Dissertationen zum Thema „Respiration Regulation Sex differences“
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Jordan, Amy Selina. „The control of respiration and upper airway muscle activity in healthy young men and women“. Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj812.pdf.
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"May 2002." Bibliography: leaves 123-144. Aspects of the control of ventilation and an upper airway dilator muscle (genioglossus) are compared between healthy men and women, in an attempt to identify a gender difference that may contribute to the high male prevalence of sleep apnea.
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Ali, Farrah Z. „Gender differences in T cell regulation and responses to sex hormones“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4934/.
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Conflicting effects of sex hormones could potentially explain the increased susceptibility of females developing autoimmune diseases. In this study I found that 5\(\alpha\)-reductase expression both on the mRNA and protein was unregulated in female T cells after stimulation, which was not observed in the male T cells. This was particularly interesting as 5\(\alpha\)-reductase is responsible for the synthesis of the most potent androgen DHT, which has shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. I did not observe any significant differences in 5\(\alpha\)-reductase expression in T cells between SLE patients and healthy controls. However, I did find a significantly higher expression of 5\(\alpha\)-reductase in B cells from SLE patients compared to healthy controls. In vitro treatment of testosterone showed that high concentrations the proportion of IL-2-producing female CD4 T cells decreased (not in the male T cells) and lower concentrations had the opposite effect. This latter observation was shown to be oestrogen-dependent as experiments using tamoxifen abolosihed the effect. Overall, sex differences are present in the expression of 5\(\alpha\)-reductase in T cells upon stimulation and regulation of 5\(\alpha\)-reductase expression is altered in SLE B cells. IL-2 production is sensitive to changes in testosterone concentration and there is an element of gender dimorphism in the T cell response to testosterone.
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Perry-Parrish, Carisa. „Gender-Atypical Emotion Regulation in Children: Relations to Social and Psychological Functioning“. Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/Perry-ParrishC2007.pdf.
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Dumais, Kelly M. „Involvement of the oxytocin system in sex-specific regulation of social behavior and sex-specific brain activation“. Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106876.
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Thesis advisor: Alexa H. VeenemaThe poorly understood, but robust sex differences in prevalence, symptom severity, and treatment responses of many psychiatric disorders characterized by social dysfunction signifies the importance of understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex differences in the regulation of social behaviors. One potential system involved is the oxytocin (OT) system. OT is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide that has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of social behaviors in rodents and humans. This thesis aims to clarify the role of OT in sex-specific regulation of social behavior and brain function in rats. Study 1 characterized sex differences in the OT system in the brain, and found that males show higher OT receptor (OTR) binding densities in several forebrain regions compared to females. Studies 2 and 3 then determined the relevance of these sex differences in OTR binding densities for the sex-specific regulation of social behavior using pharmacological manipulations of the OTR and in vivo measurement of OT release. Study 2 focused on the function of the OT system in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTp), because this region showed the largest sex difference in OTR binding density, and is part of the core social behavior network. Results show that endogenous OT in the BNSTp is important for social recognition in both sexes, but that exogenous OT facilitated social recognition in males only. Furthermore, social recognition in males, but not in females, was associated with higher endogenous OT release in BNSTp. This study is the first to provide a link between sex differences in OTR binding density and OT release with sex-specific regulation of social recognition by OT. Study 3 focused on amygdala subregions because these regions were found to show sex-specific correlations of OTR binding density with social interest. Results show that the OT system modulates social interest in the central amygdala (CeA), but not the medial amygdala, in sex-specific ways, with activation of the OTR in the CeA facilitating social interest in males, but not in females. These results provide evidence that the CeA is a brain region involved in the sex-specific processing of social stimuli by the OT system. Finally, Study 4 examined whether sex differences in OTR binding densities in forebrain regions lead to sex-specific brain activation in response to OT. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in awake male and female rats following central or peripheral administration of OT. Central OT administration induced sex differences in BOLD activation in numerous brain regions (including several regions with denser OTR binding in males), in which males showed predominantly higher activation compared to females. Peripheral OT administration also induced sex differences in BOLD activation, but in fewer brain regions and in different brain regions compared to central OT, indicating that the pattern and the magnitude of sex differences in neural activation induced by OT strongly depend on the route of administration. Together, outcomes of this thesis provide novel insight into the sexual dimorphic structure and function of the OT system in rats, and highlights the fact that research seeking a full understanding of the role of the OT system in behavioral and brain responses is incomplete without the inclusion of both sexes. These results may be informative given the increasing popularity of the use of OT as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of social dysfunction in sex-biased psychiatric disorders
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
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Williams, DeWayne P. „Ethnicity, Sex, and Vagal Activity: Differences in Hemodynamics Underlying Long-Term Blood Pressure Regulation“. The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500640025670825.
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Higgins, Dane Allen. „A Neuropsychological Investigation of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity to Verbal and Spatial Fluency Tasks: Testing a New Model of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Regulation and Disease“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27628.
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One hundred twenty-six right-handed undergraduate men and women underwent physiological measurements of SBP, DBP, and HR before and after verbal and figural fluency tasks, used as stressors. Dynamic and functional cerebral regulation of cardiovascular reactivity was assessed, specifically, the role that the frontal lobes have in regulating SBP, DBP, and HR in men and women. Sex differences in the functional cerebral regulation of these cardiovascular factors were predicted. Hostility was assessed in these participants, using the Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory (6 total groups of 21 participants each: high-, mid-, and low-hostile participants were identified). Sex and group (hostility) differences were predicted, as well as task (fluency type) differences. Comparisons were also made from a time estimation task (30 and 180 seconds), and the effect that womenâ s menstrual cycle had on fluency. The MCSDS and the STAI were administered.
The principal findings of the current investigation were that the verbal fluency task raised SBP across sex and group, that both stressors raised SBP or DBP in different patterns (no sex differences were found), while stressors interacted with both sex and group. High-hostile men performed better on the first trial of the verbal fluency test compared to low-hostile men, while high-hostile women performed worse on the first trial of the verbal fluency test, compared to low-hostile women. Men perseverated more on each trial of the verbal fluency test, while women perseverated less across trials. High-hostile menâ s time perception seems to be more rapid than low-hostile men, while for women it is the opposite. Women reported significantly more stress from the figural fluency task than men. Women in the luteal phase of menstruation did better on the verbal fluency test than women in the follicular phase of menstruation, and hostility and menstrual phase interact with verbal fluency.
