrofnim dejavnikom (BDNF) in njegovim receptorjem (TrkB), transkripcijskimi in rastnimi dejavniki ter poliaminskim sistemom. Metilacija DNA je proces dodajanja metilne skupine na mesto 5C citozina, posledica pa je znižanje prepisovanja genov. S študijami globalnega vzorca metilacije so pri žrtvah samomora prepoznali spremenjene vzorce metilacije promotorskih regij. Številni promotorji so pripadali genom, vpletenim v kognitivne funkcije. Na ravni posameznih genov so spremembe v vzorcu metilacije promotorske regije opazili pri BDNF in genu za receptor TrkB, ribosomski RNA in serotoninskem receptorju tipa 2A. Histoni so osnovni gradniki jedrnega kromatina; predstavljajo proteinsko osnovo, okoli katere se navije DNA. Tako skupaj tvorijo nukleosom. Histone sestavlja globulni centralni del in N-terminalni rep. Dolžina slednjega je lahko različna in na aminokislinskih ostankih repa so lahko prisotne posttranslacijske modifikacije. Med njimi so najpogostejše acetilacija in metilacija lizinov in argininov, fosforilacija serinov in treoninov, ubikvitinacija in sumoilacija lizinov in ADP-ribozilacija. Pri žrtvah samomora so opazili spremembe modifikacij histonov pri TrkB in poliaminskem sistemu. Številne študije tako povezujejo epigenetske mehanizme s samomorilnim vedenjem.

Tanaman kelapa sawit memiliki kandungan polisakarida dan polifenol yang tinggi. Kontaminasi polisakarida dan polifenol menyebabkan sulitnya proses isolasi RNA dari jaringan tanaman kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengoptimasi beberapa protokol isolasi RNA tanaman kelapa sawit yang efektif dan efisien. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama tiga bulan, pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2018 di Laboratorium Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Bioindustri Indonesia (PPBBI), Jalan Taman Kencana No. 1 Bogor 16128. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melaksanakan teknik isolasi RNA menggunakan tiga protokol, yaitu modifikasi Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), kit isolasi RNA RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen), dan kit isolasi NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel). Sampel yang digunakan adalah daun dan akar tanaman kelapa sawit berumur kurang dari tiga bulan dengan bobot 0,1 gram dan 2,5 gram yang disesuaikan untuk tiap protokol. Variabel yang diamati adalah konsentrasi (ng/µl), kemurnian (rasio A260/A280 dan A260/A230), dan pita RNA pada elektroforesis gel agarosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, RNA total hasil isolasi protokol NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel) memiliki kualitas paling tinggi. Konsentrasi RNA total daun dan akar kelapa sawit yang didapatkan melalui protokol NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel) sebesar 338 ng/µl dan 184,4 ng/µl dengan rasio A260/A280 RNA total daun dan akar kelapa sawit sebesar 2,13 dan 2,18 serta rasio A260/A230 sebesar 2,09 dan 2,20. Hasil elektroforesis gel agarosa menunjukkan integritas yang bagus dari RNA total hasil isolasi RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) dan NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel), namun terdapat kontaminasi dan smear pada RNA total hasil isolasi CTAB modifikasi 1 dan 2. Kata kunci: kelapa sawit, isolasi RNA, spektrofotometer, elektroforesis gel agarosa

Tanaman kelapa sawit memiliki kandungan polisakarida dan polifenol yang tinggi. Kontaminasi polisakarida dan polifenol menyebabkan sulitnya proses isolasi RNA dari jaringan tanaman kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengoptimasi beberapa protokol isolasi RNA tanaman kelapa sawit yang efektif dan efisien. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama tiga bulan, pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2018 di Laboratorium Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Bioindustri Indonesia (PPBBI), Jalan Taman Kencana No. 1 Bogor 16128. