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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Right to Information Act, 2005“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Viswanathan, T. K. „The Right to Information Act, 2005 No. 22 of 2005“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 52, Nr. 3 (Juli 2006): 658–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120060327.
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Dalal, Rajbirsingh. „Right to Information Act, 2005: Expectations and Constraints“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 55, Nr. 3 (Juli 2009): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120090322.
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Anil, Monga, und Akshat Mehta. „Right to Information Act, 2005: Key for Effective Implementation“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 54, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120080206.
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Ghuman, B. S., und Mohammad Sohail. „Right to Information Act, 2005 in India: A Decadal Experience“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, Nr. 2 (Juni 2017): 228–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699737.
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Right to Information (RTI) Act emerged as a powerful instrument for taming corruption in the functioning of public authorities by promoting transparency and accountability. The Act has completed ten years but the challenges hindering the successful implementation of the Act are still looming large. The Act is slowly moving away from its goal owing to many factors, such as lack of awareness, improper maintenance of records, poor compliance to public disclosure of information mentioned under Section 4 of the Act, inconvenient fee depositing mechanism, lack of sustained training mechanism for employees, misuse of the Act, pendency of appeals before Information Commissions and lack of legislative measures for protection of whistleblowers. For making the Act a success, it is essential to conduct massive awareness campaigns for citizens, to maintain proper official records for facilitating provision of information under the Act, ensuring suo motu disclosure of information mentioned under Section 4 of the Act, use of information and communication technology in the implementation of the Act, making available convenient fee depositing options, conducting training programmes for officials involved in the implementation of the Act, and, finally, enacting a strong whistleblowers’ protection Act.
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Garg, Mukesh. „Right to Information Act 2005 vis-à-vis Good Governance“. Public Affairs And Governance 1, Nr. 1 (2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2321-2136.1.1.004.
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Siwach, Raj Kumar. „Implementing Right to Information Act, 2005: An Experience of Haryana“. Indian Journal of Public Administration 55, Nr. 3 (Juli 2009): 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120090326.
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Mirnalni, Meghna. „Right to Information Vis A Vis National Security“. International Journal of Legal Developments & Allied Issues 09, Nr. 03 (2023): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ijldai.2023.9301.
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RTI Act 2005 is the welfare legislation and one of the most progressive reforms in recent years, which enhance the ambit of Fundamental Rights available to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution. RTI Act is considered an advancement of the Right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). Various judicial pronouncements held that Right under Article 19(1)(a) includes the Right to know where citizens can acquire information from public authorities. Democracy and RTI are interrelated, ensuring good governance, transparency, and government accountability towards its citizens. Previously Government was immune from answering its action. People electing democratic Government had no idea about policy matters, their progress, and implementation. That led to various instances of corruption, nepotism, and favouritism. Thus, the Right to know through RTI Act, 2005 is a tool in the hands of the citizens, which ensures “participatory democracy” and reasoned exercise of the Right to vote during elections. However, RTI Act is not absolute, and there are certain exceptions where the public cannot obtain information. A few instances are Sec 8 information disclosure, which relates to India’s sovereignty and integrity, etc. Sec 9, where information pertains to infringement of copyright subsisting in a person other than State, and Sec 24, which says the provisions of RTI Act will not apply to the intelligence and the security organizations. Nevertheless, RTI has played a vital role in empowering citizens and increasing their active role in meaningful democracy.
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Babu Chennupati, Divakara, Rajasekhara Mouly Potluri und V. S. Mangnale. „India's Right to Information Act, 2005: a catalyst for good governance“. International Journal of Law and Management 55, Nr. 4 (03.07.2013): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2012-0008.
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., Raghwesh Pandey. „Right To Information Act 1986 : Historical Perspective, Its Objectives and Salient Features“. Mind and Society 8, Nr. 01-02 (29.03.2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-81-2-20197.
