Dissertationen zum Thema „Réseaux doubles“
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Feige, Ludovic. „Introduction d'anisotropie dans des doubles réseaux élastomères par orientation et réticulation en deux étapes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDouble network elastomers are composed of two interpenetrated polymeric networks. A highly-crosslinked and isotropically prestretched filler network is embedded into a soft matrix network. The properties of such a molecular composite primarily depend on the state of stretch of the filler network chains, which dictates their maximum extensibility. Here, we introduce some anisotropy into the double network architecture by using uniaxially pre-oriented filler networks. This prestretching is obtained by crosslinking the filler network in two steps, the second one being performed in the stretched state. Two dual-curing systems are designed, activated either by heating or by UV. Prestretched filler networks are then prepared and do not show any anisotropy in modulus nor swelling ratio. However, double networks prepared from prestretched filler networks show a pronounced anisotropic behavior in large strain. In particular, the transverse direction is not predicted by mean-field models. We propose a new model based on the non-additivity of the finite extensibility for both populations of crosslinks to predict semi-quantitatively the large strain behavior of these anisotropic tough materials. Interestingly we find also that the damage in small and large strain are decoupled, as opposed to conventional filled rubbers where a single damage parameter is sufficient for both regimes. All in all, these new double network elastomers based on more complex network topologies represent a new step toward practical applications, materials and situations that are closer to real life situations
Hammer, Larissa. „Design and Characterization of Double Dynamic Networks Based on Boronic Ester and Imine Dynamic Covalent Bonds“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDual dynamic networks (DDNs) are polymeric materials that combine two (or more) distinct crosslinkers in one system. By coupling different crosslinking strategies, precisely tailored materials can be designed. This thesis explores the implementation of the vitrimer concept into DDNs. Elastomeric vitrimers consisting of two interpenetrated dynamic networks that rely on boronic ester metathesis and on imine-aldehyde exchange, respectively, were designed to this aim. Both reactions proceed via a degenerate mechanism and are orthogonal to each other. By the engagement of two types of dynamic covalent crosslinks, two distinct dynamics are established in each subnetwork. To obtain and evaluate the final DDN, the respective subnetworks were synthesized beforehand, and characterized as single networks. The characteristics of the single networks were tailored individually to fulfill their specific needs in terms of dynamic behavior, processability and dimensional stability. These properties were adjusted by changing the molar mass of the thermoplastic precursors, their degree of functionality, their crosslinking density, or the lifetime of the dynamic bonds. The two networks were successfully united into a DDN. In a comparative study, insights were obtained how the individual subnetworks contribute to the DDN’s properties, and whether synergetic effects arise. In fact, the interpenetrated nature of the vitrimer DDN allows increasing at the time creep resistance and elongation at break, which is really challenging to achieve, yet highly desirable for most elastomers. Over and beyond, the obtained materials show great potential for mechanical and chemical recycling
Fleutot, Solenne. „Etudes expérimentale et théorique des interactions entre sous-réseaux organique / inorganique dans des systèmes hybrides modèles“. Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis concerns the large field of studies of inorganic/ organic hybrid materials. In addition of elaboration of model hybrid materials (Layered Doubles Hydroxides LDH [MII1-xMIIIx(OH)2]x+[Anx/n. MH2O]x- / functionalized aromatic anions), this work proposes to address two major types of interaction with physical or chemical nature associated with intercalation and grafting process after a specific heat treatment respectively. Model systems consisting of acid salts (phydroxybenzene sulfonate HBS, p-hydroxybenzoate HBC) intercalated in inorganic matrices LDH were synthesized by different preparation methods (coprecipitation, ion exchange, hydrothermal synthesis). After characterization of these systems by conventional method of chemical and structural investigation (XRD, IR, TGA. . . ), the original approach was to use the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) as a local probe to best appreciate the electronic transfers. In parallel, quantum calculations (molecular and / or periodical type) were conducted for each system in a experiment / theory coupled approach to establish the character and nature of the interaction between inorganic and organic sub-lattices. This coupled method allowed to establish comparisons between hybrid systems as a function of the cationic composition of the mineral matrix LDH (Zn2Al, Cu2Cr) and as a function of anionic functional group of the organic component (-SO3-,-CO2-)
Chan, Shin Yu Kristel. „Etude d'un filtre à double réseau résonnant pour spectroscopie embarquée“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681980.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChan, Shin Yu Kristel. „Étude d'un filtre à double réseau résonnant pour spectroscopie embarquée“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1615/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is to fabricate a high quality factor (20000) spectral filter simultaneously polarization independent and wavelength tunable. Such a device would meet many needs, especially in spectroscopic imaging. For the realization of such a device, resonant gratings are perfectly fitted. Indeed, the position of the resonant peak is naturally tunable by varying the angle of incidence, and quality factors of 10000 are usually attained. However, in general, the spectral response of resonant gratings depends on the polarization, which limits to applications where polarization is known. To solve this problem, we adopt an original approach through an innovative structure consisting of two crossed 1D gratings. Then, we give an example of a polarization independent, reflection filter tunable over 100 nm at a rate of 8. 5 nm/° and with a quality factor of 13000. For an application in the near infrared, we propose materials and techniques from the silicon-based microelectronics and we show that it is thus possible to fabricate these structures with the required precision
