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Luke, Stacey H., Nancy J. Luckai, Janice M. Burke und Ellie E. Prepas. „Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest and linkages with water quality in streams“. Environmental Reviews 15, NA (Dezember 2007): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a07-001.
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Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest represent the transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We review factors that influence riparian vegetation communities and the associated interactions with boreal streams. Regional and local drivers (e.g., climate, edaphic factors, and natural disturbances) that affect upland boreal vegetation also operate in riparian areas. However, the proximity of riparian areas to the stream channel not only modifies some of these drivers, but it means that the stream itself becomes a driver of riparian vegetation dynamics. For example, hydrological disturbances like flooding and ice scour affect soil texture and alter successional pathways, sometimes completely denuding streambanks of vegetation. Even in riparian areas unaffected by such catastrophic disturbances, saturated soil conditions can influence riparian forest composition and nutrient cycling. Saturated soils support lower mineralization rates, therefore organic layers store relatively more carbon and nitrogen than adjoining upland soils, and primary productivity is generally lower. Saturated soils also have implications for the ability of the riparian area to “buffer” streams from inputs of water and nutrients. For example, reducing conditions in riparian soils could be the sites for nitrate removal from groundwater by denitrification. Spatial variation in weather, soils, vegetation cover, slope, accumulation of organic matter, geographic location, and relief undoubtedly add to the complexity of understanding the role of riparian systems in Canada’s vast boreal forest. However, the opportunity to identify patterns relating to riparian areas will assist in our understanding and management of these multifaceted systems.
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Grabs, T., K. H. Bishop, H. Laudon, S. W. Lyon und J. Seibert. „Riparian zone processes and soil water total organic carbon (TOC): implications for spatial variability, upscaling and carbon exports“. Biogeosciences Discussions 9, Nr. 3 (14.03.2012): 3031–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-3031-2012.
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Abstract. Groundwater flowing from hillslopes through riparian (near stream) soils often undergoes chemical transformations that can substantially influence stream water chemistry. We used landscape analysis to predict total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations profiles and groundwater levels measured in the riparian zone (RZ) of a 67 km2 catchment in Sweden. TOC exported from 13 riparian soil profiles was then estimated based on the riparian flow-concentration integration model (RIM). Much of the observed spatial variability of riparian TOC concentrations in this system could be predicted from groundwater levels and the topographic wetness index (TWI). Organic riparian peat soils in forested areas emerged as hotspots exporting large amounts of TOC. Exports were subject to considerable temporal variations caused by a combination of variable flow conditions and changing soil water TOC concentrations. From more mineral riparian gley soils, on the other hand, only small amounts with relatively time-invariant concentrations were exported. Organic and mineral soils in RZs constitute a heterogeneous landscape mosaic that controls much of the spatial variability of stream water TOC. We developed an empirical regression-model based on the TWI to move beyond the plot scale to predict spatially variable riparian TOC concentration profiles for RZs underlain by glacial till.
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Grabs, T., K. Bishop, H. Laudon, S. W. Lyon und J. Seibert. „Riparian zone hydrology and soil water total organic carbon (TOC): implications for spatial variability and upscaling of lateral riparian TOC exports“. Biogeosciences 9, Nr. 10 (10.10.2012): 3901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3901-2012.
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Abstract. Groundwater flowing from hillslopes through riparian (near-stream) soils often undergoes chemical transformations that can substantially influence stream water chemistry. We used landscape analysis to predict total organic carbon (TOC) concentration profiles and groundwater levels measured in the riparian zone (RZ) of a 67 km2 catchment in Sweden. TOC exported laterally from 13 riparian soil profiles was then estimated based on the riparian flow–concentration integration model (RIM). Much of the observed spatial variability of riparian TOC concentrations in this system could be predicted from groundwater levels and the topographic wetness index (TWI). Organic riparian peat soils in forested areas emerged as hotspots exporting large amounts of TOC. These TOC fluxes were subject to considerable temporal variations caused by a combination of variable flow conditions and changing soil water TOC concentrations. Mineral riparian gley soils, on the other hand, were related to rather small TOC export rates and were characterized by relatively time-invariant TOC concentration profiles. Organic and mineral soils in RZs constitute a heterogeneous landscape mosaic that potentially controls much of the spatial variability of stream water TOC. We developed an empirical regression model based on the TWI to move beyond the plot scale and to predict spatially variable riparian TOC concentration profiles for RZs underlain by glacial till.
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Liu, Xianbin, Xiaoming Zou, Min Cao und Tushou Luo. „Organic Carbon Storage and 14C Apparent Age of Upland and Riparian Soils in a Montane Subtropical Moist Forest of Southwestern China“. Forests 11, Nr. 6 (05.06.2020): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060645.
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Upland and riparian soils usually differ in soil texture and moisture conditions, thus, likely varying in carbon storage and turnover time. However, few studies have differentiated their functions on the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests. In this study, we aim to uncover the SOC storage and 14C apparent age, in the upland and riparian soils of a primary evergreen broad-leaved montane subtropical moist forest in the Ailao Mountains of southwestern China. We sampled the upland and riparian soils along four soil profiles down to the parent material at regular intervals from two local representative watersheds, and determined SOC concentrations, δ13C values and 14C apparent ages. We found that SOC concentration decreased exponentially and 14C apparent age increased linearly with soil depth in the four soil profiles. Although, soil depth was deeper in the upland soil profiles than the riparian soil profiles, the weighted mean SOC concentration was significantly greater in the riparian soil (25.7 ± 3.9 g/kg) than the upland soil (19.7 ± 2.3 g/kg), but has an equal total SOC content per unit of ground area around 21 kg/m2 in the two different type soils. SOC δ13C values varied between −23.7 (±0.8)‰ and −33.2 (±0.2)‰ in the two upland soil profiles and between −25.5 (±0.4)‰ and −36.8 (±0.4)‰ along the two riparian soil profiles, with greater variation in the riparian soil profiles than the upland soil profiles. The slope of increase in SOC 14C apparent age along soil depth in the riparian soil profiles was greater than in the upland soil profiles. The oldest apparent age of SOC 14C was 23,260 (±230) years BP (before present, i.e., 1950) in the riparian soil profiles and 19,045 (±150) years BP in the upland soil profiles. Our data suggest that the decomposition of SOC is slower in the riparian soil than in the upland soil, and the increased SOC loss in the upland soil from deforestation may partially be compensated by the deposition of the eroded upland SOC in the riparian area, as an under-appreciated carbon sink.
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Lidman, Fredrik, Åsa Boily, Hjalmar Laudon und Stephan J. Köhler. „From soil water to surface water – how the riparian zone controls element transport from a boreal forest to a stream“. Biogeosciences 14, Nr. 12 (21.06.2017): 3001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3001-2017.
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Abstract. Boreal headwaters are often lined by strips of highly organic soils, which are the last terrestrial environment to leave an imprint on discharging groundwater before it enters a stream. Because these riparian soils are so different from the Podzol soils that dominate much of the boreal landscape, they are known to have a major impact on the biogeochemistry of important elements such as C, N, P and Fe and the transfer of these elements from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. For most elements, however, the role of the riparian zone has remained unclear, although it should be expected that the mobility of many elements is affected by changes in, for example, pH, redox potential and concentration of organic carbon as they are transported through the riparian zone. Therefore, soil water and groundwater was sampled at different depths along a 22 m hillslope transect in the Krycklan catchment in northern Sweden using soil lysimeters and analysed for a large number of major and trace elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Si, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, Zr) and other parameters such as sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC). The results showed that the concentrations of most investigated elements increased substantially (up to 60 times) as the water flowed from the uphill mineral soils and into the riparian zone, largely as a result of higher TOC concentrations. The stream water concentrations of these elements were typically somewhat lower than in the riparian zone, but still considerably higher than in the uphill mineral soils, which suggests that riparian soils have a decisive impact on the water quality of boreal streams. The degree of enrichment in the riparian zone for different elements could be linked to the affinity for organic matter, indicating that the pattern with strongly elevated concentrations in riparian soils is typical for organophilic substances. One likely explanation is that the solubility of many organophilic elements increases as a result of the higher concentrations of TOC in the riparian zone. Elements with low or modest affinity for organic matter (e.g. Na, Cl, K, Mg and Ca) occurred in similar or lower concentrations in the riparian zone. Despite the elevated concentrations of many elements in riparian soil water and groundwater, no increase in the concentrations in biota could be observed (bilberry leaves and spruce shoots).