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melaksanakan teknik isolasi RNA menggunakan tiga protokol, yaitu modifikasi Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), kit isolasi RNA RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen), dan kit isolasi NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel). Sampel yang digunakan adalah daun dan akar tanaman kelapa sawit berumur kurang dari tiga bulan dengan bobot 0,1 gram dan 2,5 gram yang disesuaikan untuk tiap protokol. Variabel yang diamati adalah konsentrasi (ng/µl), kemurnian (rasio A260/A280 dan A260/A230), dan pita RNA pada elektroforesis gel agarosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, RNA total hasil isolasi protokol NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel) memiliki kualitas paling tinggi. Konsentrasi RNA total daun dan akar kelapa sawit yang didapatkan melalui protokol NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel) sebesar 338 ng/µl dan 184,4 ng/µl dengan rasio A260/A280 RNA total daun dan akar kelapa sawit sebesar 2,13 dan 2,18 serta rasio A260/A230 sebesar 2,09 dan 2,20. Hasil elektroforesis gel agarosa menunjukkan integritas yang bagus dari RNA total hasil isolasi RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) dan NucleoSpin RNAPlant (Macherey-Nagel), namun terdapat kontaminasi dan smear pada RNA total hasil isolasi CTAB modifikasi 1 dan 2. Kata kunci: kelapa sawit, isolasi RNA, spektrofotometer, elektroforesis gel agarosa

Senyawa turunan kumarin menunjukkan aktivitas anti koagulasi darah, menghambat kerja enzim, antimikroba, antibiotik, dan anti kanker dengan mengganggu sintesa DNA/RNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh hubungan kuantitatif struktur-aktivitas senyawa turunan kumarin terhadap reseptor kanker kolon dengan pendekatan Hansch melalui analisis multilinear, untuk dapat melakukan modifikasi senyawa berdasarkan persamaan HKSA dalam usaha memperbesar potensi dan selektifitas obat. Deskriptor yang terpilih mewakili parameter elektronik,hidrofobik dan sterik. Penambatan molekul dilakukan dengan menggunakan Autodock Vina untuk menganalisa interaksi dari turunan kumarin terhadap enzim Topoisomerase II. Hasil persamaan HKSA yang didapat telah tervalidasi dengan metode LOO (Leave One Out) adalah Log IC50= -4.047+(0.496 x AM1_dipol) + (-0.089 x AM1_HOMO) + (0.899 x logP(o/w)) + (0.903 x logS) + (0.351 x mr). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IC50 prediksi dari senyawa yang di modifikasi (MOD2) dengan subtituen NO2 mempunyai aktivitas terbaik dengan (ΔGbind) terendah (-8.8 Kcal/mol) dan memiliki IC50 prediksi terkecil yaitu 1.0897 µM dibandingkan IC50 lead compound (C14) yaitu 1.77 µM.

Senyawa turunan kumarin menunjukkan aktivitas anti koagulasi darah, menghambat kerja enzim, antimikroba, antibiotik, dan anti kanker dengan mengganggu sintesa DNA/RNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh hubungan kuantitatif struktur-aktivitas senyawa turunan kumarin terhadap reseptor kanker kolon dengan pendekatan Hansch melalui analisis multilinear, untuk dapat melakukan modifikasi senyawa berdasarkan persamaan HKSA dalam usaha memperbesar potensi dan selektifitas obat. Deskriptor yang terpilih mewakili parameter elektronik,hidrofobik dan sterik. Penambatan molekul dilakukan dengan menggunakan Autodock Vina untuk menganalisa interaksi dari turunan kumarin terhadap enzim Topoisomerase II. Hasil persamaan HKSA yang didapat telah tervalidasi dengan metode LOO (Leave One Out) adalah Log IC50= -4.047+(0.496 x AM1_dipol) + (-0.089 x AM1_HOMO) + (0.899 x logP(o/w)) + (0.903 x logS) + (0.351 x mr). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IC50 prediksi dari senyawa yang di modifikasi (MOD2) dengan subtituen NO2 mempunyai aktivitas terbaik dengan (ΔGbind) terendah (-8.8 Kcal/mol) dan memiliki IC50 prediksi terkecil yaitu 1.0897 µM dibandingkan IC50 lead compound (C14) yaitu 1.77 µM.

Pemindahan produk dari mesin press memiliki resiko yang sangat tinggi terhadap keselamatan operator. Salah satu mesin yang terdapat di PT Mitsuba Indonesia adalah Press Fit Pump Assy yang berfungsi untuk menyatukan lower cup dan upper cup module fuel pump. Permasalahan yang terjadi yaitu kapasitas produksi belum tercapai. Penyebabnya adalah ruang di dalam mesin yang cukup sempit, sehingga gerakan operator kurang leluasa dan perlu waktu pada saat pengambilan produk. Solusi untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut yaitu melakukan modifikasi pada mesin Cup Lower Pump Wire Press dengan menambahkan alat bantu pemindah produk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui performansi dari modifikasi mesin Cup Lower Pump Wire Press. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode RCA (Root Cause Analysis) yang meliputi identifikasi masalah, penentuan masalah, pemahaman masalah, identifikasi faktor penyebab, tindakan korektif, dan pemantauan system. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengukuran waktu proses mesin Cup Lower Pump Wire Press sebelum dimodifiksi dan setelah dilakukan modifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah lama waktu proses mesin Cup Lower Pump Wire Press yang sebelumnya rata-rata 10.10 detik dapat berkurang menjadi 8.99 detik atau berkurang sebesar 10,99%.