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In India, the Right to Information Act has been developed through various strands for almost the entire period of the country‘s independent history. Until 2005, an ordinary citizen had no access to information held by a public authority. In matters touching legal entitlements for services as food for work, wage employment, basic education and health care, it was not easy to seek the details of decision-making process that affected or injured the person. Without access to relevant information, it is not feasible for a common person to take part in a meaningful discussion on political and economic matters. The enactment of the Right to Information Act, 2005 is a milestone in the history of administration in India. The Right to Information Act, 2005 has brought responsibility and accountability to the development process in India. It is path breaking in controlling corruption and delays in the implementation of government-sponsored programmes and in the performance of public authorities. The act provides momentum for development process and remedy to fight corruption in public authorities. It is an important means for strengthening democracy, accelerating economic growth of the country.
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Singh, Harendra, Dr S. S. Chouhan Dr. S.S. Chouhan und Dr Sonia Dutt Sharma. „Level of Awareness on the Right to Information Act, 2005 Among Beneficiaries in Selected Districts of Rajasthan“. Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, Nr. 1 (01.10.2011): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2012/42.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Moitra, Sanyukta. „Right to information act, 2005 : implication, impediments and challenges“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3637.
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Burge, Kevin Turrini Joseph. „The Presidential Records Act of 1978 its development from the right to know and the public's demand for federal records ownership /“. Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/History/Thesis/Burge_Kevin_50.pdf.
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Ebrahim, Fatima. „The Promotion of Access to Information Act: a blunt sword in the fight for freedom of information“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8327_1362392353.
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Sharma, Prashant. „The right to information act in India : the turbid world of transparency reforms“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/579/.
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The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in 2005 has been produced, consumed and celebrated as an important event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) as well as its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen-state relationship). This thesis problematises this narrative and proposes that the explanatory factors underlying this event may be more complex than thus far imagined. First, the leadership of the grassroots movement was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the movement to be successful. Second, the democratisation of the higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste, upper-middle-class elite that provided critical support to the demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise public goods and services. Third, the thesis locates the Indian RTI Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over the last two decades, and shows how international pressures, embedded within a reimagining of the role of the state vis-à-vis the market, had a direct and causal impact both on its content, as well as the timing of its enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the thesis finally argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades, existing economic, social and political structures may limit the extent and forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future.
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Moerat, Sedick. „The disclosure of information on medical certificates and the impact on the right to privacy“. University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7647.
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Magister Legum - LLMChapter 2 of the Constitution contains the Bill of Rights, which ‘enshrines the rights of all people in our country and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom.’1 By rights being afforded to the employee in the workplace, such rights need to be protected (legislation being implemented by legislature is subjugated by the Bill of Rights).2 Labour legislation being implemented in order to protect the rights afforded to the employees,therefore creating fair labour practice in terms of section 23 of the Constitution. Such legislation needs to take in regards various rights of an employee, such as the right to privacy3 of an employee. This resulted in creating domestic legislation in order to protect employees’ rights to privacy. A detail discusses of how various domestic legislation were implemented to protect the right is discussed in Chapter 2. In addition to the implementation of domestic legislation giving effect to the right to fair labour practices, the Constitution requires that international law be considered when individual and a further international obligations with regards to international standards). Section 39(1)(b) provides that ‘when interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or forum must consider international law’. This means that standards set by the International Labour Organisation and Conventions must be considered when interpreting the right to fair labour practice.4 A detailed discussion is dealt with in Chapter 2. The primary research question of this thesis is ‘is an employee’s right to privacy infringed by requiring a medical condition to be disclosed on a sick note for purposes of statutory sick leave?’ In answering this question, a number of ancillary questions must be answered, including whether doctor and patient confidentiality is breached in disclosing such information on a sick note; to what extent medical information can be disclosed in the medical information; whether there is a potential for misuse of information disclosed on the medical certificate against the employee; whether such disclosure of information could lead to unfair labour practice where the employee can be unfairly discriminated against based on such disclosure and how is privacy is being protected and processed in terms of legislation domestically and foreign legislation.
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Elliott, Anne A. „Rights in Conflict: Freedom of Information versus the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act“. Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1341505659.
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Scott, Katherine Anne. „Reining in the State: Civil Society, Congress, and the Movement to Democratize the National Security State, 1970-1978“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/38730.
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HistoryPh.D.