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Zhao, Qinghe, Shengyan Ding, Qian Liu, Shuoqian Wang, Yaru Jing und Mengwen Lu. „Vegetation influences soil properties along riparian zones of the Beijiang River in Southern China“. PeerJ 8 (13.08.2020): e9699. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9699.
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Riparian soils and vegetation are important factors influencing the biodiversity and biogeochemical processes of river ecosystems. Riparian soils and vegetation form the foundation for multiple ecosystem services provided by river ecosystems. However, it remains poorly understood how riparian soils and vegetation interact with one another to maintain these services. In this study, we sampled four common types of riparian vegetation associated with the Beijiang River in South China. These included forestland, bamboo forest, mixed forest, and grassland ecosystems. Specifically, we analyzed the spatial distribution of riparian soils and their response to environmental factors (i.e., coverage and height of trees, shrubs and grass, distance to river, and altitude). Our results indicate that soil properties in riparian zones were affected significantly by vegetation type. In particular, clay content, soil organic carbon, and nitrate nitrogen content were significantly correlated with vegetation type. In contrast, changes in soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus content were not associated with vegetation type. Moreover, soil physical and chemical properties interacted with one an other, as well as with vegetation characteristics. This was indicated by the significant correlation observed between soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soil texture, with structural characteristics of the four vegetation types. We also found that height and cover of trees and shrubs were significantly correlated with soil chemical properties. However, the effects of topographic variables such as altitude and distance to river were not significant. Results from this study can thus provide a basis for the ecological restoration and land management of degraded iparian zones.
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Kim, D. G., T. M. Isenhart, T. B. Parkin, R. C. Schultz, T. E. Loynachan und J. W. Raich. „Nitrous oxide emissions from riparian forest buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and crop fields“. Biogeosciences Discussions 6, Nr. 1 (13.01.2009): 607–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-607-2009.
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Abstract. Denitrification within riparian buffers may trade reduced nonpoint source pollution of surface waters for increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting from denitrification-produced nitrous oxide (N2O). However, little is known about the N2O emission within conservation buffers established for water quality improvement or of the importance of short-term N2O peak emission following rewetting dry soils and thawing frozen soils. Such estimates are important in reducing uncertainties in current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies estimating soil N2O emission which are based on N inputs. This study contrasts N2O emission from riparian buffer systems of three perennial vegetation types and an adjacent crop field, and compares measured N2O emission with estimates based on the IPCC methodology. We measured soil properties, N inputs, weather conditions and N2O fluxes from soils in forested riparian buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and a crop field located in the Bear Creek watershed in central Iowa, USA. Cumulative N2O emissions from soils in all riparian buffers (5.8 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007) were significantly less than those from crop field soils (24.0 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007), with no difference among the buffer vegetation types. While N2O peak emissions (up to 70-fold increase) following the rewetting of dry soils and thawing of frozen soils comprised 46–70% of the annual N2O emissions from soils in the crop field, soils in the riparian buffers were less sensitive to such events (3 to 10-fold increase). The ratio of N2O emission to N inputs within riparian buffers (0.02) was smaller than those of crop field (0.07). These results indicate that N2O emission from soils within the riparian buffers established for water quality improvement should not be considered a major source of N2O emission compared to crop field emission. The observed large difference between measured N2O emissions and those estimated using the IPCC's recommended methodology (i.e., 87% underestimation) in the crop field suggests that the IPCC methodology may underestimate N2O emission in the regions where soil rewetting and thawing are common, and that conditions predicted by future climate-change scenarios may increase N2O emissions.
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MOHAMD JAFFAR, AINA NADIA NAJWA, MOHD EFFENDI WASLI und MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL. „Evaluation on Soil Hardness in Riparian Forest Restoration along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia“. Trends in Undergraduate Research 1, Nr. 1 (10.12.2018): a33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1238.2018.
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Soil hardness plays a vital role in evaluating the physical properties of soil structure. With regards to the impact of compaction on practical forest management issues, most report and review forms were available. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the soil condition in riparian forest restoration planted with indigenous species along Kayan Ulu River with special reference to soil hardness. Soil hardness was measured by using Hasegawa-type cone penetrometer from the surface soils to 100 cm depth, with a total of 48 random points for both study sites surveyed; restoration sites planted with Shorea macrophylla in year 1996 and 1998 (SPD96 and SPD98, respectively) for both on and between planting lines. Our findings indicated that, soil hardness in SPD98 was harder as compared to SPD96 at shallow depth presented in one drop penetrability. Likewise, soil penetration resistance on planting line in SPD98 was significantly higher than SPD96 at surface soils (0-20 cm) and subsurface soils (20-40 cm). A high number of strikes and soil penetration resistance indicate that the soils were highly compacted. However, there was no significant difference in term of soil penetration resistance between planting line. In order to avoid effects on tree productivity, it is recommended that in future, the evaluation of soil hardness should be determined during the early establishment for future restoration of riparian ecosystem.
Keywords: Riparian forest restoration, riparian ecosystem, Sarawak, soil hardness
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Waymouth, Vicky, Rebecca E. Miller, Sabine Kasel, Fiona Ede, Andrew Bissett und Cristina Aponte. „Soil Bacterial Community Responds to Land-Use Change in Riparian Ecosystems“. Forests 12, Nr. 2 (28.01.2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020157.
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Riparian forests were frequently cleared and converted to agricultural pastures, but in recent times these pastures are often revegetated in an effort to return riparian forest structure and function. We tested if there is a change in the soil bacterial taxonomy and function in areas of riparian forest cleared for agricultural pasture then revegetated, and if soil bacterial taxonomy and function is related to vegetation and soil physicochemical properties. The study was conducted in six riparian areas in south-eastern Australia, each comprising of three land-use types: remnant riparian forest, cleared forest converted to pasture, and revegetated pastures. We surveyed three strata of vegetation and sampled surface soil and subsoil to characterize physicochemical properties. Taxonomic and functional composition of soil bacterial communities were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequences and community level physiological profiles, respectively. Few soil physiochemical properties differed with land use despite distinct vegetation in pasture relative to remnant and revegetated areas. Overall bacterial taxonomic and functional composition of remnant forest and revegetated soils were distinct from pasture soil. Land-use differences were not consistent for all bacterial phyla, as Acidobacteria were more abundant in remnant soils; conversely, Actinobacteria were more abundant in pasture soils. Overall, bacterial metabolic activity and soil carbon and nitrogen content decreased with soil depth, while bacterial metabolic diversity and evenness increased with soil depth. Soil bacterial taxonomic composition was related to soil texture and soil fertility, but functional composition was only related to soil texture. Our results suggest that the conversion of riparian forests to pasture is associated with significant changes in the soil bacterial community, and that revegetation contributes to reversing such changes. Nevertheless, the observed changes in bacterial community composition (taxonomic and functional) were not directly related to changes in vegetation but were more closely related to soil attributes.
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Tang, Q., Y. Bao, X. He und A. Wen. „Heavy metal enrichment in the riparian sediments and soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China“. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (03.03.2015): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-244-2015.
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Abstract. The Three Gorges Reservoir encompasses a riparian zone with a vertical height of 30 m and a total area of 349 km2 that has been subjected to alternate inundation and exposure due to regular impoundment. Sedimentation on the riparian landforms constitutes an important pathway for riverine contaminant redistribution. In an attempt to understand heavy metal enrichment since water inundation, riparian sediments and soils were sampled along five transects in a typical riparian zone composed of cultivated bench terraces in the middle reaches. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were determined to characterize the lateral distribution and vertical transfer ratio. The results indicated that all heavy metals were enriched to varying extents both in the riparian sediments and soils, compared with regional background contents in soils and the reference levels in sediments. However, heavy metal levels in the riparian sediments were generally higher than those in the riparian soils, while those in the upper riparian soils (0–5 cm) were overall slightly higher than those in the lower riparian soils (5–10 cm). There was a decreasing trend of heavy metal contents with increasing elevation. The elevated levels of heavy metals in the riparian sediments may be attributed to sediment yields from upstream anthropogenic sources, especially during major rainstorms in the wet season when large loads of contaminated sediment may be produced from diffuse source areas. Heavy metals can also be adsorbed to pure sediment in the course of mobilization or after deposition. Considering that the riparian soils are local weathering products without mobilization, the enrichment of heavy metals may principally be ascribed to chemical adsorption from dissolved fractions or vertical transfer from overlaid sediments. Heavy metal enrichment may further be affected by the specific type of hydrologic regime such that relatively long flooding duration caused by water impoundment and natural floods was responsible for the relatively higher levels of heavy metals in the lower portions of the riparian zone.
