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1
Ngamilolo, Loïc-Rodney. „Le rôle de l'ONU et de l'OUA dans la résolution pacifique des conflits armés en République Démocratique du Congo de 1996 à 2002“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2024_0118_NGAMILOLO.pdf.
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L'accession à la souveraineté internationale de la République du Congo (actuelle République Démocratique du Congo), le 30 juin 1960, a été suivie d'une instabilité politico-sécuritaire de grande ampleur. Après une certaine stabilité retrouvée dès la prise du pouvoir par Joseph MOBUTU en 1965, le pays bascule à nouveau dans un conflit armé. Ce conflit dure de 1996 à 2002 avec l'implication de neuf pays africains ainsi que d'une vingtaine de groupes armés. Ce qui a en fait la plus grande guerre internationalisée de l'histoire des Relations internationales de l'Afrique contemporaine. À côté des pertes humaines considérables, la cruauté et la barbarie des combats ont contraint des millions de personnes à l'exode dans des conditions humanitaires extrêmement précaires. L'ONU et l'OUA se sont fortement mobilisées en vue de trouver une solution négociée, susceptible de rétablir la paix et la sécurité dans le pays.La présente étude avait pour but d'examiner le rôle joué par ces deux organisations, en mettant en exergue la portée de leurs actions de paix au cours de cette période conflictuelle. Elles ont permis une action positive en ce sens que la situation sécuritaire en RDC a connu quelques améliorations à la suite de leur mobilisation qui s'est traduite par une diplomatie structurée autour d'envoyés spéciaux, avec l'organisation de sommets de paix internationaux et la mise en place des mécanismes ad hoc de stabilisation. Toutefois cette stabilisation reste très précaire en raison de la persistance de l'insécurité et de l'instabilité dans ce pays. Celles-ci se poursuivent d'ailleurs jusqu'à nos jours, notamment dans la région orientaleThe accession to international sovereignty of the Republic of the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) on 30 June 1960 was followed by large-scale political and security instability. After a certain stability regained as soon as Joseph Mobutu took power in 1965, the country once again fell into armed conflict. This conflict lasted from 1996 to 2002 and saw the involvement of nine African countries as well as about twenty armed groups. This has in fact the largest internationalized war in the history of contemporary African International Relations. In addition to the considerable loss of life, the cruelty and barbarity of the fighting forced millions of people to flee in extremely precarious humanitarian conditions. The United Nations and the OAU have been strongly mobilized to find a negotiated solution that can restore peace and security in the country. The purpose of this study was to examine the role played by these two organizations, highlighting the scope of their peace actions during this period of conflict. Positive action has been taken in the sense that the security situation in the DRC has improved following their mobilization. It has resulted in diplomacy structured around special envoys, the organization of international peace summits and the establishment of ad hoc stabilization mechanisms. However, this stabilization remains very precarious due to the persistence of insecurity and instability in this country, which continues to this day, particularly in its eastern region
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Mallard, David Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. „Resolving conflict in hypnosis“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19121.
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This thesis investigated the management of conflict between reality and suggestion during hypnosis. The eight experiments conducted for this thesis investigated the social, motivational, and cognitive factors that mediate participants? response to conflict during a negative visual hallucination. Chapter 1 reviews the relevant literature and presents the rationale for the program of research. Chapter 2 presents Experiments 1 and 2, which explored hypnotic participants? capacity to manage conflict under different conditions. The findings indicated that cognitive and behavioural strategies that allow participants to avoid conflict are useful, but not essential, in managing hypnotic conflict. Chapter 3 presents Experiment 3, which developed a paradigm that allowed conflict to be manipulated in a way that minimised response cues. The findings indicated that gradually and unobtrusively modifying a stimulus influenced participants? responses even though participants did not indicate any knowledge that the stimulus was manipulated. Chapter 4 presents Experiment 4, which investigated the relevance of hypnotisability and hypnosis to conflict management. The findings indicated that hypnosis provides a context in which hypnotisable participants are able to maintain their belief despite demanding levels of conflict. Chapter 5 presents Experiments 5 and 6, which focused on the role of social demands in participants? response to hypnotic conflict. The findings indicated that demand characteristics shape participants? interpretation of the appropriate response to conflict during an hypnotic suggestion. Chapter 6 presents Experiments 7 and 8, which addressed the relevance of cognitive processes to hypnotic conflict management. The findings indicated that participants used cognitive strategies to manage conflict that were appropriate to the suggestion, degree of conflict, and their individual abilities. Overall, the findings indicated that hypnotic participants? management of conflict involves motivated, strategic responding so as to maintain a belief that events are as communicated by the hypnotist. These issues are discussed within a theoretical perspective that is presented in Chapter 7. This perspective emphasises the hypnotisability of participants, the role of hypnotic induction, participants? interpretation of the desired response, the belief that participants develop in the reality of the suggested events, and the readiness of participants to employ conflict management strategies that produce the appropriate outcome.
3
Neese, Brad Ryan. „Defining, analyzing, and resolving congregational conflict“. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1090.
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Buhaug, Halvard. „The geography of armed civil conflict“. Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of sociology and political science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1624.
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This dissertation seeks to increase our general knowledge of the origins and dynamics of civil war by exploring the many possible functions of geography. Each of the five chapters that follow the introduction has its own specific ambition and empirical analysis, but they also serve a more general purpose: to investigate the geography-civil war nexus in more detail and with better data than what has previously been done.
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Lujala, Päivi. „Natural Resources and Armed Civil Conflict“. Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2240.
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Otunba, Ganiyu. „Preventing Interstate Armed Conflict : whose responsibility?“ Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Statsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14158.
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This is a study of interstate armed conflict prevention. The concept of conflict, armed conflict and conflict prevention is defined and explained in order to be able to investigate if there is any single institution saddled with the responsibility of preventing interstate armed conflict and also to verify if adequate efforts are been put in this area which is of importance to mankind. The relationship between conflict prevention, conflict management and conflict resolution is also discussed so that a proper understanding of interstate armed conflict prevention is made. The latter part of this study is aimed at investigating who has the responsibility to prevent interstate armed conflict and the importance of external actors in conflict prevention. After which this study will then investigate if the efforts so far made are adequate in preventing interstate armed conflict before a discussion and conclusion is made on the findings of this research. Conclusion drawn from this study is of two parts. First it was discovered that no single institution has the responsibility to prevent interstate armed conflict but rather conflict prevention can only be achieved by collective efforts of the international community involving but state and non state actors. Lastly the study showed that quite a lot is being done in this area of conflict prevention but there is room for improvement.
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Pech, Lisa. „Armed Conflict and Urban Growth Patterns“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21130.
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Soziale, politische und geografische Prozesse der Stadtentwicklung in Konflikt- und Grenzregionen werden in dieser Dissertation durch eine Kombination von Satellitenbildern und Feldforschung analysiert. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist die Grenzregion zwischen der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRK) und Ruanda, die seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre von zwischen- und innerstaatlichen bewaffneten Konflikten betroffen ist. Im Fokus der Analyse liegt Goma, die Provinzhauptstadt von Nord-Kivu im Osten der DRK. Zusätzlich wird ein Vergleich mit Gomas Zwillingsstadt Gisenyi in Ruandas Westprovinz gezogen.