Meningkatkan Fungsi CRISPR-Cas9 untuk Terapi Pengeditan GenPengeditan gen menjadi mudah dilakukan sejak ditemukannya clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) dan CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) sebagai alat untuk menyunting gen suatu organisme. Sebagian besar penyakit genetik tidak dapat disembuhkan secara kausal dengan terapi yang ada, maka pengeditan gen merupakan suatu cara yang prospektif dalam terapi medis di masa depan. Sayangnya, pengeditan gen dengan Cas9 yang ada saat ini masih memiliki banyak kelemahan, yaitu: 1) kurang spesifik, di mana RNA pemandu dapat berikatan dengan beberapa segmen pada genom manusia, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya salah target; 2) kurang efisien, karena sekalipun telah berhasil memotong utas ganda DNA, kebanyakan penyambungan kembali akan dilakukan secara non-homology end joining (NHEJ), yang justru meningkatkan peluang terjadinya mutasi; 3) sulit disalurkan ke dalam inti sel karena berbagai sawar fisiologis maupun biokimiawi. Tulisan ini akan membahas perkembangan terkini dalam mengatasi ketiga masalah di atas. Untuk meningkatkan spesifisitas, dapat dilakukan modifikasi RNA pemandu dan struktur Cas9. Efisiensi dapat ditingkatkan dengan meningkatkan peluang terjadinya homology-directed repair dibandingkan NHEJ, sedangkan untuk meningkatkan distribusi ke dalam sel, dapat digunakan berbagai macam vektor, seperti virus dan nanopartikel. CRISPR-Cas9 merupakan area yang aktif diteliti dalam bidang biosains, dan dalam waktu dekat, diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang klinik.Kata kunci: CRISPR, Cas9, efektivitas, spesifisitas, terapi genABSTRACTGene editing has become reasonably easy since the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). Most genetic diseases cannot be treated causally, and currently available therapies are mainly symptom-based. To treat the etiology of genetic diseases, a firm gene editing therapy is necessary to be established. This posits Cas9-facilitated gene editing as a prospective modality to become a clinically approved therapy in the future to treat genetic disorders. However, until recently, Cas9-based genome editing is still facing several hurdles, including low specificity, low effectiveness, and difficult delivery. Currently available Cas9 nucleases are able to bind to non-specific DNA sequence and produce non-specific cleavage. The efficiency has been relatively low due to the preference of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) over homology-directed repair (HDR) by the host cell. Furthermore, in order to deliver Cas9 into the nucleus, multiple physiological barriers have to be overcome. This review discussed recent developments in tackling these three hurdles, ranging from designing the guide RNA using multiple bioinformatics tools, modifying Cas9 structure, as well as packaging the nuclease-guide RNA complex into viral vectors and nanoparticles. Considering the active research on this area, it is expected that CRISPR/Cas9 can be utilized as a clinical therapy in the near future.Received: 02 June 2017 Accepted: 07 July 2017 Published: 19 July 2017

ABSTRAKSektor industri kecil dan menengah (IKM) berkontribusi cukup besar dalam perkembangan perekonomian Indonesia. Salah satu IKM yang bergerak di sektor ini adalah usaha circuit breaker. Mereka memiliki permasalahan defect produk. Lean sixsigma dipakai sebagai pendekatan improvement yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dengan cara mengurangi variasi produk. Tiga alternatif solusi, yaitu pelatihan staff, pengadaan fasilitas, dan modifikasi fasilitas. Alternatif perbaikan yang paling optimal untuk setiap proses adalah pelatihan untuk karyawan blanking dan pelatihan untuk karyawan electroplating. Alternatif perbaikan yang dipilih selanjutna diterapkan dengan tujuan meningkatkan sigma level dan mengurangi biaya kualitas. Penerapan alternatif menunjukkan kenaikan nilai sigma untuk proses blanking dari 3.96 sigma menjadi 4.05 sigma. Sedangkan untuk proses electroplating terjadi kenaikan nilai sigma dari 3.20 sigma menjadi 3.51 sigma.Kata kunci: lean, waste, Sixsigma, defect, RCA, FMEA ABSTRACTThe industrial sectors of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a considerable contribution to economic development in Indonesia. One SMEs engaged in the business sector is the circuit breaker. The main problem occurs the defected product is quite high and needs improvement, to increase product quality. Lean six sigma is used as improvement approach aimed at improving quality by reducing the variety of products. There are three alternative solutions, namely the training of staff, the purchase of the facility, and modification of the facility. The most optimal alternative for each process is blanking worker training and electroplating worker training. Training in both processes, then applied to increase sigma levels and reduce quality costs. Alternative implementations showed an increasing sigma value for blanking process from 3.96 sigma becomes 4.05 sigma. As for the electroplating process an increasing rate from 3.20 sigma becomes 3.51 sigma. Keywords: lean, waste, Sixsigma, defect, RCA, FMEA