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Duarte, Ednalva Dantas R. S., Valdinar F. Melo, Etelvino H. Novotny, Sandra Cátia P. Uchôa, Hugo Leonardo S. Farias, Gustavo Vieira Veloso, Ronilson José P. Amorim, Taiane Maíza de Lira Carneiro Matias und João Victor de Paiva Cabral. „Chemical of Soils With Histic Horizon of Lakes and Riparian of the Savanna, Northern Amazonia, Brazil“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 1 (15.12.2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p159.
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The savanna of the northern Amazon of Brazil is an ecosystem that presents lakes and riparian of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) in its landscape. Although these ecosystems are protected by law, they are subject to changes by anthropization in their surrounding areas. The soils of lakes and on the banks of the buriti riparian of the savanna of Boa Vista, Northern Amazonia, are hydromorphic and, although they are important ecosystems for the environmental sustainability, they are little studied. Thus, the purpose of this work was to characterize the chemical composition of these soils and relate the results to the type of anthropization. Samples were collected at the margins of five riparian and three lakes in the 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4, and 0.4-0.5 m depth layers. Soil samples, in each environment, were taken from three points equidistant at 100 m. For soil characterization, pH in water, H + Al, Al3+, P, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and total organic C (TOC) were determined. The soils of lakes and buriti riparian are of high acidity, low natural fertility, and high toxicity by Al. Buriti riparian presented the highest levels of TOC but were also the environments most susceptible to the effects of anthropization, in which Bom Intento presented values of available P from medium to high by the interference of agricultural activities.
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El Hourani, Mariam, und Gabriele Broll. „Soil Protection in Floodplains—A Review“. Land 10, Nr. 2 (03.02.2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020149.
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Soils in floodplains and riparian zones provide important ecosystem functions and services. These ecosystems belong to the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, the management of floodplains has changed from river control to the restoration of rivers and floodplains. However, restoration activities can also negatively impact soils in these areas. Thus, a detailed knowledge of the soils is needed to prevent detrimental soil changes. The aim of this review is therefore to assess the kind and extent of soil information used in research on floodplains and riparian zones. This article is based on a quantitative literature search. Soil information of 100 research articles was collected. Soil properties were divided into physical, chemical, biological, and detailed soil classification. Some kind of soil information like classification is used in 97 articles, but often there is no complete description of the soils and only single parameters are described. Physical soil properties are mentioned in 76 articles, chemical soil properties in 56 articles, biological soil properties in 21 articles, and a detailed soil classification is provided in 32 articles. It is recommended to integrate at least a minimum data set on soil information in all research conducted in floodplains and riparian zones. This minimum data set comprises soil types, coarse fragments, texture and structure of the soil, bulk density, pH, soil organic matter, water content, rooting depth, and calcium carbonate content. Additionally, the nutrient and/or pollution status might be a useful parameter.
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Wang, Lixin, Huamin Liu, Yuhong Liu, Jianwei Li, Hongbo Shao, Wei Wang und Cunzhu Liang. „Soil Characteristic Comparison of Fenced and Grazed Riparian Floodplain Wetlands in the Typical Steppe Region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China“. Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/765907.
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In recent decades, degradation of ecosystem in the steppe region of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, especially in riparian floodplain wetlands, has become a significant ecological crisis. Not uncommonly, with the increasing of livestock in the Inner Mongolian steppe region, a riparian floodplain wetland is becoming a hotspot area of grazing for local herdsmen. Hence, it is essential to understand degradation mechanisms of riparian floodplain wetland ecosystems caused by extensive grazing. In this study, the spatial distribution of soil compaction, salinity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic carbon, and microbial biomass C and N were investigated. The results showed that grazing led to an increase in soil compaction and soil surface salinity, which significantly lowered levels of total N, P, and TOC in the soil surface. Grazing decreased soil microbial biomass C and N concentration in the lower riparian floodplain wetland, whereas it significantly increased soil microbial biomass C and N concentration in the higher riparian floodplain wetland. Elevation differences in the riparian floodplain wetland increased spatial heterogeneity in the soil and thus resulted in different influence of grazing on wetland soils and ecosystem. Therefore, elevation differences and grazing intensity were the main factors controlling soil characteristics in the riparian floodplain wetland of this region.
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Mohamad Jaffar, Aina Nadia Najwa, Mohd Effendi Wasli, Mugunthan Perumal, Jonathan Lat und Hamsawi Sani. „Effects of Soil Compaction and Relative Light Intensity on Survival and Growth Performance of Planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) in Riparian Forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia“. International Journal of Forestry Research 2018 (19.08.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6329295.
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A study was conducted in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia, to investigate the effects of soil compaction and relative light intensity (RLI) on survival and growth performance of planted Shorea macrophylla. The study sites were stands reforested in different years (1996: SPD96; 1997: SPD97; 1998: SPD98; 1999: SPD99). The survival, growth performance, soil compaction, and RLI were measured. SPD96 trees had the highest survival (84%) and showed the most favourable growth. Average height, mean annual increment in height, and RLI were highest in SPD97 while mean annual increment in volume was highest in SPD98. Soil compaction in SPD98 and SPD99 was higher as compared to SPD96 and SPD97. This was due to the compacted soils caused by anthropogenic activities and natural causes (wet soils) in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River at shallow depth. High survival and favourable growth performance of S. macrophylla were influenced by the edaphic factor with special reference to less compacted soils and high RLI. Stepwise multiple regression demonstrated significant effects of soil penetration resistance at the depth of 0-30 cm and RLI on mean annual increment in diameter. Further ecological studies on other environmental factors should be implemented to draw up a Dipterocarp planting scheme for the future restoration of riparian ecosystem.
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Perrett, Christine, Olusegun O. Osunkoya und Cameron Clark. „Cat's claw creeper vine, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae), invasion impacts: comparative leaf nutrient content and effects on soil physicochemical properties“. Australian Journal of Botany 60, Nr. 6 (2012): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12055.
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Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a major environmental weed in coastal Queensland, Australia. There is a lack of quantitative data on its leaf chemistry and its impact on soil properties. Soils from infested vs uninfested areas, and leaves of M. unguis-cati and three co-occurring vine species (one exotic, two native) were collected at six sites (riparian and non-riparian) in south-eastern Queensland. Effects of invasion status, species, site and habitat type were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Habitat type had a greater effect on soil nutrients than on leaf chemistry. Invasion effect of M. unguis-cati on soil chemistry was more pronounced in non-riparian than in riparian habitat. Significantly higher values were obtained in M. unguis-cati infested (vs. uninfested) soils for ~50% of traits. Leaf ion concentrations differed significantly between exotic and native vines. Observed higher leaf-nutrient load (especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in exotic plants aligns with the preference of invasive plant species for disturbed habitats with higher nutrient input. Higher load of trace elements (aluminium, boron, cadmium and iron) in its leaves suggests that cycling of heavy-metal ions, many of which are potentially toxic at excess level, could be accelerated in soils of M. unguis-cati-invaded landscape. Although inferences from the present study are based on correlative data, the consistency of the patterns across many sites suggests that M. unguis-cati may improve soil fertility and influence nutrient cycling, perhaps through legacy effects of its own litter input.
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Kawalko, Dorota, Paweł Jezierski und Cezary Kabala. „Morphology and Physicochemical Properties of Alluvial Soils in Riparian Forests after River Regulation“. Forests 12, Nr. 3 (11.03.2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030329.
