Dissertationen zum Thema „Ressources halieutiques – Mer du Nord“
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Lenoir, Sylvain. „Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la distribution spatiale des ressources halieutiques le long du littoral français : observations et scénarios“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10047/document.
This aims to study the impact of climate warming on the spatial distribution of fish in the North Atlantic, using the new habitat model called the Non-Parametric Probabilistic Ecological Niche Model (NPPEN). The model NPPEN is nonparametric and requires only presence data. It is based on concept of the ecological niche sensu Hutchinson. The model NPPEN tests the Mahalanobis generalised distance by permutations to produce and map the probability of species occurrence. The model is therefore well suited to study expected changes in the biogeography of marine species at macro-scale. Applying this new model on more than fifty marine species in the North Atlantic, has highlighted the impact of global warming on the biogeography of species, structure and trophodynamic of the marine ecosystem. Disruption, already observed in spatial distribution and abundance (probability of occurrence) of fish species such as Atlantic cod and lesser sandeel were found again. The majority of species will move northward to stay in an environment consistent with their ecological niche. The intensity and rapidity of the biogeographic movements expected, as the balance of gains or losses in the spatial range differ among fish; governed by the ability of species movement, their range of environmental tolerance (niche breadth) and the intensity of global warming
Morell, Alaia. „Dynamiques éco-évolutives des espèces exploitées en Mer du Nord en réponse à des variations biotiques et abiotiques de l'environnement“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR079.
Global change scenarios are valuable for guiding management and governance strategies, stimulating decision making, and increasing collective awareness of future biodiversity trends. The degree of realism and integration of ecosystem models used for this purpose is constantly improving, but they still often neglect the evolution of marine populations in future projections. However, marine populations adapt to global changes, either through phenotypic plasticity or evolution, through modifications of their biological characteristics such as life history traits, physiological and bioenergetic traits. The challenge of this thesis is to develop an ecosystem model that allows the exploration of biodiversity scenarios at intra- and inter-specific scales by explicitly representing the phenotypic plasticity of life history traits, their genetic variability, selection and evolution under the combined influence of fisheries and climate change, and the resulting genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Applied to the North Sea, this new model is used to understand the processes responsible for changes in life history traits, whether they are of plastic or evolutionary origin. On the one hand, the bioenergetic processes underlying plastic changes are studied by an original approach comparing the differences between the fundamental and realized thermal response curves for different species and life history stages. On the other hand, changes in life history traits are explored through an evolutionary lens by taking into account multiple selection pressures such as fishing, prey-predator interactions and climate change.The integration of plastic and evolutionary processes in ecosystem models allows to describe the inter-individual variability of biological traits and to understand their temporal trends observed in the marine environment. In this way, it responds to the crucial issue of credibility of intra- and inter-specific biodiversity projections under scenarios combining climate and fisheries. The integration of these processes will also allow to quantify more precisely the synergistic and antagonistic effects of these two pressures and to take into account the capacity of populations to adapt to global changes in order to estimate more reliably their resilience
Turan, Fuat. „La pêche sur le littoral turc de la Mer Noire“. Montpellier 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON30007.
Dandila, Justin-Macaire. „Le Congo et le droit de la mer : l'exploitation des ressources pétrolières et halieutiques“. Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100062.
This monographic study on the Congo is based on the country's internal law of the off-shore exploitation of oil, fishery as well as on the agreements signed on the fields of halieutic resources. It also deals with international law of the sea. Concerned about the delimitation of maritime borders within which it exploits or allows the exploitation of oil and halieutic resources, the Congo has widened its territorial waters beyond the limits set by the Montego-bay convention and the public international law. Though situated in the depth of equatorial Africa, the country produces, above all, oil. Thanks to the benguela current, the Congolese coast is abounding in fish. As a result, its lends itself to maritime fishery, both industrial and traditional still governed by outmoded laws. For lack of technical and legal means as well as of money, the Congo was forced to sign establishment conventions, in 1968, with elf-erap and agip-spa. Other joint-ventures or association contracts followed in 1984. Its national society "hydro-Congo", though outside the decision making process remains a sleeping-partner", very likely to assert itself in the years ahead so as to negotiate again its contracts taking into account
Le, Hardy Magali. „Problèmes juridiques posés par l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer“. Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0033.
