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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Reproductive“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Reproductive"
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Kennedy, Anissa, Jacob Herman und Olav Rueppell. „Reproductive activation in honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) workers protects against abiotic and biotic stress“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, Nr. 1823 (08.03.2021): 20190737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0737.
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Social insect reproductives exhibit exceptional longevity instead of the classic trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproduction. Even normally sterile workers experience a significant increase in life expectancy when they assume a reproductive role. The mechanisms that enable the positive relation between the antagonistic demands of reproduction and somatic maintenance are unclear. To isolate the effect of reproductive activation, honeybee workers were induced to activate their ovaries. These reproductively activated workers were compared to controls for survival and gene expression patterns after exposure to Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus or the oxidative stressor paraquat. Reproductive activation increased survival, indicating better immunity and oxidative stress resistance. After qPCR analysis confirmed our experimental treatments at the physiological level, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that paraquat treatment significantly changed the expression of 1277 genes in the control workers but only two genes in reproductively activated workers, indicating that reproductive activation preemptively protects against oxidative stress. Significant overlap between genes that were upregulated by reproductive activation and in response to paraquat included prominent members of signalling pathways and anti-oxidants known to affect ageing. Thus, while our results confirm a central role of vitellogenin, they also point to other mechanisms to explain the molecular basis of the lack of a cost of reproduction and the exceptional longevity of social insect reproductives. Thus, socially induced reproductive activation preemptively protects honeybee workers against stressors, explaining their longevity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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Morton, Martin L., Maria E. Pereyra, John D. Crandall, Elizabeth A. MacDougall-Shackleton und Thomas P. Hahn. „Reproductive Effort and Return Rates in the Mountain White-Crowned Sparrow“. Condor 106, Nr. 1 (01.02.2004): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.131.
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AbstractWe analyzed return rates of high-altitude-breeding Mountain White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) in relation to five components of their previous season's reproductive effort: number of fledglings produced, double brooding, number of nesting attempts (first nests plus renests), total number of eggs laid, and fledging date. No relationship of return rate to reproductive effort occurred except in the case of fledging date. Fledging dates spanned a 2-month period from mid-June to mid-August. Returns of females to the study area held steady no matter when their chicks fledged in the previous breeding season, but male return rates increased significantly when their chicks fledged after 20 July. Coincident with that time frame, they entered molt and often withdrew parental care. We hypothesized that males in this montane environment, where thermoregulatory costs are high, traded off reproductive effort (parental care) with survival (return rates). This fits well with models of life-history evolution; however, the corresponding prediction that return rates of females with late-season broods should decrease due to their assumption of greater parental care was not supported. Apparently, the cost of reproduction shifted to the young: late-season nestlings grew more slowly, fledged at a smaller mass, and exhibited a fourfold increase in brood reductions. Their recruitment as breeders in the following season was also greatly reduced. Thus, a cost of reproduction was expressed in two forms, one as changes in survival rates of breeding males, the other as changes in quality of offspring.Esfuerzo Reproductivo y Tasas de Retorno en Zonotrichia leucophrys orianthaResumen. Analizamos las tasas de retorno en las poblaciones reproductivas de alta montaña de Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha con relación a cinco componentes de su esfuerzo reproductivo de la estación anterior: número de volantones producidos, eventos de dobles nidadas, número de intentos de nidificación (primer nido más re-nidificaciones), número total de huevos puestos y fecha de emplumamiento. No encontramos una relación entre la tasa de retorno y el esfuerzo reproductivo, excepto en el caso de la fecha de emplumamiento. Las fechas de emplumamiento se extendieron por un período de dos meses, desde mediados de junio hasta mediados de agosto. El regreso de las hembras al área de estudio se mantuvo constante, sin importar cuándo los pichones abandonaron el nido en la estación reproductiva anterior, pero las tasas de retorno de los machos incrementaron significativamente cuando sus pichones dejaron el nido luego del 20 de julio. En coincidencia con este momento, los machos comenzaron la muda y frecuentemente dejaron de cuidar a de los pichones. Hipotetizamos que los machos en este ambiente de montaña, donde los costos de termorregulación son altos, canjearon esfuerzo reproductivo (cuidado parental) por supervivencia (tasas de retorno). Esto se ajusta adecuadamente con los modelos de evolución de historias de vida. Sin embargo, la predicción correspondiente de que las tasas de retorno de las hembras con nidadas tardías deberían disminuir debido a la suposición de que brindarían mayor cuidado parental, no fue respaldada. Aparentemente, el costo reproductivo sería trasladado a las crías: los pichones de finales de la estación crecieron más despacio, dejaron el nido con menor masa corporal y exhibieron un incremento de cuatro órdenes de magnitud en la reducción de la nidada. Su reclutamiento como individuos reproductivos en la siguiente estación también se redujo enormemente. De este modo, el costo reproductivo fue expresado de dos formas, una como cambios en las tasas de supervivencia de los machos reproductivos y la otra como cambios en la calidad de la progenie.
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Washburn, Brian E., Douglas J. Tempel, Joshua J. Millspaugh, R. J. Gutiérrez und Mark E. Seamans. „Factors Related to Fecal Estrogens and Fecal Testosterone in California Spotted Owls“. Condor 106, Nr. 3 (01.08.2004): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.567.