Die Literatur zu urbanen Räumen im Kongo und in gesamt Subsahara-Afrika bezieht sich häufig auf Primärstädte. Über die Entwicklung von Sekundärstädten in Konfliktzonen, für die es kaum räumlich explizite Studien gibt, ist wenig bekannt. Diese Arbeit bietet zwei sich ergänzende Perspektiven durch die Kombination von Satellitenbildanalyse mit semi-strukturierten Interviews und Beobachtungen aus mehreren Forschungsaufenthalten. Das zweite Kapitel verwendet eine Zeitreihe hochaufgelöster Landsat-Szenen, um die Expansion von Goma zwischen 1986 und 2015 zu analysieren. Dieser Zeitrahmen umfasst internen Konflikt in Ruanda (1990-1994), die Kongo-Kriege (1996-2003) und deren von Gewalt geprägte Folgezeit. Das dritte Kapitel basiert auf der Analyse sehr hochauflösender Satellitenbilder. Eine feinskalige Kartierung von Urbanisierungsmustern zwischen 2005 und 2014 wird mit verantwortlichen Akteursgruppen verbunden. Das vierte Kapitel erweitert die Analyse auf Gomas ruandische Nachbarstadt Gisenyi. Es untersucht und vergleicht, wie sich zwischen- und innerstaatliche Konflikte und die jüngste Phase von Stabilität in Ruanda auf die räumliche Stadtentwicklung über die nationale Grenze hinweg auswirken. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer kritischen Reflexion über Nutzen und Grenzen des angewendeten Methodenmix und zeigt mögliche Bereiche für weitere Forschung auf.This dissertation combines satellite imagery analysis and field research to investigate the influence of armed conflict on urban spatial development in the eastern periphery of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and western Rwanda. This border region continues to be affected by inter- and intra-state conflict since the early 1990s. The primary study area is the city of Goma in Congo's North Kivu province. Additionally, a comparison is drawn to the adjacent city of Gisenyi in Rwanda's Western Province. The literature on urban areas in Congo and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa often refers to large primary cities. Little is known about urban development of secondary cities in conflict zones, and spatially explicit studies are rare. By combining satellite imagery analysis with semi-structured interviews and observations from field visits, this dissertation provides two complementary perspectives. The second chapter uses a time series of high-resolution Landsat images to analyze Goma's expansion between 1986 and 2015, a timeframe that includes conflict in Rwanda (1990-1994), the Congo Wars (1996-2003), and their violent aftermath. It shows how stages of urban growth relate to waves of forced displacement. The third chapter relies on very high-resolution (VHR) images for a fine-scale mapping of urbanization patterns between 2005 and 2014, and attributes them to groups of key actors. The fourth chapter extends the analysis to Goma’s Rwandan twin-city Gisenyi. It compares how inter- and intra-state conflict, and recent stability in Rwanda affect urban development across a national border. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on the utility and limitations of this methodological combination for conflict regions, highlighting areas for further research.
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Reddy, Joy Elise. „The law of non-international armed conflict and organised armed groups“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604879.
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A non-international armed conflict exists whenever there is protracted armed violence Between governmental authorities and organised armed groups or between such groups within a State. This definition of non-•international armed conflict recognises that there are two separate categories of participants in non-international armed conflict The State, and the organised armed group, a fact so obvious that it should hardly need highlighting Yet, organised armed groups as the other main participating l in non-international armed conflict has traditionally been overlooked or entirely ignored , in scholarly writing. Only in the last decade have several important works been published about specific aspects of the law of non-international armed conflict. However, despite the increase in literature and case law covering the substantive law of non-international armed conflict, there has not yet been a comprehensive study that addresses the difficulties of a practical application of the law to non-international armed conflict and specifically to the conduct of organised armed groups engaged in such conflict This thesis fills this gap and addresses the following aspects of non-international armed conflict: the historical background of non-international armed conflict, ; the definition of non-international armed, ; application of international human rights law during a non- international armed conflict, and the effect this has on organised armed groups; the categories of persons in non-international armed conflict; and the binding nature of the law of non-international armed conflict on organised armed groups. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to realign the focus on non-international armed conflict from a State-centric view to consider organised armed groups As equal actors within non-international armed conflict , to discuss how they have been ignored as non-State actors and some of the problems that this has created in the application of the law of Inter-national armed conflict.
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鄭偉文 und Wai-man Raymond Cheng. „Resolving conflicts in project management“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31262284.
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Cheng, Wai-man Raymond. „Resolving conflicts in project management /“. [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12358964.
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Naidoo, Kameshni. „Workplace conflict : the line manager's role in preventing and resolving workplace conflict“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95588.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The costs of conflict within organizations is higher than is often realized due, amongst others, to lowering morale and lower productivity of employees. One of the most common reasons provided during exit interviews when employees resign from organizations, is the manner in which conflicts were addressed by management. A high turnover of employees has a significant cost to organizations as companies have to spend more money to recruit new employees than they would have needed to had the conflicts that had arisen were effectively resolved. Often as a result of poor conflict resolution within organizations, companies are faced with high litigation costs when employees seek resolution from labour courts and other dispute resolution bodies. The main objective of this study was to identify the role line managers play in resolving and preventing conflicts and to establish strategies that line managers can implement when faced with conflict in their teams. The research methodology for this study first involved a study of relevant literature to determine the theory regarding conflict resolution within organizations. Research reports, dissertations, internet websites, articles and books were used in an attempt to formulate a theoretical basis for this study. Thereafter an empirical survey was conducted among employees of an organization that had already undergone a restructuring process as well as an organization that is currently undergoing a restructuring in order to determine the employees’ views on how conflict within their organizations has been or is being resolved. Questionnaires were formulated by the writer and submitted to responders. The reason the writer had used organizational restructuring as a point of departure for the empirical study, is that organizational restructuring is an example of a project within companies whereby many conflicts arise and line managers need to be proficient in being able to handle these conflicts as well as be able to prevent conflicts from arising. Finally, an analysis of the empirical study was performed so that adequate and relevant conclusions and recommendations could be established.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die koste van konflik binne organisasies is hoër as wat dikwels besef as gevolg van, onder andere, tot die verlaging van moraal en laer produktiwiteit van werknemers. Een van die mees algemene redes wat gedurende afrit onderhoude wanneer werknemers van organisasies bedank, is die wyse waarop konflikte deur die bestuur aangespreek is. 'N hoë omset van die werknemers het 'n beduidende koste vir organisasies as maatskappye het meer geld te spandeer om nuwe werknemers te werf as wat hulle sou nodig het om die konflikte wat ontstaan het is effektief opgelos. Dikwels as gevolg van swak konflikoplossing binne organisasies, maatskappye uitgedaag word met 'n hoë litigasie koste wanneer werknemers soek resolusie van arbeid howe en ander geskilbeslegting liggame. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om te identifiseer die rol lynbestuurders speel in die oplossing en voorkoming van konflikte en strategieë wat lynbestuurders kan implementeer wanneer hulle gekonfronteer word met die konflik in hul spanne te vestig. Die navorsingsmetodologie vir hierdie studie het die eerste keer betrokke by 'n studie van die relevante literatuur om die teorie te bepaal ten opsigte van konflikhantering binne organisasies. Navorsingsverslae, proefskrifte, internet webtuistes, artikels en boeke is gebruik in 'n poging om 'n teoretiese grondslag vir hierdie studie te formuleer. Daarna was 'n empiriese opname uitgevoer onder die werknemers van 'n organisasie wat reeds 'n proses van herstrukturering ondergaan sowel as 'n organisasie wat tans herstrukturering ondergaan om die werknemers se menings te bepaal oor hoe konflik binne hul organisasies opgelos was en/of huidiglik opgelos word. Vraelyste is deur die skrywer geformuleer en aan individue uitgehandig. Die rede waarom die skrywer gebruik het organisatoriese herstrukturering as 'n punt van vertrek vir die empiriese studie, is dat organisatoriese herstrukturering is 'n voorbeeld van 'n projek binne maatskappye waarby baie konflikte ontstaan en lynbestuurders moet vaardig wees in staat is om hierdie konflikte te hanteer, asook in staat wees om die ontstaan van konflikte te voorkom. Ten slotte is 'n ontleding van die empiriese studie uitgevoer sodat voldoende en relevante gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings vasgestel kon word.