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The elimination of flooding and lowering of the groundwater table after large-scale river regulation allow deep penetration of soils by plant roots, soil fauna, and microorganisms, thus creating favorable conditions for advanced pedogenesis. Although the changes of the morphology and properties of agriculturally used drained alluvial soils in Central Europe have been well characterized, studies in riparian forests remain insufficient. An analysis of 21 profiles of forest soils located on the Holocene river terrace (a floodplain before river regulation and embankment) in SW Poland confirmed a noticeable pedogenic transformation of soil morphology and properties resulting from river regulation. Gleyic properties were in most profiles replaced with stagnic properties, testifying to a transition from dominant groundwater supply to precipitation-water supply. The development of a diagnostic mollic and cambic horizons, correlated with the shift in soil classification from Fluvisols to Phaeozems, and in the majority, to Cambisols, demonstrated a substantial change in habitat conditions. The transformation of alluvial soils may result in an inevitable modification of forest management in the river valley, including quantitative alteration in species composition of primarily riparian forests.
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McClain, Michael E., und Rosa E. Cossío. „The use of riparian environments in the rural Peruvian Amazon“. Environmental Conservation 30, Nr. 3 (September 2003): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000237.
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River margins are valued for agriculture in the western Amazon because of their fertile soils and level surfaces. Riparian forests along river margins also provide valuable ecosystem services by protecting water quality and providing resources to aquatic organisms. Because inhabitants of the region rely on these aquatic resources, riparian deforestation may have unintended negative feedbacks on the health and well-being of rural communities. A survey of 79 households of mixed cultural background investigated how riparian environments were used, what mechanisms were in place for their conservation, and how local people valued them. Corn, beans and peanuts were cultivated preferentially in riparian areas, complementing the manioc and plantains grown on upland soils. People valued riparian areas for their ecosystem services and generally left a protective buffer of forest along rivers. Both the agricultural and ecological values of riparian areas may be preserved through proper management.
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Ambus, Per, und Richard Lowrance. „Comparison of Denitrification in Two Riparian Soils“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, Nr. 4 (Juli 1991): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040017x.
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Entry, James A., und William H. Emmingham. „Influence of vegetation on microbial degradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in riparian soils“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, Nr. 1 (01.02.1996): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-014.
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Mineralization of atrazine (2 chloro-4 [ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in the organic layer and the top 10 cm of mineral soil was measured with radiometric techniques seasonally in coniferous forests and deciduous forests and grassland riparian soils. Active bacterial biomass and active fungal biomass, total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were also measured. In the organic horizon, atrazine mineralization was higher in conifer than in deciduous forests during all seasons. Mineralization of 2,4-D was higher in coniferous than deciduous forests in autumn and spring. Grassland vegetation did not form an organic horizon. In mineral soil, atrazine mineralization was higher in coniferous than deciduous forests in the spring and higher in grassland soils in all seasons of the year. In mineral soil, 2,4-D mineralization was higher in coniferous and deciduous forests than grassland soils in autumn, winter, and spring. 2,4-D mineralization in mineral soils did not differ between coniferous and deciduous forest soils. We found no abiotic variables or active fungal or bacterial biomass that correlated with atrazine or 2,4-D mineralization. We hypothesize that the soil microbial communities that develop under coniferous forests are capable of mineralizing greater amounts of atrazine and 2,4-D than those that develop under deciduous forests or grassland ecosystems. Key words: Forest riparian soils, forest soils, herbicides, microbial biomass
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Laub, Brian G., Owen T. McDonough, Brian A. Needelman und Margaret A. Palmer. „Comparison of Designed Channel Restoration and Riparian Buffer Restoration Effects on Riparian Soils“. Restoration Ecology 21, Nr. 6 (26.02.2013): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12010.
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Campos, Daniela Tiago da Silva, Maíra De Emílio Martins, Indira Ashant Martins Messias und Patrícia Teles MEdeiros. „Microbial biomass in a haplic gleysol in the Mato Grosso State Pantanal“. Comunicata Scientiae 8, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i2.543.
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The Pantanal is a biome that lives under water conditions and resists to two very distinct periods: flooded and drained. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior and quantify the microbial biomass during the flood period, in soils under riparian forest and cerrado vegetation in Mato Grosso State pantanal, at two depths. At depths of 0.00-0.05 m, the highest levels of C-BM and RB were found in cerrado soils; for the metabolic quotient no differences were observed in the two vegetations; the total organic carbon content was higher in riparian forest soils and the microbial quotient was higher in cerrado soils. Bacteria and fungi were found to be more abundant in the cerrado soil at the two evaluated depths and the actinomycetes in the forest. It is concluded that in the flood period there are the presence of active microorganisms which produce a differentiated biomass due to the phytophysiognomy of the location.
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Lopes, Iug, und Abelardo Antônio de Assunção Montenegro. „SPATIALIZATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND PHYSICAL HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT USES IN AN ALLUVIAL VALLEY“. Revista Caatinga 32, Nr. 1 (März 2019): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n122rc.
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ABSTRACT Evaluating spatial variability of hydraulic properties and salinity of soils is important for an adequate agricultural management of alluvial soils, and protection of riparian vegetation. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of geophysical techniques for indirect measurements of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), using an electromagnetic induction equipment (EM38®), and soil physical hydraulic parameters and their spatial interrelations. The study was carried out at the Advanced Research Unit of the UFRPE, in the Brígida River Basin, in Panamirim, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in the second half of 2016. This river had a 100 m wide riparian forest strip transversely to the river bank on both sides of the river. A regular 20×10 m grid with 80 points was used to evaluate the soil hydraulic conductivity and ECa. The geostatistics showed the spatial dependence and the dependence of the soil attributes, their spatialization, and precise mapping through indirect readings. Most of the variability (86%) in soil electrical conductivity was explained by indirect readings using the EM38®. Ranges of 80 m, 380 m, and 134 m were found for soil moisture, ECa, and hydraulic conductivity, respectively, presenting strong spatial dependence. The results showed the importance of riparian forests to the maintenance of soil moisture and porosity to the improvement of soil water infiltration capacity even under severe water deficit conditions and soil subsurface layers.
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Bahn, Gwon-Soo, und Byung-Chul An. „Analysis of Environmental Purification Effect of Riparian Forest with Poplar Trees for Ecological Watershed Management: A Case Study in the Floodplain of the Dam Reservoir in Korea“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 17 (24.08.2020): 6871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176871.
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The Total Nitrogen(T-N) and Total Phosphors(T-P) contents in the soils of three riparian forests with poplar trees were compared with the surrounding cultivated and uncultivated lands. Three key results were obtained by analyzing poplar tree volume and the T-N and T-P content in the plant body. First, in soil surveys covering 36 points, the T-N and T-P content in the riparian forests were 0.064% and 0.036%, respectively, whereas in non-riparian forests, they were 0.147% and 0.101%, respectively. The two areas had significantly different T-N and T-P values. Within the non-riparian-forest category, the T-N and T-P content in cultivated land was 0.174% and 0.103%, respectively, showing significant differences from riparian forest values. When comparing riparian forests and uncultivated land, the T-N contents were not significantly different (p > 0.113), but the T-P content of 0.095% showed a significant difference (p < 0.006). Second, the total poplar tree volumes of the riparian forest test sites 1, 2, and 3 were 466.46 m3, 171.34 m3, and 75.76 m3, respectively. The T-N and T-P accumulation per unit area was the largest in site 1, at 497.75 kg/ha and 112.73 kg/ha, respectively. The larger the tree volume, the larger the T-N and T-P accumulation in the plant body, and the lower the T-N and T-P content in the soil. Third, analyzing the T-N and T-P removal rate in relation to the environmental conditions of the riparian forests showed that site 3 had the smallest total poplar tree content, and the T-N and T-P accumulation per unit area (ha) was also relatively low at just 56% and 68% of the average value. The main causes of this outcome are thought to be the differences in environmental conditions, such as the crop cultivated before poplar planting began and the terrain. The research results verify that riparian forests with poplar trees reduced T-N and T-P content in the soils. The growth of poplar is expected to increase the removal of T-N and T-P from the soil and contribute to the reduction of various nonpoint source pollution flows into rivers and lakes and to the purification of soil in flooded areas. Therefore, riparian forests can act as a form of green infrastructure and as a system to remove nonpoint source pollution in ecological watershed management.