Background : Examination of Calcium scoring in Radiology Departement Telogorejo Hospital Semarang using CINE scan type and recon phase images using a slice thickness of 2.5mm, this affect will be plaque with small size cann’t to calculate. Aim : The Purpose of this study was to determine the variation of parameters of calcium scoring MSCT scan examination right in calculating optimal plaque.Methods : The study was preceded by Pre experiments using a thorax phantom with an added 3-calcium artificial heart is likened to the RCA, LCX, LAD and have determined the weight and volume. Experiments with 10 patient samples by applying the best parameters from the pre experiment. Statistical analysis of the results of research conducted by Paired T-Test, while the assessment of the quality radiographs evaluated by an expert in this specialist radiology by providing anatomical criteria scores with 3 choices of items (not clear = 1, is quite clear = 2 and obvious = 3)Result : The volume of plaque is embedded in the thorax Panthom 900mm3. Results of pre experiments with hellical scan type and pitch of 0.5, 0.9, 1.3 in a score of plaque volume is 104mm3, 67mm3, 60mm3. While the scan type CINE with slice thickness 0.625mm, 1.25mm, 2.5mm produces a score of volume plaque is 880mm3, 878mm3, 867mm3. Further experiments were performed by applying parameters with the best result is CINE scan with variations slice thickness 0,625mm, 1.25mm, 2.5mm. To determine the best parameters assessment of image quality with the results on slice thickness 0.625mm was 2.2 (quite obvious), slice thickness 1,25mm scoring average of 2.7 (quite obvious), and slice thickness 2.5 mm average scoring 2.9 (obviously). While image noise on the slice thickness 0.625mm, 1.25mm, 2.5mm, namely 2.7(very high), 1.6 (low), 1.1 (low).Conclusions : Selected parameters that calculate optimal scoring calcium and low noise image for MSCT scan calcium scoring in Telogorejo Hospital Semarang is Scan type CINE with slice thickness variation 1,25mm

The prevalence of ADHD children increases every year. Some researchers have shown that psychosocial behavior therapy (antecedents-consequences modification) was effective to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to ADHD children. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of antecedents-consequences modification by parents and teachers to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to a 6 years old boy with ADHD. The study was a single case experimental design. Psychosocial behavior therapy has been used with antecedents-consequences modification. The antecedents-consequences modification was applied by teacher at school and parents at home. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results showed that there’s a significant decrease of hyperactivity behavior and significant increase of doing his assignment both at school and also at home. Not only about the content of behavior therapy itself, but how to give the therapy is important. 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New York: Guildford Press. Pfiffner, L. J., Calzada, E., & McBurnett, K. (2000). Interventions to enhance social competence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 689–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30113-5 Pfiffner, Linda J., Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E., Zalecki, C., Kaiser, N. M., Villodas, M., & McBurnett, K. (2014). A two-site randomized clinical trial of integrated psychosocial treatment for ADHD-inattentive type. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1115–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036887 Pfiffner, Linda J, & Haack, L. M. (2014). Behavior Management for School - Aged Children with ADHD. 23, 731–746. Pfiffner, Linda J, Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E., Zalecki, C., Kaiser, N. M., Villodas, M., & Mcburnett, K. (2015). A two-site randomized clinical trial of Integrated Psychosocial Treatment for ADHD-Inattentive Type. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1115–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036887.A Riddle, M. A., Yershova, K., Lazzaretto, D., Paykina, N., Yenokyan, G., Greenhill, L., … Posner, K. (2013). The preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment study (PATS) 6-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007 Saputro, D. (2009). ADHD (Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder). Jakarta: Sagung Seto. Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning Theories : An Educational Perspective (6th ed.; Pearson Education, Ed.). Boston. Shriver, M. D., Segool, N., & Gortmaker, V. (2011). Behavior observations for linking assessment to treatment for selective mutism. Education and Treatment of Children, 34(3), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2011.0023 Suyanto, B. N., & Wimbarti, S. (2019). Program Intervensi Musik terhadap Hiperaktivitas Anak Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP), 5(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.48584 Taylor, E. (2009). Developing ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 126–132. Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), e994–e1001. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3482 Tran, J. L. A., Sheng, R., Beaulieu, A., Villodas, M., McBurnett, K., Pfiffner, L. J., & Wilson, L. (2018). Cost-Effectiveness of a Behavioral Psychosocial Treatment Integrated Across Home and School for Pediatric ADHD-Inattentive Type. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 45(5), 741–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0857-y Tresco, K. E., Lefler, E. K., & Power, T. J. (2010). Psychosocial Interventions to Improve the School Performance of Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Mind & Brain : The Journal of Psychiatry, 1(2), 69–74. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21152355%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2998237 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health and Well-Being of Children: A Portrait of States and the Nation, 2011-2012. (June), 1–109. Weiss, Gabrielle ; Hechtman, L. T. (1993). Hyperactive Children Grown Up. New York: Guildford Press.