Bergeron, Maxim. „Étude du double pas de calcul pour la simulation numérique des réseaux électriques“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28366/28366.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbier, Gérald. „Alternateur à double excitation alimentée par des convertisseurs statiques : simulation et expérimentation“. Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2073.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe quality of an electrical supply network imposes the maintenance of stability during disturbed operations. The consumption of the reactive power created by the lines, during hollow of load is a factor of instability, all the more important that the lines are longer. A generator provided with a second inductor winding shifted in space, makes it possible to absorb an important reactive power all while maintaining stability. Studies showed that this solution was viable, for networks of which the lengths of lines are consequent, like the network in Russia. Since the beginning of the Eighties, the Soviet ex-Union was interested in operation of this generator called double excitation. Prototypes were built in the power station of Burchtinskaya. A collaboration between Russia and France, made it possible to improve the mode of control. Work of this memory is associated with this collaboration. The author gives the description of the test bench at a reduced scale, of a group of production of electrical energy using a generator with double excitation connected through a line to a powerful network. IGBT converters of chopper type, reversible in current and voltage feed the field circuits. The test bench is instrumented and controls are managed in real time by means of Dspace associated with Matlab/Simulink. The theoretical and real diagrams of control are presented. Inputs and outputs must be filtered and the author makes also a practical comparison between two modes of piloting the converters. Parallel to this experimentation, a theoretical study by simulation on the Saber software is made, in order to study the behaviour of the system described previously and thus to simulate the total test bench including bridges with IGBT. This requires a setting in equation of the application and a transcription compatible with the Saber software. Simulation allows a validation of the running of the double excitation generator in consumption or supply of reactive power. It must be noticed the difficulty of identification of the parameters of the machine. The study has been carried out in per unit values to allow a generalisation. An experimental study traduces in the active and reactive powers plan, the evolution of the Critical Clearing Time (CCT) following a three-phased short circuit, in order to determine the performances of the generator and its control. The first conclusions show a very clear improvement of stability compared to a classical synchronous machine
Blau, Gerd. „Doubleurs de fréquences en optique intégrée utilisant des polymères et des nano-réseaux de diffraction“. Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0110.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePham, Trung-Kien. „Étude et conception de réseaux transmetteurs reconfigurables en bande Ka“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S065.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTransmitarray is an attractive solution for front-end devices in the next generation of communications (5G). The spatial-fed architecture of transmitarray antennas can compete with phase-arrays due to the absence of feeding network and with reflectarrays since they do not suffer from feed blockage. Thanks to their operation in transmission mode, transmitarrays can be easily mounted on platforms for outdoor environment applications. With mature printed-circuit board technology, there are unstoppable experiments in various frequency bands from cm-wave to mm-wave and up to terahertz in upcoming years for potential applications. Many advanced properties are exploited in transmitarrays in recent years to meet high demands of communications facilities, for example, circular-polarization, dual-/multi-polarization or frequencies through many techniques. Some experiments are consid-ered to validate eligibility of this antenna type in commercial services or military missions, namely electronically steering beam, broad bandwidth, etc. In terms of cost reduction and rigidity, non-dielectric prototypes are also proposed. The Ka-band Satcom applications are the main objective of this thesis through trans-mitarray solution. This band provides high data rate for both down-link and up-link in replacement of the current Ku-band systems with miniaturized module in next dec-ades. Hence, it is worth to pay attention to communications for moving platforms, for example, high-speed trains, planes, etc
Nedjar, Boumedyen. „Modélisation basée sur la méthode des réseaux de perméances en vue de l'optimisation de machines synchrones à simple et à double excitation“. Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675448.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZhang, Haiyang. „Conception et réalisation d'un réseau d'antennes à pointage électronique pour les communications par satellite“. Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=79678c41-e761-4159-bc7e-d56907647059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, receiving signals from geostationary satellites is performed using parabolic antennas composed of a metal reflector and a LNB (Low Noise Block) placed at the focus of the parabola. This antenna is widely used because of its performance and cost. However, this kind of antenna suffers from inherent shortcomings (3D antenna, fixed beam). To find an alternative to the existing, design of a planar, broadband (20% BP), dual-polarization, high gain (29dBi), electronically steerable and low cost antenna is proposed for the reception of TV signals from satellite (DBS system). To meet the criteria of compactness and low cost, microstrip technology is chosen. Two topologies of unitary antenna have been studied, optimized and arrayed to meet the requirements of this project: one coplanar fed monopole antenna and one cross-type multiresonator antenna. This work has led to numbers of original results. The development of a simple method shows that it is possible to stabilize the radiation pattern in the upper half space over a wide bandwidth and to decrease the rear radiation part. Another contribution of this work lies in the principle of sharing resonators when arraying cross shaped antenna. This technique not only reduces the inter-element distance (grating lobes appearance), but also, for a given phase gradient, achieves a greater beam steering. This proves the feasibility of such an antenna to be a credible solution
Makdissy, Tony. „Nouvelles topologies de cellules déphaseuses à coût et complexité réduits pour les antennes réseaux réflecteurs large bande“. Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmari, Ahmed. „Conception et validation d'AeroRing - un réseau de communication Ethernet en double anneau pour les systèmes avioniques de nouvelle génération“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe inherent complexity and bandwidth requirement of avionics communication architecturesare increasing due to the growing number of interconnected end-systems and theexpansion of exchanged data. The Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) has beenintroduced to provide high-speed communication (100Mbps) for new generation aircraft.However, this switched network is deployed in a fully redundant way, which leads to significantquantities of wires, and thus increases weight and integration costs. To cope with thesearising issues, integrating ring-based Ethernet network in avionics context is proposed in thisthesis as a main solution to decrease the wiring-related weight and complexity. In this context,our main objective is to design and validate a new avionic communication network, calledAeroRing, based on a Gigabit Ethernet technology and supporting a Full Duplex ring topology.To achieve this aim, first, a benchmarking of the most relevant Real-Time Ethernet (RTE)solutions supporting ring topologies vs avionics requirements has been conducted, and weparticularly assess the main Performance Indicators (PIs), specified in IEC 61784-2. Thisbenchmarking reveals that each existing RTE solution satisfies some requirements better thanothers, but there is no best solution in terms of all the requirements