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Abstract We estimated concentrations of fecal reproductive steroid metabolites in free-ranging California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) during the breeding season. We collected fresh fecal samples (n = 142) from 65 individual owls in the Sierra Nevada during April–August of 2001. We developed and validated radioimmunoassay procedures to quantify fecal estrogen metabolites and fecal testosterone metabolites. We used an information-theoretic approach to identify factors that might influence fecal estrogen (E), fecal testosterone (T), and fecal estrogen:testosterone ratio (E:T ratio) levels during the owl's breeding season. We hypothesized that factors related to sampling procedures, owl characteristics (sex, reproductive status), and habitat might influence fecal reproductive steroid levels. Our analyses suggested that sampling factors and owl characteristics, but not habitat variables, were related to fecal reproductive steroid levels in Spotted Owls. Our most supported models explained <30% of the observed variation. Fecal testosterone levels were higher in male Spotted Owls than females, whereas E:T ratios were higher in females compared to males. High fecal estrogens were correlated with high fecal glucocorticoids in nonbreeding Spotted Owls, whereas fecal estrogens and fecal glucocorticoids were not related in breeding birds. Sampling influenced fecal reproductive steroid measures, and bias from small-mass fecal samples might partially explain these relationships. Noninvasive measurements of fecal reproductive steroids might be useful for sex determination and reproductive assessment of free-ranging Spotted Owls. However, more research is needed to understand the variability we observed in sex steroids before this technique can be effective in conservation studies. Factores Asociados con los Estrógenos Fecales y la Testosterona Fecal en Strix occidentalis occidentalis Resumen. Estimamos las concentraciones de metabolitos esteroides reproductivos en individuos silvestres de la especie Strix occidentalis occidentalis durante la época reproductiva. Colectamos muestras fecales frescas (n = 142) pertenecientes a 65 lechuzas en la Sierra Nevada entre abril y agosto de 2001. Desarrollamos y validamos un procedimiento de radioinmunoensayo para cuantificar metabolitos de estrógeno fecales y metabolitos de testosterona fecales. Utilizamos un enfoque informativo-teórico para identificar los factores que podrían influenciar los niveles de estrógenos fecales (E), testosterona fecal (T) y el cociente entre estrógenos y testosterona (cociente E:T) durante la época reproductiva de las lechuzas. Hipotetizamos que factores relacionados con los procedimientos de muestreo, características de la lechuza (sexo, estado reproductivo) y el hábitat podrían influenciar los niveles de esteroides reproductivos en las fecas. Nuestros análisis sugieren que los factores asociados al muestreo y las características de la lechuza se correlacionaron con los niveles de esteroides reproductivos en las fecas, pero éstos no se relacionaron con las variables de hábitat. Nuestro modelo más robusto explicó <30% de la variación observada. Los niveles de testosterona fecal fueron mayores en los machos que en las hembras, mientras que el cuociente E:T fue mayor en las hembras que en los machos. En lechuzas no reproductivas, los niveles altos de estrógenos fecales se correlacionaron con niveles altos de glucocorticoides fecales, mientras que en individuos reproductivos los estrógenos fecales y los glucorticoides fecales no se correlacionaron. Estas relaciones pueden ser explicadas en parte por la influencia del muestreo sobre las medidas de esteroides reproductivos fecales y por el sesgo causado por muestras fecales muy livianas. Los niveles de esteroides reproductivos fecales medidos con técnicas no invasivas pueden ser útiles para la determinación de sexos y la evaluación del estado reproductivo de individuos silvestres de la especie S. occidentalis occidentalis. Sin embargo, antes de que esta técnica pueda ser efectiva en estudios de conservación, se requiere de más investigación para entender la variabilidad que observamos en los niveles de esteroides sexuales.
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Bollmann, Kurt, und Heinz-Ulrich Reyer. „Reproductive Success of Water Pipits in an Alpine Environment“. Condor 103, Nr. 3 (01.08.2001): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.3.510.
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Abstract To understand the evolution of avian reproductive strategies it is important to assess how differences in reproductive success are related to timing of the breeding season, quality of nesting territories or breeders, or to a combination of these factors. Over three years, we studied the reproductive performance of female Water Pipits (Anthus spinoletta) in a temporally and spatially variable alpine environment. The study area covered two valley slopes that differed in the probability of nest predation, food availability, and climate. Nest predation and harsh weather were the main proximate causes of differences in female reproductive success. Because these two environmental factors were locally unpredictable, individual females could best optimize their seasonal reproductive success by choosing the “right” breeding time. The average number of young fledged per season was inversely related to the date of initial breeding and increased from females with only first attempts, through females with replacement clutches, to females that raised two broods. Hence, the main advantage of early breeding lies in the chance of rearing a second brood after the first has fledged, or of producing a replacement clutch if the first fails due to predation or harsh weather. Éxito Reproductivo de Anthus spinoletta en un Ambiente Alpino Resumen. Para entender la evolución de las estrategias reproductivas de las aves es importante determinar cómo las diferencias en el éxito reproductivo se relacionan con el comienzo de la época reproductiva, la calidad de los territorios de nidificación o los reproductores o con una combinación de estos factores. Durante un período de tres años, estudiamos el desempeño reproductivo de hembras de Anthus spinoletta en un ambiente alpino temporal y espacialmente variable. El sitio de estudio comprendió dos laderas que diferían en la probabilidad de depredación de nidos, disponibilidad de alimento y clima. La depredación de nidos y el clima severo fueron las principales causas proximales de la diferencia del éxito reproductivo de las hembras. Debido a que ambos factores ambientales fueron localmente inpredecibles, cada individuo hembra podía optimizar el éxito de su período reproductivo eligiendo el tiempo “correcto” para reproducirse en la temporada. El número promedio de juveniles por temporada se relacionó inversamente con la fecha del inicio de la reproducción y aumentó desde hembras con sólo un intento de cría, pasando por hembras que reemplazaron sus nidadas, hasta hembras que criaron dos nidadas. Por tanto, la ventaja principal de reproducirse tempranamente en la temporada está dada por la posibilidad de criar una segunda nidada luego de la partida de los primeros juveniles o de producir una nueva nidada si la primera falla debido a depredación o clima severo.
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Rotella, Jay J., Robert G. Clark und Alan D. Afton. „Survival of Female Lesser Scaup: Effects of Body Size, Age, and Reproductive Effort“. Condor 105, Nr. 2 (01.05.2003): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.336.