<span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Senyawa </span></span><em><span>N</span></em><span lang="IN">-</span><span>(</span><span lang="IN">b</span><span>enzo</span><span lang="IN">i</span><span>l)-<em>N</em>’-</span><span lang="IN">f</span><span>en</span><span lang="IN">i</span><span>ltiourea</span><span lang="IN"> mempunyai </span><span>gugus</span><span lang="IN"> farmakofor yang sama dengan turunan urea yang mempunyai aktivitas antikanker</span><span>, seperti</span><span>hidroksiurea, sehingga</span><span>layak</span><span>dijadikan</span><span>senyawa</span><span>induk</span><span>untuk</span><span>dikembangkan</span><span>lebih</span><span>lanjut</span><span>melalui</span><span>modifikasi</span><span>struktur</span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">. </span><span>Penelitian</span><span>ini</span><span>bertujuan</span><span>untuk</span><span>memprediksi</span></span><span lang="IN">aktivitas </span><span>sitotoksik</span><span lang="IN"> dan toksisitas </span><span>dari</span><span> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">duapuluh </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span>tiga</span><span lang="IN"> senyawa </span><span>turunan</span></span><em><span lang="IN">N</span></em><span lang="IN">-(benzoil)-<em>N</em>’-feniltiourea </span><span class="hps"><span>sebagai</span><span>calon</span><span>obat</span><span>antikanker</span><span lang="IN">. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Salah satu</span><span lang="EN-GB">mekanisme</span><span lang="EN-GB">kerja</span><span lang="EN-GB">turunan</span></span><em><span lang="IN">N</span></em><span lang="IN">-(benzoil)-<em>N</em>’-feniltiourea </span><span>sebagai</span><span>antikanker</span><span> <span lang="IN">adalah </span></span><span>menghamba</span><span lang="IN">t </span><span lang="IN">VEGF</span><span>R2</span><span>,</span><span>regulator</span><span>penting</span><span>untuk proses angiogenesis, serta</span><span>sangat</span><span>berperan</span><span>untuk</span><span>pertumbuhan tumor dan metastasis.</span><span lang="IN"> Aktivitas biologis dapat diprediksi melalui pemodelan molekul yang disebut uji <em>in silico</em>, </span><span>menggunakan program </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-GB">MVD (<em>Molegro Virtual Dock</em></span><em><span lang="IN">er</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">),</span><span>s</span></span><span lang="IN">edang toksisitas </span><span>dapat</span><span lang="IN"> diprediksi menggunakan program </span><span>pkCSM</span><span>dan</span><span>Protox</span><em><span>online tool</span><span lang="IN">. </span></em><span>Uji </span><em><span lang="IN">in </span><span>silico</span></em><span> dilakukan dengan </span><span lang="IN">melakukan </span><em><span>docking</span></em><span> senyawa yang akan </span><span lang="IN">di</span><span>prediksi aktivitasnya dengan target reseptor, VEGFR2, PDB ID. 3WZE</span><span>.</span><span class="hps"><span>Hasil</span><em><span>do</span><span lang="IN">c</span><span>king</span></em><span>berupa</span><span>energi</span><span>ikatan</span></span><span>digambarkan</span><span>dengan</span><span>nilai</span><span> <em><span lang="IN">R</span></em></span><em><span>erank</span><span> <span lang="IN">S</span></span><span>core (RS).</span></em><span>S</span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">enyawa dengan </span><span>nilai<em> RS</em></span><span lang="IN"> kecil berarti mempunyai ikatan ligan</span><span>-</span><span lang="IN">reseptor yang stabil dan diprediksi m</span><span>empunyai</span><span> <span lang="IN">aktivi</span></span><span>tas yang b</span><span lang="IN">esar<em>. </em></span><span>Dari hasil</span><span>uji</span><em><span>in silico</span></em><span>disimpulkan</span><span>bahwa</span><span>semua</span><span>turunan</span></span><em><span lang="IN">N</span></em><span lang="IN">-</span><span>(b</span><span lang="IN">enzoil</span><span>)</span><span lang="IN">-<em>N</em>’-feniltiourea </span><span>diprediksi</span><span>menimbulkan</span><span>toksisitas relatif</span><span>rendah, dan</span><span>mempunyai a</span><span lang="IN">ktivitas </span><span>s</span><span lang="IN">itotoksik</span><span> lebih</span><span>besar</span><span>dibanding</span><span>hidroksiurea, tetapi</span><span>masih</span><span>lebih</span><span>rendah</span><span>dibanding</span><span>sorafenib.</span><em><span>N</span></em><span>-(4-</span><span lang="IN">p</span><span>ropoksibenzoil)-<em>N</em>’-feniltiourea</span><span>dan</span><em><span>N</span></em><span>-(3,5-di-trifluorometilbenzoil)-<em>N</em>’-feniltiourea</span><span><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjV3I6185jOAhWBtZQKHTaPDG0QFggeMAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F173452&amp;usg=AFQjCNFKqXN5rZl13Bp_czI1YlfKyGvWRQ"><span lang="IN">diprediksi mempunyai aktivitas </span><span>sitotoksik</span><span lang="IN"> paling besar</span></a></span><span> tetapi menimbulkan hepatotoksik, sehingga sebagai senyawa terpilih untuk disintesis dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut adalah <em>N</em>-(3,4-dimet</span><span lang="IN">i</span><span>lbenzo</span><span lang="IN">i</span><span>l)-<em>N</em>’-</span><span lang="IN">f</span><span>en</span><span lang="IN">i</span><span>ltiourea</span><span lang="IN">.</span>

Abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. Prevalence of CAD in Indonesia in 2013 based on doctor’s diagnosis was 0.5%. Clinical manifestations of CAD may vary from asymptomatic (silent angina) to sudden cardiac death. Episodes of this asymptomatic myocardial ischemia were approximately 25-50% in CAD. Diagnostic criteria of CAD are clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, ECG, and cardiac catheterization. Management of CAD patients consists of lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, and myocardial revascularization. We reported a male aged 50 years with reccurent epigastric pain. Echocardiography resulted in mild MR cc annulus dilatation with ischemia as the differential diagnosis. The angiography revealed 80% stenosis in the proximal RCA and distal RCA as well as 70% stenosis in mid LAD. A percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed on this patient with BMS stent in mid RCA, DES stent in proximal RCA, and POBA in mid LAD. The patients was treated with Thrombo aspilets, clopidogrel, simvastatin, lisinopril, and Nitrokaf retard. The general condition of the patient was good without any complaint. Modification of changeable risk factors had been done. The five-year survival rate of this patient was 70% with dubia prognosis.Keywords: coronary artery disease, silent angina Abstrak: Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab utama kematian pria dan wanita di Amerika Serikat. Manifestasi klinis PJK dapat bervariasi mulai dari tanpa gejala (silent angina) hingga kematian mendadak. Angka kejadian silent angina berkisar 25%-50% dari keseluruhan PJK. Pemeriksaan penunjang yang diperlukan antara lain EKG, ekokardiografi, enzim jantung, CT kardiak, treadmill test, hingga pemeriksaan invasif seperti kateterisasi jantung. Penatalaksanaan PJK meliputi penangangan non farmakologik dan farmakologik. Penanganan non farmakologik berupa modifikasi gaya hidup, sedangkan terapi farmakologik berupa obat-obatan sampai pada revaskularisasi jantung. Kami melaporkan seorang penderita PJK laki-laki berusia 50 tahun dengan keluhan utama nyeri ulu hati hilang timbul. Hasil ekokardiografi menyimpulkan MR mild cc dilatasi anulus dd iskemik. Pemeriksaan angiografi mendapatkan stenosis 80% di proksimal RCA, dan distal RCA, stenosis 70% di mid LAD. Pada penderita ini dilakukan intervensi koroner perkutan dan dilakukan pemasangan stent BMS pada mid RCA, stent DES pada proksimal RCA, POBA pada mid LAD. Pengobatan yang diberikan ialah Thrombo aspilets, clopidogrel, simvastatin, lisinopril, dan Nitrokaf retard. Keadaan umum penderita baik, keluhan menghilang dan telah dilakukan upaya modifikasi terhadap faktor risiko yang bisa diubah. Five-year survival rate penderita ini 70% dengan prognosis dubia.Kata kunci: penyakit jantung koroner, silent angina

Abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. Prevalence of CAD in Indonesia in 2013 based on doctor’s diagnosis was 0.5%. Clinical manifestations of CAD may vary from asymptomatic (silent angina) to sudden cardiac death. Episodes of this asymptomatic myocardial ischemia were approximately 25-50% in CAD. Diagnostic criteria of CAD are clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, ECG, and cardiac catheterization. Management of CAD patients consists of lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, and myocardial revascularization. We reported a male aged 50 years with reccurent epigastric pain. Echocardiography resulted in mild MR cc annulus dilatation with ischemia as the differential diagnosis. The angiography revealed 80% stenosis in the proximal RCA and distal RCA as well as 70% stenosis in mid LAD. A percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed on this patient with BMS stent in mid RCA, DES stent in proximal RCA, and POBA in mid LAD. The patients was treated with Thrombo aspilets, clopidogrel, simvastatin, lisinopril, and Nitrokaf retard. The general condition of the patient was good without any complaint. Modification of changeable risk factors had been done. The five-year survival rate of this patient was 70% with dubia prognosis.Keywords: coronary artery disease, silent angina Abstrak: Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab utama kematian pria dan