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Singh, Jagmeet 1980. „Key characteristic coupling and resolving key characteristic conflict“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16953.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-166).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Real complex assemblies have to deliver large number of customer requirements. Assemblies in general have many parts which work together to deliver those requirements. The involvement of many parts and presence of many requirements to be delivered, results in the involvement of a part in the delivery chains of more than one requirement. As a result most of the requirements are not delivered independently. Coupling among the requirements makes it hard to achieve all the requirements with in their respective tolerance limits. The thesis gives classification of nature of relationships that can exist among various requirements. It discusses characteristic of each relationship and how it can affect the robustness of an assembly. When the requirements in the assembly are conflicting, i.e. reduction in variation in one of the requirements increases variation in conflicting requirement, it tends to become non-robust. Non-robust assemblies entail high manufacturing costs. Aim of the thesis is to identify the scenarios of conflict in the assembly. Screw theory can be used to find the presence of coupling among requirements in the assembly. It can also be used to identify the nature of coupling. If coupling suggests that requirements are coupled, we analyze the intensity of the conflict. Not all conflicts need to be solved. Only the conflicts that will make assembly miss tolerance limits on its requirements need to be solved. The thesis outlines some of the methods that can be used to either resolve conflict or reduce the amount of conflict in the assembly. Conflicts can be removed from the assembly by making suitable changes in design. Design changes will modify DFCs of the conflicting requirements. Use of appropriate assembly techniques can also remove conflicts from the assembly. An assembly without any conflicts is more robust and can be produced at a less cost as compared to the one having conflicts.
by Jagmeet Singh.
S.M.
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Park, Ian David. „The right to life in armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c14a488-9d06-43fd-a0e2-cb5bd900b508.
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There is only passing reference made to human rights law in United Kingdom armed forces doctrine and military publications. Moreover, there is no reference made to the United Kingdom's right to life obligations in respect of those affected by the actions of the state's armed forces, or armed forces personnel themselves, during international and non-international armed conflict. As a consequence, no formal mechanism exists to ensure that the United Kingdom can comply with its right to life obligations pursuant to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Recent judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, advisory opinions and a judgment of the International Court of Justice, and views of numerous United Nations human rights bodies and rapporteurs would appear to indicate that human rights law can and does, however, apply during armed conflict. The exact nature of how human rights law, and the right to life specifically, apply during armed conflict and the obligations thus created, remain largely unresolved and generate considerable debate. This study therefore aims to consider both the extent to which the United Kingdom has right to life obligations during international and non-international armed conflict and, on the basis of current doctrine and procedures, how far the state complies with such obligations. Implicit in this analysis is a determination of what positive and negative right to life obligations are created by the ECHR and ICCPR, the extent to which these obligations have extraterritorial effect during armed conflict, how these obligations interact with the United Kingdom's obligations pursuant to international humanitarian law, and the effect of a derogation from the ECHR during armed conflict. This study concludes that the United Kingdom has both substantive and procedural right to life obligations during armed conflict, albeit partially modified by reference to international humanitarian law. Adhering to current United Kingdom military doctrine and procedures does not, however, always ensure full compliance with these obligations.
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Tunfjord, Samuel. „Unequal Hunger : Pathways to Armed Conflict Onset“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393926.
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In many conflict-ridden countries, food insecurity prevails. However, the relationship between food insecurity and armed conflict onset is a complex one, and scholarly attention has increasingly been directed towards furthering our understanding of its nature. In this study, the proposition is brought forth that the effect of food insecurity on armed conflict onset should be contingent on certain features of the economic, social and political environment. Specifically, it suggests that (i) food insecurity should increase the risk of armed conflict onset by generating deprivation in absolute terms, and (ii) that the risk should be heightened when such insecurity disproportionally affects certain groups in society. The latter point pertains to the level of horizontal inequality – i.e. inequality at the group level –, the presence of which is expected to compound the risk of food insecurity leading to armed conflict onset by adding a relative dimension of deprivation to the absolute. A logistic regression analysis is employed using global data for the years 1961 to 2009. The findings do not support the hypothesized relationship. Rather, although food insecurity does increase the risk of armed conflict in cases where the level of horizontal political inequality is low, it decreases the risk in cases where it is high. This indicates that the impact of food insecurity on the risk of armed conflict indeed is contingent on certain features of the political environment, which calls for conditionality to increasingly be taken into account in future research on the relationship between food insecurity and armed conflict onset.
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Bergholt, Drago. „Natural Disasters, Economic Growth and Armed Civil Conflict“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10170.
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Catastrophes such as floods, droughts and earthquakes have caused significant human and infrastructural losses throughout history. Nevertheless, researchers struggle to quantify macroeconomic impacts, and the existing literature is ambiguous in its findings. In this study I use econometric methods on panel data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), and find that hydrometeorological, climatological and geophysical events all affect economic growth negatively in the short run. Second, while events typically linked to climate change tend to cause negative growth shocks the same year they occur, geophysical disasters do not alter overall economic performance before the next year. With respect to future global warming, these dynamic differences give important insights for the understanding of how economies might be affected by climate change. However, by means of two stage least square methods, I do not find that negative economic shocks caused by weather related disasters increase the likelihood of armed civil conflicts. This latter result is in contrast to conclusions in much of the seminal conflict literature, but similar to findings in other recent cross-country studies that use the instrument variable approach.
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Kuper, Jenny Riva. „International law concerning child civilians in armed conflict“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362781.
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Lis, Piotr. „Essays on economics of terrorism and armed conflict“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/c623da9f-2bd0-0936-922d-1a52af5e590e/10/.
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Helle, Valeria, Andra-Stefania Negus und Jakob Nyberg. „Improving armed conflict prediction using machine learning : ViEWS+“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354845.