This dissertation explores the battle to democratize the national security state, 1970-1978. It examines the neo-progressive movement to institutionalize a new domestic policy regime, in an attempt to force government transparency, protect individual privacy from state intrusion, and create new judicial and legislative checks on domestic security operations. It proceeds chronologically, first outlining the state's overwhelming response to the domestic unrest of the 1960s. During this period, the Department of Justice developed new capacities to better predict urban unrest, growing a computerized databank that contained millions of dossiers on dissenting Americans and the Department of Defense greatly expanded existing capacities, applying cold war counterinsurgency and counterintelligence techniques developed abroad to the problems of protests and riots at home. The remainder of the dissertation examines how the state's secret response to unrest and disorder became public in the early 1970s. It traces the development of a loose coalition of reformers who challenged domestic security policy and coordinated legislative and litigative strategies to check executive power.
Temple University--Theses
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Meyiwa, Nonceba. „We cannot fight for what we do not know : information that mothers of disabled children have about the Children's Act (No. 38 of 2005) and the Children's Amendment Act (No. 41 of 2007) in South Africa“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12693.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86).The purpose of this study is to explore the information that the mothers of disabled children have on the provisions of the Children's Act (CA) (Act no.38 of 2005) and the Children's Amendment Act (CAA) (Act No.41 of 2007). The two Acts were consolidated after the regulations had been adopted. The Children's Act gives effect to the three specific constitutional rights of children contained in section 28. These are: a. The right to social services. b. The right to parental or family care or to appropriate alternative care when removed from their family. c. Protection from maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation. This Act stipulates the services that are required to give effect to the three State obligations. The aim of the research was 1) to investigate the nature of information which mothers of disabled children have acquired about the Children's Act, and 2) factors influencing the access to this information by these mothers. The study population was mothers whose children have a physical or mental disability. The study sample was purposively selected from mothers of disabled children living in a township in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan, in Gauteng Province. A qualitative research approach was used in this study, and a case study design was adopted. Individual in-depth interviews were held with four participants. The data collected through the in-depth interviews was analysed using a thematic content analysis. The findings of this study will raise awareness among mothers of disabled children and their organizations of the rights and services to which disabled children are entitled according to the Children's Act. It will therefore enable them individually and through DPOs to more effectivity monitor the implementation of the Act by the State and to enforce compliance by the State of its obligations to disabled children in terms of the Children's Act.
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Wells, William Ward. „Information security program development“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2585.
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De, Bruin David Wegeling. „Child participation and representation in legal matters“. Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27414.
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The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Private Law
unrestricted
Bücher zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Capacity Building for Access to Information Project., Centre for Good Governance (Andhra Pradesh, India), Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration. und United Nations Development Programme (India), Hrsg. The Right to Information Act, 2005. Hyderabad: Published by the Centre for Good Governance under the Capacity Building for Access to Information Project, 2006.
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India. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment., Hrsg. Information handbook under Right to Information Act, 2005. [New Delhi]: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2005.
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Awasthi, Shailendra Kumar. The Right to Information Act, 2005 (Act no. 22 of 2005). Allahabad: Dwivedi Law Agency, 2008.
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Shekhar, Singh, National Campaign for Peoples Right to Information. und National Book Trust, Hrsg. Right to Information Act, 2005: A primer. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 2007.
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Yeshwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration. Right to Information Cell., Hrsg. Right to Information Act, 2005: A primer. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co., 2006.
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Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's treatise on Right to Information Act, 2005. 3. Aufl. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2011.
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Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's treatise on Right to Information Act, 2005. 2. Aufl. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2009.
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Naib, Sudhir. The Right to Information Act 2005: A handbook. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's handbook on Right to Information Act, 2005. 2. Aufl. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2009.
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Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's treatise on Right to Information Act, 2005. 2. Aufl. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2009.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Vaughn, Robert G., und Peter J. Messitte. „Access to Information Under the Federal Freedom of Information Act in the United States“. In The Right of Access to Public Information, 191–234. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55554-5_4.
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Sharma, Prashant. „Turbid Transparency: Retelling the Story of the Right to Information Act in India“. In Social Movements and the State in India, 141–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59133-3_7.