Nedjar, Boumedyen. „Modélisation basée sur la méthode des réseaux de perméances en vue de l’optimisation de machines synchrones à simple et à double excitation“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0056/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe electric and / or hybrid driveis are an application area growing with a strong restriction in terms of congestion. This prompted the designers to create appropriate structures. Among these topologies, we find the double-excitation synchronous machine (MSDE). These machines can combine the advantages of permanent magnets machine and those of a coils excited machine.The choice of a model for these machines is an important step in the analysis, optimization and pre-sizing. This thesis presents a contribution to the modeling by magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) of single and double excitation synchronous machines. Three parties are offered as well. The first part of the thesis presents two states of the art: one on the double-excitation synchronous machines and the other on the modeling of electrical machines, mainly in the modeling by magnetic equivalent circuit. In the second part, we discuss the 2D modeling of flux concentration permanent magnet synchronous machine taking into account the rotation and saturation. The purpose of this section is to find ways to combine both computational time and accuracy. We start by using the magnetic equivalent circuit modeling based on a mesh of the structure and each mesh is replaced by two-way reluctances, then a torque estimation are obtened by two methods flux-FMM and Maxwell stress Tensor. The second section presents a coupling between magnetic equivalent circuit and finite element method. The proposed method is to solve the two models (reluctant and finite elements) simultaneously with software EF. The coupling is performed by an equivalence between the geometric dimensions and magnetic properties of materials. The presentation of different models in terms of time-accurate calculation shows the effectiveness of the use of MEC and coupling method compared to FEM. The third part concerns the three-dimensional modeling of double excitation synchronous machines. At first, we present an adaptation of the MEC to the three-dimensional structures. Then we apply this model to the double excitation synchronous machines (DESM). The DESM with flux concentration configuration is presented. To better control the wund flux of excitation, a buried magnet homopolar machine is also studied with the same approach. Model validation is performed by finite element and experimental measurements. In the last part, a comparison between homopolar and bipolar configurations is made, then the rotor flux concentration is optimized in order to compare it to the machine magnets buried
Karmann, Clémence. „Inférence de réseaux pour modèles inflatés en zéro“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0146/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNetwork inference has more and more applications, particularly in human health and environment, for the study of micro-biological and genomic data. Networks are indeed an appropriate tool to represent, or even study, relationships between entities. Many mathematical estimation techniques have been developed, particularly in the context of Gaussian graphical models, but also in the case of binary or mixed data. The processing of abundance data (of microorganisms such as bacteria for example) is particular for two reasons: on the one hand they do not directly reflect reality because a sequencing process takes place to duplicate species and this process brings variability, on the other hand a species may be absent in some samples. We are then in the context of zero-inflated data. Many graph inference methods exist for Gaussian, binary and mixed data, but zero-inflated models are rarely studied, although they reflect the structure of many data sets in a relevant way. The objective of this thesis is to infer networks for zero-inflated models. In this thesis, we will restrict to conditional dependency graphs. The work presented in this thesis is divided into two main parts. The first one concerns graph inference methods based on the estimation of neighbourhoods by a procedure combining ordinal regression models and variable selection methods. The second one focuses on graph inference in a model where the variables are Gaussian zero-inflated by double truncation (right and left)
Ngom, Assane. „Conception de petits réseaux d'antennes reconfigurables ou "Small Cells" pour le standard 5G“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConsumer mobile communications, video downloads and the use of mobile applications represent most of today's use of radio resources in 4G networks; but in order to broaden the spectrum of uses and the diversity of users, many research efforts and numerous proposals are beginning to emerge for the implementation of a new standard called 5G, which targets a wide range of sectors and is important pillars of a society: energy, health, media, industry or transportation. To fulfil these challenges, this new standard will have to combine several technologies, including the creation of an Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) to obtain a dense coverage, more robust to obstacles and increase the capacity of the network. This promising solution is obtained by the deployment of dense small cells in hotspots where huge traffic is generated, and by using millimeter waves to extend the transmission bandwidth.These smalls cells must optimize the received signal according to the location of the user, by using a high gain beam reconfigurable antennas array. This method avoids using all the available power to issue "blind" hoping to fall on the terminal.The Objectives of this thesis is therefore to design a small antennas array or "Small Cells" working in mmWave bands with an ability to change the direction of the beam according to the needs of users. A dual polarized beam reconfigurable technique applied on a planar antenna array has been developed.This manuscript is divided as follows: after a reminder of the objectives of the 5G and its requirements in chapter 1, we have introduced in chapter 2, the architectures and theory of the different antenna arrays, as well as the different techniques of beam steer. The third chapter is dedicated to the design of a cross patch antenna with a dual polarization and reconfigurable beam by using switchable parasitic elements. This radiating element was then used in Chapter 4 to design a high-gain reconfigurable, multiport sub-arrays and antenna arrays
Coutaz, Jean-Louis. „Génération renforcée d'une onde optique à fréquence double sur des réseaux de diffraction en argent par excitation résonnante de plasmon de surface“. Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenre-Grandpierre, Cyrille. „Forme et fonctionnement des réseaux de transport : approche fractale et réflexions sur l'aménagement des villes“. Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Aimani Salma. „Modélisation des différentes technologies d'éoliennes intégrées dans un réseau de moyenne tension“. Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ECLI0004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDang, Hong Lam. „Modélisation du comportement hydromécanique des réservoirs fracturés à double porosité et double perméabilité“. Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFractured rock masses modeling is a challenge issue in many field of industry including but not limited to oiland gas exploitation. In the literature, fractured rock masse are in many cases recognized as double permeability medium in which fracture network provides the primary permeability and rock matrix plays asthe second one. The idea of dissociation of flow inside the fracture network and the matrix, the double permeability, is still challenged for fractured reservoirs. Numerous contributions on this issue have been presented in the past could be cast in two main approaches: continuum media approach and discontinuous approach. Each approach has its advantages and limitations. To overcome the limitation and to take advantage of these two approaches, the Embedded Fractured Continuum Approach (EFCA) which borrows the concept of continuum models and also incorporates the effect of explicit fractures is considered in this thesis. The principal idea of this approach lies on the concept of fracture cell representing a porous medium that has their own properties calculated from the properties of porous matrix and fractures intersecting it.The development in this work was conducted by using the library source code DEAL.II. The accuracy of EFCA was investigated through different verifications. Through some applications: determination of effective hydro-mechanical properties of an actual site, estimation of well production in which necessary fractures are modeled explicitly, we demonstrate the performance of the EFCA in the modeling fracture drock masses as well as the effect of double porosity and double permeability on behaviours of fractured reservoirs
Le, Tan. „Intégration de l'inférence abductive et inductive pour la représentation des connaissances dans les réseaux de gènes“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996894.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouaouiche, Toufik. „Commande à structure variable et étude de l'intégration d'éolienne à base de machine asynchrone à double alimentation sur le réseau électrique“. Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with a 7. 5 kW variable wind speed turbine with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The goal is to design a robust control for the DFIG and minimise the impact of grid faults, unbalanced voltages or current harmonics on the performances of the system. After a brief historic of the evolution of wind turbines, the state of the art of used generators and their associated power electronics is presented. For mechanical part, a variable blade pitch wind turbine is used for maximal power extraction. The second part depicts the model of variable speed constant frequency DFIG using back-to-back PWM voltage source converters and the corresponding control schemes. The feasibility and advantages of soft synchronizing DFIG to the grid using stator voltage control method is discussed. The rotor side converter is used to control the wind turbine output power in order to follow a predefined power-speed tracking characteristics (MPPT) and the voltage (or reactive power) at the grid terminals. Both linear or non-linear control structures based respectively on PI regulator or variable structure control (sliding mode) are developed and compared. Some experimental results are shown to validate simulation study. The last part of this work is devoted to the integration of the wind turbine based on DFIG to the distribution network. In particular the behavior of the system under unbalanced power transmission grids, current harmonics or short circuit faults conditions is studied. A new active control strategy based on sliding mode regulators is developed to compensate electrical perturbations, improve power quality and assure the possibility of stabilizing and continuous mode function
Magnan, Penuela Marion. „Migration, réseaux transnationaux et identités locales : le cas des Colombiens à New York“. Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553246.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHaddad, Yoram. „Modélisation stochastique du mécanisme EDCA du WiFi et double réutilisation de fréquences pour les femtocells“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00561406.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHaddad, Yoram. „Modélisation stochastique du mécanisme EDCA du WiFi et double réutilisation de fréquences pour les femtocells“. Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00561406.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe race toward higher throughputs for cellular network users is getting more difficult every day. The new "Femtocell" technology is expected to be the rescuer of cellular network operators. This "home" cellular base station provides high indoor coverage and throughput to indoor users over the regular home broadband access connection to the internet. In this thesis, we evaluate the capacity that can be offered by the WiFi and Femtocell technologies separately. In the first part we propose a realistic and comprehensive model to analyze the performance of the IEEE 802. 11e EDCA contention based access mechanism, which provides QoS to IEEE 802. 11 WLAN. Our analytical approach is based on Markov chains. Our innovation is that our model allows for non-ideal channels and unsaturated networks. The improved model allows computing and representing the performance more precisely for various traffic loads and various BER. Then we assess the performance of the femtocell approach. For this purpose, we first needed to deal with the radio planning issue. This latter issue is not obvious for a plug-and-play Femtocell device whose deployment will inherently be unpredictable. We propose a double frequency reuse scheme, which allows a femtocell to reuse the frequency already in use by adjacent sectors of the overlaying macrocell. We present three solutions: full, partial or mixed frequency reuse. Then we evaluate the performance that Femtocells can achieve when coexisting with an overlaying macrocell in terms of RSS and SINR expected at the femtocell level. We show that Femtocells can definitely provide a meaningful improvement in the data rates experienced by the femtocell user's equipment
Le, Tan. „Intégration de l'inférence abductive et inductive pour la représentation des connaissances dans les réseaux de gènes“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2337/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiagnostic reasoning (abductive) and predictive reasoning (inductive) are two methods of reasoning that enable the discovery of new knowledge. When abductive reasoning is the process of finding the best explanation (hypothesis) for a set of observations (Josephson, 1994), the inductive reasoning is the process of predicting, from a set of observations, to find all possible results. These observations may be symptoms of a patient, experiments on genomic and metabolic networks, etc. In this PhD thesis, we are interested in the representation, analysis and synthesis of genomic signaling networks using hypothetical logic. In fact, this thesis focuses on modeling of signaling pathways in response to the DNA double stranded break. To implement the abduction, we use algorithms of production. Then, the default logic is used to build models of minimum representation. These algorithms are proven knowledge discovery on the map of DNA double-strand break. This map is minimal as biological causality graph and allows integrating bio-molecular data
Hinostroza, Israel. „Design of wideband arrays of spiral antennas“. Phd thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830469.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoitiers, Frédéric. „ETUDE ET COMMANDE DE GENERATRICES ASYNCHRONES POUR L'UTILISATION DE L'ENERGIE EOLIENNE - Machine asynchrone à cage autonome - Machine asynchrone à double alimentation reliée au réseau“. Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011383.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAprès un bref rappel des concepts et équations régissant le fonctionnement d'un système éolien, ce document dresse un état de l'art des ensembles machines – convertisseurs utilisés dans l'énergie éolienne.
