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Enders, Martin, Michael Gleich, Annelies Mühlbacher, Tasanee Sakuldamrongpanich, Ajda Turhan, Rüchan Sertöz, Simona Semprini und Vittorio Sambri. „Reply to “Better Method for Evaluating a New Laboratory Test for Syphilis”“. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, Nr. 5 (28.04.2015): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00109-15.
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Giglio, Stefano, Matteo Maggiori und Johannes Stroebel. „Reply to “Rational Bubbles in UK Housing Markets”“. Econometrica 88, Nr. 4 (2020): 1767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18174.
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In Giglio, Maggiori, and Stroebel (2016), we propose and implement a new test for classic rational bubbles. Such bubbles derive their value from each agent's rational expectation of being able to resell the bubble claims to the next agent. Backward induction ensures that classic rational bubbles can only exist on infinite‐maturity assets. Our empirical exercise shows that infinite‐maturity claims and 999‐year claims for otherwise identical housing assets trade at the same price, and thus rules out the presence of classic rational bubbles. Domeij and Ellingsen (DE) informally propose an alternative equilibrium of a bubble that they claim is consistent with our empirical findings. DE's bubble relies on information frictions such that market participants are unaware of the bubble. Our paper clearly excluded this type of bubble from the scope of our test, and DE's note thus has no implications for the validity of our test. Instead, DE's bubble simply represents one of many possible examples of bubbles on which our test was explicitly silent.
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Fleuren, Karin, Liesbet Smit, Theo Stijnen und Annelies Hartman. „Should new reference values on the AIMS test need to be established for Dutch children? - Reply“. Acta Paediatrica 96, Nr. 7 (15.06.2007): 1111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00367.x.
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Küchenhoff, Helmut, und Hans-Jörg Schmid. „Reply to “More (old and new) misunderstandings of collostructional analysis: On Schmid & Küchenhoff” by Stefan Th. Gries“. Cognitive Linguistics 26, Nr. 3 (01.08.2015): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0053.
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AbstractThis is a reply to a commentary by Stefan Gries on a paper published by us in this journal in 2013. We focus on explaining the inadequacy of p-values of the Fisher Exact test as a measure of lexicogrammatical attraction and on the cognitive underpinnings of collostructional analysis. In addition, we touch more briefly on further issues, including the marginal conditioning of the Fisher Exact test and the idea of infinite strength of attraction between constructions and lexemes. We conclude with recommendations for a gold standard for applications of collostructional analysis using odds ratio, reliance and attraction scores.
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Costinot, Arnaud, und Dave Donaldson. „Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage: Old Idea, New Evidence“. American Economic Review 102, Nr. 3 (01.05.2012): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.453.
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When asked to name one proposition in the social sciences that is both true and non-trivial, Paul Samuelson famously replied: ‘Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage’. Truth, however, in Samuelson's reply refers to the fact that Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage is mathematically correct, not that it is empirically valid. In this paper we develop and implement an empirical test of Ricardo's ideas. We use novel agricultural data that describe the productivity in 17 crops of 1.6 million parcels of land in 55 countries around the world. We find that a regression of log observed output on log predicted output has a (precisely estimated) slope of 0.84 and an R-squared of 0.93. In our view, these findings offer considerable support for Ricardo's ideas.
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Wilson, Paul, und Jochen Einbeck. „A new and intuitive test for zero modification“. Statistical Modelling 19, Nr. 4 (05.04.2018): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x18762277.
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Abstract: While there do exist several statistical tests for detecting zero modification in count data regression models, these rely on asymptotical results and do not transparently distinguish between zero inflation and zero deflation. In this manuscript, a novel non-asymptotic test is introduced which makes direct use of the fact that the distribution of the number of zeros under the null hypothesis of no zero modification can be described by a Poisson-binomial distribution. The computation of critical values from this distribution requires estimation of the mean parameter under the null hypothesis, for which a hybrid estimator involving a zero-truncated mean estimator is proposed. Power and nominal level attainment rates of the new test are studied, which turn out to be very competitive to those of the likelihood ratio test. Illustrative data examples are provided.