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Das, S. K. „Right to Information Act, 2005“. In India's Rights Revolution, 37–97. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081661.003.0002.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Right to Information in India“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 21–39. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0002.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Freedom of Information“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 1–19. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0001.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Information Exempted from Disclosure“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 144–90. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0007.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Public Information Officers and Their Role“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 100–126. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0005.
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Naib, Sudhir. „How to Make use of Right to Information“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 41–68. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0003.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Exempt Information: General Issues and Public Interest Override“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 129–42. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0006.
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Naib, Sudhir. „Obligations of Public Authorities“. In The Right to Information Act 2005, 72–97. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067474.003.0004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Mićović, Andrej. „Zaštita prava putnika povodom ugovora o organizovanju putovanja“. In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.259m.
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The subject of the legal analysis in this paper are the legal mechanisms for the protection of travellers before the conclusion of the package travel contract (pre- contractual information duty), before the start of the package (transfer of the package to another traveller and the right to terminate the contract) and the rights of travellers in the case of non-performance of the contract (the right to demand proper fulfillment, price reduction, the right to terminate the contract and compensation for damages). The paper analyzes the existing rules contained in the Consumer Protection Act and the newly proposed rules contained in the Draft Consumer Protection Act adopted in accordance with the Directive 2015/2302/EU.
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Mahatanankoon, Pruthikrai. „Which information technology major is right for me?“ In the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1125170.1125236.
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Foroughi, Abbas, Marvin Albin und Sharlett Gillard. „Issues and Opportunities in Digital Rights Management“. In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2481.
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In the wake of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, of 1998, Digital Rights Management systems are beginning to provide copyright protection for digital content which magazine and book publishers, music companies, software and game producers, and business-to-business participants place online. Creators and providers of digital content are now increasingly able to control end users’ use of, and accessibility to, their products and stand to gain huge profits from this capability. However, as DRM technologies evolve and develop, so does end user concern about restrictions to their access to, and use of, information. The DRM industry will have to provide a balance between fair compensation for the creators of digital content and the rights of end-users to access and use the information they need.
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Palmieri, Alessandro, und Blerina Nazeraj. „OPEN BANKING AND COMPETITION: AN INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP“. In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18822.
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Open banking – promoted in the European Union by the access to account rule contained in the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) – is supposed to enhance consumer’s welfare and to foster competition. However, many observers are fearful about the negative effects of the entry into the market of the so-called BigTech giants. Unless incumbent banks are able to rise above the technological challenges, the risk is that, in the long run, BigTech firms could dominate the market, by virtue of their great ability to collect data on consumer preferences, and to process them with sophisticated tools, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques; not to mention the possible benefits arising from the cross-subsidisation. This paper aims at analysing the controversial relationship between open banking and competition. In this framework, many aspects must be clarified, such as the definition of the relevant markets; the identification of the dominant entities; the relationship with the essential facility doctrine. The specific competition problems encountered in the financial sector need to be inscribed in the context of the more general debate around access to data in the digital sphere. The evolving scenario poses a serious challenge to regulators, calling them to strike the right balance between fostering innovation and preserving financial stability. The appraisal intends not only to cover EU law and policy, but also to make a comparison with other legal systems. In this respect, something noteworthy is taking place in the United States where, as of today, consumers’ access to financial data sharing has been largely dependent on private-sector efforts. Indeed, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (passed in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008) provides that, subject to rules prescribed by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (CFPB), a consumer financial services provider must make available to a consumer information, in its control or possession, concerning the consumer financial product or service that the consumer obtained from the provider. This provision, which dates back to 2010, has never been implemented. However, on 22 October 2020, the CFBP has announced its intention to regulate open banking, issuing an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking. In light of their investigation, the authors advocate the adaptation of the current strategies to the modified conditions and, in some instances, the creation of novel mechanisms, more suitable to face unprecedented threats.
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Rajapakse, R. L. W. „Right to Information vs. Right to Protect Personal Data: A Guidance from the Decisions of the USA & the European Court of Justice.“ In SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES [SICASH]. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/ohdm8576.