Une première étude montre les performances et les limites d'utilisation de la machine asynchrone à cage auto-excitée. Elle utilise une modélisation originale et simple où le modèle de la machine est complètement indépendant de celui de la charge et des capacités d'excitation. Les régimes équilibré et déséquilibré sont étudiés en simulation et validés expérimentalement.
Dans un deuxième temps, la réalisation d'un simulateur physique d'aérogénérateur est présentée. Celui-ci est destiné à placer les génératrices à l'étude dans des conditions proches de la réalité en les entraînant grâce à une machine à courant continu commandée de façon à reproduire les variations de couple d'une éolienne.
La troisième partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à la production d'électricité sur un réseau grâce à une machine asynchrone à double alimentation. L'originalité de cette machine, utilisée dans un système éolien, est de pouvoir contrôler l'échange de puissance entre le stator et le réseau en agissant sur les signaux rotoriques via un convertisseur bidirectionnel. Dans cette optique une commande vectorielle en puissances active et réactive statoriques est mise en œuvre. Cette commande est élaborée et testée en synthétisant trois types de régulateurs linéaires : Proportionnel- Intégral, RST basé sur la théorie du placement de pôles et Linéaire Quadratique Gaussien basé sur la minimisation d'un critère quadratique. Les performances du dispositif sont analysées et comparées en termes de suivi de consigne, robustesse, et rejet de perturbations.
Poitiers, Frédéric. „Étude et commande de génératrices asynchrones pour l'utilisation de l'énergie éolienne : machine asynchrone à cage autonome : machine asynchrone à double alimentation reliée au réseau“. Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2078.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRobert, Emilien. „Evolution des masques en lithographie optique : étude et application des masques à transition de phase“. Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0063.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe reduction of the dimensions is generally achieved with a shorter exposure wavelength combined with a larger numerical aperture. But the acceleration of the integrated circuit miniaturisation has passed over the scanners' improvement and so has challenged lithographers to push over the opticallithography limits by resolving the structure below the exposure wavelength. At the same time, the scanners' cost has exponentionaly increased. Therefore lithographers tend to use to there full extent lithographic tools, surpassing the printing limits. One of the solutions considered for the past ten years is the mask evolution allowing lithographers to control not only the amplitude but also the phase of the incident beam. Ln this context, the purpose of this thesis is essentially focused on the study of the 100% attenuated phase shift mask. Through a theoretical approach, confmned by wafers exposures, we evaluated the enhancement due to the use of these masks for dense lines but also the challenges caused by the use of double exposure
Leroy, Matthieu. „Étude et mise au point de motoventilateurs à hautes performances pour l'aéronautque“. Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000327/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with the study of permanent magnets actuators dedicated to aeronautical ventilation. The increase number of revolutions of the machine and the frequencies of commutation of the associated converter, constitutes a considerable source of losses generated on the level of the rotor in the conducting parts by the means of induced currents. These losses which deteriorate the total output of the actuator, must in this context, become a dominating element of dimensioning. A modeling being based on the analytical calculation of the magnetic field sitting in the air-gap and the conducting parts, is exploited within an experimental design, in order to highlight the structural parameters likely to influence favorably the losses by induced currents. Then, an alternative solution with the targeted application, relates to the definition of a new structure of actuator, the machine with double sailant and permanent magnets stator
Poure, Philippe. „Contribution à l'étude du filtrage dynamique d'un réseau électrique à l'aide d'une machine synchrone commandée par les grandeurs rotoriques“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL004N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGhennam, Tarak. „Supervision d’une ferme éolienne pour son intégration dans la gestion d’un réseau électrique, Apports des convertisseurs multi niveaux au réglage des éoliennes à base de machine asynchrone à double alimentation“. Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECLI0012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research work deals with two topics conditioning the large scale development of wind turbines into electrical grids. The first is devoted to the development of new algorithms for the control of Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) based wind energy conversion systems. Two direct current control strategies have been proposed and are based on the hysteresis square areas (HZCA) and hysteresis circular areas (HZCI). Both strategies apply an appropriate voltage vector to control the active and reactive powers delivered to the grid, and also, to balance the voltages of the inner DC bus converter. Simulation and experimental results show that the HZCI strategy is better than HZCA in terms of output voltage waveforms and harmonic contain.The second topic is dedicated to the active and reactive powers supervision in a wind farm in order to supply prescribed power references from the grid operator. This supervision is ensured by a centralized algorithm that distributes power references between wind turbines in a proportional way. These references are calculated according to the maximum production capacity of wind turbines. An analysis of the power flow in the DFIM based wind energy system has been made to identify the (P, Q) characteristic and to calculate limits in terms of reactive power compensation. The local power management of each wind system has been developed allowing the powers distribution between the stator of the DFIM and the grid side converter by considering several operating modes of the wind generator
Jiang, Jian. „Modeling of complex network, application to road and cultural networks“. Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691129.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVeselska, Oleksandra. „Études Structurales et Photophysiques de Polymères de Coordination de Thiolates de Métaux Monétaires“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1197/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe coordination polymers (CPs) based on thiolates of coinage metals are well known for their luminescence properties. However, their structures stayed underexplored. In the thesis we present a pioneering study targeting the understanding of the structure formation and the ‘structure-properties’ correlation for neutral homoleptic CPs, [M(SR)]n, M = Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I). The compounds with thiophenolate derivatives studied in the work, illustrate how the use of some functionalized organic ligands leads to the formation of extended 2D networks or 1D columns by addition of some steric hindrance. The first comparative structural study of amorphous thiolated CPs was performed by PDF analysis. The photophysical studies showed the diversity of luminescent properties of the CPs based on thiolates of coinage metals. Double or multiple emission peaks, high quantum yield of orange-toinfrared emitters, significant lifetime variation with temperature… all of these intrinsic properties reveal the high potential of these compounds for diverse optical applications