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AbstractIn birds, larger females generally have greater breeding propensity, reproductive investment, and success than do smaller females. However, optimal female body size also depends on how natural selection acts during other parts of the life cycle. Larger female Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) produce larger eggs than do smaller females, and ducklings from larger eggs survive better than those hatching from smaller eggs. Accordingly, we examined patterns of apparent annual survival for female scaup and tested whether natural selection on female body size primarily was stabilizing, a frequent assumption in studies of sexually dimorphic species in which males are the larger sex, or was directional, counteracting reproductive advantages of large size. We estimated survival using mark-recapture methods for individually marked females from two study sites in Canada (Erickson, Manitoba; St. Denis, Saskatchewan). Structurally larger (adults) and heavier (ducklings) females had lower survival than did smaller individuals in Manitoba; no relationship was detected in adults from Saskatchewan. Survival of adult females declined with indices of increasing reproductive effort at both sites; consequently, the cost of reproduction could explain age-related patterns of breeding propensity in scaup. Furthermore, if larger females are more likely to breed than are smaller females, then cost of reproduction also may help explain why survival was lower for larger females. Overall, we found that advantages of large body size of female scaup during breeding or as young ducklings apparently were counteracted by natural selection favoring lightweight juveniles and structurally smaller adult females through higher annual survival.Sobrevivencia de Aythya affinis: Efectos del Tamaño Corporal, Edad y Esfuerzo ReproductivoResumen. En las aves, las hembras de mayor tamaño generalmente presentan una mayor predisposición a la reproducción, mayor inversión reproductiva y mayor éxito que las hembras de menor tamaño. Sin embargo, el tamaño óptimo de la hembra también depende de cómo la selección natural opera durante otras etapas del ciclo de vida. Hembras de Aythya affinis más grandes producen huevos de mayor tamaño que hembras más pequeñas, y los polluelos provenientes de huevos más grandes sobreviven mejor que aquellos que eclosionan de huevos más pequeños. Consiguientemente, examinamos los patrones de sobrevivencia anual aparente para hembras de A. affinis y probamos si la selección natural sobre el tamaño del cuerpo de las hembras era principalmente estabilizadora (una suposición frecuente en estudios de especies sexualmente dimórficas en que los machos son el sexo mayor), o era direccional, contrarrestando las ventajas reproductivas de un tamaño mayor. Estimamos la sobrevivencia de hembras utilizando métodos de marcaje y recaptura en dos sitios de estudio (Erickson, Manitoba; St. Denis, Saskatchewan). Hembras estructuralmente más grandes (adultas) y más pesadas (polluelos) tuvieron una menor sobrevivencia que individuos más pequeños en Manitoba; no se detectó una relación entre adultos de Saskatchewan. En ambos sitios la sobrevivencia de hembras adultas decreció con los índices de incremento de esfuerzo reproductivo; consecuentemente el costo reproductivo podría explicar los patrones de predisposición reproductiva relacionados a la edad en A. affinis. Además, si las hembras de mayor tamaño presentan mayor probabilidad de reproducirse que las hembras pequeñas, entonces el costo reproductivo también podría ayudar a explicar porqué la sobrevivencia fue menor para hembras más grandes. En general encontramos que en las hembras de A. affinis las ventajas de un tamaño corporal grande durante la cría o como juveniles fueron aparentemente contrarestadas por la selección natural que favorece juveniles de peso liviano y hembras adultas estructuralmente más pequeñas a través de una mayor sobrevivencia anual.
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Sun, Qian, Jordan D. Hampton, Austin Merchant, Kenneth F. Haynes und Xuguo Zhou. „Cooperative policing behaviour regulates reproductive division of labour in a termite“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, Nr. 1928 (10.06.2020): 20200780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0780.
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Reproductive conflicts are common in insect societies where helping castes retain reproductive potential. One of the mechanisms regulating these conflicts is policing, a coercive behaviour that reduces direct reproduction by other individuals. In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), workers or the queen act aggressively towards fertile workers, or destroy their eggs. In many termite species (order Blattodea), upon the death of the primary queen and king, workers and nymphs can differentiate into neotenic reproductives and inherit the breeding position. During this process, competition among neotenics is inevitable, but how this conflict is resolved remains unclear. Here, we report a policing behaviour that regulates reproductive division of labour in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes . Our results demonstrate that the policing behaviour is a cooperative effort performed sequentially by successful neotenics and workers. A neotenic reproductive initiates the attack of the fellow neotenic by biting and displays alarm behaviour. Workers are then recruited to cannibalize the injured neotenic. Furthermore, the initiation of policing is age-dependent, with older reproductives attacking younger ones, thereby inheriting the reproductive position. This study provides empirical evidence of policing behaviour in termites, which represents a convergent trait shared between eusocial Hymenoptera and Blattodea.
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Gandini, Patricia, Esteban Frere und P. Dee Boersma. „Status and conservation of Magellanic PenguinsSpheniscus magellanicusin Patagonia, Argentina“. Bird Conservation International 6, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001787.
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SummaryThere are 36 breeding colonies of Magellanic PenguinsSpheniscus magellanicusalong the coast of mainland Argentina. During the breeding period we counted the number of active nests and estimated the breeding population was approximately 652,000 pairs. Development of coastal areas is diminishing the quality of Magellanic Penguin breeding habitat and reducing penguin reproductive success. Adult mortality rates are increasing because of human activities. Maritime petroleum traffic and petroleum operations are known to cause mortality. Fishing activities cause incidental mortality and may negatively affect penguin foraging and reproductive success. In some areas, offal is increasing gull populations with a corresponding increase in predation on penguin eggs and chicks, thereby lowering reproductive success. These sources of mortality are relatively recent and are human caused. We found three areas where human activities are of particular concern: Península Valdés, Golfo San Jorge and Estrecho de Magallanes. Human impacts on Magellanic Penguin populations could be reduced, benefiting the tourist industry where yearly tens of thousands of people come to the provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz to visit penguin colonies.Existen 36 colonias de pingüino de MagallanesSpheniscus magellanicusa lo largo de la costa Argentina. La población reproductiva se estimó en 652,000 parejas realizando un conteo de nidos activos durante la estación reproductiva. El desarrollo de las áreas costeras está reduciendo la calidad del hábitat de reproducción y el éxito reproductivo del pingüino de Magallanes. El tráfico de petróleo y las actividades relacionadas son conocidas causas de mortalidad. Las actividades pesqueras están causando mortalidad incidental y pueden estar afectando negativamente el éxito de alimentatión y reproductivo. En algunas áreas la basura está contribuyendo al aumento de la población de gaviotas, incrementándose la predación sobre huevos y pichones de pingüino reduciendo su éxito reproductivo. Estas fuentes de mortalidad son relativamente recientes y provocadas por el hombre. Hemos detectado tres áreas donde la mortalidad relacionada con actividades humanas es preocupante: Península Valdés, Golfo San Jorge y Estrecho de Magallanes. El impacto humano sobre la población de pingüino de Magallanes podría reducirse y beneficiar la industria turística de las provincias de Chubut y Santa Cruz, donde anualmente decenas de miles de personas visitan las colonias reproductivas del pingüino.
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Porneluzi, Paul A. „Prior Breeding Success Affects Return Rates of Territorial Male Ovenbirds“. Condor 105, Nr. 1 (01.02.2003): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.73.
