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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Réseaux neuronaux bio-inspirés“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Réseaux neuronaux bio-inspirés"
Tlapale, Olivier Émilien. „Modelling the dynamics of contextual motion integration in the primate“. Nice, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis addresses the study of motion integration in the primate. Based on anatomical and functional knowledge of two cortical areas involved in motion perception, namely VI and MT, we explain various perceptual and oculo-motor responses found in the literature. First, we build a recurrent model of motion integration where a minimal number of cortical interactions are assumed. Proposing a simple readout mechanism, we are able to reproduce not only motion perception but also the dynamics of smooth pursuit eye movements on various line figures and gratings viewed through different apertures. Second, following perceptual studies concerning motion integration and physiological studies of receptive fields, we construct another dynamical model where motion information is gated by form cues. To this end, we postulate that the visual cortex takes advantage of luminance smoothness in order to gate motion diffusion. Such an elementary diffusion mechanism allows to solve various contextual problems where extrinsic junctions should be eliminated, without relying on complex junction detectors or depth computation. Finally, we rewrite the initial dynamical model into the neural field formalism in order to mathematically analyse its properties. We incorporate the multiplicative feedback term into the formalism, and prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. To generalise the comparison against visual performance, we propose a new evaluation methodology based on human visual performance and design a database of image sequences taken from biology and psychophysics literature. Offering proper evaluation methodology is essential to continue progress in modelling the neural mechanisms involved in motion processing. To conclude, we investigate the performances of our neural field model by comparison against state of the art computer vision approaches and sequences. We find that, despite its original objective, this model gives results comparable to recent computer vision approaches of motion estimation
Djennas, Meriem. „Les apports des outils de l'intelligence artificielle à l'amélioration du processus de prévision des taux de change : le cas de la couronne norvégienne“. Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of our research covers the quantitative modeling of foreign exchange rate using an artifïcial intelligence approach, notably the genetic algorithms and neural networks, applied to the Norwegian foreign exchange market. In the context of modeling to explain the movement of exchange rates, the thesis proposes a reflection on the artifïcial intelligence means applied to the chartist-fundamentalist approach of the exchange rate. The results of optimization and simulation show that despite their complexity, the series of exchange rates can be modeled so that the estimated values of the exchange rate approach, wherever possible, the real values of foreign exchange rate. The artifïcial simulation by a neuro-genetic model gives the best result compared with a STAR model and a standard neural model. The second part of the thesis has shown that using a genetic algorithm as a means of optimization has allowed measuring the impact of explanatory variables on the movement of the Norwegian exchange rate
Mesquida, Thomas. „Méthode de calcul et implémentation d’un processeur neuromorphique appliqué à des capteurs évènementiels“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT117/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStudying how our nervous system and sensory mechanisms work lead to the creation of event-driven sensors. These sensors follow the same principles as our eyes or ears for example. This Ph.D. focuses on the search for bio-inspired low power methods enabling processing data from this new kind of sensor. Contrary to legacy sensors, our retina and cochlea only react to the perceived activity in the sensory environment. The artificial “retina” and “cochlea” implementations we call dynamic sensors provide streams of events comparable to neural spikes. The quantity of data transmitted is closely linked to the presented activity, which decreases the redundancy in the output data. Moreover, not being forced to follow a frame-rate, the created events provide increased timing resolution. This bio-inspired support to convey data lead to the development of algorithms enabling visual tracking or speaker recognition or localization at the auditory level, and neuromorphic computing environment implementation. The work we present rely on these new ideas to create new processing solutions. More precisely, the applications and hardware developed rely on temporal coding of the data in the spike stream provided by the sensors
Louis, Thomas. „Conventionnel ou bio-inspiré ? Stratégies d'optimisation de l'efficacité énergétique des réseaux de neurones pour environnements à ressources limitées“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ4001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntegrating artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms directly into satellites presents numerous challenges. These embedded systems, which are heavily limited in energy consumption and memory footprint, must also withstand interference. This systematically requires the use of system-on-chip (SoC) solutions to combine two so-called “heterogeneous” systems: a versatile microcontroller and an energy-efficient computing accelerator (such as an FPGA or ASIC). To address the challenges related to deploying such architectures, this thesis focuses on optimizing and deploying neural networks on heterogeneous embedded architectures, aiming to balance energy consumption and AI performance.In Chapter 2 of this thesis, an in-depth study of recent compression techniques for feedforward neural networks (FNN) like MLPs or CNNs was conducted. These techniques, which reduce the computational complexity and memory footprint of these models, are essential for deployment in resource-constrained environments. Spiking neural networks (SNN) were also explored. These bio-inspired networks can indeed offer greater energy efficiency compared to FNNs.In Chapter 3, we adapted and developed innovative quantization methods to reduce the number of bits used to represent the values in a spiking network. This allowed us to compare the quantization of SNNs and FNNs, to understand and assess their respective trade-offs in terms of losses and gains. Reducing the activity