Di, Dio Bruno Flavio. „Time-dependent rheology of soft particle glasses“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLS026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTime-dependent rheology of soft particle glassesSoft particle glasses are jammed suspensions of soft and deformable particles dispersed in a viscous fluid. Common examples include pasty materials such as solid inks, personal care products, and foods. They behave as yield stress fluids, which respond elastically to small perturbations, but deform irreversibly and flow when they are subjected to large enough stresses. Many experimental and theoretical studies have focused on the steady shear rheology of these materials. However much less is known about their behavior in transient situations like flow cessation or startup flow.Here we investigate the time-dependent rheology of jammed suspensions made of well-characterized polyelectrolyte microgels. Upon flow cessation, these materials store residual stresses that relax very slowly and are responsible for long-lived directional memory and aging. We design several experimental protocols that minimize residual stresses and memory making it possible to perform startup experiments without directional bias. The behavior of the stress growth function is then analyzed and discussed using systematic experiments, simulations, and a phenomenological model for microgels with both repulsive interactions and short-range associations. A final chapter is devoted to the high-frequency linear viscoelasticity of the suspensions. Overall, our results demonstrate the key role played by the competition between elastic contact forces and viscous forces, thus providing a unifying framework to rationalize the time-dependent rheology of soft particle glasses
Tchofo, Dinda Patrice. „Étude d'un réseau bidimensionnel à maille hexagonale à deux sites dans un substrat double-quadratique : diagramme de phase, structure et dynamique des parois, effets de taille finie“. Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTheron, Fabien. „Développement d'un gradio-gravimètre à atomes froids et d'un système laser télécom doublé pour applications embarquées“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066479/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the development of the experimental setup allowing the measurement of two gravity gradient components, Γzz and Γzx, and the gravity acceleration. These quantities are resulted from the measuring of rubidium cold atoms acceleration, in free fall in vacuum, by atom interferometry. For gradiometry, the differential measurement is realized between two atomic clouds spatially separated. For the measurement of Γzz, the use of mobile optical lattices allows to get two atom clouds from a single atomic source. This work presents the setting up of the complete device, in particular with the built of the vaccum chamber, laser and micro-wave systems. Lasers are based on frequency-doubled telecom technology, which allows to obtain compact and robust systems, dedicated for onboard applications. The innovative laser architecture allows to combine atom interferometry and optical lattices, while minimizing the amount of components. The laser noise has been characterized, and limits the single shot gravimetric sensitivity to 10-9 g, the single shot differential sensitivity to 10-10 g, and the single shot gradiometric sensitivity to 38 E
Withitsoonthorn, Suwimol. „Photodiode UTC et oscillateur différentiel commande en tension à base de TBdH InP pour récupération d'horloge dans un réseau de transmission optique à très haut débit“. Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006403v2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Abdallah Kaouthar. „Étude de l’intégration linguistique des nouveaux arrivants : une enquête sociolinguistique au collège Diderot de Besançon (Doubs)“. Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis focuses on the linguistic integration of newcomers in the context of French as a SecondLanguage in France. It has the following objectives: to describe and understand the languagebehaviour of the group investigated. Both in the research questions and in the methodology, weadopted a micro-sociolinguistic approach. Anchored in sociolinguistics and didactics, our research isarticulated to the theme of immigration and was constructed from an empirical-inductive approach. Tounderstand better the issues related to migration phenomena and the induced integration processes, wehave put the concept of linguistic integration at the centre of this research. The thesis uses alongitudinal and qualitative approach, which reflexivity gives priority to fieldwork. The linguisticintegration process is evolutionary and takes time. The aim was to analyze how this process builds anddevelops through communicative social networks for these young people learning French. Then wehave considered how these instances influence the language uses of the subjects surveyed. The resultsshow a significant presence of the French language in the practices described by the children withinthese networks. Thus, their linguistic integration is initiated. However, these behaviours are not stable.They are much more the result of "adaptation" to social networks and language, than a final andpersonal choice of a language. So these results shall not be taken as the realization of permanentlinguistic practices but as a provisional state in an integration process under way. Some of our findingscould be used to develop curricula and learning programs for French as a second language in a Frenchcontext. Other findings could greatly help teachers’ educators to prepare future and currentlyemployed teachers to integrate newcomers into their "normal" classes better. The presence of thesepupils in the French education system implies urgency in developing a didactics for multilingualism,which would take into account the linguistic realities of newcomer pupils