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Right to Information (RTI) and right to privacy (RTP) are two basic rights of people in a democratic country. Since personal data consists of a main element of privacy, the right not to disclose one's personal data to a third party is an essential part of the RTP. The citizens of Sri Lanka have had the right of obtaining information that is in the custody of public authorities since 2017 under the RTI Act. When deciding whether requested information will be disclosed or not, the public authority will have to consider the exceptions stipulated in the said Act, including the exception of privacy. However, with the enactment of the Personal Data Protection (PDP) Act in 2022 in Sri Lanka, it is crucial to consider the impact of the said Act on the RTI Act. Under the above context, this research explored the overlapping provisions of these two legislations and the decisions of the USA & the European Court of Justice in similar matters. This research study utilized the qualitative methodology where the researcher studied, analyzed, and synthesized a variety of materials gathered through primary and secondary sources to formulate a conclusion and come up with the study results. Finally, the research revealed that the PDP Act has put the additional liability on the public authorities when considering information requests under the RTI Act. Further, the research has identified some guidance from the decided cases of the USA & the European Court of Justice regarding overlapping provisions. Keywords: Right to information; right to privacy; personal data protection; public authorities.
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Cavallucci, Denis, Philippe Lutz und Dmitry Kucharavy. „Converging in Problem Formulation: A Different Path in Design“. In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dtm-34025.
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The efficiency of the design process in companies today is largely dependent on the skills of individual members of project teams, the capacity of the software available on the market and any assistance provided by the tools and methods found scattered around the industrial world. Within this context, there have been myriad attempts to optimize the different stages in the design process by using computerization, but a growing proportion of current research work on design tends to agree that the crucial point in the act of designing lies in the phase where inventive ideas are sought and that without such ideas being generated, there is no successful future for the product. In the framework of a large number of research activities it has been proven that the TRIZ (the Russian acronym of Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) contribution to the science of design has a promising potential [1–2–3–4]. On the other hand, the added value and spectrum of problem typology where TRIZ could help remains unclear for most researchers for various reasons. Originally, since the theory has penetrated the so-called occidental world, every individual took from TRIZ what he thought was right according to his own knowledge about design, problem solving process, creativity or needs forgetting that 95% of scientific literature about TRIZ’s fundamentals was written either in Cyrillic or in unpublished manuscripts. In most cases, theses multitudes of uses did not see that the original idea of TRIZ was to formulate a theory as strong basement for building methods and tools to satisfy designers expectations. This fact led nowadays TRIZ’s image to fuzziness since available literature on the subject only presents case studies and uses of tools (mostly the matrix) although TRIZ’s scope is much wider. To avoid further aggravation of this fact, this paper aims at presenting the first axiom describing TRIZ’s objectives as a basement for our research activities. Two methodological approaches are then presented : the “trial and error” type approach, which is still very much in use everywhere in industry and which aims to explore an area of solution-seeking, following a structural approach or not, through a series of attempts, which often end up in failure. The second approach is the “convergent” approach proposed by the TRIZ body of knowledge and developed as a contribution to design activity’s efficiency in our research center. This approach aims at limiting the sphere of research during a larger and longer problem statement stage to converge towards a small number of solutions in opposition to traditional approaches which consists in generating a large amount of ideas and select the best suitable ones to be implemented. A case study on the internal ventilation of a car will also be presented to illustrate the quality of the results that could be obtained when applying this convergent approach.
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Maximo, Gabriela Willemann Siviero, und Carlos Loch. „The citizenship territories program and the challenges for the rural exodus combat in north plateau catarinense: a case study in municipalities of São Bento do Sul and Rio Negrinho“. In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8124.