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Stoppe, Nina, und Rainer Horn. „Microstructural strength of tidal soils – a rheometric approach to develop pedotransfer functions“. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, Nr. 1 (01.03.2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0031.
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Abstract Differences in soil stability, especially in visually comparable soils can occur due to microstructural processes and interactions. By investigating these microstructural processes with rheological investigations, it is possible to achieve a better understanding of soil behaviour from the mesoscale (soil aggregates) to macroscale (bulk soil). In this paper, a rheological investigation of the factors influencing microstructural stability of riparian soils was conducted. Homogenized samples of Marshland soils from the riparian zone of the Elbe River (North Germany) were analyzed with amplitude sweeps (AS) under controlled shear deformation in a modular compact rheometer MCR 300 (Anton Paar, Germany) at different matric potentials. A range physicochemical parameters were determined (texture, pH, organic matter, CaCO3 etc.) and these factors were used to parameterize pedotransfer functions. The results indicate a clear dependence of microstructural elasticity on texture and water content. Although the influence of individual physicochemical factors varies depending on texture, the relevant features were identified taking combined effects into account. Thus, stabilizing factors are: organic matter, calcium ions, CaCO3 and pedogenic iron oxides; whereas sodium ions and water content represent structurally unfavorable factors. Based on the determined statistical relationships between rheological and physicochemical parameters, pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been developed.
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Card, Suzanne M., Sylvie A. Quideau und S. W. Oh. „Carbon Characteristics in Restored and Reference Riparian Soils“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74, Nr. 5 (September 2010): 1834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0466.
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Ducey, T. F., P. R. Johnson, A. D. Shriner, T. A. Matheny und P. G. Hunt. „Microbial Community Structure Across a Wastewater-Impacted Riparian Buffer Zone in the Southeastern Coastal Plain“. Open Microbiology Journal 7, Nr. 1 (28.06.2013): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801307010099.
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Riparian buffer zones are important for both natural and developed ecosystems throughout the world because of their ability to retain nutrients, prevent soil erosion, protect aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, and filter pollutants. Despite their importance, the microbial community structures of riparian buffer zones remains poorly defined. Our objectives for this study were twofold: first, to characterize the microbial populations found in riparian buffer zone soils; and second, to determine if microbial community structure could be linked to denitrification enzyme activity (DEA). To achieve these objectives, we investigated the microbial populations of a riparian buffer zone located downslope of a pasture irrigated with swine lagoon effluent, utilizing DNA sequencing of the 16S rDNA, DEA, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of the denitrification genes nirK, nirS, and nosZ. Clone libraries of the 16S rDNA gene were generated from each of twelve sites across the riparian buffer with a total of 986 partial sequences grouped into 654 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The Proteobacteria were the dominant group (49.8% of all OTUs), with the Acidobacteria also well represented (19.57% of all OTUs). Analysis of qPCR results identified spatial relationships between soil series, site location, and gene abundance, which could be used to infer both incomplete and total DEA rates.
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Fournier, B., C. Guenat, G. Bullinger-Weber und E. A. D. Mitchell. „Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, Nr. 4 (05.04.2013): 4337–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4337-2013.
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Abstract. Floodplains have been intensively altered in industrialized countries, but are now increasingly being restored and it is therefore important to assess the effect of these restoration projects on the aquatic and terrestrial components of ecosystems. Soils are a functionally crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems but are generally overlooked in floodplain restoration assessment. We studied the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology in a restored (riverbed widening) river reach along River Thur (Switzerland) using three criteria (soil diversity, dynamism and typicality) and their associated indicators. We hypothesized that these criteria would correctly discriminate the post-restoration changes in soil morphology within the study site, and that these changes correspond to patterns of vascular plant diversity. Soil diversity and dynamism increased five years after the restoration, but typical soils of braided rivers were still missing. Soil typicality and dynamism correlated to vegetation changes. These results suggest a limited success of the project in agreement with evaluations carried out at the same site using other, more resource demanding methods (e.g. soil fauna, fish, ecosystem functioning). Soil morphology provides structural and functional information on floodplain ecosystems and allows predicting broad changes in plant diversity. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology represents a cost-efficient ecological indicator that could easily be integrated into rapid assessment protocols of floodplain and river restoration projects.
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Siwek, Joanna P., Wojciech Szymański, Janusz Siwek, Mirosław Żelazny und Mariusz Klimek. „Linking soils and streams during events: response of stream water K+ concentration to soil exchangeable K+ concentration in small catchments with fragipan soils (Carpathian Foothills, Poland)“. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, Nr. 1 (26.01.2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0037.
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Abstract The study aimed to determine the linkage between soil exchangeable potassium (K+) concentration and stream water K+ concentration during rainfall and snowmelt events in small catchments with different land use (Carpathian Foothills, Poland). The complementary geochemical and hydrochemical approach used in the study produced new information on the role of particular soil horizons and contributing areas such as hillslope or riparian areas in K+ delivery to stream channels during events. Horizons lying above the nearly impermeable fragipan (Btx) play the most important role in the process of K+ influx to streams during most event types except snowmelts with frozen soils, in all the studied catchments. In the woodland catchment, rapid flushing of K+ from the topsoil Ah horizon with higher hydraulic conductivity (Ksat ) and higher exchangeable K+ concentrations than in the lying lower E horizon resulted in a clockwise hysteresis of K+ in stream water during most events. In agricultural catchments, changes in stream water K+ concentration during events were determined by distinct differences between soil exchangeable K+ concentrations on hillslopes and in riparian areas.
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Poblador, Sílvia, Anna Lupon, Santiago Sabaté und Francesc Sabater. „Soil water content drives spatiotemporal patterns of CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from a Mediterranean riparian forest soil“. Biogeosciences 14, Nr. 18 (21.09.2017): 4195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4195-2017.
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Abstract. Riparian zones play a fundamental role in regulating the amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) that is exported from catchments. However, C and N removal via soil gaseous pathways can influence local budgets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to climate change. Over a year, we quantified soil effluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a Mediterranean riparian forest in order to understand the role of these ecosystems on catchment GHG emissions. In addition, we evaluated the main soil microbial processes that produce GHG (mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification) and how changes in soil properties can modify the GHG production over time and space. Riparian soils emitted larger amounts of CO2 (1.2–10 g C m−2 d−1) than N2O (0.001–0.2 mg N m−2 d−1) to the atmosphere attributed to high respiration and low denitrification rates. Both CO2 and N2O emissions showed a marked (but antagonistic) spatial gradient as a result of variations in soil water content across the riparian zone. Deep groundwater tables fueled large soil CO2 effluxes near the hillslope, while N2O emissions were higher in the wet zones adjacent to the stream channel. However, both CO2 and N2O emissions peaked after spring rewetting events, when optimal conditions of soil water content, temperature, and N availability favor microbial respiration, nitrification, and denitrification. Overall, our results highlight the role of water availability on riparian soil biogeochemistry and GHG emissions and suggest that climate change alterations in hydrologic regimes can affect the microbial processes that produce GHG as well as the contribution of these systems to regional and global biogeochemical cycles.
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Lambert, T., A. C. Pierson-Wickmann, G. Gruau, A. Jaffrezic, P. Petitjean, J. N. Thibault und L. Jeanneau. „DOC sources and DOC transport pathways in a small headwater catchment as revealed by carbon isotope fluctuation during storm events“. Biogeosciences 11, Nr. 11 (11.06.2014): 3043–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3043-2014.