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AbstractI examined the hypothesis that male Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) make breeding dispersal decisions based on prior breeding experience at a site. I determined the reproductive success of color-banded male Ovenbirds at sites in fragmented and unfragmented landscapes in Missouri from 1992–1995. I documented which individuals returned and I recorded their reproductive success upon return as well as the success of birds new to each plot. I obtained similar results in both landscapes. Males with different histories of reproductive success returned at different rates. Only 2 of 22 males that were paired but failed to raise young returned in the following year, whereas the return rates of unpaired males (41%, n = 37) and males that successfully raised young (54%, n = 57) did not differ significantly (P = 0.19). The patterns were more consistent with the hypothesis that return rates were due to decisions about dispersal rather than difference in survival of individuals in these groups.El Éxito Reproductivo Previo Afecta Índices de Regreso de Machos Territoriales de Seiurus aurocapillusResumen. Examiné la hipótesis de que individuos de Seiurus aurocapillus hacen decisiones de dispersión reproductiva basadas en las experiencias reproductivas previas en un sitio. Determiné el éxito reproductivo de machos con anillos de color en lugares en terrenos fragmentados y no fragmentados de Missouri entre 1992 y 1995. Documenté cuáles individuos regresaron y su éxito reproductivo al regresar, y también el éxito de pájaros nuevos en cada sitio. Obtuve resultados semejantes en ambos paisajes. Los machos con historias de éxito reproductivo diferentes presentaron índices de regreso diferentes. Solamente 2 de 22 machos apareados que no produjeron cría volvieron al año siguiente, mientras que los índices de regreso de machos no apareados (41%, n = 37) y de los machos que produjeron crías exitosamente (54%, n = 57) no difirieron significativamente (P = 0.19). Los patrones concuerdan más con la hipótesis de que los índices de regreso se deberieron a las decisiones de dispersión y no a la diferencia de supervivencia de individuos en estos grupos.
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Chandra, Vikram, Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda, Peter R. Oxley, Amelia L. Ritger, Sean K. McKenzie, Romain Libbrecht und Daniel J. C. Kronauer. „Social regulation of insulin signaling and the evolution of eusociality in ants“. Science 361, Nr. 6400 (26.07.2018): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar5723.
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Queens and workers of eusocial Hymenoptera are considered homologous to the reproductive and brood care phases of an ancestral subsocial life cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of reproductive division of labor remain obscure. Using a brain transcriptomics screen, we identified a single gene,insulin-like peptide 2(ilp2), which is always up-regulated in ant reproductives, likely because they are better nourished than their nonreproductive nestmates. In clonal raider ants (Ooceraea biroi), larval signals inhibit adult reproduction by suppressingilp2, thus producing a colony reproductive cycle reminiscent of ancestral subsociality. However, increasing ILP2 peptide levels overrides larval suppression, thereby breaking the colony cycle and inducing a stable division of labor. These findings suggest a simple model for the origin of ant eusociality via nutritionally determined reproductive asymmetries potentially amplified by larval signals.
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Rubenstein, Dustin R., Carlos A. Botero und Eileen A. Lacey. „Discrete but variable structure of animal societies leads to the false perception of a social continuum“. Royal Society Open Science 3, Nr. 5 (Mai 2016): 160147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160147.
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Animal societies are typically divided into those in which reproduction within a group is monopolized by a single female versus those in which it is shared among multiple females. It remains controversial, however, whether these two forms of social structure represent distinct evolutionary outcomes or endpoints along a continuum of reproductive options. To address this issue and to determine whether vertebrates and insects exhibit the same patterns of variation in social structure, we examined the demographic and reproductive structures of 293 species of wasps, ants, birds and mammals. Using phylogenetically informed comparative analyses, we found strong evidence indicating that not all reproductive arrangements within social groups are viable in nature and that in societies with multiple reproductives, selection favours instead taxon-specific patterns of decrease in the proportion of breeders as a function of group size. These outcomes suggest that the selective routes to sociality differ depending upon whether monopolization of reproduction by one individual is possible and that variation within and among taxonomic groups may lead to the false perception of a continuum of social structures. Thus, the occurrence of very large societies may require either complete reproductive monopolization (monogyny/singular breeding) or the maintenance of a taxon-specific range of values for the proportional decrease in the number of breeders within a group (polygyny/plural breeding), both of which may reduce reproductive conflict among females.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Reproductive"
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Clayton, Thompson J. „Law, rights and reproduction : reproductive autonomy in ethical rationalism“. Thesis, University of Westminster, 2016. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9y598/law-rights-and-reproduction-reproductive-autonomy-in-ethical-rationalism.
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As medical technology has advanced, so too have our attitudes towards the level of control we can expect to hold over our procreative capacities. This creates a multi-dimensional problem for the law in terms of access to services which prevent conception, access to services which terminate a pregnancy and recompensing those whose choices to avoid procreating are frustrated. These developments go to the heart of our perception of autonomy. In order to evaluate these three issues in relation to reproductive autonomy, I set out to investigate how the Gewirthian theory of ethical rationalism can be used to understanding the intersection between law, rights, and autonomy. As such, I assert that it is because of agents’ ability to engage in practical reason that the concept of legal enterprise should be grounded in rationality. Therefore, any attempt to understand notions of autonomy must be based on the categorical imperative derived from the Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC). As a result, I claim that (a) a theory of legal rights must be framed around the indirect application of the PGC and (b) a model of autonomy must account for the limitations drawn by the rational exercise of reason. This requires support for institutional policies which genuinely uphold the rights of agents. In so doing, a greater level of respect for and protection of reproductive autonomy is possible. This exhibits the full conceptual metamorphosis of the PGC from a rational moral principle, through an ethical collective principle, a constitutional principle of legal reason, a basis for rights discourse, and to a model of autonomy. Consequently, the law must be reformed to reflect the rights of agents in these situations and develop an approach which demonstrates a meaningful respect of autonomy. I suggest that this requires rights of access to services, rights to reparation and duties on the State to empower productive agency.
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Singh, Navsharan. „Contesting reproduction, gender, the state and reproductive technologies in India“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/NQ37055.pdf.
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Weis, Christina Corinna. „Reproductive migrations : surrogacy workers and stratified reproduction in St Petersburg“. Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/15036.
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Surrogacy is an arrangement whereby a woman conceives in order to give birth to child or children for another individual or couple to raise. This thesis explores how commercial gestational surrogacy is culturally framed and socially organised in Russia and investigates the roles of the key actors. In particular it explores the experiences of surrogacy workers, including those who migrate or commute long distances within and to Russia for surrogacy work and the significance of their origin, citizenship, ethnicity and religion in shaping their experience. Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in St Petersburg between August 2014 and May 2015 and involved semi-structured interviews, (participant) observations, informal conversations and ethnographic fieldnotes with 33 surrogacy workers, 7 client parents, 15 agency staff and 11 medical staff in medical and surrogacy agency facilities. Data were analysed using inductive ethnographic principles. A reflexive account, which includes a consideration of the utility of making one’s own emotional responses a research tool, is also included. Drawing on and expanding on Colen’s (1995) conceptual framework of stratified reproduction and Crenshaw’s (1989) analytical framework of intersectionality, this research shows that surrogacy in Russia is culturally framed and therefore socially organised as an economic exchange, which gives rise to and reinforces different forms of intersecting reproductive stratifications. These stratifications include biological, social, geographic, geo-political and ethnic dimensions. Of particular novelty is the extension of Colen’s framework to address geographic and geo political stratifications. This was based on the finding that some women (temporarily) migrate or commute (over long distances) to work as gestational carriers. The thesis also demonstrates how an economic framing of surrogacy induced surrogacy workers to understand surrogacy gestation as work, which influenced their relationships with client parents. Given the rapid global increase in the use of surrogacy and its increasingly internationalised nature, this research into the social organisation of commercial gestational surrogacy in Russia is timely and has implications for users, medical practitioners and regulators, as well as researchers concerned with (cross-border) surrogacy and reproductive justice.