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In February 2008, the Brazilian Federal Government created the Citizenship Territories Program, whose purpose is to promote and accelerate the elimination of poverty and social inequality in rural areas, including gender, race and ethnicity, through a sustainable territorial development strategy. The choice of the territories entered in the Citizenship Territories Program results from pre-defined criteria, examples of the low Human Development Index (HDI) and low economic dynamism, in which were chosen 60 territories to be benefited with structuring actions in 2008 and more 60 in 2009, totaling 120, divided into five regions of Brazil, where, within these territories, are being applied three axes to support productive activities, citizenship and access to rights and the qualification of the infrastructure. In this sense, this article aims to demonstrate the challenges of combating rural exodus, since the implementation of this Program in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina State, specifically in the municipalities of São Bento do Sul and Rio Negrinho, Citizenship Territories Program members. The case study is based on bibliographic and documentary research; data analysis provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and; in analysis of thematic maps produced in environment of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With the found results expected to ratify that despite the efforts and actions taken by the Citizenship Territories Program, in these members municipalities, public policy has not been able to be effective in combating rural exodus, where it is believed that the appeal to such an act are still insufficient.
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Chitra, P., und M. Neelamalar. „A study on the role of Right to Information (RTI) Act links in Indian official websites“. In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6057032.
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Siapera, Eugenia, und Paloma Viejo Otero. „How Do Far-Right Movements and Parties Use the Internet and the Social Media? Digital Facebook Postcards, With Hate, Your Far Right. “. In ISIS Summit Vienna 2015—The Information Society at the Crossroads. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/isis-summit-vienna-2015-s3007.
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Moya, John Erick Malpartida. „Managing Geohazards in Hard Conditions: Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pipelines That Crosses Amazonian Jungles and the Andes“. In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8532.
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The hydrocarbon transmission system that belongs to Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP), comprise two parallel pipelines: a natural gas (NG) pipeline, which runs from the upstream facilities at Malvinas, in the Amazonian jungle of Cusco-Peru, to a reception station at Lurín (south of Lima); and a natural gas liquid (NGL) pipeline, which transports the condensed liquids from Malvinas to Pisco, on the coast of Peru. The right-of-way (ROW) crosses the Peruvian jungle with both pipelines in its first 200 kilometers, after climbs over the Andes Mountains at an elevation of 4860 masl, and descends steeply toward the coast along the Pacific Ocean. TGP’s Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) has identified the Weather and Outside Forces such as main threat which increases the risk of the integrity of its pipelines in jungle and mountains areas. In pipelines with particular characteristics such as pipeline which crosses the Andes and the Amazonian jungle, this threat can cause even a greater number of failures than other threats such as Corrosion or TPD. This threat caused the 70% of the leaks of our NGL pipeline. The geotechnical and geologic conditions were key factors in the risk level of the system since the beginning of the operation. The PIMS of TgP has achieved an important development in the use and suitable handling of the information provided by diverse techniques of pipeline mechanical and the geotechnical inspection and monitoring of the ROW. Different alternative techniques of monitoring have to be taken into account. It is important also to take into account alternative assessment methodologies in order to determine the pipeline exposure, resistance and mitigation to this threat. By integrating these inspections, monitoring and particular assessments as part of PIMS, we have been able get accurate risk assessments in order to mitigate and/or minimize the occurrence of failures. In this way we are able to optimize efforts to preserve the integrity of our system and in addition minimize personal, environmental and business impact. Risk Assessment is an essential part of the Integrity Management System. Our company developed a very comprehensive and detailed Risk Assessment Model based on the guidelines of API 1160 and ASME B31.8S. The probability model is based on logic trees instead indexing models (the most commonly used), that is because we want to reflect in the result all the variables and factors: Exposition, Resistance and Mitigation Factors. By means of the pipeline Integrity Management System developed by TGP, we are able to mitigate risks due to outside forces. We have been able to act before any event becomes critical: TGP NGL pipeline’s failure rate due to WOF (number of failures per 1000 kilometers-years) decreases substantially from 5.39 to 1.26 in ten years of operation. For the whole system that rate decreases from 2.33 to 0.46.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Right to Information Act, 2005"
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Datta, Sayantan, Debomita Mukherjee, Prajwal Gaikwad, Shreya Sridhar und Riya Parekh. No Space for Some Transgender, Gender Non-Conforming and Gender Non-Binary Persons’ Access to Science Higher Education in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf0806.2023.