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Abstract. Monitoring the isotopic composition (δ13CDOC) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during flood events can be helpful for locating DOC sources in catchments and quantifying their relative contribution to stream DOC flux. High-resolution (< hourly basis) δ13CDOC data were obtained during six successive storm events occurring during the high-flow period in a small headwater catchment in western France. Intra-storm δ13CDOC values exhibit a marked temporal variability, with some storms showing large variations (> 2 ‰), and others yielding a very restricted range of values (< 1 ‰). Comparison of these results with previously published data shows that the range of intra-storm δ13CDOC values closely reflects the temporal and spatial variation in δ13CDOC observed in the riparian soils of this catchment during the same period. Using δ13CDOC data in conjunction with hydrometric monitoring and an end-member mixing approach (EMMA), we show that (i) > 80% of the stream DOC flux flows through the most superficial soil horizons of the riparian domain and (ii) the riparian soil DOC flux is comprised of DOC coming ultimately from both riparian and upland domains. Based on its δ13C fingerprint, we find that the upland DOC contribution decreases from ca.~30% of the stream DOC flux at the beginning of the high-flow period to < 10% later in this period. Overall, upland domains contribute significantly to stream DOC export, but act as a size-limited reservoir, whereas soils in the wetland domains act as a near-infinite reservoir. Through this study, we show that δ13CDOC provides a powerful tool for tracing DOC sources and DOC transport mechanisms in headwater catchments, having a high-resolution assessment of temporal and spatial variability.
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Herron, N. F., und P. B. Hairsine. „A scheme for evaluating the effectiveness of riparian zones in reducing overland flow to streams“. Soil Research 36, Nr. 4 (1998): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96098.
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Two time-independent equations are developed to assess the effectiveness of riparian zones in reducing overland flow to streams for events in which the time-scale of subsurface water redistribution exceeds that of the rainfall event. In one equation, the effectiveness of the riparian area is limited by the storage capacity of its soils, while in the other equation, the infiltration rate determines the buffer’s effectiveness. Riparian zone widths, expressed as a proportion of total hillslope length, are calculated for a number of different climate, antecedent moisture, and management scenarios for hillslopes of varying topographic convergence. A riparian zone width not exceeding 20% of total hillslope length is proposed as a practical management option in this paper. Riparian zone widths that fall within these bounds are predicted for areas where both the hillslopes and riparian areas are in good condition. Where conditions in either area are degraded, disproportionately large riparian buffer widths are predicted. The results suggest that land management initiatives need to be directed at the catchment as a whole if riparian buffers of realistic widths are to be effective.
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Drake, D. C., Paul J. Sheppard und Robert J. Naiman. „Relationships between salmon abundance and tree-ring δ15N: three objective tests“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2011): 2423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-172.
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Quantification of a relationship between salmon escapement in rivers and riparian tree-ring δ15N could allow reconstruction of prehistorical salmon abundance. Unfortunately, attempts to quantify this link have met with little success. We examined the feasibility of the approach using natural abundance of δ15N in riparian tree rings formed before and after extirpation of salmon and 15N tracer studies in a river and riparian soils. We concluded that (i) extractable (sap) N must be removed for interpretation of tree-ring δ15N because it contains up to 78% of the N in wood, is mobile, and differs from structural N in isotopic composition, (ii) no significant change in structural tree-ring δ15N was associated with salmon extirpation in a natural system, (iii) 500‰ 15NH4+ added to a stream was detected in riparian tree rings spanning at least 8 years, demonstrating interring movement of N that confounds detection of an annual signal, and (iv) addition of 28 000‰ 15NH4+ to riparian soils at a rate equaling 7.25 kg salmon·50 m–2 resulted in maximum tree-ring δ15N of ∼100‰–600‰. Thus, the calculated maximum signal possible from salmon was 0.08‰–0.43‰, which is within the range of natural variation. Evidence suggested that neither total nor structural tree-ring δ15N was useful for reconstructing salmon abundance.
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Fournier, B., C. Guenat, G. Bullinger-Weber und E. A. D. Mitchell. „Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, Nr. 10 (17.10.2013): 4031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013.
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Abstract. Floodplains have been intensively altered in industrialized countries, but are now increasingly being restored. It is therefore important to assess the effect of these restoration projects on the aquatic and terrestrial components of ecosystems. However, despite being functionally crucial components of terrestrial ecosystems, soils are generally overlooked in floodplain restoration assessments. We studied the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology in a restored (riverbed widening) river reach along the River Thur (Switzerland) using three criteria (soil diversity, dynamism and typicality) and their associated indicators. We hypothesized that these criteria would correctly discriminate the post-restoration changes in soil morphology, and that these changes correspond to patterns of vascular plant diversity. Soil diversity and dynamism increased 5 yr after the restoration, but some typical soils of braided rivers were still missing. Soil typicality and dynamism were correlated to vegetation changes. These results suggest a limited success of the project, in agreement with evaluations carried out at the same site using other, more resource-demanding, methods (e.g., soil fauna, fish diversity, ecosystem functioning). Soil morphology provides structural and functional information on floodplain ecosystems. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology represents a cost-efficient ecological indicator that could easily be integrated into rapid assessment protocols of floodplain and river restoration projects. The follow-up assessment after several major floods (≥ HQ20) should take place to allow for testing the longer-term validity of our conclusion for the River Thur site. More generally, it would be useful to apply the soil morphology indicator approach in different settings to test its broader applicability.
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Geary, P. M. „Effluent tracing and the transport of contaminants from a domestic septic system“. Water Science and Technology 51, Nr. 10 (01.05.2005): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0377.
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A domestic soil absorption system in a coastal location was instrumented with suction lysimeters and piezometers and monitored between August and December 2002. Using the sandy soils from the site, column leaching experiments were also undertaken and these suggested that bromide would be a suitable conservative tracer which could be added to the wastewater system to determine the direction and rate of groundwater flow. The septic system plume boundaries were identified from the monitoring results and the subsurface fate of the inorganic nutrients determines using ion ratios. The tracing results indicated that groundwater was moving at 0.4 m/day towards a nearby drain. The ion ratios indicated that total inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate were not substantially lost or diluted in the sandy soils downgradient from the soil absorption system, and that without riparian vegetarian lining the drain, these nutrients would have been largely unattenuated in transport. In the absence of adequate vertical and horizontal setback distances, riparian vegetation is regarded as very important in limiting the subsurface transport of inorganic nutrients from domestic septic systems.
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Gende, Scott M., Amy E. Miller und Eran Hood. „The effects of salmon carcasses on soil nitrogen pools in a riparian forest of southeastern Alaska“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, Nr. 7 (Juli 2007): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-318.
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Long-term studies in Alaska have demonstrated that bears may capture and carry to the riparian forest a large number of salmon that return to spawn in small freshwater streams. Most of the carcasses are partially consumed, resulting in a large amount of salmon nutrients in the form of biomass deposited on the forest floor. Using an experimental approach, we examined how these carcasses may influence the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil C and N in a riparian forest in southeastern Alaska. At their peak, ammonium (NH4+-N) concentrations in soil 10 cm from carcasses were as much as several orders of magnitude greater than soils in adjacent control plots without carcasses and remained elevated until the onset of winter. Nitrate (NO3–-N) and δ15N concentrations also increased coincident with maximum NH4+-N concentrations. However, soil N concentrations were only moderately elevated 20 cm from carcasses and closely resembled background concentrations at 30 cm. These results suggest that salmon carcasses, via bear foraging activities, can dramatically influence soil N pools, although the impacts appear to be highly localized and largely dependent on the spatial distribution of carcasses in the riparian forest.
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Huber, B., J. Luster, S. M. Bernasconi, J. Shrestha und E. Graf Pannatier. „Nitrate leaching from short-hydroperiod floodplain soils“. Biogeosciences Discussions 9, Nr. 5 (14.05.2012): 5659–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5659-2012.