This study encourages the consideration of neuropsychological sex differences in order to better understand cardiovascular regulation mechanisms and disease, leading to the development of improved prevention and behavioral management programs. Findings supporting this idea may bring about a new research focus, as some forms of cardiovascular disease may be more appropriately investigated as arising from neuropsychological problems.Ph. D.
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Queirós, Ana Maria Gomes Capelo Carregal. „Sex- and oestrogen-dependent regulation of miRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17165.
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Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Identifizierung von Geschlechterunterschieden (GU) in der Expression von miRNAs im späten Stadium der Myokardhypertrophie, sowie der möglichen Rolle von ERbeta bei der Regulierung dieser GU. Unsere früheren Studien identifizierten ERβ als determinierenden Faktor für die beobachteten GU bei Druckbelastung. Unter anderem führte eine Deletion des ERbeta zur Aufhebung der zuvor beobachteten GU auf physiologischer und fibrotischer Ebene, sowie in der Genexpression. In dieser Studie wurden insgesamt 30 miRNAs mit Geschlechter- und/oder Geschlecht*Operation-Interaktionseffekten 9 Wochen nach TAC in WT Mäusen identifiziert. Die gleichen Effekte waren in ERbeta-/- Tieren nicht zu beobachten, teilweise aufgrund einer höheren Expression dieser miRNAs in ERbeta-/- Weibchen als bei den Männchen. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt eine Hemmung vieler miRNAs durch Östrogen (E2) und seine Rezeptoren in weiblichen Kardiomyozyten, welches somit die in vivo-Ergebnisse bestätigt und die protektive Rolle von E2 und ERβ im weiblichen Herzen unterstreicht. Sechs der miRNAs mit GU in WT-, aber nicht in ERbeta-/- Hypertrophie-Modellen wurden als mögliche Fibroseregulatoren identifiziert, da ihnen gemeinsame Inhibitoren des ERK-MAPK-Signalwegs als Zielgene vorhergesagt wurden. Die Expression dieser miRNAs, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-27a und miR-27b, war in kardialen Fibroblasten durch E2 geschlechterabhängig reguliert. Zusammengefasst bestätigt diese Arbeit die schützende Rolle von E2 und ERbeta im weiblichen Herzen. E2 und seine Rezeptoren hemmen die Expression vieler miRNAs in weiblichen Kardiomyozyten und kardialen Fibroblasten, sowie in vivo. In männlichen Herzen und kardialen Fibroblasten scheint ERalpha der Hauptakteur zu sein, welcher insbesondere mögliche Fibrose-bezogene miRNAs reguliert. Die verschiedenen Rollen der ERs in weiblichen und männlichen Herzen sind ein bestimmender Faktor der beobachteten GU bei Myokardhypertrophie.The present study aimed to identify sex-differently expressed miRNAs in a late stage of hypertrophy (9 weeks) and the possible role of ERs in the regulation of these differences. Our previous studies identified ERbeta as an important determinant factor of the observed sex differences in pressure overload, playing different roles in males and females. This report identified a total of 30 miRNAs with sex and/or sex*surgery interaction effect 9 weeks after TAC in WT mice. The same effects were not observed in ERbeta-/- animals partially due to the higher expression of these miRNAs in ERbeta-/- females than in their WT counterparts. This study reveals a repression of a number of miRNAs by estradiol and its receptors alpha and beta in female cardiomyocytes, confirming the in vivo results and accentuating the important protective role of oestrogen and ERbeta in the female heart. Six of the miRNAs with sex differences in WT but not in ERbeta-/- hypertrophy models were found to be possible fibrosis regulators by putatively targeting common ERK/MAPK pathway inhibitors. MiR-106a, miR-106b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-27a and miR-27b were subjected to a different regulation by estradiol in cardiac fibroblasts in a sex-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study reinforces the oestrogen and ERbeta protective roles in the female hearts. Estradiol and ERs repress many miRNAs’ expression in both female cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, as well as in vivo. In male hearts and cardiac fibroblasts, ERalpha is apparently the major player, regulating in particular potential fibrosis –related miRNAs. The different roles of ERs in male and female hearts are a determinant factor of the observed sex differences in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Gagnon, Daniel. „Sex-related Differences in Local and Whole-body Heat Loss Responses: Physical or Physiological?“ Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23284.
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The current thesis examined whether sex-differences in local and whole-body heat loss are evident after accounting for confounding differences in physical characteristics and rate of metabolic heat production. Three experimental studies were performed: the first examined whole-body heat loss in males and females matched for body mass and surface area during exercise at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production; the second examined local and whole-body heat loss responses between sexes during exercise at increasing requirements for heat loss; the third examined sex-differences in local sweating and cutaneous vasodilation to given doses of pharmacological agonists, as well as during passive heating. The first study demonstrates that females exhibit a lower whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity (553 ± 77 vs. 795 ± 85 W•°C-1, p=0.05) during exercise performed at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production. The second study shows that whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity is similar between sexes at a requirement for heat loss of 250 W•m-2 (496 ± 139 vs. 483 ± 185 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.91) and 300 W•m-2 (283 ± 70 vs. 211 ± 66 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.17), only becoming greater in males at a requirement for heat loss of 350 W•m-2 (197 ± 61 vs. 82 ± 27 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.007). In the third study, a lower sweat rate to the highest concentration of acetylcholine (0.27 ± 0.08 vs. 0.48 ± 0.13 mg•min-1•cm-2, p=0.02) and methylcholine (0.41 ± 0.09 vs. 0.57 ± 0.11 mg•min-1•cm-2, p=0.04) employed was evidenced in females, with no differences in cholinergic sensitivity. Taken together, the results of the current thesis show that sex itself can modulate sudomotor activity, specifically the thermosensitivity of the response, during both exercise and passive heat stress. Furthermore, the results of the third study point towards a peripheral modulation of the sweat gland as a mechanism responsible for the lower sudomotor thermosensitivity in females.
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Fulton, Caroline Jane. „Regulation within an intimate relationship context : initiation and response strategies utilised in self, partner and relationship regulation : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Arts in Psychology at the University of Canterbury /“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2271.
