Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Rizikové faktory aterosklerózy“

The topic of my thesis I chose based on their interest in this issues. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease occurring in the vessel wall due to the interaction of metabolic and structural properties of the vessel wall , the blood components and hemodynamic forces. It's a long ongoing inflammatory process, which affects the inner wall of the damaged artery chemical, physical or biochemical effects and leads to structural changes in the vascular wall Consequently fibroproliferative inflammation. The term arteriosclerosis was first used in 1829 to describe calcifications in the wall of the artery . The term atherosclerosis was then used in 1904 to describe lipid deposits in atherosclerotic arteries. The discovery of the relationship between clinical symptoms of myocardial infarction , atherosclerosis and coronary artery thrombosis made in 1912 by James Herrick . Atherosclerosis is the process involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of organ changes , which are manifested serious complications , such as coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease or ischemic cerebrovascular event . Taking a number of risk factors may condition the not only atherosclerosis , but also its rapid progress and spread to other areas.

Introduction: While low in women of childbearing age, cardiovascular risk rises quickly after menopause. It is a well known fact that cholesterolemia increases in the absence of ovarian estrogen secretion, and a number of studies have demonstrated an increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) following menopause. Despite this, conclusive evidence for most of the MS components is unavailable, and an increase in insulin resistance due to menopause has likewise not been documented. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of menopause on selected cardiovascular risk factors in Czech women. Methods: A total of 909 women, as a random 5% sample of female residents of Prague 4 aged 45-55 years, were enrolled. Fasting blood samples were obtained, a thorough history was taken, necessary anthropometric measurements and ultrasound examinations of arteries were performed. Results: In multivariate regression analysis, postmenopausal status, not age, was the only predictor of combined markers, i.e., MS as defined by NCEP-ATPIII (p = 0.03) and atherogenic lipid indexes (total cholesterol/HDL-C, p = 0.002; LDL-C/HDL-C, p = 0.004; apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I, p = 0.004). While age was the strongest predictor of individual components of MS, menopausal status was only associated with waist circumference...

2. Summary Atherosclerosis and cancer are two of the most frequent causes of death in the developed world (Ng et al. 2006). There are a lot of similar risk factors both for atherosclerosis and for cancer (for example age, smoking, high intake of lipids, minimal physical activity leading to obesity and others). Atherosclerosis and cancer activate the immune system (Wachter et al. 1989) and the investigation of ischemic syndrome (often caused by atherosclerosis) contributed to finding some common molecular trails in the development of both of these diseases in last years (Pehrsson et al. 2005). Thanks to the progress in oncology treatment, patients with cancer survive longer, however, it is also very probable that a complex cancer therapy can lead to complications of atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to clarify the influence of breast cancer itself and oncology treatment on atherosclerosis and its complications.

1 Statin therapy in patients with peripheral artery obstructive disease (PAOD) 1.1 Patients with lipid metabolism disorders Simvastatin therapy with the dose titration adjusted to the effect led to the prolongation of claudication interval and to the elevation of ankle-brachial pressure index, which was statistically significant at the interval of 18 months after starting the therapy. At the same time we observed normalization of lipid levels and the lowest levels of oxidative stress markers. Statin use was also associated with lowering homocysteine level. 1.2 Patients without lipid metabolism disorders - the influence on laboratory parameters and functional capacity In patients without lipid metabolism disorder, treated with simvastatin 20 mg daily, we noted an improvement, i.e. prolongation of claudication interval and elevation of ankle-brachial pressure index, while in the control group treated only with a diet we observed further deterioration of capacity. In the control group, the parameters of lipid metabolism were statistically significantly worse after six months and this trend remained even in further control visits with HDL cholesterol slightly lowering. In the simvastatin group, a statistically significant decrease of LDL occurred during several months as well as elevation of HDL...

Childhood obesity is currently considered a serious pediatric problem. The main risk of this metabolic disease lies in the shift of comorbidities associated with obesity to ever younger age categories. This is also related to the increasing overall cardiometabolic risk in these obese individuals. Early detection and treatment of childhood obesity is an essential task of pediatrics. The possibility of non-pharmacological treatment of childhood obesity is spa treatment. It consists of intensive reduction therapy, which includes nutritional, physical and educational interventions. The aim of the study was to monitor changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters after monthly treatment in pediatric patients. Furthermore, to identify and specify selected potential markers of cardiometabolic risk that significantly correlate with BMI and could be useful in children and adolescents. The thesis also focused in detail on two adipocyte hormones - leptin and adiponectin, which already correlate with the amount of adipose tissue in the pediatric population. These hormones could become significant predictive parameters of metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis and other comorbidities associated with obesity and cardiovascular risk, already in children. Based on our measurements we can confirm...

Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent death causation in most advanced countries. The citizens of the Czech Republic are unambiguously considered a population with an increased risk profile of untimely atherosclerosis. The paper addresses quantification of common risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity), monitoring of the number of other residential treatments, other cardiovascular incidents and deaths and especially the depressive disorder of 200 patients (aged 36 {--} 86 years) of the Invasive Cardiology Department of Nemocnice Karlovy Vary, s. r. o. indicated to be subject to coronarographic examination. As concerns depressive patients, we encounter the cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death more often than with the non-depressive ones. This applies also in the event when risk factors of cardiovascular disorders in the anamnesis are excluded in both groups. A man with a cardiovascular illness experiences a significant break period. He is directly limited in terms of his health and endangered in terms of his existence, social life and often even his life itself. Psychic changes under those circumstances are almost regular, the depression development is assumable. As many as 13 % of the approached cardiac patients state the occurrence of typical problems accompanying the depression in the past 14 days, with 27 % of them, the problems lasted longer than a week. The whole-life prevalence of depression ranges between 5 and 16%, a higher occurrence of depressive patients among cardiac patients is hence apparent. The average BMI of monitored women is 29,12 {--} hence at the border of normal weight and overweight, the average BMI of monitored men amounts to 29,20 {--} which indicates their obesity. Hence one may confirm that as concerns the monitored persons, a higher body mass index (BMI) is confirmed with monitored persons. The average wasteline is 104,29 with monitored women and 104,83 with monitored men {--} i.e. the content of visceral fat is considerable. When monitoring other residential treatments within half a year, most patients were those with angina pectoris. Regardless of their diagnosis, only three patients died.

Based on the results of our study, we concluded that the degree of brachial artery flow endothelium-dependent dilatation is difficult to evaluate using predefined cut-off points as a single-measurement screening test to indicate endothelial dysfunction. On the contrary, the variation of endothelial function after a defined stimulus (dietary, medication) examined at a predefined interval using an identical protocol can help to assess enhanced or reduced efficacy of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. In the next study, we demonstrated that a high-fat load applied at a single dose does not significantly affect brachial artery vasoreactivity in young, healthy volunteers after four weeks of low- and high-fat diets. In contrast with atherosclerosis, the effect of hypercholestrolemia on adhesive molecule levels has been a source of controversy. We demonstrated that 3-month therapy with fluvastatin does not decrease cICAM-1 levels despite normalization of cholesterol levels. The implication is cholesterol may not induce endothelial activation by the initial upregulation of this adhesive molecule. Endothelial dysfunction can be considered the initial, functionally relevant stage of atherosclerosis, demonstrable still before morphological changes. In patients with advanced obliterative atherosclerosis,...

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are currently on the first place among the causes of death worldwide and also in the Czech Republic (CR). The most common causes of death among CVDs are disorders associated with atherosclerosis (ATS) and the prevalence of atherosclerosis and their complications increases with increasing age. The aim of this diploma thesis was to document CVS morbidity in geriatric patients in the sample of FIP7 program of the EUROAGEISM H2020 project, mainly the prevalence of CVS disorders associated with ATS, and to evaluate the controll of risk factors associatedwith general risks of progression of ATS. METHODS The data collection for this theses was carried out in the CR from September 2018 to January 2019 in patients in acute care at the age of 65 and older at geriatric wards in Hradec Králové (HK) and Brno. Patients involved in the study were those admitted to hospitalization at the time of data collection, were complying with inclusion criteria and undersigned the informed consent. The Ethics committee of the Faculy of Pharmacy, Charles University and ethics committee of participating healthcare facilities approved the project. Information have been obtained using the questionnaire for comprehensive geriatric assessment which is the secured instrument of the...

Background: The relationship between erectile dysfunction and risk factors of atherosclerosis has been confirmed by a number of previous investigations. There are also plausible pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the observed association. One of the tested hypotheses in our work was the assumption that risk factors of atherosclerosis would be more prevalent in men with erectile dysfunction than in controls selected from the representative sample of the Czech population. Our work did not confirm this hypothesis. Most likely explanation can be greater representation of younger-middle aged men in our group than in the Czech post-Monica study in which the age distribution was equal. On the other hand authors of the Czech post-Monica study admit worse compliance in younger participants of their survey. Nevertheless, the risk factors of atherosclerosis occur very frequently in males with erectile dysfunction. Results: In our group mean cardiovascular risk calculated according to the SCORE chart was 3.39% (±3,39). In the Czech post-MONICA study conducted between 2007 and 2008 the mean SCORE risk reached 2.47%. There was a trend, though not statistically significant, towards direct relationship between the severity of ED and the SCORE CVD risk. Asymptomatic atherosclerosis was detected in 56.25% of our study...

Diet and other regimens are part of the treatment of dyslipidemia, where the objective is trough modification lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, to influence the cardiovascular risk and to reduce the risk of atherothrombotic compliations. The aim of this work was to investigate the importance of different diets in influencing the risk factors of KVO in patients treated with statins, i.e. to assess the dietary habits of these patients by means of a questionnaire and to monitor the changes, from before to after, of the selected anthropometric and laboratoty parameters. The study included 41 patients of an average age of age of 50 years ± 11. The duration of statin therapy: 88 % of them over half year, 12 % of them less than six months. 73 % of them do not smoke, 27 % were smokers. The dietary habits questionnaire was completed by the patient prior to education and subsequently evaluated. The monitored parameters - weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-c, non- HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin in diabetics were evaluated before and after 2-3 months of education. Patients were predominantly familiar with the basic rules of a low fat diet but over 30% patients consume food inappropriately for the diet and over 30 % of patients did not consume foods...