Séjean, Michel. „Droit international de la mer : l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques dans la Z.E.E. par la Mauritanie“. Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON10003.
The study of the sea and its application cannot be only analysed through the texts and the jurisprudence which govern it. It's necessary to extend the area of analysis to comprehend the economic interests which support it and determine a geographical area illustrating the reality of the conditions of its application : the area chosen is mauritania
Guyader, Olivier. „Évaluation économique de la régulation des pêches : le cas du thon germon de l'Atlantique Nord-Est /“. Paris ; Montréal (Québec) ; Budapest [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37643081r.
En appendice, choix de textes et documents. Bibliogr. p. 307-332.
Rafaly, Vonintsoa. „La conservation des ressources halieutiques en haute mer : du régime classique de la responsabilité à la responsabilisation des états“. Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT3003.
Does everything have to change for everything to stay as it is ? The Law of the Sea is subject to continuous development to maintain the balance between freedom of resource exploitation and emerging environmental pressure. But does everything has to change ? The aim of this study is to get to the heart of the matter, especially regarding state responsibility in the conservation of marine biological resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Between crisis and evolution, the law of the sea has to find its feet regarding the challenges the international community is facing. In order to maintain a sustainable conservation of resources, the consideration of common interest and environmental requirements has led to a reconceptualisation of state responsibility, where international cooperation has its importance. The Law of the Sea has thus made their own and updated some international law and environmental law concepts, through emerging mechanisms to initiate new forms of state responsibility
Zarrella, André-Dominique. „La politique internationale des pêcheries en Méditerranée : exploitation, gestion et conservation des ressources naturelles de la mer“. Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10008.
Mediterranean sea is actually suffering from an overfishing of its resources because of a lack of an international control policy of its fisheries. There is urgency and at the same time difficulties to cure this delicate situation, so many are the conflicts between traditional fisheries and states in Mediterranean sea. It seems impossible to adapt the oceanic fisheries control policy to the Mediterranean sea. The only solution is to create a project of partition of its natural resources from the new international law of the sea and concept of enclosed sea
Noiville, Christine. „Les régimes juridiques des ressources génétiques marines : contribution à la notion d'intégration des objectifs écologiques aux objectifs économiques“. Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOA001.
Le, Roux Johann. „Stratégies d'approvisionnement et d'innovation des entreprises de transformation des produits de la mer“. Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6004.
The seafood processing industry (SPI) is based on a natural renewable and common resource, these properties are different from those of agricultural resource. Can this distinction called in question the transposition of the model of development of the food processing industry to the SPI? More precisely, can this distinction created differences concerning supply and innovation strategies between the two industries ? To treat the problem, we join together two fields of investigation generally treated in a disjoined way : fishery economy and industrial organisation. We used a bio-economic model to analyse the incidence of the common-property of living marine resources. It shows some particularities on three ways : the expansion of the market, the supply strategy and innovation behaviour. To verify these results in the French case, we developed a methodology inspired by the Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm. We also used the product life cycle theory and some concepts of the evolutionnary theory. The application of the methodology required the collection of information starting from pre-existent data. These informations led to a typology of the behaviours. Moreover, we examined the performances of the innovation strategies. The results show that the particularities of fishing industry are reflected clearly on supply behaviours but they are less influential on innovation strategies; they are also reflected on the development of the industry of the products frozen by the growth of the market, phenomenon likely to be reproduced with other divisions of the IHA
Gambardella, Sophie. „La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques en droit international : l'exemple de la Méditerranée“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1043.
Fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system
Sarré, Abdoulaye. „Approche acoustique de la dynamique et la distribution spatiale des ressources halieutiques de petits pélagiques dans l'upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien“. Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0062/document.