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The Ideal Standards Model (Simpson, Fletcher and Campbell, 2001) suggests that individuals regulate themselves and their partners based on how closely their perceptions match their ideal standards. Overall, Fletcher and Simpson (2006) provided empirical support for the regulatory function of the Ideal Standards Model and concluded that standards which may initiate regulation reflect three pivotal domains; warmth/trustworthiness, attractiveness/vitality and status/resources. In Study 1, 150 individuals (in heterosexual relationships or had been in the previous six months) spontaneously reported prior regulatory attempts that had focused on changing themselves, their partner or their relationship. Participants then described their most salient regulatory attempt in detail and rated the success of this attempt. In Study 2, 96 individuals (in heterosexual relationships) self-rated various personality and relationship characteristics. Participants also indicated how they would likely respond (using a set of likert scales) to partner initiated regulation attempts which were provided via vignette descriptions. As predicted, results indicated (a) that regulatory attempts reflect the pivotal domains of the Ideal Standards Model, (b) predicted gender differences in the use of regulation, (c) increased regulatory success with the use of interpersonal strategies and (d) increased relationship quality with less negative reactions to regulatory attempts. Results also indicated that women were more likely to respond negatively than men, particularly when the regulation attempt focused on their attractiveness. Implication and explanations are discussed.
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Krizo, Jessica Ann. „Regulation of Food Anticipatory Activity“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470307781.
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Skilbeck, Kelly Johanne. „Stress and GABAA receptor regulation“. University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4997.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)GABAA receptors are implicated in the pathology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. They are rapidly affected by stress in a sex-dependent fashion, suggesting that GABAA receptors may be relevant to understanding the association between stress and psychiatric disorders. Thus, this thesis examined how GABAA receptors are affected in both male and female mice exposed to stress in adulthood (Chapter 2), early-life (Chapter 3-5) and a combination of both early-life and adulthood stress (Chapter 6). 2. The effects of acute adulthood stress (3 minute warm swim stress) on GABAA receptor binding in the brains of male and female mice were examined using quantitative receptor autoradiography. The total number of GABAA receptor [3H]GABA binding sites was increased following swim stress in specific forebrain cortical regions of female mice swum individually or in a group, but decreased in male mice when swum in a group only. These findings confirm and extend previous studies, identifying the cortical regions involved in rapid stress-induced changes in GABAA receptors. 3. Post-natal handling models in rodents comparing control (brief handling sessions; EH) with no intervention stress conditions (NH), indicate that the NH condition results in an anxious adulthood phenotype and this was confirmed in the present thesis using the elevated plus-maze behavioural test. Using this model the effects of early-life stress on adulthood GABAA receptors were then examined. 4. Regional densities of GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunit proteins were observed in the adult brain of male and female mice using immunoperoxidase histochemistry. NH males showed a loss of the α2 subunit from the thalamus and the lower layers (IV-VI) of the primary somatosensory cortex, whilst NH females showed a reduction of α2 but an increase in α1 protein in the lower layers of the primary somatosensory cortex only. These regionally specific alterations in the α1:α2 subunit ratio suggest that early-life stress disrupts the developmental α subunit switch, which occurs in a regionally-dependent fashion over the first two weeks of rodent life. 5. Double-labelling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to examine the effects of sex and early-life stress on GABAA receptor synaptic clustering. Regardless of sex, mice exposed to early-life stress (NH) showed reduced colocalisation of the GABAA receptor α2 subunit with the synaptic marker protein gephyrin relative to the control condition (EH). This suggests that early-life stress impairs adulthood inhibitory synaptic strength and is consistent with the increased anxiety of the stressed relative to control mice. 6. Finally, the effects of early-life stress on adulthood swim stress-induced changes in GABAA receptor binding were examined using quantitative receptor autoradiography in forebrain cortical regions. Findings showed that the effect of adulthood stress on the total number of GABAA receptor binding sites for [3H]GABA in forebrain cortical regions was altered by early-life stress in both male and female mice, suggesting that the rapid adulthood stress response of GABAA receptors is affected by early-life experience. 7. Together these results show that GABAA receptors are sensitive to subtle changes in the environment in both early-life and adulthood and that these neurochemical responses to stress in adulthood are sex-dependent. The short and long-term stress-sensitivity of the GABAergic system implicates GABAA receptors in the non-genetic aetiology of psychiatric illnesses in which sex and stress are important factors.
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Kay, Emma. „An investigation into sex-differences in the regulation and function of Toll-like receptors in leukocyte trafficking in vivo“. Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8441.
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Sexual dimorphisms exist in the incidence and severity of many diseases, with females demonstrating relative protection from inflammatory conditions. The extent and mechanisms by which excessive leukocyte recruitment underlies these differences are not well established, and better understanding is essential for the development of targeted therapies. Evidence suggests that variances in pathogen-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) underlie sex-differences in leukocyte recruitment. This thesis aimed to investigate sex-differences in trafficking of leukocytes in the zymosan peritonitis murine model of acute inflammation and furthermore evaluate if these differences were accompanied by changes in TLR2 or TLR4 expression. This work shows that female mice recruit fewer classical monocytes and neutrophils during zymosan induced peritonitis. It demonstrates female murine peritoneal macrophages are more numerous, whilst the peritoneal cytokine environments and zymosan-sensing receptors are similar between the sexes. Sex-differences were evident in the circulation as female mice showed reduced neutrophilia and monocytosis versus male counterparts, despite having similar mobilisation from bone marrow (BM) stores. The work further revealed that storage and trafficking of splenic leukocytes during acute inflammation is distinct between the sexes. Male mice have greater splenic stores of neutrophils, classical- and non-classical- monocytes, despite similar spleen sizes, signifying another source of potential pathogenic leukocytes. Furthermore, males but not females mobilise splenic classical monocytes in response to peritonitis. Conversely, neutrophils appear to traffic to the spleen in females, but not males, in this model. Whilst BM neutrophils from males displayed more TLR2 and TLR4 than females, no major differences under basal or inflamed conditions in TLR2 or TLR4 expression were evident on leukocyte subsets. This work demonstrates that males and females have distinct leukocyte trafficking profiles in acute inflammation, and suggests that the spleen, not the BM, plays a role in determining sex-differences in the available pool of immune cells. Such dimorphisms demonstrate the importance of considering gender in assay development, drug design and clinical trials.