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Abstract. Numerous studies have shown the importance of riparian zones to reduce nitrate (NO3–) contamination coming from adjacent agricultural land. Much less is known about nitrogen (N) transformations and nitrate fluxes in riparian soils with short hydroperiods (1–3 days of inundation) and there is no study that could show whether these soils are a N sink or source. Within a restored section of the Thur River in NE Switzerland, we measured nitrate concentrations in soil solutions as an indicator of the net nitrate production. Samples were collected along a quasi-successional gradient from frequently inundated gravel bars to an alluvial forest, at three different depths (10, 50 and 100 cm) over a one-year period. Along this gradient we quantified N input (atmospheric deposition and sedimentation) and N output (leaching) to create a nitrogen balance and assess the risk of nitrate leaching from the unsaturated soil to the groundwater. Overall, the main factor explaining the differences in nitrate concentrations was the variability in soil texture and volumetric water content (VWC) at field capacity (FC). In subsoils with high VWC at FC and VWC near 100 % FC, high nitrate concentrations were observed, often exceeding the Swiss and EU groundwater quality criterions of 400 and 800 μmol l−1, respectively. High sedimentation rates of river-derived nitrogen led to apparent N retention up to 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the frequently inundated zones. By contrast, in the mature alluvial forest, nitrate leaching exceeded total N input most of the time. As a result of the large soil N pools, high amounts of nitrate were produced by nitrification and up to 94 kg N-NO3– ha−1 yr−1 were leached into the groundwater. Thus, during flooding when water fluxes are high, nitrate from soils can contribute up to 11 % to the total nitrate load in groundwater.
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Miller, J. J., T. Curtis, D. S. Chanasyk und W. D. Willms. „Influence of streambank fencing and river access for cattle on riparian zone soils adjacent to the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta, Canada“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, Nr. 2 (Mai 2014): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-0981.
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Miller, J. J., Curtis, T., Chanasyk, D. S. and Willms, W. D. 2014. Influence of streambank fencing and river access for cattle on riparian zone soils adjacent to the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 209–222. Cattle grazing in riparian pastures adjacent to rivers may increase soil compaction and increase soil nutrients, such as N and P. We conducted a 4-yr study with sampling in 3 yr (2009, 2010, 2012) of riparian zone soils adjacent to fenced and unfenced reaches of the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta. We examined the effect of grazing, access of cattle to the river (access versus no-access), and distance (0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 m) from the river on surface soil bulk density, volumetric water content, NH4-N, NO3, and soil test P. Penetration depth was also measured in 2012. The three grazing treatments consisted of one fenced reach (ungrazed treatment), one unfenced and grazed reach with high cattle impact (high-impact grazed treatment), and one unfenced and grazed reach with low cattle impact (low-impact grazed treatment). We hypothesized that soil compaction would be greater, soil nutrients would be enriched, and soil water content would be lower for grazed compared with ungrazed treatments, and that this same trend would occur for access compared with no-access locations. The soil properties in our study were generally significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by grazing, access, and distance from the riverbank. However, treatment effects were generally dependent on two- or three-way interactions with the other factors. Soil bulk density in 2009 and 2012 was 8 to 20% greater at access compared with no-access locations within 2 m of the riverbank, suggesting soil compaction by cattle was confined close to the wetter riverbank soils. Most soil properties generally supported our hypothesis of greater soil compaction and nutrient enrichment for unfenced compared with fenced reaches, as well as for access compared with no-access locations. The exceptions were soil water content and soil test P results that did not support the grazing hypothesis, and soil water content and NH4-N results that did not support the cattle-access hypothesis.
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Atkinson, Samuel F., und Matthew C. Lake. „Prioritizing riparian corridors for ecosystem restoration in urbanizing watersheds“. PeerJ 8 (04.02.2020): e8174. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8174.
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Background Riparian corridors can affect nutrient, organic matter, and sediment transport, all of which shape water quality in streams and connected downstream waters. When functioning riparian corridors remain intact, they provide highly valued water quality ecosystem services. However, in rapidly urbanizing watersheds, riparian corridors are susceptible to development modifications that adversely affect those ecosystem services. Protecting high quality riparian corridors or restoring low quality corridors are widely advocated as watershed level water quality management options for protecting those ecosystem services. The two approaches, protection or restoration, should be viewed as complementary by watershed managers and provide a foundation for targeting highly functioning riparian corridors for protection or for identifying poorly functioning corridors for restoration. Ascertaining which strategy to use is often motivated by a specific ecosystem service, for example water quality, upon which watershed management is focused. We have previously reported on a spatially explicit model that focused on identifying riparian corridors that have specific characteristics that make them well suited for purposes of preservation and protection focused on water quality. Here we hypothesize that focusing on restoration, rather than protection, can be the basis for developing a watershed level strategy for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds. Methods The model described here represents a geographic information system (GIS) based approach that utilizes riparian characteristics extracted from 40-meter wide corridors centered on streams and rivers. The model focuses on drinking water reservoir watersheds that can be analyzed at the sub-watershed level. Sub-watershed riparian data (vegetation, soil erodibility and surface slope) are scaled and weighted based on watershed management theories for water quality, and riparian restoration scores are assigned. Those scores are used to rank order riparian zones –the lower the score the higher the priority for riparian restoration. Results The model was applied to 90 sub-watersheds in the watershed of an important drinking water reservoir in north central Texas, USA. Results from this study area suggest that corridor scores were found to be most correlated to the amount of: forested vegetation, residential land use, soils in the highest erodibility class, and highest surface slope (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Scores allow watershed managers to rapidly focus on riparian corridors most in need of restoration. A beneficial feature of the model is that it also allows investigation of multiple scenarios of restoration strategies (e.g., revegetation, soil stabilization, flood plain leveling), giving watershed managers a tool to compare and contrast watershed level management plans.
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Marlow, Clayton, und Dustin Anderson. „Identification of Interflow Pathways and Potential Wetland Sites in the Kelly Hayfields“. UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 34 (01.01.2011): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3861.
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In support of Grand Teton National Park Service plans to restore the Kelly Hayfields to pre-homesteading conditions an inventory of soils and associated vegetation was conducted over a two year period, 2010 and 2011. Measurements from 37 soil pits and 19 associated vegetation descriptions revealed little evidence for the presence of riparian wetlands anywhere within the historic hayfields. The exception was a small area near the north eastern end of Blacktail Butte. Faint soil redoximorphic features associated with about 5% wetland indicator plant cover implies the existence of riparian wetlands at the time of homesteading. Differences in soil texture across the hayfields indicates that a mosaic of herbaceous and mountain big sagebrush/grass communities existed when agricultural conversion began. Based on these results Grand Teton National Parkâs restoration efforts should focus on re-establishment of sagebrush-grassland complexes.
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Huber, B., J. Luster, S. M. Bernasconi, J. Shrestha und E. Graf Pannatier. „Nitrate leaching from short-hydroperiod floodplain soils“. Biogeosciences 9, Nr. 11 (09.11.2012): 4385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4385-2012.
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Abstract. Numerous studies have shown the importance of riparian zones to reduce nitrate (NO3−) contamination coming from adjacent agricultural land. Much less is known about nitrogen (N) transformations and nitrate fluxes in riparian soils with short hydroperiods (1–3 days of inundation) and there is no study that could show whether these soils are a N sink or source. Within a restored section of the Thur River in NE Switzerland, we measured nitrate concentrations in soil solutions as an indicator of the net nitrate production. Samples were collected along a quasi-successional gradient from frequently inundated gravel bars to an alluvial forest, at three different depths (10, 50 and 100 cm) over a one-year period. Along this gradient we quantified N input (atmospheric deposition and sedimentation) and N output (leaching) to create a nitrogen balance and assess the risk of nitrate leaching from the unsaturated soil to the groundwater. Overall, the main factor explaining the differences in nitrate concentrations was the field capacity (FC). In subsoils with high FCs and VWC near FC, high nitrate concentrations were observed, often exceeding the Swiss and EU groundwater quality criterions of 400 and 800 μmol L−1, respectively. High sedimentation rates of river-derived nitrogen led to apparent N retention up to 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the frequently inundated zones. By contrast, in the mature alluvial forest, nitrate leaching exceeded total N input most of the time. As a result of the large soil N pools, high amounts of nitrate were produced by nitrification and up to 94 kg N-NO3− ha−1 yr−1 were leached into the groundwater. Thus, during flooding when water fluxes are high, nitrate from soils can contribute up to 11% to the total nitrate load in groundwater.
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Rassam, D. W., und D. Pagendam. „Development and application of the Riparian Mapping Tool to identify priority rehabilitation areas for nitrogen removal in the Tully - Murray basin, Queensland, Australia“. Marine and Freshwater Research 60, Nr. 11 (2009): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08358.