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Millbank, Jenni. „Reproductive outsiders“. Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/50009/.
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This body of work examines law’s response to non-genetic families. I have always centred the experience of family formation and family life such that I have traversed and linked distinct legal sites and doctrines, examining access to family formation avenues, models for legal recognition of families once formed and, latterly, legal responses to information sharing and broader kinship practices among genetically related individuals in childhood and later life. In doing so I have made a major contribution to a body of scholarship centring ‘lived lives’ in the exploration of family, relationship and reproduction law at its broadest, incorporating comparative analysis across closely related jurisdictions, attention to and integration of sociological data, and a focus on responsive practical reform outcomes. As an important part of my focus upon lived lives I have brought a continual awareness of gender to the unpacking of ‘gay and lesbian’ equality claims and reform movements to analyse the differential position of women and men in relation to parenting and paid labour, and latterly to build a framework of analysis that bridges heterosexual/same-sex family formation issues (papers 1, 2, 3) to examine links and resonances across ‘reproductive outsiders’ or non-genetic family forms (papers 3, 4). The sweep and reach of this approach makes an original contribution by stepping out of doctrinal and jurisdictional silos to examine the impact of law upon, and the unmet legal needs of, non-genetic families through the life cycle. Throughout these works I have contributed to analysis and debate about the role of ‘the eternal biological family’ in law, specifically engaging in the inter-relation of developing social notions of genetic essentialism, father’s rights and recognition of non-genetic family forms, in legal regimes governing family relationships. I have been one of the leading thinkers in the area of ‘functional family’ developing a clear articulation of how these ideas, drawn from psychology and sociology were mapped across into legal regimes recognising informal relationships (paper 1), examining the limitations of ‘functionality’ when in conflict with genetic parenthood (paper 2) and going on to build a framework for understandings of legal parenthood in non-genetic families as involving a dynamic interaction of intentionality and functionality (paper 2 and 3). In my work on ART and surrogacy I have built upon a body of feminist work on relational theory, agency and resonant choice. I have applied this approach to argue for the centring of an understanding of the interests and needs of parties in ART as part of a web of relationships rather than as isolated and oppositional rights (papers 6, 7, 8). In particular I have made original contributions to understandings of the human embryo in law not as an entity worthy of recognition in its own right, but as an object of unique value to the woman who created it, including on occasion as an imagined relation (paper 6); in directing attention to lateral rather than simply linear genetic links in ART law and policy (paper 6, 7, 8); in looking at how the views of parents shape and interact with those of offspring in seeking information on genetic relatives (paper 8) and in understandings of the significance of the numbers of potential genetic relatives (paper 7). In this area I have made important contributions to unpacking policy rationales and examining the largely ignored evidence base concerning family numbers and identity disclosure regimes (papers 7, 8) and concerning the experiences of surrogates in the development of laws governing surrogacy parentage and payment (papers 4, 5). I have argued for a nuanced and attentive notion of relatedness in law, incorporating the diverse and changeable understandings of the significance of genetic links (traversing a wide range of meanings from information source to family member) that individuals in non-genetic families formed through ART have expressed (papers 4, 5, 6,7, 8). Taken together, this is a body of feminist socio-legal work on the regulation of family relationships, assisted reproduction, genetics, kinship in law. Through this work I have made an original contribution to both scholarly thinking and legislative and policy frameworks responding to the needs of non-genetic family forms.
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Tang, Shiu-wai. „Reproduction has never been natural the social construction of reproduction in the age of new reproductive technologies /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22331888.
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6
Mills, Lesley Judith. „Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on fish reproduction and reproductive indicators /“. View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3248238.
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7
Jolly, Nicole. „Racial Reproductive Control Logics and the Reproductive Justice Movement“. ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1449.
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The reproductive justice movement gives a voice and representation to women of color whose experience of reproductive control is impacted by intersecting layers of oppression. This thesis uses an intersectional approach to develop the concept of racial reproductive control logics, which describes the relationship between racial logics and racial patterns of reproductive control. The study uses qualitative interviews and content analysis of organizational material to explore how the reproductive justice movement is influenced by racial reproductive control logics.
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Jacobs, Marc. „Between reproductive rights and access to reproductive healthcare services: narratives of reproductive rights activists in South Africa“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/17707.
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The motivation behind the research paper, “Between reproductive rights and access to reproductive healthcare services: Narratives of reproductive rights activists in South Africa” stems from the notion that civil society groups have often played a critical role in addressing social justice issues concerning women’s rights. Since 1996 after implementation of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy (CTOP) Act, South Africa has frequently been praised for its progressive abortion laws that formally recognises women’s need for reproductive autonomy and equality. However, ineffective implementation has resulted in many women facing a combination of barriers to accessing reproductive healthcare services. Thus, resulting in some women opting for unsafe, illegal abortion services and placing their health and lives in danger. The purpose of the study, therefore, is to capture the perceptions of contemporary South African based reproductive rights activists and NGOs who engage in campaigns that seek to highlight the complex relationship between reproductive rights and access to such rights. Data for the study was collected through open-ended questionnaires in which participants provided their unique opinions as activists who regularly engage with the abortion and access issues in South Africa. Results from the study suggest that ineffective implementation of the CTOP Act can be attributed to a lack of political will to prioritise women’s sexual and reproductive rights, thereby further marginalising women in society. Results also point to the need for widespread support from civil society on women’s rights matters so that the State can more effectively be held accountable for catering to the most marginalised women in South African society.
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Bowers, Janice E. „Reproductive Potential and Minimum Reproductive Size of Ferocactus wislizeni (Cactaceae)“. University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554307.
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10
Batty, Lynne Patricia. „Assisted Reproductive Technology: The Aotearoa/New Zealand Policy Context: A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology in the University of Canterbury“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/912.