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Normandin, Joseph Jeremy. „Anatomy and Physiology of the Nucleus Paragigantocellularis: Neural Regulation of Genital Reflexes in Male and Female Rats“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/biology_diss/73.
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The supraspinal control of descending inhibition of genital reflexes (such as ejaculation) is poorly understood but is important in our global comprehension of how neural signals are integrated to produce sexual behavior, and in our understanding of sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunctions, such as premature ejaculation/delayed ejaculation in men, and involuntary vaginal spasms, dyspareunia, and anorgasmia in women, are common. An underlying dysregulation of genital reflexes may produce these dysfunctions, especially in those individuals being treated for depression and anxiety with serotonergic drugs. The nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) of the rat medulla has been described as a descending inhibitory system for genital reflexes in rats, and a homologue is known in humans. Through retrograde tracing of nPGi afferents with the tracer Fluorogold in rats, we found that a number of brain regions implicated in sexual behavior, such as the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG) provide sexually dimorphic projections to the nPGi, and that many of these regions contain receptors for gonadal steroids and are active during sexual behavior. We also found that excitotoxic lesions of the nPGi with N-methyl-D-aspartate facilitate male sexual behavior by reducing the number of intromissions required for ejaculation, and decreasing ejaculation latency. In females, such lesions attenuated sexual behavior by reducing the amount of time the female spent mating and reducing the reinforcement value of vaginocervical stimulation. Lastly, we found that by removing the source of serotonin to the nPGi (from the ventrolateral PAG) with the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-DHT in male rats, we were able to mimic the effects of nPGi lesions and facilitated male sexual behavior indicating that serotonin neurotransmission at the level of the nPGi is critical for genital reflex control. Taken together our results indicate that the nPGi is an important site of integration of internal signals for the regulation of sexual behavior that is sexually dimorphic and under serotonergic control. Our understanding of normal and dysfunction genital reflex control, and possible treatment options in people, is complemented by these results.
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Nelson, Lyndsay A. „The Effect of Romantic Jealousy on Self-Control: An Examination of Trait Constructs and Sex Differences Based on Survey and Experimental Data“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2397.
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A large body of research has demonstrated that the experience of romantic jealousy is often associated with a variety of negative outcomes. However, evolutionary psychologists have provided evidence that jealousy is an adaptive emotion that can aid with mate retention. Together these lines of research suggest that jealousy may at times work to protect and enhance one’s relationship, whereas in other cases it could lead to harmful consequences. Considering the varying outcomes of jealousy, it is critical that research explore more specifically how this complex state operates and how it affects individuals’ functioning. In the present research I conducted 2 separate studies in order to examine how jealousy is related to self-control. In Study 1 I used an online survey to examine how individuals’ trait self-control was related to their levels of chronic jealousy. Results showed that trait self-control was negatively associated with cognitive and behavioral jealousy but was not associated with emotional jealousy. Additionally, all 3 components of jealousy explained variance in self-control above and beyond the effects of self-esteem and rejection sensitivity. In Study 2 I used hypothetical scenarios in order to experimentally examine how imagined infidelity would impact individuals’ state self-control. Furthermore, based on research demonstrating sex differences in distress based on different types of infidelity, I examined how imagined sexual and emotional infidelity would differentially impact males’ and females’ state self-control. Using a 3 x 2 between-subjects design, participants from a primarily young adult sample were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity, and a control. Afterward, state self-control was assessed through a behavioral task. Results showed no differences in state self-control based on condition and no difference between males and females based on type of infidelity. There was a main effect for sex, such that males generally showed higher self-control than females across all 3 conditions. Although the results demonstrate that chronic jealousy and trait self-control are associated constructs, the findings from Study 2 suggest that the experience of jealousy not does impact state self-control. Methodological concerns are addressed and future avenues are presented for researching how jealousy and self-control may be related.
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Louis, Emily S. „Influence of gender and muscle origin on skeletal muscle gene expression at rest and following maximal resistance exercise“. Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1395462.
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The aim of this investigation was to compare the acute anabolic and catabolic responses of male and female vastus lateralis (VL) and soleus (SOL) muscles in response to resistance exercise (RE). Muscle biopsies from the VL of 7 males (26±3 y, 75±8 kg) and 7 females (25±3 y, 59±5 kg) were obtained before, and 2 and 6 h after 4 x 7 supine-squat, and 4 x 14 calf-press exercises at maximal effort using inertial ergometry. The mRNA levels of select myogenic (MyoD, myogenin, MRF4), proteolytic (atrogin-1 , MuRF-1), myostatin, and inflammatory (IL-6, -8, -15) genes were quantified using real-time RT-PCR. Male VL vs SOL: The SOL had higher basal mRNA levels of myogenic, proteolytic, and inflammatory genes. After exercise, the myogenic response was similar between the VL and SOL. Both muscles increased MuRF-1 similarly at 2 h, whereas 6 h post-RE proteolytic gene expression (GE) was suppressed in the VL but not in the SOL. The SOL had a reduction in myostatin GE, and a more robust inflammatory response compared to the VL. These findings indicate a more favorable growth response in the VL. Gender comparisons: VL – Basally, the male VL had higher levels of myogenic, proteolytic, myostatin, and inflammatory mRNA compared to the female VL. After exercise, both genders increased myogenic GE similarly. Both genders increased MuRF-1 initially, with females also increasing atrogin-1 and myostatin post-RE. At 6 h, males decreased proteolytic GE to below basal levels. Females also had a greater inflammatory response than males. These findings indicate a greater growth response to RE in the male VL as compared to the female VL. SOL – After exercise, both genders increased myogenic GE in the SOL, but only males increased MyoD expression. Males increased MuRF-1 mRNA but decreased myostatin GE, while females decreased atrogin-1. The inflammatory response was similar between males and females. Despite the modest differences, the net response of the female and male SOL was similar, and indicated a molecular response slightly favorable for growth.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Hendricks, Whitney G. „Maternal regulation strategies and toddlers' frustration relations to child gender /“. View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/hendricksw/whitneyhendricks.pdf.
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Teague, Rosemary Judith Patricia, und n/a. „Social Functioning in Preschool Children: Can Social Information Processing and Self-Regulation Skills Explain Sex Differences and Play a Role in Preventing Ongoing Problems?“ Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061106.132840.