Along the coast of North-West Africa, among the richest waters over the word, fish supply is important at both socio-economic and cultural levels. In this region, the small pelagic fish are the most abundant marine resources and are monitored using hydroacoustic stock assessment methods since more than three decades. These surveys have allowed providing to local authorities a sound scientific basis for deciding about the management of pelagic fisheries. A specific challenge is to know the representativity of these surveys with respect to the stocks targeted. In this work, we confirm this representativity for Sardinella aurita stock while for S. maderensis, a part of the stock could have not been sampled and for pour Ilisha africana and Ethmalosa fimbriata these surveys are not the best tool. Furthermore, Northward shifts in the distribution of sardinella in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem are recorded in this work and have been attributed to the redistribution of upwelling intensity and productivity, resulting in the abundance of sardinella decreasing in the inter-tropical coastal region. Here for the first time using independent observational time series, we report a robust northward shift in S. aurita since 1995 and attribute it to the strong ocean warming in the region. The observed spatial shifts in biomass in the last 20 years are of the same order of magnitude as those recorded for surface isotherms. Such changes will impact policy considerations in the management of food security in several West African countries and should be considered with respect to “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions”
Panossian, Anahid. „La prise en compte du développement durable dans les accords de pêche entre l'Union européenne et certains états africains“. Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0009.
Bilateral fisheries agreements between the European Union (EU) and third countries have always been a feature of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The 2002 reform of the CFP introduced the concept of partnership, to emphasize the EU’s intention to support the development of the national fisheries sector in its partner countries. Since 2004, they have been known as Fisheries partnership agreements (FPAs). Underpinning the partnership approach is the EU’s commitment to promote responsible and sustainable fisheries wherever European vessels fish throughout the world. Mainly signed with African countries (and also with States in the Pacific Ocean and Greenland), they are cooperation tools designed to build sustainable development in fisheries access agreements in order to enhance fisheries management. After few years of practice of the FPAs, and by the yardstick of their reform, within the reform of the CFP, it is time for evaluation. It should be assessed whether or not they fulfilled their objectives and if they indeed contributed to the implementation of more responsible behaviours in fishing activities in third countries
Confolent, Dominique. „Granville et le monde de la mer : 1919-1945“. Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040184.
It concerns a study relating to fishing in Newfoundland and along the coast, commercial trade and seaside activities, between the two wars and during the Second World War. The géographiqcel setting is limited to the administrative area of Granville, that is from Montmarin-sur-mer in the north, to Mont-Saint-Michel in the south. The maritime world is studied globally across economic, sociological and ethnic analysis of sailors ans the tool of their trade : the boat. The thesis is not confined to the study of professionnal seamen, and is exhaustive in studying all existing relation between man and the sea
Ould, Taled Ould Sidi Mohamed Mahfoudh. „Les ressources des petits pélagiques en Mauritanie et dans la zone nord ouest africaine : variabilité spatiale et temporelle, dynamique et diagnostic“. Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARH062.
In the northwest African study area (Senega, Mauritania and Western Sahara) small pelagics represent quantitatively the main fishery resources. Biomasses and captures of these pelagic resources show strong heterogeneity and great seasonal and inter-annual variabilities. For a better understanding of the variations which a affect these species, we focus on Sardinella aurita (round sardinella) and Trachrus trecae (Cunene horse mackerel) in Mauritanian waters. These two species are considered indicators of the variability for the other small pelagic species. These two species are considered indicators of the variability for the other small pelagic species. Data from planktonic and ichthyologic survey carried out in the Mauritanian zone from 1997 to 2001 as well as 30 years of data from acoustic campaigns carried out over the whole study area are analyzed to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of these species. Results indicate an interesting inter-annual correlation between these two data indices for both species with a one year shift in the case of the Cunene horse mackerel. A new reproduction zone of the two species would be identified and for the first time in the case of the round sardinella in the south of the Mauritanian EEZ near the new oil-bearing fields offshore oil rigs. It also appears that offshore larvae drift do not implies recruitment failure. In light of the analysis of the reproduction zone and demographic structures resulting from acoustic campaigns for Sardinella aurita the assumption of two stocks seems to be confirmed. The dynamics of these species is dominated by significant flutuations on various scales. When one considers long term (30 yearsà variatin of the acoustic abundance indices, one observes a global stability whereas the recent period is marked by an almost continuous fall
Moukoko, Philippe. „L'obligation de coopération en matière de conservation et de gestion des stocks chevauchants et des grands migrateurs“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32043.
Balinoff, Natacha. „Le droit d'exploitation de la ressource halieutique“. Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT3013.