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MOHAZZAB, MASOUD, und J. A. S. LIMA. „REPLY TO REMARKS ON A DECRUMPLING MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE“. International Journal of Modern Physics D 08, Nr. 06 (Dezember 1999): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271899000560.
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Decrumpling model of the Universe is a new sort of cosmological scenario based on the assumption that the basic building blocks of the spacetime are fractally structured.1–6 In the original papers, the spatial dimension of the Universe was considered as a continuous time dependent variable.1,2 As the universe expands, its spatial dimension decreases continuously, thereby generating what has been named a decrumpling Universe. Recently, this model has been overlooked and the quantum cosmological aspects, as well as, a possible test theory have also been discussed.5,6
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O'Connor, Brian P. „Clarifications regarding test information and reliability, and new methods for estimating attenuation due to measurement error: Reply to Markon (2018).“ Psychological Assessment 30, Nr. 8 (August 2018): 1010–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000632.
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MAASSEN, GERARD H. „What do Temkin's simulations of reliable change tell us?“ Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10, Nr. 6 (Oktober 2004): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704106127.
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Due to space limitations I have chosen to confine my reply to the comments by Temkin (this issue, pp. 899–901) that touch most directly the concepts of practice effects and reliable change. Temkin seems to portray my adherence to the classic approach as a private affair. However, Temkin herself (Temkin et al., 1999) reported to utilize the most widely applied procedures of Jacobson and Truax and of Chelune et al., which are based on the classic approach. For unexplained reasons they had substituted a different standard error. The unsatisfactory justification later given in their reply to Hinton-Bayre's (2000) letter revealed the presumably actual reason: unfamiliarity with psychometrics including the classical test theory (CTT). Not surprisingly, Temkin ignores this historical aspect in her comment. Nevertheless, the new post-hoc arguments she brings up deserve, of course, a fair evaluation.
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COOPERSTOCK, F. I., und S. TIEU. „GALACTIC DYNAMICS VIA GENERAL RELATIVITY AND THE EXOTIC DARK MATTER ENIGMA“. Modern Physics Letters A 21, Nr. 28 (14.09.2006): 2133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306021505.
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General relativity supersedes Newtonian dynamics in the analysis of galactic rotation and eliminates the need for vast halos of exotic dark matter. We present new results to complete the global picture of galactic models which indicate that we can model relatively modest mass accumulations surrounding galaxies with mass concentrations roughly contained within the contours of the extended disk. An observational test of the extent of any external matter distribution is shown to derive from the velocity dispersion of rotation curves in planes parallel to the galactic symmetry plane. We reply to recent critics of our work.
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Xia, Yuzhen, Hangwei Lei, Xiaojun Wu, Guilin Hu, Hao Pan und Baizeng Fang. „Design of New Test System for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell“. Energies 16, Nr. 2 (11.01.2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020833.
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A comprehensive test system for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is designed and developed for monitoring and controlling the inlet and outlet parameters and safety issues of fuel cells. The data acquisition and output instruction rely on the connection between PLC (programmable logic controller) and OPC (object linking and embedding for process control). Based on Siemens S7-200 series PLC and PID (proportion integration differentiation) technology, the margin of error in relative humidity of inlet air is controlled at less than 0.7%. Furthermore, a hydrogen recycling system and an alarm module are introduced, considering the hydrogen or nitrogen solenoid valve power failure, cooling fan power failure, temperature anomaly, and hydrogen leakage. This developed test system is evaluated by the experimental investigation of PEMFC performance. The results show that the test system has very good test and control performances. At a cell temperature of 40 °C, enhanced performance in the polarization tests is depicted at a high humidification temperature of 60 °C.
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Bull, Peter, und Maurice Waddle. „“Let me now answer, very directly, Marie’s question”“. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 7, Nr. 1 (12.06.2019): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00019.bul.