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One feature of riparian zones is their ability to significantly reduce the nitrogen loads entering streams by removing nitrate from the groundwater. A novel GIS model was used to prioritise riparian rehabilitation in catchments. It is proposed that high-priority areas are those with a high potential for riparian denitrification and have nearby land uses that generate high nitrogen loads. For this purpose, we defined the Rehabilitation Index, which is the product of two other indices, the Nitrate Removal Index and the Nitrate Interception Index. The latter identifies the nitrate contamination potential for each raster cell in the riparian zone by examining the extent and proximity of agricultural urban land uses. The former is estimated using a conceptual model for surface–groundwater interactions in riparian zones associated with middle-order gaining perennial streams, where nitrate is removed via denitrification when the base flow interacts with the carbon-rich riparian sediments before discharging to the streams. Riparian zones that are relatively low in the landscape, have a flat topography, and have soils of medium hydraulic conductivity are most conducive to denitrification. In the present study, the model was implemented in the Tully–Murray basin, Queensland, Australia, to produce priority riparian rehabilitation area maps.
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McKergow, Lucy A., Ian P. Prosser, Rodger B. Grayson und Dale Heiner. „Performance of grass and rainforest riparian buffers in the wet tropics, Far North Queensland. 1. Riparian hydrology“. Soil Research 42, Nr. 4 (2004): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02155.
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The long and intense storms of the wet tropics present extreme conditions for testing the effectiveness of riparian buffers. This study presents results of a hydrometric investigation of 4 riparian buffers on 2 commercial banana plantations in Far North Queensland, Australia. It investigates runoff generation and riparian hydrology on hillslopes with differing slopes, contributing areas, and topographic convergence. Both grass and rainforest buffers were examined. Surface and subsurface hydrology were measured for 4 wet seasons (December–April) using paired flumes, piezometers, and tensiometers. All buffers experienced large volumes of surface runoff, with peak discharges ranging from 30 L/s on planar hillslopes to 350 L/s on a highly convergent site. Event runoff : rainfall ratios ranged between 0.01 and 0.65. Grass buffers with smaller contributing areas (<0.3 ha) were able to dissipate the energy of surface runoff under all conditions. In a larger (5 ha), highly convergent hillslope, surface runoff became channelised upslope of the buffer and the vetiver hedges and grass were not able to prevent scouring of a channel through the buffer, reducing its performance. Infiltration occurred in all buffers during small events, and at the convergent buffer during large events, most likely due to the presence of deep soil fill. In contrast, exfiltration occurred in the grass buffers on planar and moderately converging slopes during large events. There, the riparian soil approached saturation and return flow and seepage were measured. Under exfiltration, soil strength may be decreased and riparian buffers are needed to decrease erosion hazard. Localised saturation was observed in the rainforest buffer beneath a planar hillslope during large events, where soils were deeper and dried out more quickly than in the adjacent grass buffer. This study documents the high runoff volumes and peak discharges on cropped slopes in the wet tropics, and evaluates riparian hydrological processes. Infiltration is unlikely to be an important buffer function in this environment, but an additional role of buffers is to reduce the erosion hazard presented by exfiltration.
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Bouwman, A. F., A. H. W. Beusen, J. Griffioen, J. W. Van Groenigen, M. M. Hefting, O. Oenema, P. J. T. M. Van Puijenbroek, S. Seitzinger, C. P. Slomp und E. Stehfest. „Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N 2 O emissions“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, Nr. 1621 (05.07.2013): 20130112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0112.
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Soil nitrogen (N) budgets are used in a global, distributed flow-path model with 0.5° × 0.5° resolution, representing denitrification and N 2 O emissions from soils, groundwater and riparian zones for the period 1900–2000 and scenarios for the period 2000–2050 based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Total agricultural and natural N inputs from N fertilizers, animal manure, biological N 2 fixation and atmospheric N deposition increased from 155 to 345 Tg N yr −1 (Tg = teragram; 1 Tg = 10 12 g) between 1900 and 2000. Depending on the scenario, inputs are estimated to further increase to 408–510 Tg N yr −1 by 2050. In the period 1900–2000, the soil N budget surplus (inputs minus withdrawal by plants) increased from 118 to 202 Tg yr −1 , and this may remain stable or further increase to 275 Tg yr −1 by 2050, depending on the scenario. N 2 production from denitrification increased from 52 to 96 Tg yr −1 between 1900 and 2000, and N 2 O–N emissions from 10 to 12 Tg N yr −1 . The scenarios foresee a further increase to 142 Tg N 2 –N and 16 Tg N 2 O–N yr −1 by 2050. Our results indicate that riparian buffer zones are an important source of N 2 O contributing an estimated 0.9 Tg N 2 O–N yr −1 in 2000. Soils are key sites for denitrification and are much more important than groundwater and riparian zones in controlling the N flow to rivers and the oceans.
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Zhang, Guo Sheng, und Jian Cha Li. „Distribution of inorganic phosphorus in profiles and particle fractions of Anthrosols across an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake (China)“. Solid Earth 7, Nr. 1 (19.02.2016): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-301-2016.
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Abstract. Riparian buffers can trap sediment and nutrients sourced from upper cropland, minimizing the eutrophication risk of water quality. This study aimed to investigate the distributions of soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) forms among profile and particle-size fractions in an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake, southwestern China. The Ca-bound fraction (62 %) was the major proportion of the Pi in the riparian soils. After 3 years' restoration, buffer rehabilitation from cropped area had a limited impact on total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but has contributed to a change in Pi forms. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, levels of the Olsen-P, non-occluded, Ca-bound, and total Pi were lower in the buffer than the cropped area; however, the Pi distribution between the cropped area and the buffer did not differ significantly as depth increased. The clay fraction corresponded to 57 % of TP and seemed to be both a sink for highly recalcitrant Pi and a source for labile Pi. The lower concentration of Pi forms in the silt and sand particle fraction in the surface soil was observed in the buffer area, which indicated that the Pi distribution in coarse particle fraction had sensitively responded to land use changes.
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Zhang, G. S., und J. C. Li. „Distribution of inorganic phosphorus in profiles and particle-size fractions across an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake“. Solid Earth Discussions 7, Nr. 4 (12.11.2015): 3223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-3223-2015.
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Abstract. Riparian buffer can trap sediment and nutrients sourced from upper cropland and minimizing eutrophication risk of water quality. This study aimed to investigate the distributions of soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) forms among profile and particle-size fractions in an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake, Southwestern China. The Ca-bound fraction (62 %) was the major proportion of the Pi in the riparian soils. Buffer rehabilitation from cropped area had a limited impact on total phosphorus (TP) concentrations after 3 years, but has contributed to a change in Pi forms. At 0–20 cm soil layer, levels of the Olsen-P, nonoccluded, Ca-bound and total Pi were lower in the buffer than the cropped area; however, the Pi distribution between the cropped area and the buffer did not differ significantly as depth increased. The clay fraction corresponded to 57 % of TP and seemed to be both a sink for highly recalcitrant Pi and a source for labile Pi. The lower concentration of Pi forms in the silt and sand particle fraction in the surface soil was observed in the buffer area, which indicating that the Pi distribution in coarse particle fraction has sensitively responded to land-use changes.
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Maag, Michael, Michael Malinovsky und Steen M. Nielsen. „Kinetics and Temperature Dependence of Potential Denitrification in Riparian Soils“. Journal of Environmental Quality 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010031x.
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Blazejewski, Gary A., Mark H. Stolt, Arthur J. Gold und Peter M. Groffman. „Macro- and Micromorphology of Subsurface Carbon in Riparian Zone Soils“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 1320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0145.
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McLain, Jean E. T., und Dean A. Martens. „Moisture Controls on Trace Gas Fluxes in Semiarid Riparian Soils“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, Nr. 2 (März 2006): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0105.
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Pavel, Edelgard W., Alfredo R. Lopez, Duane F. Berry, Eric P. Smith, Raymond B. Reneau und Saied Mostaghimi. „Anaerobic degradation of dicamba and metribuzin in riparian wetland soils“. Water Research 33, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00181-x.
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Pastor, Ada, Sílvia Poblador, Louis J. Skovsholt und Tenna Riis. „Microbial carbon and nitrogen processes in high‐Arctic riparian soils“. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 31, Nr. 1 (Januar 2020): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2039.
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