Alban, Frédérique. „Contribution à l'analyse économique des aires marines protégées : Applications à la rade de Brest et à la mer d'Iroise“. Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6003.
The expression "marine protected area" (MPA) can encompass many names, some of which are sometimes more familiar : marine reserve, fishing box, park. . . Despite the diversity of the cases, MPA usually pursue three main targets : ecosystem, preservation, fisheries management, and development of recreational activities (so-called "ecotourism"). While these three types of motivations may often conflict, they can also combine with each other. However, simultaneously implementing the various objectives implies to take into account the complexity of the effects induced by the MPA creation, and the possibility of conflicts of interests between the different stakeholders. Beside the ecosystem dynamics, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the activities as well as the institutionnal context. The aim of this thesis is to produce an economic analysis of the MPA as a mamanagement tool in the coastal zone, from the point of view of sustainable exploitation of the tempered ecosystems. After having carried out a "state of the art" on MPAs, we enlarge the usual analytical framework of bioeconomic modeling by integrating other activities that fishing. We add to this theoretical analysis an empirical approach based on two case studies : the scallop fishery in the bay of Brest and the project to create a national park in the Iroise sea, which would be the first national marine park in France. These two case studies illustrate two types of MPA resting on different logics : one strictly focused on fishing, the other with multi-use purpose
Girardin, Raphaël. „Ecosystem and fishers’ behaviour modelling : two crucial and interacting approaches to support ecosystem based fisheries management in the eastern english channel“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10018.
The implementation of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) requires an enhancement of our knowledge of ecosystem complexity. Understanding the ecosystem reaction to management regulation is a key to achieve conservation objectives. Ecosystem modelling improves our knowledge on ecosystem functioning in interaction with human activities, and it is now widely used to evaluate management strategies. The fishers’ behaviour of the French demersal fisheries in the Eastern English Channel (EEC) has been investigated. Results showed that fishers tended to adhere to past annual fishing practices and maritime traffic may impact on fishing decision. A global analysis of the fisheries science literature during the last three decades evidenced the influence of tradition and species targeting in fishers’ behaviour. The exploration of ecosystem dynamics required the use of the ecosystem model Atlantis with a focus on two commercial flatfish species, sole (Solea solea) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). The importance of estuary areas and of nutrient inputs has been revealed as well as the role of discards and of two key species, cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangius). Sole and plaice did not have a strong influence on the trophic network excepted on the benthic invertebrates’ dynamics. Finally, we investigated the consequences of area closure and effort reduction on fishers’ behaviour and the ecosystem impacted. We observed a noticeable benefit of combining area closure and effort reduction on the biomass of most commercial species and on the total value landed per unit effort
Claudet, Joachim. „Aires marines protégées et récifs artificiels : méthodes d'évaluation, protocoles expérimentaux et indicateurs“. Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0736.
Marine Protected Areas’ (MPAs) and Artificial Reef’s (ARs) management requires complex assessment and monitoring programmes, dealing with different sources of variability. We studied and developed experimental designs and analysis methods suited for the establishment of a monitoring of MPAs and ARs. This methodology is developed from existing data sets in the Northwestern Mediterranean. We build multi-criteria indicators allowing a statistically testable diagnosis of the impact of MPAs and ARs on reef fish assemblages. Using ecological performance indicators permits to monitor and to give an image of the assessed system to managers. It was possible to show the global response of the fish assemblages to the protection by a MPA. This response was evidenced by increases in abundance, species richness or diversity, gradually through space, time and among various taxonomic groups or fish individual sizes. Large fishes reacted faster to protection and shallow habitats were more sensitive to the existence of a MPA. Our results can be useful for the implementation of new MPAs or for the immersions of ARs and for the development of their management plans. Key-words : Marines Protected Areas, Artificial Reefs, Impact Assessment, Temperate Fish, Indicators, Multivariate, Habitat, Monitoring, Statistical Power, Northwestern Mediterranean, Management
Girardin, Raphaël. „Ecosystem and fishers’ behaviour modelling : two crucial and interacting approaches to support ecosystem based fisheries management in the eastern english channel“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10018/document.