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Our project, ViEWS+, expands the software functionality of the Violence EarlyWarning System (ViEWS). ViEWS aims to predict the probabilities of armed conflicts in the next 36 months using machine learning. Governments and policy-makers may use conflict predictions to decide where to deliver aid and resources, potentially saving lives. The predictions use conflict data gathered by ViEWS, which includes variables like past conflicts, child mortality and urban density. The large number of variables raises the need for a selection tool to remove those that are irrelevant for conflict prediction. Before our work, the stakeholders used their experience and some guesswork to pick the variables, and the predictive function with its parameters. Our goals were to improve the efficiency, in terms of speed, and correctness of the ViEWS predictions. Three steps were taken. Firstly, we made an automatic variable selection tool. This helps researchers use fewer, more relevant variables, to save time and resources. Secondly, we compared prediction functions, and identified the best for the purpose of predicting conflict. Lastly, we tested how parameter values affect the performance of the chosen functions, so as to produce good predictions but also reduce the execution time. The new tools improved both the execution time and the predictive correctness of the system compared to the results obtained prior to our project. It is now nine times faster than before, and its correctness has improved by a factor of three. We believe our work leads to more accurate conflict predictions, and as ViEWS has strong connections to the European Union, we hope that decision makers can benefit from it when trying to prevent conflicts.I detta projekt, vilket vi valt att benämna ViEWS+, har vi förbättrat olika aspekter av ViEWS (Violence Early-Warning System), ett system som med maskinlärning försöker förutsäga var i världen väpnade konflikter kommer uppstå. Målet med ViEWS är att kunna förutsäga sannolikheten för konflikter så långt som 36 månader i framtiden. Målet med att förutsäga sannoliketen för konflikter är att politiker och beslutsfattare ska kunna använda dessa kunskaper för att förhindra dem. Indata till systemet är konfliktdata med ett stort antal egenskaper, så som tidigare konflikter, barnadödlighet och urbanisering. Dessa är av varierande användbarhet, vilket skapar ett behov för att sålla ut de som inte är användbara för att förutsäga framtida konflikter. Innan vårt projekt har forskarna som använder ViEWS valt ut egenskaper för hand, vilket blir allt svårare i och med att fler introduceras. Forskargruppen hade även ingen formell metodik för att välja parametervärden till de maskinlärningsfunktioner de använder. De valde parametrar baserat på erfarenhet och känsla, något som kan leda till onödigt långa exekveringstider och eventuellt sämre resultat beroende på funktionen som används. Våra mål med projektet var att förbättra systemets produktivitet, i termer av exekveringstid och säkerheten i förutsägelserna. För att uppnå detta utvecklade vi analysverktyg för att försöka lösa de existerande problemen. Vi har utvecklat ett verktyg för att välja ut färre, mer användbara, egenskaper från datasamlingen. Detta gör att egenskaper som inte tillför någon viktig information kan sorteras bort vilket sparar exekveringstid. Vi har även jämfört prestandan hos olika maskinlärningsfunktioner, för att identifiera de bäst lämpade för konfliktprediktion. Slutligen har vi implementerat ett verktyg för att analysera hur resultaten från funktionerna varierar efter valet av parametrar. Detta gör att man systematiskt kan bestämma vilka parametervärden som bör väljas för att garantera bra resultat samtidigt som exekveringstid hålls nere. Våra resultat visar att med våra förbättringar sänkes exekveringstiden med en faktor av omkring nio och förutsägelseförmågorna höjdes med en faktor av tre. Vi hoppas att vårt arbete kan leda till säkrare föutsägelser och vilket i sin tur kanske leder till en fredligare värld.
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Derejko, Nathan S. „Understanding the contours of non-international armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20047/.
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The focus of this study is on the concept and contours of NIAC under IHL. Its purpose is to provide further clarity to the process of identifying NIACs under international law. At its most basic, conflict identification is the real-time objective assessment of prevailing factual circumstances in order to determine the applicable legal regime(s). It is thus an exercise in the classification of armed violence providing a detailed critical examination of the material concept of NIAC, including its threshold of activation and corresponding personal, geographical and temporal scope of applicability under IHL.
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Sreeram, R. T. „Resolving conflicts in agent-supported collaborative product development“. Thesis, University of Bath, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323588.
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Kapend, Richard Tshingamb. „The demography of armed conflict and violence : assessing the extent of population loss associated with the 1998-2004 D.R. Congo armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366482/.
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In an effort to document and monitor the scale and scope of recent conflicts (1998–2004) in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the International Rescue Committee (IRC), in conjunction with some of the world’s leading epidemiologists, conducted a series of five surveys in the country over a seven years’ period (2000–2007). Estimates of conflict-related mortality generated from the IRC’s surveys range from 3.3 million between years 1998 and 2002, to 5.4 million excess deaths for the period between 1998 and 2007. Reflecting on the IRC’s work, the current study combines four different data sources – 1984 DRC Population Census, 1995 and 2001 DRC Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the 2007 DRC Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) – to derive demographic estimates and assess the extent of population loss associated with the conflict period between 1995 and 2007. Both statistical and demographic techniques are relied upon for this purpose. Findings from this study do not warrant estimates produced by the IRC. The IRC approach may have overestimated the scale of excess deaths associated with the 1998 – 2007 armed conflict period. Because the approach used in the current study is mainly based on selected assumptions, a level of uncertainty is expected to be associated with the derived estimates. For this reason, sensitivity analyses have been conducted to define a range of plausible estimates representing the excess population loss.
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Luna, Rassa Maria F. „Mapping heterotopias Colombian documentary films of the armed conflict“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284925.
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Los documentales del conflicto armado nos llevan hacia espacios otros. Lugares qde la realidad que para un ciudadano promedio son contra-espacios, territorios desconocidos. Los documentalistas experimentan físicamente con estos otros espacios. Construyen lazos de confianza con sus sujetos, siguen sus huellas o actualizan sus memorias. Sin embargo, siempre se sienten como testigos o turistas. Esto muestra una gran distancia entre las realidades de las zonas rurales aisladas y la vida urbana en mega-ciudades interconectadas. Esta distancia es la razón que me llevó a preguntarme por la producción de heterotopías entre los documentalistas urbanos y las comunidades filmadas en zonas rurales remotas del conflicto armado colombiano.
Mapa de las heterotopías es una cartografía física y conceptual de documentales rurales grabados en Colombia durante la política de seguridad democrática (2002-2010), una política que restringió la circulación de la gente en las zonas de conflicto armado. La primera etapa de esta investigación idenficó una base de datos de 110 documentales grabados en zonas rurales. El análisis espacial explora en detalle la producción de heteropías basada en la selección de diez películas representativas. El modelo de análisis comprende tres niveles: El primero localiza las zonas visitadas y a través de entrevisas semi-estructuradas con los documentalistas, explora las prácticas mediáticas espaciales en los documentales del conflicto armado. El secundo nivel, interpreta la producción de heterotopías, a través del cronotopo, como espacios poéticos que estructuran el discurso documental. En el tercer nivel se describen los espacios representacionales de la circulación y distribución de las películas.
Los resultados apuntan hacia la producción de ruralidades transnacionales en los documentales como un nuevo y contradictorio espacio de legitimación nacional que emerge cuando las heterotopías rurales son exhibidas en festivales de cine internacionales o canales de televisión transnacionales. La mirada documental, inspirada en la representación de zonas ruralses aisladas del confklicto armado ha sido determinante en la acutal co-producción de películas de ficción. Finalmente, subraya la importancia de construir redes sociales de confianza entre los documentalistas urbanos y las comunidades rurales, no únicamente para acceder a las zonas del conflicto, sino también para revelar las heterotopías invisibles del conflicto armado.Documentary films of an armed conflict take us to other spaces. Places of reality that for a regular citizen, are counter sites, unknown territories. Documentary filmmakers physically experiment with other spaces. They build trust bonds with their subjects, follow their pathways or re-enact memories of tragic experiences. Nevertheless they feel like witnesses or tourists. This shows a great distance between the realities of isolated rural zones and urban life in inter-connected megacities. This is the reason that led me to question the production of heterotopias between urban documentary filmmakers and communities filmed in remote rural zones of the armed conflict in Colombia. Mapping Heterotopias is a physical and conceptual cartography of rural documentaries recorded in Colombia during the the democratic security policy (2002-2010), a policy that restricted the circulation of people in the armed conflict zones. The first stage of this research identified a database of 110 documentaries recorded in rural zones. The spatial analysis explores in detail the production of heterotopias based on the selection of ten representative films. It is presented on three levels: First level, locating the visited zones and through semi-structured interviews with the filmmakers, describe the spatial media practice: the routines of production and the relationships with the communities in concrete rural zones. Second level interprets the production of heterotopias as poetic spaces that structure the documentary discourse. Third level observes the representational spaces of the film’s circulation. The results point out to the production of rural transnationalities in documentary films as a new contradictory space of national legitimisation that emerges when rural heterotopias are screened in international film festivals or on television channels. The documentary gaze, inspired in the representation of isolated rural zones of the armed conflict has been determinant in current co-productions of fictional films. Finally, it stresses the importance of social networking between the documentary filmmakers and the rural communities, not only to access to the distant territories, but to unveil the invisible heterotopias of the armed conflict.