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A consistent finding in the literature is that children who demonstrate lower levels of social functioning (i.e., exhibit high levels of externalising and internalising problems and low levels of socially competent behaviour) have problems interpreting social cues and enacting appropriate behavioural responses in social situations (that is, they have poor social information processing (SIP) skills). Another consistent finding is that children who demonstrate lower levels of social functioning have problems regulating behaviour and/or emotions (that is, they have poor self-regulation skills). The research questions in this study explore two related issues: whether these associations can explain sex differences in social functioning (with girls consistently exhibiting higher levels of social competence and lower levels of externalising problems than boys) and whether an intervention targeting SIP and self-regulation skills can lead to improvements in social functioning. The study forms one component of a larger developmental prevention project (the Pathways to Prevention Project) which involves the provision of an integrated set of intervention strategies to children attending preschools in a highly disadvantaged Brisbane suburb. It also involves programs with their families, their schools and relevant ethnic communities. This study relates to a sub-sample of 308 children who participated solely in the social skills program. Children from two preschools received the program (N=174) and were compared with children from two other preschools who did not receive the program (N=134). The research questions were addressed using a repeated measures design, with data being collected from all intervention and comparison children pre- and post-intervention (that is, at the beginning and end of the school year) and at a one year follow-up at the end of Grade 1. The study is unique as it involves Australian children from a diverse range of cultural backgrounds, many of whom who are non-English speaking. Few studies have involved such diverse samples and none have been implemented in an Australian context. The first two research questions seek to confirm findings from prior studies, examining whether females exhibit higher levels of social functioning than males and whether there is a significant relationship between social functioning and SIP and self-regulation skills. The third research question significantly extends prior findings by examining whether there are sex differences in SIP and self-regulation skills and whether these can account for sex differences in social functioning. This issue has been largely overlooked in the literature. The fourth research question examines whether a social skills intervention designed to improve preschool children's SIP and self-regulatory skills can lead to improvements in these skills and increase levels of social functioning. The fifth research question examines the relative effect of the intervention for boys and girls. Using pre-intervention data, the study confirmed prior research, finding significant sex differences in social functioning with girls exhibiting higher levels of social competence and lower levels of externalising problems. A significant relationship was also found between measures of SIP, self-regulation skills and social functioning. A significant sex difference was found in SIP and self-regulation skills, with girls performing better than boys on these measures. After adjusting for children's scores on the SIP measure, sex differences in social competence were no longer significant. Sex differences in externalising problems remained significant but were markedly reduced. A similar pattern of findings was observed when adjusting for self-regulation skills. These findings represent a major contribution to the understanding of sex differences in social functioning. In comparison to non-participants, participants in the social skills program demonstrated significant improvements in SIP, self-regulation skills and social competence which were sustained 12 months after the completion of the intervention. In general, program participation was not found to be associated with changes in children's levels of externalising and internalising behaviour problems, although there were strong and significant reductions in externalising behaviour problems for disruptive children who were consistently engaged with the program. Program effects were greatest where it was consistently reinforced by teachers. No significant sex differences in program effects were found. Implications for future policy are that child-focused programs designed to increase school readiness and levels of social competence should include SIP and self-regulation components. More intensive programs may be required for long term improvements in behaviour problems. In terms of future practice, it is concluded that the implementation and evaluation of programs for young disadvantaged children from a range of multi-cultural backgrounds must limit English language requirements to increase program engagement, and encourage parental involvement using strategies such as parent training groups that do not demand high levels of parental literacy. Teacher involvement also needs to be maximised either through the provision of teacher training or through intensive mentoring.
18
Hudson, Donna Louise. „The Effects of Lower Body Negative Pressure on the Cardiovascular System: The Relationships of Gender and Aerobic Fitness“. Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935602/.
Annotation:
Sixteen males and sixteen females were recruited for this study; eight of each gender were aerobically trained athletes; the remaining eight were untrained control subjects. Each subject performed a maximal exercise stress test for aerobic capacity (VO2max). On a separate day the blood volume and the cardiovascular responses to progressive (0 to -50 torr) lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were determined. The female subjects were observed to be significantly more tolerant of the LBNP than the male subjects. No differences between groups were observed in changes in leg volume, cardiac index, blood pressure, or heart rate during LBNP. However, the females, in comparison to the males, maintained stroke index at a higher level, and increased regional vasoconstriction more, during the LBNP induced hypotensive stress. These findings suggest that female subjects withstand LBNP to -50 torr better than male subjects.
19
Jordan, Amy Selina. „The control of respiration and upper airway muscle activity in healthy young men and women / by Amy Jordan“. Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21859.
Annotation:
"May 2002."Bibliography: leaves 123-144.
xiv, 144 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Aspects of the control of ventilation and an upper airway dilator muscle (genioglossus) are compared between healthy men and women, in an attempt to identify a gender difference that may contribute to the high male prevalence of sleep apnea.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2002
20
Fees, Alexander Jacob. „Mechanisms of coronary microvascular tone regulation: aging and sex differences“. 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39071.
Annotation:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health
Mark Haub
The coronary microcirculation is the principle site of blood flow control and myocardium oxygen delivery within the coronary artery tree. Coronary arteriole tone is determined by three major endothelium derived vasoactive substances: endothelin, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of these substances change with aging and differ between sexes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), the primary endothelin isoform in the coronary circulation, acts on smooth muscle receptors endothelin-A (ET[subscript A]) and endothelin-B (ET[subscript B]) to induce vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction and vasoconstriction. Whereas ET-1 activation of the ET[subscript B] receptor on the endothelium initiates a cascade of events leading to NO production via endothelium derived NO synthase (eNOS) enzyme activation and VSM relaxation. Aged males maintain ET[subscript A] receptor expression and higher levels of vasoconstriction than do age-matched females. High levels of ET[subscript A] receptor activity are associated with hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery spasm, atherosclerosis, and finally heart failure (HF). Additionally, NO can displace ET-1 from the VSM ET[subscript A] and ET[subscript B] receptors. Thus, with reduced eNOS activity and decreased NO production, there is a simultaneous loss of vasodilatory capacity and increase in vasoconstrictive capacity. In both rodent and human models aged males and females ROS production increases with age. ROS, such as superoxide, scavenge NO, decreasing its bioavailability and producing peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is a potent reactive nitrogen species that leads to endothelial cell apoptosis and eNOS enzyme dissociation, potentiating superoxide production and NO reduction. It has been shown that the reduction in NO bioavailability may be a primary mechanism of coronary artery disease. However, the ROS hydrogen peroxide, also increased with aging, produces a potent vasodilatory effect in the coronary microcirculation and seems to be one mechanism that buffers the loss of NO-induced vasodilation. In postmenopausal women diminished estrogen levels further reduce eNOS production of NO. Males, however, tend to experience decrements in arteriole function a decade before women and estrogen may be one mechanism preserving vascular health into middle age that separates the chronology of coronary artery disease between sexes. Determining the mechanisms of disease onset that accompany the aging process will provide insight into potential therapies to preserve endothelium dependent dilation with aging such as exercise, dietary NO supplementation, and increased dietary anti-oxidant consumption.