The implementation of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) requires an enhancement of our knowledge of ecosystem complexity. Understanding the ecosystem reaction to management regulation is a key to achieve conservation objectives. Ecosystem modelling improves our knowledge on ecosystem functioning in interaction with human activities, and it is now widely used to evaluate management strategies. The fishers’ behaviour of the French demersal fisheries in the Eastern English Channel (EEC) has been investigated. Results showed that fishers tended to adhere to past annual fishing practices and maritime traffic may impact on fishing decision. A global analysis of the fisheries science literature during the last three decades evidenced the influence of tradition and species targeting in fishers’ behaviour. The exploration of ecosystem dynamics required the use of the ecosystem model Atlantis with a focus on two commercial flatfish species, sole (Solea solea) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). The importance of estuary areas and of nutrient inputs has been revealed as well as the role of discards and of two key species, cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangius). Sole and plaice did not have a strong influence on the trophic network excepted on the benthic invertebrates’ dynamics. Finally, we investigated the consequences of area closure and effort reduction on fishers’ behaviour and the ecosystem impacted. We observed a noticeable benefit of combining area closure and effort reduction on the biomass of most commercial species and on the total value landed per unit effort
Lorance, Pascal. „Ecologie des poissons profonds, des individus aux peuplements“. Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRESA001.
Challier, Laurence. „Variabilité de la croissance des Céphalopodes juvéniles (Sepia officinalis, Loligo forbesi) et relation avec les fluctuations du recrutement, en Manche“. Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2013.
Sadio, Oumar. „Evaluation de l'efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques : l'expérience ouest africaine“. Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0090/document.
This thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks
Gras, Michaël. „Contribution des frayères côtières au recrutement du stock de seiche Sepia officinalis de Manche : lien entre le succès de la phase pré-recrutée et l'abondance de la ressource“. Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2023.
The English Channel cuttlefish Sepia officinalis is the most important cephalopod stock in the N-E Atlantic but is only managed by local measures, mainly due to a lack of suitable tools. The objective of this work is therefore to improve the knowledge of its population dynamic, particularly the parameters influencing the resource abundance. After a summary of the state of the art, in a first step, the exploration of the stock structure during the reproduction period revealed that, in a warming and high fishing pressure context, the life history traits of cuttlefish have changed and a percentage of one year old cuttlefish are mature. In a second step, the influence of the fuel price on the spatial allocation of the French trawling effort was highlighted and this métier is the most suitable to derive cuttlefish abundance indices. In a third step, a two stage biomass model, a suitable model to assess exploited marine populations with poor age data, was developed and enabled the development of two indicators of the fishing impact on the exploited cohort: the stock-recruitment relationship and the exploitation rate. In a fourth and final step, the contribution of 3 spawning areas to the recruitment was explored using 3 different techniques. Results indicate that the central stock is a mix between different spawning areas and seems to be influenced by different environmental and anthropic parameters. Finally, results are discussed in the context of each life cycle phase (reproduction, pre-recruit stage, recruitment and exploitation) and perspectives are presented
Revéret, Jean-Pierre. „La gestion des pêcheries de poisson de fond de l'Atlantique du Nord-Ouest de 1949 à 1984 : une perspective bio-économique“. Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CLF1D020.
Peyran, Claire. „Etude génétique des populations de grandes nacres, Pinna nobilis, en Occitanie : identification de priorités de conservation dans un contexte de pandémie“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03728197.
In marine systems, coastal environments are viewed as discontinuous and made up of a mosaic of diversified seascapes, leading to highly fragmented species distributions. Coastal marine species are thus structured in networks of populations that are connected to each other through larval dispersal. Understanding functioning and connectivity patterns between populations of a given species is essential to adapt conservation strategies. The fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, is facing today a major crisis threatening its survival. Starting in October 2016, mass mortalities caused by the protozoan parasite Haplosporidium pinnae have been reported through the entire Mediterranean Sea. This is an unprecedented situation for which neither the mortality rates (around 100%) nor the speed of propagation have ever been recorded for a marine species, and it could lead to the potential extinction of P. nobilis. By focusing on the Occitan coast, this work provides knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species but also on the processes which allow the replenishment of its populations in order to suggest priorities for conservation. We highlighted the wide diversity of habitats colonized by the species and the importance of lagoons as they shelter 90 % of fan mussels recorded on the Occitan coast, and seem to provide natural refuge as only the lagoon populations remain unaffected by H. pinnae. Using newly developed microsatellite markers, we highlighted a very homogeneous genetic structure over the entire coast, which implies some connectivity and suggests that most of the genetic diversity of the species remains preserved in the lagoons. By focusing on the population of Peyrefite Bay, in the Marine Protected Area of Cerbère-Banyuls, through parentage analysis, we provided knowledge on the demographic dynamics and the repopulation processes of the species. Based on the present work, we defined recommendations that will help to design adapted conservation measures that will be essential for the survival of the species
Amanajas, Viviane. „Dinâmica territorial da pesca na região transfronteiriça do norte do Brasil : a pesca artesanal e conflitos de uso dos recursos pesqueiros, desafios para a gestão sustentável“. Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3008/document.