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Sollenberg, Margareta. „A Scramble for Rents : Foreign Aid and Armed Conflict“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171720.
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Previous research has not specified the circumstances under which foreign aid may increase the probability of armed conflict. The purpose of this dissertation is to address this gap by employing a theoretical framework in which foreign aid produces incentives for a rent-seeking scramble among elites. A set of conditions affecting the likelihood of armed conflict are identified and tested on global data in a series of statistical analyses. Paper I argues and finds that foreign aid increases the probability of armed conflict in states where there are few constraints on executive power, allowing for a scramble for rents. Paper II proposes and finds a threshold effect of aid, such that the likelihood of armed conflict increases only when aid has reached a certain level. Paper III suggests and demonstrates that sudden negative changes in aid flows enhance the risk of armed conflict as well as coup attempts, as aid shortfalls accelerate distributional conflict over aid rents. Paper IV claims and shows that civil wars are less likely to be terminated by settlement in the form of elections when conflict parties are dependent on rents. In sum, this dissertation contributes by theoretically specifying and empirically identifying conditions under which foreign aid increases the probability of armed conflict.
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Peeler, Bryan. „Expectations of reciprocity in the law of armed conflict“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59075.
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The expectation of reciprocity has a long history in international law generally and the law of armed conflict in particular. When negotiating international agreements states often include provisions allowing for negative in-kind responses as remedies for violations of treaty obligations. Historically, this kind of reciprocity has been central to the law of armed conflict. According to some, though, the purpose of the law of armed conflict has changed. Instead of a tool protecting the interests of states involved in armed conflict, the purpose of the law is now to limit the suffering of those caught in war-zones; both combatants and non-combatants alike. Under this conception, the expectation of reciprocity has no role to play when states consider their legal obligations towards their opponents in an armed conflict. Contrary to this view, I argue that an expectation of reciprocity continues to be an important factor when states consider their law of armed conflict obligations. First, by taking a more nuanced view of reciprocity than just negative in-kind responses, I show how expectations of reciprocity still exist within the law of armed conflict. Second, using Hart’s understanding of law as the union of primary and secondary rules, I demonstrate how states have preserved the expectation of reciprocity – both within the law as a secondary rule and beyond the law as a policy option – to respond in the face of continued non-compliance with law of armed conflict obligations by an opponent. Lastly, by taking the multi-actor setting of state decision-making seriously, I show how these more nuanced forms of reciprocity make themselves felt in debates about law of armed conflict obligations. The case studies of this dissertation concentrate on the Geneva Conventions and the Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions. The first case study illustrates the many places where the law maintains expectations of reciprocity. The final two cases examine US policy regarding Prisoner of War obligations in the Vietnam War and the Global War on Terror to show how states make use of the more nuanced forms of reciprocity in these secondary rules in response to continued non-compliance by an enemy.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Carstens, Anne-Marie. „The affirmative protection of cultural property during armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617097.
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This thesis clarifies the nature, scope, and sources of rules governing the affirmative protection of cultural property during armed conflict. These rules include obligations to identify qualifying cultural property, 10 provide material protection to cultural property that is endangered or damaged by military operations, and to safeguard cultural property against destruction and misappropriation. These rules have emerged to supplement the well-entrenched rules of restraint that bar the unnecessary destruction and misappropriation of cultural property during armed conflict. This study traces the development of these rules in the law of armed conflict from the 1899 & 1907 Hague Conventions governing land warfare through the early 21st century. The historical analysis documents the emergence and progression of both conventional and customary rules. It additionally examines the continued validity of critical distinctions on which rules protecting cultural property rested a century ago: between actors from the State where the cultural property is located and actors on another's territory; between hostilities and occupation; and between international and non-international conflicts. Woven within this inquiry, the thesis explores transformative events and policy shifts that have motivated the evolution of rules la protect tangible representations of cultural identity. It considers the impact of developments in the means and modes of warfare, compares the development of protection of cultural property with the development of civilian protection, and examines the influence of the increasing emphasis on the 'cultural value' of protected property over the last century. The thesis concludes by identifying the principal factors that have shaped or com,1rained the development of rules of affirmative protection. It also provides a specific analysis of each of the duties of identification, material protection, and safeguarding. The conclusion details the rules of affirmative protection that exist in the contemporary law of armed conflict and identifies the trajectory of their likely future development.
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Moir, Lindsay. „The protection of civilians during non-international armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284993.
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Jormanainen, Jim Lars Emil. „Does Armed Conflict Affect Violence Against the LGBT Community?“ Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377248.
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Norberg, Niklas. „Framing Mali : Swedish media portrayal of an armed conflict“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157058.
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Research has shown that news media reporting on foreign affairs tend to rely heavily on official sources (e.g. Schwalbe, 2013; Entman, 2004; Lawrence, 2009). This thesis analyse whether this is the case in Swedish news media reporting on the armed conflict in Mali, where Sweden has troops sanctioned by the UN. A more broader perspective is also analysed: How does the news media portray the armed conflict, and are there any differences between national daily newspapers (considered more “sober”) and national evening newspapers (considered more sensational)? An inductive framing analysis is used to identify frames not available in previous research. These frames, together with frames identified in other studies, are then used in a quantitative content analysis to measure to what extent the frames occur in the texts. Among the most important findings were that Swedish news media did in fact rely on Swedish official reporting to a large extent. The two evening newspapers, Aftonbladet and Expressen, used Swedish official sources in approximately 60% of their articles. The daily newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, used Swedish official sources in about 35% of their articles. The main source used was also analyzed: This showed that Swedish official sources were the most common, in between 23% to 62% of the articles. The second most used source differed, but were in the range 9% to 18%. Other important results of the main themes of the articles showed that direct actions of war and other types of violence were the most commonly used. Peace efforts/negotiations and life of Mali civilians were the least common. The thesis also concludes that while there are variables where the evening newspapers and the daily newspapers can be grouped in those categories, that is often not the case.
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Finrow, Jeff N. „Conflict in the church a guide for pastors and lay leaders in understanding and resolving conflict /“. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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Thomas, Nathan James. „Resolving graphic conflict in scale reduced maps : a simulated annealing approach“. Thesis, University of South Wales, 2004. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/resolving-graphic-conflict-in-scale-reduced-maps-a-simulated-annealing-approach(6fbc9b78-4e96-473a-9ffe-9b5975207aaa).html.