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Abstract Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs) in the UK attracts much criticism for the adversarial and occasional aggressive language on display. During his successful campaign for the leadership of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn called for a “new kind of politics” (ITV 2015). One feature of his “new” approach, apparent during his early sessions as Leader of the Opposition, was to include questions to Prime Minister David Cameron sourced from members of the public. Although, subsequently, these “public questions” became less frequent, they provided an opportunity to compare their interactional effects with standard “non-public questions”. Arguably, the aim of this salient feature of corbyn’s approach to questioning Cameron was to redress the moral order of PMQs. We test this proposal via two measures of the PM’s responses: reply rate and personalisation. Results showed that Corbyn’s public questions did not enhance Cameron’s reply rate. However, whereas Cameron used significantly more personal attacks than Corbyn in response to non-public questions, the level of such attacks by the PM for public questions was as low as Corbyn’s, with no significant difference between them. In this latter regard, such an approach showed the potential to mitigate the ritualistic and customary verbal aggression of PMQs.
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Cha, Yun-shil, Michelle Choi, Ying Guo, Michel Regenwetter und Chris Zwilling. „Reply: Birnbaum’s (2012) statistical tests of independence have unknown Type-I error rates and do not replicate within participant“. Judgment and Decision Making 8, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004502.
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AbstractBirnbaum (2011, 2012) questioned the iid (independent and identically distributed) sampling assumptions used by state-of-the-art statistical tests in Regenwetter, Dana and Davis-Stober’s (2010, 2011) analysis of the “linear order model”. Birnbaum (2012) cited, but did not use, a test of iid by Smith and Batchelder (2008) with analytically known properties. Instead, he created two new test statistics with unknown sampling distributions.Our rebuttal has five components: 1) We demonstrate that the Regenwetter et al. data pass Smith and Batchelder’s test of iid with flying colors. 2) We provide evidence from Monte Carlo simulations that Birnbaum’s (2012) proposed tests have unknown Type-I error rates, which depend on the actual choice probabilities and on how data are coded as well as on the null hypothesis of iid sampling. 3) Birnbaum analyzed only a third of Regenwetter et al.’s data. We show that his two new tests fail to replicate on the other two-thirds of the data, within participants. 4) Birnbaum selectively picked data of one respondent to suggest that choice probabilities may have changed partway into the experiment. Such nonstationarity could potentially cause a seemingly good fit to be a Type-II error. We show that the linear order model fits equally well if we allow for warm-up effects. 5) Using hypothetical data, Birnbaum (2012) claimed to show that “true-and-error” models for binary pattern probabilities overcome the alleged short-comings of Regenwetter et al.’s approach. We disprove this claim on the same data.
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Xu, F., Wei Guo Guo, Q. J. Wang und Zhi Yin Zeng. „A New Approach to Determine Dynamic Strength Model Parameters under Taylor Impact Test“. Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.377.
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In this paper, to determine the dynamic strength model for steels, a new approach which does not rely on the Hopkinson bar test has been proposed. As the DH36 steel for example, using the results of Taylor impact test and the quasi-static compression test, the initial parameters of Johnson-Cook plastic strength model have been fitted out, then the initial strength parameters have been optimized using the optimization techniques of the sparse Taylor impact cylinder. It has been shown that the optimized results in numerical simulation are consistent with results of Taylor impact test, and the optimized Johnson-Cook model can also well describe flow stress curve fitted from the Hopkinson bar test.
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Whiteley, Paul, Harold Clarke, David Sanders und Marianne Stuart. „Hunting the Snark: A Reply to “Re-Evaluating Valence Models of Political Choice”“. Political Science Research and Methods 4, Nr. 1 (15.12.2015): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.30.
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This paper responds to Evans and Kat’s critique of the valence politics model of electoral choice. Their critique is deficient in several respects. First, the authors do not test the valence politics model, which is motivated by a theory of voting rather than a claim about the relationship between generalized measures of “party preference” and “party performance.” Second, Evans and Kat do not provide theoretical grounding for partisanship, which they claim is strongly exogenous to other variables of interest. Third, there are several specification and testing problems with their structural equation model. We study the properties of the valence model using a vector error correction model of aggregate monthly survey data gathered throughout the New Labour Era. Consistent with theoretical expectations, key valence politics variables constitute a powerful cointegrated system in which the dynamics of partisanship are endogenous to other variables in the system.
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Botha, Joanna C., und Avinash Govindjee. „Hate Speech Provisions and Provisos: A Response to Marais and Pretorius and Proposals for Reform“. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 20 (03.01.2017): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1395.