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The focus of this thesis is the current policy situation in relation to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Aotearoa/New Zealand. I explore how government policies (and lack of policy) have shaped access to ART. I also explore the policy initiatives of funding agencies, the National Ethics Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction (NECAHR), managers, healthcare professionals, and interest groups. My investigation into ART policy issues critically examines the various formal mechanisms and policies used to regulate and control ART in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Drawing on my analysis of policy-focused documents and material from in-depth interviews with key actors in the policy debate, I demonstrate how the ad hoc and contingent approach to ART developments, practices, funding, and access has contributed to inconsistent and inequitable access to ART services. I argue that the lack of an ART-specific policy organisation contributes to fragmented, and possibly discriminatory, policy decisions. I examine how the use of restrictive access criteria to manage the increasing demand for publicly funded ART services disadvantages certain groups wishing to use these services. By investigating the influence of rationing strategies on the allocation of resources and regulation of access, I provide some appreciation of the 'messy reality' of policy creation, interpretation, and implementation. I argue that the criteria used to limit access to public ART services obscure the use of social judgements and provider discretion. Likewise, they succeed in limiting publicly funded ART treatments to those who conform most effectively to the normative definition of family. My analysis of the ART policy discourse identifies silences and gaps in relation to specific ART practices, particularly the use of ART by Maori. I highlight the invisibility and marginalisation of Maori within the ART policy debate. After examining the broader issues concerning Maori access to health services, I explore how these may affect Maori using ART services to overcome infertility. I argue that the gathering of information about the utilisation of ART services is crucial for the accurate identification of the needs of Maori. It is also fundamental for effective monitoring of state health policy decisions and outcomes.
Bücher zum Thema "Reproductive"
1
Reproduction: The reproductive system. New York: Dillon Press, 1993.
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2
Artificial reproduction and reproductive rights. Aldershot, Hants, England: Dartmouth, 1991.
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3
P, Marrs Richard, Hrsg. Assisted reproductive technologies. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
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4
Firth, Lisa. Reproductive ethics. Cambridge: Independence, 2009.
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5
Allahbadia, Gautam, Sulbha Arora und Rubina Merchant. Reproductive medicine: Challenges, solutions and breakthroughs. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2014.
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6
Reproduction and adaptation: Topics in human reproductive ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Olga B. A. Van den Akker. Reproductive health psychology. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley, 2012.
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8
H, Asch Ricardo, und Studd John, Hrsg. Progress in reproductive medicine. New York: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1995.
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9
Homfray, Tessa, Sean Kehoe und Lyn Chitty. Reproductive genetics. London [England]: RCOG Press, 2009.
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10
Fujimoto, Jiro. Reproductive oncology. Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2007.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Reproductive"
1
Broom, Donald M. „Seasonal and reproductive behaviour.“ In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 178–82. 6. Aufl. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0017.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the reproduction and social behaviour of domestic animals on the following topics: reproductive efforts; sensory factors in reproduction; hormonal and pheromonal facilitation; and seasonal and climatic breeding responses.
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Warburg, Michael R. „The Reproductive System and Reproduction“. In Evolutionary Biology of Land Isopods, 85–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21889-1_11.
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3
Walker, Lenore E., David Shapiro und Stephanie Akl. „Reproductive Rights and Assisted Reproductive Technologies“. In Introduction to Forensic Psychology, 239–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44470-9_17.
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4
Paul, Diane. „From Reproductive Responsibility to Reproductive Autonomy“. In Philosophy and Medicine, 87–105. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0269-1_5.
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Shi, Cheng, und Coleen T. Murphy. „Reproductive Ageing“. In Healthy Ageing and Longevity, 137–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44703-2_7.
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Sage, Karen. „Reproductive Decisions“. In Diagnosis and Management of Marfan Syndrome, 245–62. London: Springer London, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5442-6_23.
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Richardson, Diane. „Reproductive technologies“. In Women, Motherhood and Childrearing, 87–109. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22622-1_5.
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Krause, Miriam S., Tiffany D. Justice, Rhiana D. Saunders, R. Ashley Milam und Steven T. Nakajima. „Reproductive Imaging“. In Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, 91–104. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6837-0_6.
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DeSantis, Lydia. „Reproductive Health“. In Handbook of Immigrant Health, 449–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1936-6_22.
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Siegel, Jacob S. „Reproductive Health“. In The Demography and Epidemiology of Human Health and Aging, 469–531. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1315-4_9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Reproductive"
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Vlašković, Veljko. „Pravni značaj biomedicinske usluge čuvanja reproduktivnih ćelija maloletnog lica“. In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.451v.
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Serbian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction has widened the number of persons who enjoy the right to preserve their reproductive material for postponed reproduction due to threatened infertility. In this context, that right now belongs also to underage person if her/his parents gave the explicit and written consent to harvesting, freezing and banking of their child's reproductive cells. These are the cases when the underage person currently has reproductive capability, but she/ he is threatened by loss of reproductive function in the near future due to developing illness or forthcoming medical treatment. Understandably, the child has no right to postponed usage of residual reproductive cells beyond the cases of threatened infertility, since the underage person does not meet the legal requirements concerning personal and family status necessary for enjoying services of medically assisted reproduction. Frozen reproductive cells of underage persons will be stored without time limits, but the underage person cannot use them for conception before acquisition of legal conditions to enjoy the services of medically assisted reproduction (majority and full legal capacity, conclusion of marriage or establishing cohabitation). Such approach intends to make balance between the interests of an underage person whose gametes are stored and the „the best interets of the prospective child“ who should be conceived and born. Frozen reproductive cells of an underage person cannot be used in any other purpose except postponed homologous reproduction. Although it is not directly mentioned in Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction, reproductive cells may be harvested from an underage persons if she/he does not object to it. Such rule derives from the analogous application to the rule of Law on Human Cells and Tissues that human cell cannot be harvested from a person who has not attained majority if such person objects to it. Parents of the child decide on giving consent to harvesting, freezing and banking of their child's reproductive cells by their mutual agreement, which has the legal significance of the issue that greatly affects the child's life. The absence of consent of one or both parents cannot be replaced by state authority decision. Furthermore, the parents are not allowed to revoke their consent to their child's gamete banking.
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Vlašković, Veljko. „Pravni značaj biomedicinske usluge čuvanja reproduktivnih ćelija maloletnog lica“. In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.451v.