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This thesis explores the use of the stochastic optimisation technique of simulated annealing for cartographic map generalisation. The technique performs operations of displacement, deletion, reduction and enlargement of multiple map objects in order to resolve graphic conflict resulting from a reduction in map scale. A trial position approach is adopted in which each of n discrete polygonal objects is assigned k candidate trial positions that represent the original, displaced, reduced and enlarged states of the object. This gives rise to a possible K1 distinct map configurations; the expectation is that some of the configurations will contain reduced levels of conflict. Finding the configuration with least conflict by means of an exhaustive search is, however, not practical for realistic values of n and k. However, the thesis shows through an evaluation of a subset of the configurations, using simulated annealing, can result in an effective resolution of graphic conflict in real time. Furthermore the thesis explores various methods of improving upon the existing simulated annealing work. Firstly, two techniques were developed that aid in improving execution times using a data partitioning and a two-stage annealing strategy. Secondly, an investigation was carried out which explores the application of high-order feature alignment and the use of a continuous search space. Moreover the thesis explores the use of incorporating additional feature classes into the existing SA framework. A thorough evaluation has been carried out which demonstrate the usefulness of each approach. The research has achieved five key improvements over the original SA technique: a reduction in execution times; a greater support for generalisation operators; presented a solution to maintaining high-order feature alignment; provided a greater support for additional feature classes; and, a refinement to the search space resulting in an improved graphic display output. Although the thesis demonstrates the potential of simulated annealing as a means of reducing graphic conflict in scale-reduced maps, there still exists an enormous scope for further work. Additional techniques need to be devised to reduce execution times further for use with on-the-fly generalisation tasks. Other areas for future work include the incorporation of more sophisticated operators and an investigation to determine if SA can be adapted to resolve graphic conflict between linear features.
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Sultana, Chowdhury Irin. „Resolving the Resonance Conflict in the 18Ne(ɑ,p) Reaction Rate“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1566229309544122.
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Ducklow, Patrick J. „Coaching church leaders in conflict resolving strategies using family systems theory“. Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Taccogna, Judith Elizabeth Drummond. „Resolving the Evaluator/Nurturer Role Conflict of the Elementary School Principal“. PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1264.
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This qualitative study explores how elementary school principals resolve the role conflict between judging the performance of teachers (summative evaluation) and providing nurturing growth activities (formative evaluation or supervision). Related research questions were these: (1) How does the principal spend time in summative versus formative evaluation? (2) What factors create role conflict for the principal? (3) What elements help the principal approach congruence in dealing with both responsibilities? The Delphi technique, a method for structuring a group communication process, was used to collect data from 12 Oregon elementary principals, recommended by district administrators as having expertise in the area of supervision and evaluation. The process included four rounds of questions regarding how they perceived and handled their summative and formative evaluation responsibilities. Data analysis occurred after each round as well as after all rounds were complete. Analysis of narrative items was done by comparing key elements from written responses. Similar responses were synthesized into consensus statements and presented again to respondents for validation or adjustment in the next round of questioning. Analysis of non-narrative responses was done by using a non-statistical database, disaggregating on several factors, including gender, years of experience as a principal, and school size. Although most principals reported little or no role conflict, women principals felt more conflict than men, particularly those who had less than five years of experience in the principalship and who had had other administrative experience in education before becoming a principal. The degree of trust between principal and teacher was ranked first among ten factors identified as affecting role conflict. Strong consensus indicated that four strategies were most effective in addressing both roles: (1) interacting frequently with teachers, (2) building trust relationships, (3) emphasizing the formative, and (4) observing teachers work. The area identified as most important in precluding or lowering role conflict was the use of strong communication skills. The findings have implications for elementary principals, districts, and universities. The insights into the respondents' management of both roles will assist principals and districts in addressing the dual responsibilities. The results will help districts as well as university training programs provide more appropriate pre- and inservice education for principals.
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Di, Ciccio Claudio, Fabrizio Maria Maggi, Marco Montali und Jan Mendling. „Resolving inconsistencies and redundancies in declarative process models“. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2016.09.005.
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Declarative process models define the behaviour of business processes as a set of constraints. Declarative process discovery aims at inferring such constraints from event logs. Existing discovery techniques verify the satisfaction of candidate constraints over the log, but completely neglect their interactions. As a result, the inferred constraints can be mutually contradicting and their interplay may lead to an inconsistent process model that does not accept any trace. In such a case, the output turns out to be unusable for enactment, simulation or verification purposes. In addition, the discovered model contains, in general, redundancies that are due to complex interactions of several constraints and that cannot be cured using existing pruning approaches. We address these problems by proposing a technique that automatically resolves conflicts within the discovered models and is more powerful than existing pruning techniques to eliminate redundancies. First, we formally define the problems of constraint redundancy and conflict resolution. Second, we introduce techniques based on the notion of automata-product monoid, which guarantees the consistency of the discovered models and, at the same time, keeps the most interesting constraints in the pruned set. The level of interestingness is dictated by user-specified prioritisation criteria. We evaluate the devised techniques on a set of real-world event logs.
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Molefhe, Ishmael Rapula Moagi. „An analysis of military power sharing in Mozambique: a conflict management perspective“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19212.
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This study is a conceptual analysis of power-sharing. It applies power-sharing in the context of Mozambique. The study is informed on the premise that components of power sharing contribute to the duration of peace. However, findings from empirical investigations show that certain types of power sharing are associated with more durable peace than others, primarily through their positive effects on governance and public service delivery. The specific objectives of the study were to contextualize the concept of military power sharing arrangement; to explore the challenges faced in implementing the military power sharing arrangement in Mozambique; to explore the strategies used to manage the Mozambique peace process; to ascertain the challenges faced by the BDF during the reintegration standardized training of FRELIMO and RENAMO forces; and to propose recommendations for future interventions. In order to achieve these objectives, the study used a purposive sampling technique to assemble participants that provided useful data for the study. The target population was made up of members of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) who participated in the United Nations Peace Mission in Mozambique dubbed UNOMOZ; and those who conducted the reintegration standardized training of FRELIMO and RENAMO military personnel Thematic analysis of the participants’ responses from the interviews was used to address the objectives of the study. The findings of the study reveal that poorly trained military personnel were a challenge to the implementation of power sharing deal in Mozambique. Also, there was a lack of trust and confidence between constituent parties, and a lack of transitional authority in holding forth power until the power sharing deal was fully implemented. In addition, the study found out that there was the problem of language barrier, and that very little counselling was offered to those who were traumatized by the conflict. Also, there was a kind of unwillingness by civilians to accept former combatants in their midst and a lack of logistics for both the peace keepers and the combatants. Among others, the study recommended that NGOs, civil society organizations, and churches should be more pro-active in engaging the government and not only ensuring that every party involved in the power-sharing deal fulfills its role, but also organizing and carrying out counselling sessions for ex-combatants as part of reintegration process.
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Pandey, Sajala. „Essays on the Economic Consequences of Conflict:“. Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108747.