wanita di Amerika Serikat. Manifestasi klinis PJK dapat bervariasi mulai dari tanpa gejala (silent angina) hingga kematian mendadak. Angka kejadian silent angina berkisar 25%-50% dari keseluruhan PJK. Pemeriksaan penunjang yang diperlukan antara lain EKG, ekokardiografi, enzim jantung, CT kardiak, treadmill test, hingga pemeriksaan invasif seperti kateterisasi jantung. Penatalaksanaan PJK meliputi penangangan non farmakologik dan farmakologik. Penanganan non farmakologik berupa modifikasi gaya hidup, sedangkan terapi farmakologik berupa obat-obatan sampai pada revaskularisasi jantung. Kami melaporkan seorang penderita PJK laki-laki berusia 50 tahun dengan keluhan utama nyeri ulu hati hilang timbul. Hasil ekokardiografi menyimpulkan MR mild cc dilatasi anulus dd iskemik. Pemeriksaan angiografi mendapatkan stenosis 80% di proksimal RCA, dan distal RCA, stenosis 70% di mid LAD. Pada penderita ini dilakukan intervensi koroner perkutan dan dilakukan pemasangan stent BMS pada mid RCA, stent DES pada proksimal RCA, POBA pada mid LAD. Pengobatan yang diberikan ialah Thrombo aspilets, clopidogrel, simvastatin, lisinopril, dan Nitrokaf retard. Keadaan umum penderita baik, keluhan menghilang dan telah dilakukan upaya modifikasi terhadap faktor risiko yang bisa diubah. Five-year survival rate penderita ini 70% dengan prognosis dubia.Kata kunci: penyakit jantung koroner, silent angina

SummaryConstruction of cDNA library derived fromtranscripts made under certain condition is animportant first step to understand diseaseresistant mechanisms. To identify rubber genesor transcripts involved in defense responsetoward Corynespora cassiicola, cDNA librarywas constructed using rubber clone AVROS2037, one of resistant clone to this pathogen.cDNA library was constructed based on thestrategy of leaves infection using conidia, withthe assumption that transcript expression relatedto defense response would be induced bypathogen infection. RNA was isolated from leavesthree days after inoculation with conidia ofC. cassiicola. Steps involved in the cDNA libraryconstruction were RNA isolation, mRNApurification, cDNA synthesis, vector modifcation,cDNA insert ligation, plasmid transformation andclone verifications. Each gram of leaf producedapproximately 300  g RNA, and 0.25% of themwas mRNA. The mRNA was used to synthesizedcDNA. Ligation of cDNA and modified vectorwas facilitated by restriction enzyme SfiI. Theconstructs were transformed into the E. coliDH5 competent cells. A total of 8000 colonieswere produced. Random examination of 270colonies showed that approximately 93% of thesecolonies carried plasmid vector with DNA insertsize of 200 – 2000 bp, with average size of 500 –800 bp. cDNA library construction of rubberleaves from AVROS 2037 clone as well as somenecessary modification steps are presented in thispaper.RingkasanKonstruksi pustaka cDNA yang me-ngandung transkrip yang diekspresikan dalamkondisi tertentu merupakan tahap awal yangsangat penting dalam berbagai studi biologi.Untuk mengidentifikasi gen karet atau transkripyang berperan dalam respons pertahanan tanamankaret terhadap Corynespora cassiicola, pustakacDNA dibuat dengan menggunakan daun klonAVROS 2037 yang merupakan salah satu klonresisten terhadap patogen tersebut. PustakacDNA dibuat berdasarkan strategi menginfeksidaun dengan konidia C. cassiicola denganpertimbangan bahwa ekspresi transkrip yangberperan dalam respons pertahanan akandiinduksi oleh adanya infeksi patogen. Dengandemikian pustaka cDNA yang dibuat diharapkanmengandung gen atau bagian gen yang ber-hubungan dengan respons pertahanan. RNAdiisolasi dari daun setelah daun diinokulasiselama tiga hari dengan konidia C. cassiicola.Beberapa tahapan telah dilakukan, dimulaidengan isolasi RNA, pemurnian mRNA, sintesiscDNA, modifikasi vektor kloning, ligasi fragmencDNA utas ganda dengan vektor kloning sertatransformasi hasil ligasi ke bakteri Escherichiacoli DH5 kompeten. Dari setiap gram jaringandaun berhasil diisolasi RNA sekitar 300 g, dandari jumlah tersebut sekitar 0,25% mRNA dapatdiisolasi. mRNA yang diisolasi digunakan untuksintesis cDNA. cDNA dipotong dengan enzimrestriksi SfiI dan diligasi ke vektor plasmid yangdimodifikasi dengan menyisipkan situs enzimSfiI. cDNA-vektor rekombinan ditransformasi kedalam sel bakteri E. coli DH5 kompeten meng-gunakan metode standar. Transformasi konstrukini menghasilkan 8.000 koloni. Pengujian PCRterhadap 270 koloni yang dipilih secara acakmengindikasikan bahwa sekitar 93% kolonitersebut membawa cDNA sisipan dengan ukuranfragmen cDNA yang menyisip berkisar antara200 sampai 2000 bp. cDNA sisipan terbanyakterdapat pada ukuran antara 500 – 800 bp. Dalamtulisan ini dibahas tahap demi tahap proses yangdilakukan untuk membuat pustaka cDNA asaldaun karet klon AVROS 2037 serta beberapamodifikasi yang diperlukan.