Ghennam, Tarak. „Supervision d'une ferme éolienne pour son intégration dans la gestion d'un réseau électrique, Apports des convertisseurs multi niveaux au réglage des éoliennes à base de machine asynchrone à double alimentation“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Abdallah Kaouthar. „Étude de l'intégration linguistique des nouveaux arrivants : une enquête sociolinguistique au collège Diderot de Besançon (Doubs)“. Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973877.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHarouni, Zied. „Conception et caractérisation d’une Rectenna à double polarisation circulaire à 2.45 GHz“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1026/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe work presented in this thesis is within the subject of wireless power transmission, power applied to the remote sensors, networks of sensors and actuators with low power consumption. This study focuses on the design, characterization, and measurement of a rectenna circuit (rectifying antenna) with dual circular polarization at 2.45 GHz, and optimisation of the conversion efficiency. A global analysis tool, based on the iterative method was developed and used to validate the feasibility of this concept by this method. The Schottky diode was modeled using surface impedance. The dual circular polarization rectenna with microstrip technology has been optimized and characterized experimentally operating at 2.45 GHz. It includes the property of harmonic rejections. Two accesses can receive either direction LHCP or RHCP sense. The conversion efficiency of 63% has been measured with a power density of 0.525 mW/cm². A DC voltage of 2.82V was measured across an optimum load of 1.6 kohm
Limpanichpakdee, Thitima. „Synthesis and mechanical properties of elastomers made by sequential-IPNs“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066315/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecently, a new technique to reinforce unfilled acrylic elastomers has been established. The elastomer was prepared by sequential free radical polymerization and swelling of acrylic monomers making interpenetrated networks. By introducing sacrificial bonds, the elastomer had significantly enhanced mechanical properties without changing the Tg of the material. We extended this method to two different elastomeric system to probe its generality. First, a silicone elastomer was synthesized by using polycondensation polymerization via a hydrosilylation reaction which is significantly different from the free radical polymerization used for acrylic networks. The multiple networks were synthesized by sequential swelling and polymerization steps with low molecular weight preducrosrs and a small amount of D4H crosslinker. The resulting silicone multiple networks were fully elastic elastomer with a mechanical toughness improved by about 100%. Second, core-shell latexes made of amphiphilic diblock copolymers Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(butyl acrylate) or PAA-b-PBA were synthesized by RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly and prepared into thin films. Different types of core-shell latexes and crosslinked latexes were synthesized and characterized both in the aqueous state and in the dry film state. The films were then used as a polymeric filler to a poly(butyl acrylate) by using the interpenetrated network technique. We succeeded for the first time to reinforce elastomers by latex particles. Thanks to interpenetrated networks strategy which distributed homogenously latex particles though the entire material, the interpenetrated films show extremely enhanced mechanical characteristics, fracture energy and toughness by using less than 1 % of glassy PAA content and no crosslinker in the reinforcing particles
Vallejo, Castaneda Emmanuel. „Contribution à l'étude de l'ordre de spins, de charge et effets structuraux dans le modèle de double-échange : chaîne linéaire, échelles de spins et manganites“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086637.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFilice, Francesco. „Solutions innovantes d'antennes en bande Ku- et Ka- en technologie d’impression 3-D pour la réalisation des réseaux phasés visant des applications 5G et des communications mobiles par satellite“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe increasing use of mobile applications leads to a growing demand for higher data-rates and low-cost mobile telecommunication solutions. While 5G networks are still at their early stages, a central role can be played by the mobile satellite telecommunications (Sat-Com-On-The-Move). The frequency bandwidth available at Ku- (10.75-14.5 GHz) and Ka- (18-31 GHz) bands for these applications can be leveraged in order to provide worldwide, high-speed and low-cost internet connections. Companies like SpaceX are actually deploying large satellite constellations required to work at Low Earth Orbits and offer such services. Nevertheless, the price and the form factor of the traditional motorized reflector-based user terminals remain the main bottlenecks in order to make these technologies affordable to the mass-market consumers. The limited operational bandwidth of the radiating elements integrated in their low-profile alternatives (i.e. slotted waveguide antenna arrays) actually obliges to split transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) in two different panels, keeping a relatively high cost for the end-users. The objective of this thesis is to develop innovative low-cost and wideband antenna solutions, notably microstrip aperture coupled patch and double ridged waveguide antennas, to be respectively realized by standard Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and metal 3-D printing. These antennas are meant to cover the whole Ku- and Ka- band in order to allow the creation low-profile Sat-Com-On-The-Move user terminals able to perform both Rx and Tx using a single antenna panel. A particular attention is given to the possibility to integrate these radiating element in small arrays to be used as unit cell for the realization of larger ones, envisaging the possibility to achieve the levels of gain required by this kind of telecommunications
El, achkar Maria. „Contribution au Dimensionnement et à la Commande d’un Générateur de type Cascade de Machines Asynchrones à Double Alimentation“. Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0814/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is a contribution to the power sizing and the control of a Cascaded Doubly Fed Induction Generator (CDFIG). The machine model for simulation is based on a modular representation, derived from the Park model of two distinct Doubly Fed Induction Machines expressed in their own reference frames. The dynamic model of the cascaded machine is then extended to be described in a unified reference frame. This representation is convenient for the sizing of the machine and for the design of the controller. The steady state power operating margins of the cascaded machine are investigated. A generic analytic method is suggested to derive the active-reactive power domain. The limit curves are defined in terms of the rated quantities of the machine. The study takes into account the magnetic circuit saturation effect. It is proven that the power capability of the machine is determined by the stator current maximum values and is subject to several limitations. The analytical approach is tested and validated by experimental measurements. The CDFIG is controlled in grid-connected and standalone operation modes. In grid-connected application, the attention is paid to high power wind generation systems. A new maximum power tracking of a variable speed wind turbine is suggested. The generating plant is carried to provide a quasi-constant maximum power regardless wind fluctuations. In addition to active power optimization the power factor is adjusted according to the grid code requirements and the operating domain of the integrated unit. A virtual flux oriented vector control is applied for the decoupled regulation of active and reactive powers, leading to grid voltage sensorless operation. In standalone operating mode, the study treats in particular the embedded aircraft power system generation. Two distribution networks are considered: constant frequency AC network and DC network. In both cases, the control aims to maintain a constant output voltage. The operation of the CDFIG supplying unbalanced three-phase load is further explored. Control schemes to cope with unbalanced stator voltage conditions are developed. Two compensation methods are elaborated: the first dealing with dual rotating frames and the second is based on repetitive controller. Simulations with Matlab/Simulink software and experiments validate the control approaches