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Thesis advisor: S AnukritiThis dissertation strives to understand the short and long-run consequences of armed conflict. In short-run, as conflict increases, parents are less likely to send their children to school or take them to health facilities and more likely to keep them home. Less time in school might translate to more time spent at work for these children. Coping with conflict can disrupt human capital accumulation of children and exposes them to adverse experiences, the effects of which can also last into adulthood. Some of the persistent effects of conflict on educational and health outcomes have been widely studied in the literature. Nevertheless, relatively less is known about how these childhood exposures affect adult behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. One of the goals of this dissertation is to study such long-lasting impacts of childhood exposure to conflict. In the first chapter, “Victims of Consequence: Evidence on Child Outcomes using Microdata from a Civil War”, joint with Giri Subramaniam, we study the short-run impacts of violent events on child time allocation, curative health-care, and education. Exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in exposure to local-level armed conflict, we find that an increase in violent events: (i) leads to an increase in contemporaneous hours worked by children, with the effect being substantial for agricultural work; (ii) decreases the likelihood of parents taking their children to visit a health-care facility to seek curative care; and (iii) results in a reduced likelihood of attending school, along with a decline in years of education. Overall, the results indicate that war affected schooling and time allocation of boys whereas girls were less likely to get curative health-care. The second chapter of this dissertation, “Do Adverse Childhood Experience Shape Violent and Abusive Adult Behavior?", is motivated by the fact that family violence is pervasive and has detrimental economic consequences. Nevertheless, very little is known about how childhood experiences influence this behavior. In this study, I explore long-run determinants of family violence by linking exposure to adverse circumstances in childhood to the perpetration of abuse and neglect in adulthood. In particular, I examine the effects of men’s exposure to the Nepalese Civil War (1996-2006) in childhood. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in childhood exposure to the armed conflict from ages 0 to 16, I find that exposed men are less likely to perpetrate spousal violence and to display controlling behaviors. Additionally, children of exposed fathers are less likely to experience violent disciplining at home. They also work fewer hours per week and are less likely to be involved in dangerous working conditions. In the third chapter, “Exploring the Channels”, I study the potential mechanisms that underlie the empirical results established by Chapter 2. I find that exposed men are more likely to complete secondary schooling, be employed at skilled non-agricultural occupations, and marry women who are more likely to have completed primary school and currently working. The most pertinent channel is that these men are less likely to justify wife-beating in different scenarios. Next, I assess the implications of the empirical results on the theories of domestic violence. Existing theories highlight two broader motives for perpetrating domestic violence: “Expressive” and “Instrumental”. Violence is instrumental if it is used to extract resources from the victim whereas it is expressive if the perpetrator gains direct non- pecuniary (dis)utility from it. I find that my results resonate strongly with “Expressive” theories of domestic violence where men who were exposed to conflict in childhood find using violence at home distasteful
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Prest, Stewart. „Rough peace : understanding the avoidance of armed conflict in Bolivia“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55893.
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Why and how does peace persist in some contentious political contexts, but not others? I argue that certain forms of locally embedded governance institutions can play an important role in mitigating the likelihood of armed violence. Specifically, I find that inclusive communities equipped with governance institutions capable of resolving collective action problems—which I refer to as “Ostromian communities”—are, under a range of conditions, less likely to engage in armed conflict with other communities or the state. The research employs a method of process tracing on the basis of 70 participant and expert interviews, primary document collection and analysis and other archival research in the primary case of contestation over coca eradication in the Chapare region of Bolivia from 1982 until 2004. First, I illustrate how the coca growers’ federations constituted an Ostromian community. Second, I show how the federations’ inclusive political institutions encouraged and enabled high levels of coordinated and contentious non-violent political activity, but stopped short of armed resistance. This outcome resulted despite a repressive state presence in the region and regular instances of violence directed against the community occurring over a period of more than two decades. The dissertation makes several contributions to the civil conflict literature. It provides a novel explanation for why and how some countries at risk of civil conflict—such as those with unconsolidated political regimes or limited state capacities—tend to persist indefinitely in a state of rough, yet durable peace, while others experience conflict.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Ramrattan, Hemma. „A right to redress for victims of internal armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441812.
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Szesnat, Felicity. „The applicability of the law of armed conflict regimes : the classification of armed conflicts in international law“. Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701646.
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Treaty rules governing the classification of armed conflicts have been said to give rise to problems in both theory and .practice. This requires examination, as classification determines the specific set of ius in bello rules which must be applied to a particular armed conflict. If classification rules are problematic, the treaty and/or customary rules critical to the protection of victims and the conduct of hostilities may not be applied. This thesis first examines the treaty classification system to determine its legal coherence and practical workability. Each category within this system is considered in order to identify the criteria and sub-criteria which need to be satisfied for cl situation to fall within it. In doing so, treaty negotiation records and commentaries, State practice, court judgments and commentators' writings are analyzed. The thesis also investigates whether certain types of armed conflicts fall outside the current system. Second, it determines whether there is a customary classification system, an issue which rarely receives attention. It is also examined for legal coherence and practical workability. . It is concluded that, in the main, the treaty classification system is legally coherent and workable in practice, although there are legal grey areas which require attention. It also concludes that there is a customary classification system, albeit one which is still emerging. Although this system clearly recognizes a distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts, whether there is more than one threshold for non-international armed conflicts is unclear. In addition, some of the criteria and sub-criteria are not clearly ascertainable, and their scope is also frequently unclear. These issues notwithstanding, assertions that the treaty classification system is inherently problematic are argued to be unfounded. The reluctance by some States to acknowledge that they are engaged in particular types of armed conflicts leads to a proposal that an independent, authoritative and contemporaneous mechanism for classification determination is desirable.
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Simosi, Maria. „The processing of conflict in organizational groups : a case study in a Greek industrial company“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1491/.
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The purpose of the research was to investigate the way in which employees in two departments of a Greek industrial company resolved conflict situations encountered in the context of their department. The premises are that (a) the positive effects of conflict for the organization are related to the way in which it is resolved; (b) the investigation of the phenomenon of conflict resolution necessitates the examination of employees' conflict handling behaviour during a conflict episode, as well as of their representation of the particular episode; (c) the bureaucratic culture of the organization and the wider social culture determine the conditions within which employees represent and deal with conflict situations. The research used a single case design to develop new ways to model the conflict resolution process. The use of open-ended interviews constituted the methods of data collection. Employees from two departments (Research/Design and Supplies) of the organization were selected. The analysis of data in the first part of the thesis led to the development of a net model, indicating patterns of conflict handling behaviour during any conflict episode; the generic structure of the net model, which was found to be common to both departments, was discussed in the light of Greek culture, as well as of the bureaucratic practices of that particular organization. On the basis of this analysis, a further analysis was made of the data relating to those nodes of the net model where employees were found to be involved in a decision making process. The methodology selected enabled the representation of the process of the conflict management problem by organizational members. The basic assumption incorporated within this methodology is that the conflict management problem can be represented in more than one way. The identification, via employees' discourse, of the way in which conflict situations are conceptualized in the context of the two departments, indicated how this representation relates to the wider social and organizational nexus within which it is embedded. The contribution of this study lies in identifying the conflict resolution structures and processes within two departments of the organization studied and, to a certain extent, the wider organization, while offering an insight into how this organization shapes the way in which conflict situations are processed by organizational members, using their own discourse.
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Patsch, Megan. „Governed by Guerrillas: When Armed Insurgents Become Political Leaders“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1503494132675511.
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Svensson, Isak. „Elusive Peacemakers : A Bargaining Perspective on Mediation in Internal Armed Conflicts“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7412.