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Serbian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction has widened the number of persons who enjoy the right to preserve their reproductive material for postponed reproduction due to threatened infertility. In this context, that right now belongs also to underage person if her/his parents gave the explicit and written consent to harvesting, freezing and banking of their child's reproductive cells. These are the cases when the underage person currently has reproductive capability, but she/ he is threatened by loss of reproductive function in the near future due to developing illness or forthcoming medical treatment. Understandably, the child has no right to postponed usage of residual reproductive cells beyond the cases of threatened infertility, since the underage person does not meet the legal requirements concerning personal and family status necessary for enjoying services of medically assisted reproduction. Frozen reproductive cells of underage persons will be stored without time limits, but the underage person cannot use them for conception before acquisition of legal conditions to enjoy the services of medically assisted reproduction (majority and full legal capacity, conclusion of marriage or establishing cohabitation). Such approach intends to make balance between the interests of an underage person whose gametes are stored and the „the best interets of the prospective child“ who should be conceived and born. Frozen reproductive cells of an underage person cannot be used in any other purpose except postponed homologous reproduction. Although it is not directly mentioned in Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction, reproductive cells may be harvested from an underage persons if she/he does not object to it. Such rule derives from the analogous application to the rule of Law on Human Cells and Tissues that human cell cannot be harvested from a person who has not attained majority if such person objects to it. Parents of the child decide on giving consent to harvesting, freezing and banking of their child's reproductive cells by their mutual agreement, which has the legal significance of the issue that greatly affects the child's life. The absence of consent of one or both parents cannot be replaced by state authority decision. Furthermore, the parents are not allowed to revoke their consent to their child's gamete banking.
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Vlašković, Veljko. „ŽENA KOJA ŽIVI SAMA KAO KORISNICA USLUGA BIOMEDICINSKI POTPOMOGNUTE OPLODNjE“. In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.651v.
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One of significant legal innovations brought by the new domestic Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction involves widening the concept of reproductive autonomy in case of single woman as a user of medically assisted reproduction services. Thus, the new Serbian legislation in this field adopts quite liberal approach which largely relieves single woman to engage in medically assisted reproduction procedure. Firstly, the right of a single woman to access the medically assisted reproduction is not formulated as an exemption from the rule that such right belongs primarily to marriage couples and cohabitants. In this way, medically assisted reproduction is permitted under same conditions to single woman as for the spouses and cohabitants. Even more, new Serbian legislation in this field has abolished the principle of medically necessity in case of a single woman as a user of medically assisted reproduction. Thus, she has been given even bigger reproductive autonomy in domain of medically assisted reproduction comparing to those of marriage couples or cohabitants. Such unchecked and overwhelming reproductive autonomy significantly impairs the balance among the interests of participants in medically assisted reproduction procedures endangering the public interests, as well as the best interests of the prospective child.
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Cozari, Tudor. „Ecological-evolutionary ethology of the amphibians: conceptual synthesis of research results at regional and European level“. In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.51.
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Following long-term investigations of over 50 amphibian populations in the Republic of Moldova and Italy, the ecological and evolutionary peculiarities of reproductive behavior in some species of the orders Caudata and Anura were elucidated. For the first time, at the autecological and synecological level, the evaluation of amphibian nuptial systems - parental input, reproductive success, “r” and “K” reproductive strategies and their role in the evolution of sexual selection and the realization of the reproduction potential as a fundamental mechanism for the survival of amphibian populations in various environmental conditions was emphasized.
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Filippchenkova, Svetlana Igorevna, und Elena Alexandrovna Evstifeeva. „REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF RUSSIAN YOUTH: MANAGING HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE“. In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. December 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/man1.2021.27.40.012.
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The authors consider the problem of the reproductive potential of Russian students and health-related quality of life management in the context of individual psychological and subjective quality of students and behavioral risk factors in the field of reproduction. The results of a complex socio-psychological study of personality traits and demographic expectations of students of Tver universities are presented. Based on the obtained theoretical and empirical data, a medical and psychological model for managing risk factors and quality of life related to reproductive health has been developed and implemented.
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Belyaeva, Elena. „REPRODUCTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS“. In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s5.102.
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Martel, Veronique. „Reproductive ecology ofTrichogramma“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105494.
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Wulandari, Hanny, und Dwi Ernawati. „Effect of Early Menarche on Reproductive Health: A Scoping Review“. In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26.
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Background: Teenagers aged 15-19 encounter a disproportionate burden of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The urgent ongoing efforts are needed to lead healthy, safe, and productive lives of teenage girls. This scoping review aimed to identify the association of early menarche with negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, EBSCO, and Wiley databases. The keywords were “effect” OR “outcomes” AND “menarche” OR “menstruation” OR “menstrua” OR “menses” OR “early menarche” AND “reproductive health” OR “sexual reproducti” AND “sexual behavior” OR “sexual debut” OR “sexual partners” OR “unsafe sex” OR “unprotected sex”. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 116 full text articles was obtained. After the review process, nine articles were eligible. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Four articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Malawi, Philippine) and five articles from developed countries (France, United States of America, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with cross-sectional and cohort design studies. The existing literature showed that early menarche was associated with sexual and reproductive health (early sexual initiation, low use of contraception), sexually transmitted diseases (genital herpes, HIV), and other factors (income, education level, sexual desire). Conclusion: Early age at menarche may contribute to the increase vulnerability of girls into negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Quality comprehensive sexual education may improve the sexual and reproductive health and well-being of adolescents. Keywords: early menarche, reproductive health, adolescent females Correspondence: Hanny Wulandari. Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55592. Email: hannywulandari11@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281249747223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26
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Filippova, G. G. „ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНАЯ И РЕПРОДУКТИВНАЯ ПСИХОТЕРАПИЯ: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ“. In ПЕРВЫЙ МЕЖКОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ ЭКСТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫЙ КОНГРЕСС «ПЛАНЕТА ПСИХОТЕРАПИИ 2022: ДЕТИ. СЕМЬЯ. ОБЩЕСТВО. БУДУЩЕЕ». Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54775/ppl.2022.76.62.001.