Rain, Xavier. „Contributions à la commande et à la conception des machines à réluctance variable à double saillance“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112170.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor electric vehicles, traction from storage battery to the wheels through the engine is the heart of the system. It regularly enjoys technological innovations making this vehicle more attractive. Currently, machines offered by manufacturers are classic, synchronous and induction machines. With complex laws, they offer good performance.However, manufacturers are exploring new unconventional machines to reduce their manufacturing cost while maintaining performance. One possible solution is the switched reluctance machine (SRM). Indeed, its design is simple and made of inexpensive materials. Its rotor completely passive gives it a very good robustness and high rotational speed required for certain compactness. However, its operation is much more complex than for other machines, it is relatively noisy and has significant torque ripple.Our work contributes to the improvement of SRM’s performance in terms of control torque characteristics and global efficiency over a large range speed. They were driven on two axes: one control axis and one design axis.To satisfy a torque control as perfect as possible, new currents controller both efficient and relatively simple to implement on software target were first presented. Then we proposed a SRM's control implementation on hardware and software targets. The objective is to maintain the performances in the case of an important sampling period, especially at high speeds. So an FPGA circuit (Fied Programmable Gate Array) was used.To improve torque characteristics depending on the speed, and global efficiency, a new SRM structure has been proposed. It is provided with an auxiliary coil creating a magnetic excitation in each phase. A study was initially conducted using simulations based on a new model. It helped to highlight the benefits of excitement compared to a conventional SRM. To validate the results, a prototype was then designed, built and tested.An important part of this work has been devoted to the implementation of experimental platforms and implementation of numerous tests to validate the theoretical developments, both in terms of control on a 8/6 SRM and design on a 6/4 SRM
Sibué, Jean-Romain. „Conception de systèmes d'alimentation sans contact pour la traction ferroviaire“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT074/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe works presented in this thesis deal with the design and the sizing of magnetic component dedicated to contactless energy transfer for railway application like tramway. This family of component presents a strongly inductive behavior. A double resonance converter is used to supply and compensate reactive energy of transformer. In order to design this component and its associated converter, a design tool has been implemented. This one is based on analytical models of magnetic component and power electronic converter. One time designing realized, a study of losses, in windings and in magnetic cores, is realized by numerical simulation by using homogenization method (macroscopic representation of elements with electromagnetic complex properties). Then, the establishment of a model of thermal behavior of system is presented in order to guarantee desired working temperature. In order to check designing approach and tools, experimentations have been performed on prototypes of 1.6 and 100 kW. Obtained results show the accuracy and relevance of theoretical approach. Moreover, this study confirms the feasibility of this kind of high power system
Nova, Rincón Arley Fernando. „Dynamic optimization of a district cooling distribution network“. Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to the increasing demand for cooling worldwide and the need for reliable and energy-efficient alternatives to provide it, the analysis of district cooling (DC) networks has become a focus of interest in recent years. Currently, most of the developments in the field of numerical simulation and optimization of these systems have been done by implementing steady-state models. Considering this, in the present work we proposed a methodology based on mathematical programming for the dynamic simulation and optimization of the distribution system in district cooling networks.The dynamic model includes a partial differential equation to describe the variation of the temperature in the pipes, and heat and mass balances in the users and in the interconnecting nodes of the network. This arrangement is known as a partial differential algebraic equation (PDAE) problem. We detail the implementation of 2D- Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements (OCFE) for the discretization of the dynamic problem. Then the previously discretized model is added to the optimization constraint set, according to the simultaneous (equation-oriented) solution strategy. The optimization variables (decision variables) include the spatial and temporal profiles of the temperatures and temporal profiles of the mass flows of the system. Additional optimization variables (pipe diameters…) are progressively introduced. We apply this methodology for the analysis of an operational and a cost objective function in a medium size cooling system, serving 20 consumers grouped in five different categories with fluctuating cooling demands subject to variable external conditions. The first objective function considers that in DC networks, the temperature of the cooling utility returning to the production site must be close to the design temperature of the installed technology to ensure proper efficiency and avoid the technical issue known as low ΔT syndrome. Then, still ensuring this condition, the second objective function aims to minimize a cost function (production and pumping costs) including the diameter of the pipes as decision variables. The methodology allowed the computation of the optimal mass flow profiles to operate the system under the desired conditions and the estimation of the pipe diameters of the distribution network for two different costs of production. For the two objective functions, the dynamic simulation and optimization were performed using insulated and non-insulated piping. The proposed methodology exhibits low CPU cost that demonstrates its potential use for the development of applications for the operation and forecasting of distributed systems