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This composite dissertation explores mediation in internal armed conflicts from a bargaining perspective. Four separate essays investigate why mediation occurs, why it is successful, and why peace guarantors’ commitments are credible. Essay 1 examines the conditions under which mediation takes place. The study argues that whereas it is costly for governments to accept international mediation, it is a less costly intervention tool for potential third parties. This argument implies that mediation will be more likely when and where negotiated settlements are least likely to be reached, a contention that is supported by empirical tests. Essay 2 reviews the contemporary debate on what types of mediators that can disseminate information in a credible manner, and formulates a set of testable hypotheses on mediation partiality. The analysis shows that negotiated settlements are more likely if biased or interested mediators intervene, while neutral mediators are not associated with mediation success. Essay 3 elaborates on the role of biased mediators. It proposes that rebels face a commitment problem when negotiated settlements are to be reached, which government-biased mediators can mitigate. The study finds that such types of mediators outperform rebel-biased mediators in terms of helping combatants to settle the armed conflict. Essay 4 deals with the commitment problem that comes to pass between, on the one hand the primary parties, and on the other, the potential peace guarantors. The study probes the requests and promises for third-party security guarantees and suggests that the reputation of the United Nations (UN) enhances its credibility as peace guarantor compared to non-UN actors. It finds that although the UN is more restrictive with its promises, it is more likely that peacekeeping forces will be provided if the UN is one of the guarantors. In sum, utilizing unique data from two time-periods (post World War II and post Cold War), this dissertation arrives at new insights on the role of mediators in bringing about negotiated settlements of internal armed conflicts.
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Lindgren, Göran. „Studies in conflict economics and economic growth /“. Uppsala : Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6942.
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McGary, Jessica L. „Gender and the Poverty-Conflict Trap“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228456.
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How does poverty relate to why internal armed conflicts occur and intensify? This dissertation explores gendered dimensions of poverty related to minor internal armed conflict onset in poor contexts and suggests pathways through which nutritional insecurity may mediate conflict escalation by amplifying real dimensions of poverty. This dissertation analyzes positive-feedback dimensions between poverty and internal armed conflict by asking how minor internal armed conflict may occur because of gendered dimensions of poverty obscured by a focus on income per capita. This dissertation frames the decision to rebel within impoverished contexts as an issue indivisibility problem and engenders the rationalist logic as masculinist. By assessing how changes in national patterns of divorced males may reflect lost access to gendered resources within households and by analyzing how gendered structures may instantiate masculinist reactions to the gendered dimensions of poverty, this dissertation elucidates how the real effects of poverty and violence may align to lay the foundations for the amplification of internal armed conflict through the conflict cycle. By identifying three pathways through which nutritional insecurity may operate, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of how countries may develop self-reinforcing patterns of real poverty and internal armed conflict. I argue that the willingness and ability to rebel in contexts of poverty may be partially affected by lost access to resources produced at household levels by forms of feminized labor, as well as to resources that are distributed with gender inequality. I argue that nutritional insecurity may be captured by examining levels of per capita protein from meat consumption and offer three mechanisms through which protein from meat per capita consumption may proxy nutritional insecurity within poor countries that experience minor internal armed conflict: the proliferation of security dilemmas as conditioned by minor internal armed conflict; the loss of soil fertility as an amplified function of fighting; and the reliance on food exports. I examine data on 186 countries in the 1961-2008 period to interrogate why some countries develop the dynamics associated with the poverty-conflict trap and to find general support of the hypotheses.
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Walch, Colin. „Conflict in the Eye of the Storm : Micro-dynamics of Natural Disasters, Cooperation and Armed Conflict“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-268341.
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Many of the most destructive natural disasters have taken place in situations characterized by armed conflict and insecurity: the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka and Indonesia in 2004, the floods in Pakistan in 2011, the drought in Somalia in 2011 and typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013. Surprisingly little research has systematically explored how armed conflict affects natural disaster management, and how shocks from natural disaster influence conflict dynamics. This dissertation addresses these gaps by providing a qualitative and disaggregated analysis of the micro-dynamics underpinning the relationship between armed conflict, natural disasters and cooperation. It asks: what is the relationship between natural disasters and processes of conflict and cooperation in countries affected by civil conflict? To explore this question, the dissertation offers four essays that explore different facets of this relationship, focusing on the rebel group. Examining collaboration between rebel group and humanitarian actors during disaster relief efforts in the Philippines, essay I finds that rebel group behavior after a natural disaster is shaped by the level of hostility between combatant parties and the nature of the ties with the local population. Exploring the effect of natural disasters on conflict dynamics in the case of the Philippines, essay II suggests that natural disasters hinder rebel group recruitment tactics, by increasing hardship for rebel combatants and supporters, by weakening the rebel group’s organizational structure and supply lines, and by leading to a loss of territorial control. Based on a comparative case study between Colombia and the Philippines, essay III revisits ripeness theory and argues that the level of rebel group cohesion will help to predict whether or not rebel groups stay at the negotiation table until an agreement is reached. While a typhoon affected the Philippines during the negotiations, it did not “ripen” the peace talks. Finally, article IV explores pre-disaster evacuation across conflict-affected regions in the Philippines and India, and argues that both experience of previous disaster and the level of trust in government officials influence the likelihood of people evacuating. The dissertation has important implications for both disaster management and conflict resolution, and it calls for more dialogue between both disciplines.
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Bickerstaffe, Emma-Louise McQuilkan. „The use of force in armed conflict and the inherent right of self-defence of state armed forces“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709487.
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Kamanzi, Aziza. „Legal protection of humanitarian workers during a non-international armed conflict“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2491_1299492391.
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This research paper focuses on the legal protection of humanitarian workers. It refers to the experience of governmental organizations with a humanitarian vocation, and international humanitarian organizations, such as, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), active in more than 80 countries. The ICRC was created in order provide assistance and protection to wounded combatants,11 but its activity has gradually extended to include prisoners of war and civilians, territories. Also Medecin Sans Frontiere (MSF), functioning in more than 70 countries, was established to provide medical assistance to victims of conflicts or natural and other disasters.
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McRae, Peter. „Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed Conflict“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20580.
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The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.
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Paola, Adarve-Zuluaga. „Facing Medusa : (intimate) art and resistance in the Colombian armed conflict“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54177.
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The Colombian armed conflict is one of the oldest conflicts in the world. Numbers hardly explain the damage it has caused. Artistic responses to war emerge in this context, sometimes with the purpose of exerting some form of resistance to violence. I examine the ways in which similar responses operate and can produce social change, by tracing the work of three Colombian visual creators: Erika Diettes, Jesús Abad Colorado, and Juan Manuel Echavarría. This study reveals how their practice (re) configures certain spaces as intimate public scenarios of collective spectatorship/witnessing. The investigation also speaks of the inmost relation between the victims and survivors that they work with, spectators, and the creators themselves. That relation evidences the creators’ role as companions of the people they work with in conflicted contexts. Resistance becomes a central concept with which to understand both spectatorship/witnessing acts and the companionship relation mentioned above. Ultimately, their visual practice allows publics to resist emotional paralysis when looking at the horrors of war; that is to resist “turning into stone” when looking at Medusa.Arts, Faculty of
Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice, Institute for
Graduate
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Ruiz-Roque, Orlando. „The laws of armed conflict and environmental protection: striking a balance“. Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26038.
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In this paper we shall consider the existing normative framework of the law of armed conflict, the jus in bello, as it relates to protection of the environment. We will review customary law of aimed conflict and highlight major conventional developments to assess the necessity and feasibility for reform in light of the trend in international environmental law to impose explicit environmental protection obligations on states. The Persian Gulf War of 1991, illustrates the issues presented and the conflicting values inherent in these two branches of international law. The post-war debate raised the questions whether the environment" is adequately protected by existing law from the environmentally destructive potential of modern warfare, or is new conventional law on wartime environmental protection needed.12 Serious consideration of these questions brings the international law-making process to a crossroads as it attempts to accommodate evolving environmental law norms, such as a yet to be defined "right of the environment", with countervailing values encompassed in the laws of armed conflict, which emphasize military necessity despite detriment to the environment