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This article responds to some of the issues raised by Marais and Pretorius in their 2015 article titled "A Contextual Analysis of the Hate Speech Provisions of the Equality Act" published in 2015(18)4 PER 901. In particular, the authors in the present response deal with a) the relationship between the prohibition of unfair discrimination and the regulation of hate speech; b) Marais and Pretorius' interpretation of aspects of the section 10(1) hate speech test; c) the role and interpretation of the proviso in section 12; and d) the constitutionality of section 10(1), as read with the proviso. For each of these issues, the authors first summarise Marais and Pretorius' contentions and then reply thereto. The authors also propose amendments to the threshold test for hate speech in terms of section 10(1) and suggest the enactment of new hate speech-specific defences.
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Sinharay, Sandip, und Matthew S. Johnson. „Three New Methods for Analysis of Answer Changes“. Educational and Psychological Measurement 77, Nr. 1 (11.07.2016): 54–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416632287.
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In a pioneering research article, Wollack and colleagues suggested the “erasure detection index” (EDI) to detect test tampering. The EDI can be used with or without a continuity correction and is assumed to follow the standard normal distribution under the null hypothesis of no test tampering. When used without a continuity correction, the EDI often has inflated Type I error rates. When used with a continuity correction, the EDI has satisfactory Type I error rates, but smaller power compared with the EDI without a continuity correction. This article suggests three methods for detecting test tampering that do not rely on the assumption of a standard normal distribution under the null hypothesis. It is demonstrated in a detailed simulation study that the performance of each suggested method is slightly better than that of the EDI. The EDI and the suggested methods were applied to a real data set. The suggested methods, although more computation intensive than the EDI, seem to be promising in detecting test tampering.
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Smuts, M., JS Allison und L. Santana. „New goodness-of-fit test for exponentiality based on a conditional moment characterisation“. ORiON 35, Nr. 2 (20.12.2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5784/35-2-661.
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The exponential distribution plays a key role in the practical application of reliability theory, survival analysis, engineering and queuing theory. These applications often rely on the underlying assumption that the observed data originate from an exponential distribution. In this paper, two new tests for exponentiality are proposed, which are based on a conditional second moment characterisation. The proposed tests are compared to various established tests for exponentiality by means of a simulation study where it is found that the new tests perform favourably relative to the existing tests. The tests are also applied to real-world data sets with independent and identically distributed data as well as to simulated data from a Cox proportional hazards model, to determine whether the residuals obtained from the fitted model follow a standard exponential distribution.
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Ismail, Roswan, Che Zalina Zulkifli und Khairulanuar Samsudin. „Reducing Broadcasting Route Request Packet through LF-AODC“. Journal Of ICT In Education 4 (30.11.2017): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jictie.vol4.10.2017.
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Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) is one of the commonly used reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) as it can achieve relatively better communication performance. However, AODV can lead to heavy routing overhead and additional delay due to the flooding broadcast of route request (RREQ) packets during the route discovery cycle. Additionally, the multiple route reply (RREP) packets in response to a single RREQ can also contribute to overhead and additional delay. Thus, a new algorithm called Less Flooding-AODV (LF-AODV) was proposed to reduce the broadcasted RREQ and the transmitted RREP during the route discovery cycle by decreasing the number of nodes involved in the route establishment phase. A simulation test was carried out to compare the difference in performance between LF-AODV and AODV algorithms. The simulation test revealed that the steps of the route discovery process in LF-AODV were significantly reduced, thus improving its performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end-to-end delay and routing overhead compared to the traditional algorithm. Clearly, these results reinforce the theoretical principles used in formulating the new algorithm of LF-AODV.
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Moon, Changjong. „New Insights into and Emerging Roles of Animal Models for Neurological Disorders“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 9 (29.04.2022): 4957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094957.
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Bernal-Torres, Mario G., Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo und Juan C. Arellano-González. „Design and Control of a New Biomimetic Transfemoral Knee Prosthesis Using an Echo-Control Scheme“. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8783642.