21
Ballagh, Irene. „Sex differences in the structure, function and regulation of vocal circuits in Xenopus“. Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TB14WM.
Annotation:
Vertebrate motor behaviors vary widely both in form and complexity, and so do the brains that generate them. Despite this variability, there is a high degree of conservation across vertebrate taxa in the organization of the neural circuits which control the patterning and expression of motor behavior, which are usually distributed across multiple regions within the nervous system. Attempts to understand the principles of how nervous systems generate motor outputs are aided by taking a broad perspective, comparing how neural circuits at different levels of the brain interact and cooperate to produce behaviors with differing levels of complexity. We investigated the question of how variable motor patterns of a single class of behaviors are generated and expressed by motor control circuits in a relatively simple vertebrate model system, the vocalizations of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Female and male Xenopus make temporally stereotyped sex-specific calls using a single pair of muscles. Calls vary in complexity, and female calls are considerably simpler than those of males in terms of temporal structure, but both sexes switch between different components of a sex- specific vocal repertoire in response to external stimuli and internal states. Sex differences in vocal behavior are regulated by gonadal hormones, and both the patterning and the expression of sex-specific call types can be modified by manipulating hormone levels in adulthood. We took advantage of this flexible control of otherwise stereotyped motor behavior to analyze how motor circuits pattern and express different vocal behaviors in Xenopus using an ex vivo isolated brain preparation. Fictive calling episodes closely matching the temporal structure of in vivo calls are readily induced ex vivo in both male and female Xenopus by bath application of serotonin (5- HT). We used 5-HT-elicited fictive calling episodes to probe how the activity of vocal circuits varies between male and female calling patterns, and investigated the mechanisms that generate these differences using female brains whose vocal circuits had been masculinized by treatment with exogenous androgen. We show that vocal patterning circuits can be masculinized even where there is no expression of vocal behavior in vivo, that sex differences in vocal patterns are expressed at multiple levels of the vocal pattern generating circuit, and that individual characteristics that vary as a function of sex differ in their sensitivity to masculinization by exogenous androgen. Masculinization of ex vivo vocal patterns without masculinization of vocal behavior in vivo suggests that the circuits governing patterning are distinct from those governing action selection in this system. Using a combination of tracing and microstimulation techniques in the isolated brain, we outline a putative top down control circuit for vocal control in Xenopus. This circuit is centered on the anuran central amygdala nucleus (CeA), located in the ventral subpallium of the telencephalon. We show that this forebrain nucleus receives auditory input from a thalamic sensory nucleus, and projects directly and indirectly to vocal pattern generating circuits in the hindbrain. Electrically stimulating CeA in the ex vivo preparation induces fictive calling episodes in the absence of exogenous 5-HT. Electrical stimulation is equally effective in a neighboring subpallial nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). BNST and CeA share several common targets within the diencephalon and isthmo-mesencephalic tegmentum, however BNST does not project directly to hindbrain vocal pattern generating nuclei. The fictive calling generated by these two subpallial nuclei is indistinguishable, indicating that the ability of microstimulation to drive activity in hindbrain vocal circuits is mediated through indirect connections. In female (but not male) brains, the temporal characteristics of fictive calling induced by microstimulation differ from those induced by 5-HT application, occurring at faster repetition rates that resemble the call made by receptive female Xenopus in response to auditory stimulation. We propose that fictive calling induced by stimulation of the telencephalon represents an ex vivo correlate of this behavioral pattern. The reproductive state of the female frog at the time of brain isolation does not alter the response of the ex vivo preparation to either 5-HT or microstimulation. We hypothesize that the effects of behavioral state on neural circuits are mediated by sensory nuclei upstream of forebrain motor control circuits. Considered as a whole, the work presented in this thesis shows that variations in motor behaviors are expressed through multiple levels of motor control circuits throughout the central nervous system. These results emphasize the benefits of studying motor behaviors with a view to diversity and variation, both when considering the behaviors themselves and when analyzing the circuits that pattern and govern them.
22
Wegner, Waja. „Transcriptional regulation of sex-dependently expressed renal organic anion transporter 1 and 3“. Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-FB39-A.
Annotation:
Organische-Anionen-Transporter (OATs) sind maßgeblich an der Ausscheidung von körpereigenen und körperfremden Substanzen über die Niere beteiligt. In Ratten, einem häufig verwendeten Tiermodell in präklinischen Studien, ist bekannt, dass die basolateral lokalisierten Organischen-Anionen-Transporter 1 (Oat1) und 3 (Oat3) in männlichen Tieren stärker und darüber hinaus Testosteron abhängig exprimiert werden. Beide Transporter sind an der Ausscheidung von organischen Anionen, einschließlich negativ geladener Medikamente wie zum Beispiel Adefovir, Furosemid oder Penicillin, beteiligt.
In den menschlichen Nieren zählen der OAT1 und der OAT3 zu den klinisch relevanten Transportern, deren Funktionen im Laufe neuer Medikamentenentwicklung berücksichtigt werden sollten. Für das Antibiotikum Penicillin wurde bei Frauen ein vermehrtes Auftreten von Nebenwirkungen im Vergleich zu Männern gezeigt. Dieses erhöhte Risiko könnte möglicher Weise auf einer geschlechtsabhängigen Expression des OAT1 und OAT3 zurückzuführen sein.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den molekularen Mechanismus, der für die höhere Oat1 und Oat3 Expression in den männlichen Rattennieren verantwortlich ist, zu identifizieren.