of an SNN (e.g., the number of spikes generated during inference) directly improves the energy efficiency of SNNs. To this end, in Chapter 4, we leveraged knowledge distillation and regularization techniques. These methods reduce the spiking activity of the network while preserving its accuracy, ensuring effective operation of SNNs on resource-limited hardware.In the final part of this thesis, we explored the hybridization of SNNs and FNNs. These hybrid networks (HNN) aim to further optimize energy efficiency while enhancing performance. We also proposed innovative multi-timestep networks, which process information with different latencies across layers within the same SNN. Experimental results show that this approach enables a reduction in overall energy consumption while maintaining performance across a range of tasks.This thesis serves as a foundation for deploying future neural network applications in space. To validate our methods, we provide a comparative analysis on various public datasets (CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, MNIST, Google Speech Commands) as well as on a private dataset for cloud segmentation. Our approaches are evaluated based on metrics such as accuracy, energy consumption, or SNN activity. This research extends beyond aerospace applications. We have demonstrated the potential of quantized SNNs, hybrid neural networks, and multi-timestep networks for a variety of real-world scenarios where energy efficiency is critical. This work offers promising prospects for fields such as IoT devices, autonomous vehicles, and other systems requiring efficient AI deployment
Shahsavari, Mahyar. „Unconventional computing using memristive nanodevices : from digital computing to brain-like neuromorphic accelerator“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10203/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBy 2020, there will be 50 to 100 billion devices connected to the Internet. Two domains of hot research to address these high demands of data processing are the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data. The demands of these new applications are increasing faster than the development of new hardware particularly because of the slowdown of Moore's law. The main reason of the ineffectiveness of the processing speed is the memory wall or Von Neumann bottleneck which is coming from speed differences between the processor and the memory. Therefore, a new fast and power-efficient hardware architecture is needed to respond to those huge demands of data processing. In this thesis, we introduce novel high performance architectures for next generation computing using emerging nanotechnologies such as memristors. We have studied unconventional computing methods both in the digital and the analog domains. However, the main focus and contribution is in Spiking Neural Network (SNN) or neuromorphic analog computing. In the first part of this dissertation, we review the memristive devices proposed in the literature and study their applicability in a hardware crossbar digital architecture. At the end of part~I, we review the Neuromorphic and SNN architecture. The second part of the thesis contains the main contribution which is the development of a Neural Network Scalable Spiking Simulator (N2S3) suitable for the hardware implementation of neuromorphic computation, the introduction of a novel synapse box which aims at better learning in SNN platforms, a parameter exploration to improve performance of memristor-based SNN, and finally a study of the application of deep learning in SNN
Fois, Adrien. „Plasticité et codage temporel dans les réseaux impulsionnels appliqués à l'apprentissage de représentations“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0299.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeuromorphic computing is a rapidly growing field of computer science. It seeks to define models of computation inspired by the properties of the brain. Neuromorphic computing redefines the nature of the three key components of learning: 1) data, 2) computing substrate, and 3) algorithms, based on how the brain works. First, the data are represented with all-or-nothing events distributed in space and time: spikes. Second, the computational substrate erases the separation between computation and memory introduced by Von Neumann architectures by co-locating them, as in the brain. Furthermore, the computation is massively parallel and asynchronous allowing the computational units to be activated on the fly, independently. Third, the learning algorithms are adapted to the computing substrate by exploiting the information available locally, at the neuron level. This vast overhaul in the way information transfer, information representation, computation and learning are approached, allows neuromorphic processors to promise in particular an energy saving of a considerable factor of 100 to 1000 compared to CPUs. In this thesis, we explore the algorithmic side of neuromorphic computing by proposing event-driven learning rules that satisfy locality constraints and are capable of extracting representations of event-based, sparse and asynchronous data streams. Moreover, while most related studies are based on rate codes where information is exclusively represented in the number of spikes, our learning rules exploit much more efficient temporal codes, where information is contained in the spike times. We first propose an in-depth analysis of a temporal coding method using a population of neurons. We propose a decoding method and we analyze the delivered information and the code structure. Then we introduce a new event-driven and local rule capable of extracting representations from temporal codes by storing centroids in a distributed way within the synaptic weights of a neural population. We then propose to learn representations not in synaptic weights, but rather in transmission delays operating intrinsically in the temporal dimension. This led to two new event-driven and local rules. One rule adapts delays so as to store representations, the other rule adapts weights so as to filter features according to their temporal variability. The two rules operate complementarily. In a last model, these rules adapting weights and delays are augmented by a new spatio-temporal neuromodulator. This neuromodulator makes it possible for the model to reproduce the behavior of self-organizing maps with spiking neurons, thus leading to the generation of ordered maps during the learning of representations. Finally, we propose a new generic labeling and voting method designed for spiking neural networks dealing with temporal codes. This method is used so as to evaluate our last model in the context of categorization tasks