Sea fishing is often characterized by the unsustainable exploitation of fishing resources in most parts of the world. The strong demand forseafood causes the fishing industry to grow, which is steadily constraining its own geographical limits and its technical capacities,generating conflicts caused by the massive exploitation of fishing areas that, until recently, were only occupied by artisanal fishermen.The Amazonian border region in northern Brazil illustrates this context, while artisanal fishermen in Oiapoque (north of the state ofAmapá) are subject to the invasion of fishermen from different regions. The thesis addresses the artisanal fishing dynamics in Oiapoque,based on the concept of territory, through the relations engaged in by the fishermen, the productive chain, the forms of conflict for thefishing area, the restrictions imposed by the general regulations in a protected area. This work is qualitative and quantitative methodology:direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and maps. This research highlights many shortcomings in the current system (publicpolicies, resource and ecosystem assessment, etc.) in order to understand, monitor and sustainably manage the resource. Theseshortcomings encourage the disorderly exploitation of fishing resources, which threatens the future of artisanal fishermen and marinebiodiversity. Local artisanal fishermen are now under a fairer and more stringent enforcement of the regulations in the protected areaaimed at preserving its use, while avoiding overfishing
A pesca marítima é frequentemente caracterizada pela exploração insustentável dos recursos pesqueiros na maior parte do mundo. A forte demanda por frutos do mar favorece o crescimento da indústria pesqueira, que está constantemente pressionando seus próprios limites geográficos e os de suas capacidades técnicas, o que está causando conflitos com a exploração maciça de áreas de pesca até então ocupada por pescadores artesanais. A região amazônica transfronteiriça do norte do Brasil ilustra esse contexto, onde os pescadores artesanais do município de Oiapoque sofrem com a invasão de sua área por pescadores de diferentes regiões. Esta pesquisa visa uma melhor compreensão da pesca na costa atlântica da Amazônia, suas questões econômicas, sociais e ambientais. A tese aborda a dinâmica da pesca artesanal em Oiapoque, norte do estado do Amapá. Baseia-se no conceito de território, através das relações exercidas pelos pescadores, a cadeia produtiva, as formas de conflito para a área de pesca, as restrições impostas pela regulamentação geral com a presença de uma área protegida. A metodologia é qualitativa e quantitativa, consiste em observação direta, questionários, entrevistas e elaboração de mapas. O processamento de dados geográficos, obtidos a partir de sistemas a bordo de embarcações de pesca e levantamentos de campo permitiu a identificação de áreas de pesca na área marinha e sua partilha com conflitos entre os diferentes usuários. Os atores do conflito vêm de diferentes níveis (local, nacional e internacional) e se manifestam em diferentes intensidades da área de pesca. A pesquisa destaca muitas deficiências no sistema atual (políticas públicas, conformidade regulatória, avaliação de recursos e ecossistemas, etc.) para entender, monitorar e gerenciar de forma sustentável o recurso pesqueiro. Estas deficiências encorajam a exploração desordenada dos recursos pesqueiros, o que ameaça o futuro dos pescadores artesanais e da biodiversidade marinha. Os pescadores artesanais locais contam agora com uma aplicação mais justa e mais rigorosa dos regulamentos na área protegida, a fim de reservar o seu uso, evitando ao mesmo tempo a sobrepesca
Perrot, Annick. „Une société littorale en Cotentin au XVIIIe siècle : Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue et ses gens de mer“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC025.