Mit Hilfe von Luciferase assays wurde die Aktivierung von Ratten und menschlichen Oat1/OAT1 und Oat3/OAT3 Promotoren untersucht. Hierzu wurden zunächst Oat1/OAT1 und Oat3/OAT3 Promotorkonstrukte generiert, welche unterschiedlich lange Promotorregionen enthielten, und diese anschließend transient in OK oder LLC-PK1 Zellen transfiziert. Mittels Co-Transfektion potentieller transkriptioneller Regulatoren konnte deren Einfluss auf die Promotoraktivität von Oat1/OAT1 und Oat3/OAT3 untersucht werden.
Zur Identifikation geschlechtsabhängig exprimierter Gene in der proximalen Tubuluszelle der Rattennieren wurden von vier männlichen und vier weiblichen Tieren je eine Niere präpariert und deren RNA mit Hilfe eines microarrays und real-time PCR analysiert.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die bereits bekannte männlich dominierende Expression von Oat1 und Oat3 in Rattennieren nicht durch den klassischen Testosteron/Androgenrezeptor vermittelten, transkriptionellen Mechanismus reguliert wird. Vergleichbar zu den Ratten Oat1 und Oat3, zeigten auch die menschlichen OAT1 und OAT3 Promotoren keine Aktivierung durch den Testosteron/Androgenrezeptor-Komplex.
Während der Suche nach geschlechtsabhängig exprimierter transkriptioneller Regulatoren in der Rattenniere, konnte die Expression des Transkriptionsfaktors B-cell CLL/ lymphoma 6 (BCL6) erstmalig als männlich dominierend identifiziert werden. Die bereits bekannten Aktivatoren der Oats/OATs Expression, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α), HNF1β und HNF4α zeigten keine geschlechtsabhängige Expression. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass BCL6 die Promotoren der Ratten und menschlichen Oat1/OAT1 und Oat3/OAT3 aktiviert. Die BCL6-vermittelte Aktivierung von Oat1/OAT1 und Oat3/OAT3 erfolgt nicht über die bislang vorhergesagten BCL6-Bindungsstellen, aber möglicher Weise über Protein-Protein Interaktionen mit den Transkriptionsfaktoren HNF1 oder cAMP response element binding protein (CREB).
Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Transkriptionsfaktor BCL6 einen vielversprechenden Regulator der geschlechtsabhängigen Expression von Oat1 und Oat3 in Ratten darstellt. Es ist anzunehmen, dass BCL6 ebenso die humane OAT1 und OAT3 Expression reguliert.
23
Sugathan, Aarathi. „Role of growth hormone and chromatin structure in regulation of sex differences in mouse liver gene expression“. Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/13139.
Annotation:
Sex differences in mammalian gene expression result from differences in genotypic sex as well as in hormonal regulators between males and females. In rat, mouse and human liver, ~1000 genes are expressed in a sex-dependent manner, and contribute to sex differences in metabolism of drugs, steroids and lipids, and in liver and cardiovascular disease risk. In rats and mice, sex-biased liver gene expression is primarily dictated by the sexually dimorphic pattern of pituitary growth hormone (GH) release and its STAT5-dependent transcriptional activities. Studies presented in this thesis include the following. (1) A computational approach based on DNA sequence and phylogenetic conservation was developed and used to identify novel functional STAT5 binding sites - both consensus and non-consensus STAT5 sequences - near prototypic GH-responsive genes. (2) Global gene expression analysis of livers from pituitary-ablated male and female mice identified four major classes of sex-biased genes differing in their profiles of GH dependence. (3) Sex-differences in DNase-hypersensitive sites (DHS, corresponding to open chromatin regions) were identified genome-wide in mouse liver. These sex-differential DHSs were enriched for association with sex-biased genes, but a majority was distant from sex-biased genes. Furthermore, many were responsive to GH treatment, demonstrating that GH-mediated regulation involves chromatin remodeling. Analysis of sequence motifs enriched at sex-biased DHSs implicated STAT5 and novel transcription factors such as PBX1 and TAL1 in sex-biased gene regulation. (4) Genome-wide mapping of histone modifications revealed distinct mechanisms of sex-biased gene regulation in male and female liver: sex-dependent K27me3-mediated repression is an important mechanism of repression of female-biased, but not of male-biased, genes, and a sex-dependent K4me1 distribution, suggesting nucleosome repositioning by pioneer factors, is observed at male-biased, but not female-biased, regulatory sites. STAT5-mediated activation was most strongly associated with sex-biased chromatin modifications, while BCL6-mediated repression primarily occurs in association with sex-independent chromatin modifications, both at binding sites and at target genes. The relationships between sex-dependent chromatin accessibility, chromatin modifications and transcription-factor binding uncovered by these studies help elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing sex-differential gene expression, and underscore the utility of functional genomic and epigenetic studies as tools for elucidating transcriptional regulation in complex mammalian systems.
24
Jarvis, Sara S. Pawelczyk James Anthony. „The study of sex differences in the regulation of orthostatic blood pressure the role of the splanchnic circulation /“. 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3845/index.html.
25
Zeitschel, Frank. „Automatische Wahrnehmung affektiver lexikaler Reize in Abhängigkeit der individuellen Bindungseinstellung“. 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71656.