SummaryConstruction of cDNA library derived fromtranscripts made under certain condition is animportant first step to understand diseaseresistant mechanisms. To identify rubber genesor transcripts involved in defense responsetoward Corynespora cassiicola, cDNA librarywas constructed using rubber clone AVROS2037, one of resistant clone to this pathogen.cDNA library was constructed based on thestrategy of leaves infection using conidia, withthe assumption that transcript expression relatedto defense response would be induced bypathogen infection. RNA was isolated from leavesthree days after inoculation with conidia ofC. cassiicola. Steps involved in the cDNA libraryconstruction were RNA isolation, mRNApurification, cDNA synthesis, vector modifcation,cDNA insert ligation, plasmid transformation andclone verifications. Each gram of leaf producedapproximately 300  g RNA, and 0.25% of themwas mRNA. The mRNA was used to synthesizedcDNA. Ligation of cDNA and modified vectorwas facilitated by restriction enzyme SfiI. Theconstructs were transformed into the E. coliDH5 competent cells. A total of 8000 colonieswere produced. Random examination of 270colonies showed that approximately 93% of thesecolonies carried plasmid vector with DNA insertsize of 200 – 2000 bp, with average size of 500 –800 bp. cDNA library construction of rubberleaves from AVROS 2037 clone as well as somenecessary modification steps are presented in thispaper.RingkasanKonstruksi pustaka cDNA yang me-ngandung transkrip yang diekspresikan dalamkondisi tertentu merupakan tahap awal yangsangat penting dalam berbagai studi biologi.Untuk mengidentifikasi gen karet atau transkripyang berperan dalam respons pertahanan tanamankaret terhadap Corynespora cassiicola, pustakacDNA dibuat dengan menggunakan daun klonAVROS 2037 yang merupakan salah satu klonresisten terhadap patogen tersebut. PustakacDNA dibuat berdasarkan strategi menginfeksidaun dengan konidia C. cassiicola denganpertimbangan bahwa ekspresi transkrip yangberperan dalam respons pertahanan akandiinduksi oleh adanya infeksi patogen. Dengandemikian pustaka cDNA yang dibuat diharapkanmengandung gen atau bagian gen yang ber-hubungan dengan respons pertahanan. RNAdiisolasi dari daun setelah daun diinokulasiselama tiga hari dengan konidia C. cassiicola.Beberapa tahapan telah dilakukan, dimulaidengan isolasi RNA, pemurnian mRNA, sintesiscDNA, modifikasi vektor kloning, ligasi fragmencDNA utas ganda dengan vektor kloning sertatransformasi hasil ligasi ke bakteri Escherichiacoli DH5 kompeten. Dari setiap gram jaringandaun berhasil diisolasi RNA sekitar 300 g, dandari jumlah tersebut sekitar 0,25% mRNA dapatdiisolasi. mRNA yang diisolasi digunakan untuksintesis cDNA. cDNA dipotong dengan enzimrestriksi SfiI dan diligasi ke vektor plasmid yangdimodifikasi dengan menyisipkan situs enzimSfiI. cDNA-vektor rekombinan ditransformasi kedalam sel bakteri E. coli DH5 kompeten meng-gunakan metode standar. Transformasi konstrukini menghasilkan 8.000 koloni. Pengujian PCRterhadap 270 koloni yang dipilih secara acakmengindikasikan bahwa sekitar 93% kolonitersebut membawa cDNA sisipan dengan ukuranfragmen cDNA yang menyisip berkisar antara200 sampai 2000 bp. cDNA sisipan terbanyakterdapat pada ukuran antara 500 – 800 bp. Dalamtulisan ini dibahas tahap demi tahap proses yangdilakukan untuk membuat pustaka cDNA asaldaun karet klon AVROS 2037 serta beberapamodifikasi yang diperlukan.