Santos, Francisco C. „Topological evolution: from biological to social networks“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210702.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbou, Rjeily Yves. „Management and sustainability of urban drainage systems within smart cities“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10085/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work presents the Real Time Control (RTC) of Urban Drainage Systems (UDS) within smart cities. RTC requires to understand the UDS operation and to perform simulations on measured, forecasted and synthetic events. Therefore, a Real Time Monitoring system (RTM) was implemented on the experimental site, and combined to a simulation model. A model auto-calibration process and hydraulic boundary conditions forecast system were developed, in order to simulate the hydrologic-hydraulic response. Aiming to protect the citizens and mitigate flooding consequences, the RTC was composed of a flooding forecast system followed by a dynamic management strategy. The proposed concept and methodologies were applied and evaluated on the Lille 1 University Campus, within the SunRise project. RTM was found very helpful in understanding the system operation and calibrating the simulation model. Genetic Algorithm followed by Pattern Search formed an effective auto-calibration procedure for the simulation model. NARX Neural Network was developed and validated for forecasting hydraulic boundary conditions. Once understanding the UDS operations, the RTC was developed. NARX Neural Network was found capable to forecast flooding events. A dynamic management for increasing a tank retention capacity, was studied based on calculating a Valve State Schedule, and results were satisfying by using Genetic Algorithm and a modified form of Artificial Bee Colony, as optimization methods. A qualitative management was also proposed and tested for verifying its potential in reducing flooding volumes
Falez, Pierre. „Improving spiking neural networks trained with spike timing dependent plasticity for image recognition“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleComputer vision is a strategic field, in consequence of its great number of potential applications which could have a high impact on society. This area has quickly improved over the last decades, especially thanks to the advances of artificial intelligence and more particularly thanks to the accession of deep learning. Nevertheless, these methods present two main drawbacks in contrast with biological brains: they are extremely energy intensive and they need large labeled training sets. Spiking neural networks are alternative models offering an answer to the energy consumption issue. One attribute of these models is that they can be implemented very efficiently on hardware, in order to build ultra low-power architectures. In return, these models impose certain limitations, such as the use of only local memory and computations. It prevents the use of traditional learning methods, for example the gradient back-propagation. STDP is a learning rule, observed in biology, which can be used in spiking neural networks. This rule reinforces the synapses in which local correlations of spike timing are detected. It also weakens the other synapses. The fact that it is local and unsupervised makes it possible to abide by the constraints of neuromorphic architectures, which means it can be implemented efficiently, but it also provides a solution to the data set labeling issue. However, spiking neural networks trained with the STDP rule are affected by lower performances in comparison to those following a deep learning process. The literature about STDP still uses simple data but the behavior of this rule has seldom been used with more complex data, such as sets made of a large variety of real-world images.The aim of this manuscript is to study the behavior of these spiking models, trained through the STDP rule, on image classification tasks. The main goal is to improve the performances of these models, while respecting as much as possible the constraints of neuromorphic architectures. The first contribution focuses on the software simulations of spiking neural networks. Hardware implementation being a long and costly process, using simulation is a good alternative in order to study more quickly the behavior of different models. Then, the contributions focus on the establishment of multi-layered spiking networks; networks made of several layers, such as those in deep learning methods, allow to process more complex data. One of the chapters revolves around the matter of frequency loss seen in several spiking neural networks. This issue prevents the stacking of multiple spiking layers. The center point then switches to a study of STDP behavior on more complex data, especially colored real-world image. Multiple measurements are used, such as the coherence of filters or the sparsity of activations, to better understand the reasons for the performance gap between STDP and the more traditional methods. Lastly, the manuscript describes the making of multi-layered networks. To this end, a new threshold adaptation mechanism is introduced, along with a multi-layer training protocol. It is proven that such networks can improve the state-of-the-art for STDP
Marcireau, Alexandre. „Vision par ordinateur évènementielle couleur : cadriciel, prototype et applications“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS248.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeuromorphic engineering is a bio-inspired approach to sensors and computers design. It aims to mimic biological systems down to the transistor level, to match their unparalleled robustness and power efficiency. In this context, event-based vision sensors have been developed. Unlike conventional cameras, they feature independent pixels which asynchronously generate an output upon detecting changes in their field of view, with high temporal precision. These properties are not leveraged by conventional computer vision algorithms, thus a new paradigm has been devised. It advocates short calculations performed on each event to mimic the brain, and shows promise both for computer vision and as a model of biological vision. This thesis explores event-based computer vision to improve our understanding of visual perception and identify potential applications. We approach the issue through color, a mostly unexplored aspect of event-based sensors. We introduce a framework supporting color events, as well as two experimental devices leveraging it: a three-chip event-based camera performing absolute color measurements, and a visual psychophysics setup to study the role of precise-timing in the brain. We explore the possibility to apply the color sensor to the genetic engineering Brainbow method, and present a new mathematical model for the latter