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This project undertakes a large-scale quantitative and qualitative investigation into the lived experiences of transgender, gender non-conforming and gender non-binary persons in the Indian science ecosystem. Towards this goal, the study uses four key research methods: (a) applications under the Right to Information Act, 2005 to investigate the status of implementation of the legislative, judicial and policy documents that govern the access of transgender, gender non-conforming and gender non-binary persons to the Indian science ecosystem; (b) a policyscape approach to policy analysis to understand the effectiveness of the legislative, judicial and policy interventions that govern the access of transgender, gender non-conforming and gender non-binary persons to the Indian science ecosystem; (c) qualitative interviews and focus group discussions to understand the ways in which transgender, gender non-conforming and gender non-binary persons negotiate the Indian science ecosystem; and (d) a comparative historiography to understand and explicate the possibilities of political solidarity between different marginalised groups in the context of higher education in science in India, including caste-, gender- and disability-marginalised groups.
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Krishnaswamy, Sudhir, und Jayna Kothari. Rights in Review: The Supreme Court in 2015. Centre for Law and Policy Research, Januar 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/yvjn7797.
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Rights in Review is a CLPR publication which analyses 15 key judgments ruled by the Supreme Court in 2015. This publication seeks to acquaint the reader with various aspects of fundamental rights protection and their relevance and impact. The year 2015 saw the Supreme Court extend its scope of protection of fundamental rights to the internet in the case of Shreya Singhal v Union of India. This case struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act of 2000.
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Dailey, R. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requirements. CERCLA Information Brief. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133441.
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Fang, Mei Lan, Judith Sixsmith, Jacqui Morris, Chris Lim, Morris Altman, Hannah Loret, Rayna Rogowsky, Andrew Sixsmith, Rebecca White und Taiuani Marquine Raymundo. AgeTech, Ethics and Equity: Towards a Cultural Shift in AgeTech Ethical Responsibility. University of Dundee, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001292.
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Population ageing is a global phenomenon which presents major challenges for the provision of care at home and in the community (ONS, 2018). Challenges include the human and economic costs associated with increasing numbers of older people with poor physical and mental health, loneliness, and isolation challenges (Mihalopoulos et al., 2020). The global ageing population has led to a growth in the development of technology designed to improve the health, well-being, independence, and quality of life of older people across various settings (Fang, 2022). This emerging field, known as “AgeTech,” refers to “the use of advanced technologies such as information and communications technologies (ICT’s), technologies related to e-health, robotics, mobile technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), ambient systems, and pervasive computing to drive technology-based innovation to benefit older adults” (Sixsmith, et al., 2020 p1; see also Pruchno, 2019; Sixsmith, Sixsmith, Fang, and Horst, 2020). AgeTech has the potential to contribute in positive ways to the everyday life and care of older people by improving access to services and social supports, increasing safety and community inclusion; increasing independence and health, as well as reducing the impact of disability and cognitive decline for older people (Sixsmith et al, 2020). At a societal level, AgeTech can provide opportunities for entrepreneurs and businesses (where funding and appropriate models exist) (Akpan, Udoh and Adebisi, 2022), reduce the human and financial cost of care (Mihalopoulos et al., 2020), and support ageing well in the right place (Golant, 2015).
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly und Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.
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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust und Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, Oktober 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion: Data from men and women in Rajasthan, India. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh17.1015.
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This report is the result of a collaborative project between the Population Council and the Centre for Operations Research and Training, conducted as part of a Council program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Rajasthan, India. Designed as a complement to service-delivery activities being undertaken in Rajasthan by the Indian nongovernmental reproductive health service provider Parivar Seva Sanstha, the program of research aimed to provide a multifaceted picture of the on-the-ground realities related to unwanted pregnancy and abortion in six districts of Rajasthan. Detailed pregnancy histories yielded data on levels of unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in the sampled areas in Rajasthan. As noted in this report, the legal right to abortion is not a reality for the majority of women in the sample in Rajasthan. Women have strong desires to meet their reproductive intentions, but existing methods of family planning and abortion services are not meeting their needs. According to the report, public information campaigns to educate women, their spouses, and other family members about the legal right to abortion, as well as efforts to revise the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, are imperative if access to abortion services is to improve.