Annotation:
Diese experimentelle Arbeit untersucht den Effekt der Bindungseinstellung gesunder Erwachsener auf die automatische Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize. Die Bindungseinstellung einer Person ist ein relativ stabiles Muster aus kognitiven Einstellungen, Strategien der Affektregulation und Verhalten bezüglich enger Beziehungen zu anderen Menschen. Sie wird in der Kindheit geprägt und ist ein gewichtiger Faktor für die psychische und allgemeine Gesundheit während des Erwachsenenalters. 106 Probanden ohne psychische Vorerkrankungen wurde ein affektives Priming-Experiment mit positiv- und negativ-valenten Adjektiven vorgegeben. Die Primes wurden für nur 50 Millisekunden präsentiert und waren maskiert. Affektive Primingeffekte belegen die unkontrollierte Wahrnehmung minimaler Reize und dienen als Maß für automatische Bewertungsprozesse. Sie wurden auf Grundlage der Reaktionszeiten berechnet. Neben der emotionalen Valenz wurde die Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters 1983) der Reize berücksichtigt. Die Ausprägung der individuellen Bindungsorientierung, sowie weitere psychologische Kontrollvariablen wurden mittels etablierter Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente erfasst. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen moderaten Effekt von Bindungsangst und Bindungsvermeidung auf die automatische Verarbeitung emotionaler Stimuli bei Frauen, jedoch nicht bei Männern. Die Daten erbringen außerdem starke Evidenz für die automatische Differenzierung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz (Peeters, 1983) von lexikalen Reizen. Der Einfluss der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische emotionale Wahrnehmung manifestierte sich nur für andere-relevante Reize. Das komplexe Muster der Interaktion von Bindungsorientierung, Geschlecht, Selbst-Andere-Relevanz und automatischer Wahrnehmung wird vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Theorien der bindungsabhängigen Emotionsregulation diskutiert.:1. Einführung 1
1.1. Vorbemerkungen 1
1.2. Das Bindungssystem 2
1.2.1. Grundlagen 2
1.2.2. Emotionsregulation 6
1.2.3. Klinische Relevanz 11
1.3. Automatische Kognition 13
1.3.1. Priming und affektives Priming 14
1.3.2. Selbst-Andere-Relevanz 16
1.3.3. Bindungsorientierung und Wahrnehmung emotionaler Reize 18
2. Aufgabenstellung 24
2.1. Fragestellung 24
2.2. Methodischer Ansatz 24
2.3. Hypothesen 25
2.3.1. Hypothese 1 25
2.3.2. Hypothese 2 26
2.3.3. Hypothese 3 26
2.3.4. Einfluss des Geschlechtes 27
3. Methoden 29
3.1. Stichprobe 29
3.2. Versuchsablauf, Fragebögen und Testverfahren 29
3.2.1. Bochumer Bindungsfragebogen (BoBi) 31
3.2.2. Beck Depressions-Inventar (BDI) 32
3.2.3. State-Trait Angst-Inventar (STAI) 33
3.2.4. Emotionsregulationsfragebogen (ERQ) 34
3.2.5. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest (MWT-B) 34
3.3. Priming Experiment 35
3.3.1. Untersuchungsdesign 36
3.3.2. Durchführung und Aufbau 37
3.3.3. Stimuli 38
4. Ergebnisse 41
4.1. Kontrollvariablen 41
4.2. Autodeskriptive Bindungseinstellung - BoBi 41
4.2.1. Deskriptive und vergleichende Statistik 41
4.2.2. Bindungseinstellung und Geschlecht 43
4.2.3. Korrelationen mit weiteren Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Intelligenz 43
4.3. Ergebnisse des Priming-Experiments 44
4.3.1. Fehlerraten 44
4.3.2. Reaktionszeiten 44
4.3.3. Affektives Priming 46
4.3.4. Affektives Priming und Geschlecht 47
4.3.5. Affektives Priming und Bindungseinstellung 48
4.3.6. Relevanz-Priming 51
4.3.7. Relevanz-Priming und Geschlecht 52
4.3.8. Relevanz-Priming und Bindungseinstellung 52
4.3.9. Interaktion affektives Priming und Relevanz-Priming 53
4.4. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 55
5. Diskussion 56
5.1. Vergleichende Einordnung der Ergebnisse 56
5.1.1. Bindungseinstellung 56
5.1.2. Reaktionszeiten 57
5.1.3. Affektives Priming 58
5.2. Überprüfung der Hypothesen 59
5.2.1. H1: Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische Wahrnehmung von emotionalen Reizen 59
5.2.2. H2: Automatische Verarbeitung der Selbst-Andere-Relevanz von emotionalen Reizen 62
5.2.3. H3: Differentieller Effekt der Bindungsorientierung auf die automatische
Wahrnehmung von selbst- und andere-relevanten Reizen 64
5.2.4. Geschlechterunterschiede 65
5.3. Stärken und Limitationen 67
5.4. Klinische Implikationen 69
6. Zusammenfassung 70
7. Literatur 733
8. Eigenständigkeitserklärung 799
9. Lebenslauf 80
10. Danksagung 811
26
Walsh, Anthony. „Negative affect mediates the relationship between the Cortisol Awakening Response and Conduct Problems in boys“. Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3604.
Annotation:
Ce mémoire débute avec deux chapitres portant sur les problèmes des conduites et la régulation du stress, notamment sur l’axe hypothalamique-pituitaire-surrénal (HPS). Ensuite, la littérature est résumée et nous voyons que les études qui cherchent à établir un lien entre les problèmes des conduites et l’axe HPS ont trouvé des résultats différents et parfois contradictoires. Le chapitre suivant illustre les problèmes méthodologiques qui pourraient expliquer ces résultats différents. Vient ensuite l’étude présentée dans ce mémoire qui cherche à établir un lien entre la réponse cortisolaire à l’éveil (RCE), considérée comme un bon indice du fonctionnent de l’axe HPS, et les problèmes de conduites chez l’enfant. De plus, les émotions négatives ont été associées avec les problèmes des conduites ainsi qu’aux dysfonctions de l’axe HPS, notamment le RCE. L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire cherche aussi à établir si les émotions négatives pourrait être une variable médiatrice dans la relation potentielle entre la RCE et les problèmes des conduites. L’étude révèle que pour les garçons mais pas pour les filles, une RCE réduite est associée avec les émotions négatives, ce qui est successivement associé avec les problèmes des conduites. Le dernier chapitre du mémoire examine les implications théoriques de cette médiatisation et propose également des pistes psychobiologiques pour expliquer les différences sexuelles observées.This thesis begins with two chapters which discuss conduct problems and stress regulation, with a focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Subsequently, the literature is reviewed and we see that with regards to the relationship between conduct problems and HPA axis activity, the findings are inconsistent. It is possible that methodological considerations underlie the inconsistency found in the literature and the following chapter is concerned with methodology. This is followed by the featured study presented in this thesis which examines the link between the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is considered a good indicator of HPA axis functioning, and conduct problems in children. Further, negative affect has been linked to both conduct problems and the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). Thus it was hypothesized that negative affect acts as a mediator in the cortisol-conduct problems relationship. The featured study found that a reduced CAR was associated with both negative affect and conduct problems, however only in boys and not in girls. Further, the mediation hypothesis was supported in boys. The last chapter in this thesis discusses the implications of this mediation finding for theories of conduct problems as well as proposing some psychobiological mechanisms to explain the sex differences found.