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From the middle of the twentieth century till the present, a great deal has been accomplished in perinatal and reproductive psychology and psychotherapy, from working with pregnant women and diadas to a systematic approach to psychological problems of reproduction function. At the present stage, this independent area, which integrates issues of the early development of the child’s 165 psyche and the implementation of reproductive function at all stages of the reproductive cycle, has its field of application, methodological and theoretical basis and methodological support. Perinatal psychology has become a part of reproductive psychology, it is the central core in which the problems of the early development of a child and the implementation of reproductive function of parents overlap. This part includes the period from preparation for conception till the end of the diadic relationship, and combines the problems of a child and parents, implementing a diadic approach. Reproductive psychology and psychotherapy includes a broader range of issues: reproductive ontogeny, social and psychological aspects of reproductive behaviour, motherhood and fatherhood (including children's birth planning, conception, pregnancy, childbirth, upbringing of the child), as well as reproductive health problems (reproductive psychosomatic). The methodological basis of reproductive and perinatal psychology are classical and modern theories of early development, evolutionary and systemic approach, diadic approach, theory of functional systems, teaching about dominance and psychosomatic approach. The reproductive sphere is defined as a functional system that combines physiological, mental and behavioural mechanisms for the implementation of reproductive function, it has a system structure and is regulated by the reproductive dominance, including sequence of subdominants according to the dynamics of the reproductive cycle. The theory of functional systems and the concept of dominance make it possible to merge the idea about the stages of the reproductive cycle into a holistic system and to implement a holistic approach to a person at different times of realization of his main life task – birth and upbringing of children. The circle closes: human reproductive sphere has its ontogeny and its implementation as continuity “from birth to birth”: from their birth to the birth of their children. In accordance with the complexity of psychological issues, an integrative approach is used in practice. С середины ХХ века до настоящего времени в перинатальной и репродуктивной психологии и психотерапии был пройден большой путь от работы с беременными и диадой до системного подхода к психологическим проблемам репродуктивной функции. На современном этапе это самостоятельное направление, которое объединяет проблематику раннего развития психики ребенка и реализации репродуктивной функции на всех этапах репродуктивного цикла, имеет свою область применения, методологическое и теоретическое обоснование и методическое обеспечение. Перинатальная психология стала частью репродуктивной психологии, она является центральным ядром, в котором пересекаются проблемы раннего развития ребенка и осуществления репродуктивной функции родителями. Эта часть включает период от подготовки к зачатию до окончания диадических отношений и объединяет проблемы ребенка и родителей, реализуя диадический подход. Репродуктивная психология и психотерапия включает более широкий спектр вопросов: онтогенез репродуктивной сферы, социально-психологические аспекты репродуктивного поведения, реализацию материнства и отцовства (включая планирование рождения детей, зачатие, беременность, роды, воспитание ребенка), а также нарушения репродуктивного здоровья (репродуктивную психосоматику). Методологической основой репродуктивной и перинатальной психологии являются классические и современные теории раннего развития, эволюционно-системный подход, диадический подход, теория функциональных систем, учение о доминанте и психосоматический подход. Репродуктивная сфера определяется как функциональная система, объединяющая в себе физиологические, психические и поведенческие механизмы для реализации репродуктивной функции, она имеет системное строение и регулируется репродуктивной доминантой, включающей последовательность субдоминант в соответствии с динамикой репродуктивного цикла. Теория функциональных систем и понятие доминанты позволяют объединить представление об этапах репродуктивного цикла в целостную систему и осуществить целостный подход к человеку в разные периоды реализации его главной жизненной задачи – рождения и воспитания детей. Круг замыкается: репродуктивная сфера человека имеет свой онтогенез и свою реализацию как преемственность «от рождения до рождения»: от своего рождения до рождения своих детей. В соответствии с комплексностью психологической проблематики в практике используется интегративный подход.
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Leshkova, I. V., O. V. Dolgih und O. YU Ustinova. „IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THAT OCCUR WHEN EXPOSED TO BENZENE, IN EMPLOYEES OF OIL-PRODUCING ENTERPRISES“. In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-313-316.
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Abstract. Introduction. The protection of the reproductive health of the working-age population is the most important direction of State policy. In 5-15% of cases, the causes of reproductive dysfunction are immunological disorders. Benzene belongs to the group of industrial reprotoxicants, however, its effect of benzene on the reproductive system has not been sufficiently studied. Objective: to study the immunological aspects of the effect of benzene on the reproductive system. Methods. We examined 50 men exposed to benzene with reproductive disorders (26-49 years old), as well as 4 workers with normal sexual function aged 53-60 years. Spontaneous and induced changes in the cellular expression of apoptosis markers were studied. For the study, the ANNEXIN V-FITC/7-AAD kit was used for the detection of cells that have undergone apoptosis. The experiment was conducted in vitro using a biological medium (ejaculate). A factor of the chemical nature was benzene. Results. According to the results of the comparative analysis, there were no significant deviations of pathogenetic tests of immunological markers in comparison with the reference level in the spontaneous expression samples, but there was an excess of expression of the CD95 + cell death receptor (p<0.05) in 30% of the samples examined, and a decrease in the number of Annexin V-FITC+7AAD negative cells (without reaching the significance level) in samples with a load of (15%). There was a difference in the expression levels of CD95+ and CD25+ CD-reception indicators by 20% and 10% in relation to the spontaneous level (p<0.05). Representatives of the chemical group of aromatic hydrocarbons realize reprotoxicity, using the mechanism of excessive induction of the membrane signaling of the cell death receptor, accelerate the natural program of cell death by approximately 20% compared to the state of reproductive cells that were not stimulated. Conclusion. At the present stage, one of the tasks of occupational medicine is to study the effect of chemicals on the processes of reproduction, to develop new approaches to assessing the risk of their impact on the reproductive health of workers.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Reproductive"
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Anderson, Lloyd L. Reproductive Biology of Pigs. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, Januar 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-838.
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Kaufman, Carol. Reproductive control in South Africa. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy6.1001.
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3
Blanchard, Kelly, Saumya RamaRao und Batya Elul. Reproductive health indicators: Moving forward. Population Council, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1.1018.
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in Reproductive Health, Frontiers. Financial sustainability of reproductive health services: Understanding costs: An essential skill in reproductive health programs. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh10.1032.
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Bhuiya, Ismat, Ubaidur Rob, Asiful Chowdhury, Laila Rahman, Nazmul Haque, Susan Adamchak, Rick Homan und M. E. Khan. Improving adolescent reproductive health in Bangladesh. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1114.
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Engblom, Linda, Kenneth J. Stalder, John W. Mabry, Justin Holl, William Herring und Matt Culbertson. Sow Reproductive Stayability and Lifetime Traits. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, Januar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-996.
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Hill, Elaine, David Slusky und Donna Ginther. Reproductive Health Care in Catholic-Owned Hospitals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23768.
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in Reproductive Health, Frontiers. Youth reproductive health: Investing in the future. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh10.1035.
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Andresen, Claire, und Patrick J. Gunn. Effects of Eprinomectin on Bull Reproductive Performance. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, Januar 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-473.
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Andresen, Claire, und Patrick Gunn. Effects of Eprinomectin on Bull Reproductive Performance. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2094.
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