This thesis is presented in the form of an investigation carried out in an 18th-century coastal society of Normandy, in order to apprehend the ties linking seafarers, people living by and of the sea, with the other inhabitants of the shore, as well as what may separate them, in a world that is, at first glance, turned towards the sea. The framework of the study is the natural harbour of La Hougue, on the east coast of the Cotentin, which shelters the population of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, the object of our investigations.An introductory chapter presents the conditions of opening onto the high sea off this coastal settlement under the supervision of a vivid institutional meshing, from the parish to the maritime district. Next, a first part is devoted to an historical study of demography, by means of a comparative analysis between the socio-professional group of seafarers, those living by and owing their livelihood to the sea and representing more than half the population, and the other inhabitants. The reconstruction of several hundred destinies has allowed for bringing out the specific behaviour of the maritime population when it comes to marriage or death. A second part is reserved for the exploitation of riparian and halieutic resources and their evolution, analysing the way in which the inhabitants put this coveted area to good use. By following the notary doing estimates, clues to living standards and the way of life came to light after safes and armoires were opened. Finally, the last part tends to emphasise the particularities and constraints of a border environment that determines the life of all the residents of Saint-Vaast, whereas the identity outlines of the sea folk become apparent by means of signifiers, of which the principal marker consisted of mandatory service on the vessels of the royal State, which differentiated them profoundly from the rest of the population
Rivoal, Solène. „La Materia del pesce : structures, gestion et organisation des approvisionnements de Venise en produits de la mer au XVIIIe siècle“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0093.
This study analyses how the city of Venice managed to supply its fish markets in the 18th century, an organization system that involved actors, practices, spaces, and government strategies. The analyze focuses initially on the fish, which means to start by specifying the specimens that were captured to assess the production rhythms. All the mentioned aspects defined the exploitation system of this product, which became a crucial food resource for the city. In Venice, everybody ate seafood in their everyday life, from nobles to popolani. Such a remarkable place of the fish as basic food resulted in intensive reflections by the government and by the actors involved in the markets (merchants, fishermen, or fishmongers). They were particularly concerned about the management, the exploitation, and also the protection of these resources. Therefore, this study is related to historiography in several manners: Environmental history, Social history, and the History of the institutions; and it uses some approaches from Urban history and Economical history as well.The aim of this research is to determine how a management system of a capital resource for the city could be created and negotiated, a complex plan that involved political knowledge, technical skills, and particular uses of the exploitation of the lagoon. This interaction between politics and technique evolved during the 18th century, a period in which the economic life changed deeply. The materia del pesce, an expression used by the Venetian government, became a subject of negotiation between the authorities and the fish market actors
Ledoux, Jean-Baptiste. „Biologie de la conservation du corail rouge, Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) : impact du changement global sur l'évolution des populations infralittorales en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22096/document.
Anthropic pressures act synergistically from gene to ecosystems and from polar to tropical regions, inducing a strong biological loss, which is considered by many as the sixth mass extinction. The evolution of biodiversity facing the ongoing global change is thus an open question.The present study is focused on the shallow populations (5 - 60 m) of Corallium rubrum (Octocorallia,Coralliidae) in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The red coral is a sessile and long-lived species with a larval phase, a slow population dynamics and an important structuring role in the Mediterranean hard substrates communities. This species faces a strong harvesting pressure, and recently underwent two massmortality events linked to positive thermal anomalies putatively due to ongoing climate change. These two pressures may have deep implications on the evolution of the shallow populations of this species. Using population genetics and field ecology, the main objective of this study was to define microevolutionary processes acting between and within red coral populations, to enhance our knowledge on the biology of this species facing the environmental changes. This work extends our knowledge concerning the ecology of Corallium rubrum, and provides new toolsand data for its conservation in the context of the ongoing global change. Moreover, this work improves our understanding in the biology of sessile marine organisms with a larval phase, illustrating for example the relevance of approaches conducted at fine geographical scales to address questions regarding the evolution of these organisms
Wanda, Koumga Francine Josiane. „L'exploitation des ressources halieutiques dans les eaux internationales : équité et protection de l'environnement“. Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20392.