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Passive knee prostheses require a significant amount of additional metabolic energy to carry out a gait cycle, therefore affecting the natural human walk performance. Current active knee prostheses are still limited because they do not reply with accuracy of the natural human knee movement, and the time response is relatively large. This paper presents the design and control of a new biomimetic-controlled transfemoral knee prosthesis based on a polycentric-type mechanism. The aim was to develop a knee prosthesis able to provide additional power and to mimic with accuracy of the natural human knee movement using a stable control strategy. The design of the knee mechanism was obtained from the body-guidance kinematics synthesis based on real human walking patterns obtained from computer vision and 3D reconstruction. A biomechanical evaluation of the synthesized prosthesis was then carried out. For the activation and control of the prosthesis, an echo-control strategy was proposed and developed. In this echo-control strategy, the sound side leg is sensed and synchronized with the activation of the knee prosthesis. An experimental prototype was built and evaluated in a test rig. The results revealed that the prosthetic knee is able to mimic the biomechanics of the human knee.
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Tsou, Tsung-Shan. „A new likelihood approach to inference about predictive values of diagnostic tests in paired designs“. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27, Nr. 2 (25.04.2016): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280216634755.
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Intuitively, one only needs patients with two positive screening test results for positive predictive values comparison, and those with two negative screening test results for contrasting negative predictive values. Nevertheless, current existing methods rely on the multinomial model that includes superfluous parameters unnecessary for specific comparisons. This practice results in complex statistics formulas. We introduce a novel likelihood approach that fits the intuition by including a minimum number of parameters of interest in paired designs. It is demonstrated that our robust score test statistic is identical to a newly proposed weighted generalized score test statistic. Simulations and real data analysis are used for illustration.
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Ogden, Jenni A., Erana Cooper und Margaret Dudley. „Adapting Neuropsychological Assessments for Minority Groups: A Study Comparing White and Maori New Zealanders“. Brain Impairment 4, Nr. 2 (01.12.2003): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/brim.4.2.122.27026.
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AbstractCulturally-appropriate neuropsychological assessment is important if we wish to gather valid information about the abilities of individuals from minority cultural groups. This study compares 20 Maori and 20 white New Zealanders (16–30 years) from a low socioeconomic group on a range of neuropsychological tests, some adapted in an attempt to increase their appropriateness for Maori. Results generally support the hypotheses that Maori score more poorly on tests that rely heavily on formal western education and concepts, and score as well as or better than the white New Zealanders on tests that rely on concepts valued by Maori (e.g., visuospatial abilities), or have some Maori content. The test adaptations in this study might provide ideas for test adaptation for other cultural groups.
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Balch, William M. „Reply [to “Comment on ‘The remote sensing of ocean primary productivity: Use of a new data compilation to test satellite algorithms’ by William Balch et al.”]“. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, Nr. C9 (1993): 16585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jc01315.
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Khobzi, Hamid, Raymond Y. K. Lau und Terence C. H. Cheung. „The outcome of online social interactions on Facebook pages“. Internet Research 29, Nr. 1 (04.02.2019): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-04-2017-0161.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of different ways of message framing on users’ engagement behavior regarding the brand posts on Facebook and to determine whether users’ thumbs-up and reply moderate this impact. Design/methodology/approach A panel data analysis was conducted on a panel with 11,894 observations on 850 unique brand posts from the Facebook pages of the world’s most valuable brands over a seven days window with two observations each day. A system of equations was estimated using ordinary least squares, Hausman–Taylor IV and seemingly unrelated regressions to test study’s hypotheses. Findings The empirical findings confirm that more positively and negatively framed comments result in increased users’ engagement. Also, an increase in thumbs-up ratio for neutrally and negatively framed comments results in less engagement. The reply ratio might also have a positive and negative moderation effect on the influence of neutrally and positively framed comments on engagement behavior, respectively. Practical implications This study provides an in-depth understanding of online social interactions on Facebook pages for firms’ managers and marketers. Online social interactions might be either harmful or fruitful for firms depending on the type of interaction and engagement behavior. Findings can help managers and marketer to improve their strategies for leveraging Facebook for electronic marketing. Originality/value This is likely to be the first study that examines the moderating effect of users’ thumbs-up and reply on the relationship between message framing and users’ engagement behavior. By providing robust findings by addressing issues like omitted variables and endogeneity, the findings of this study are promising for developing new hypotheses and theoretical models in the context of online social interactions.
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Ahmad, Zahoor, Jae-Young Kim und Jong-Myon Kim. „A Technique for Centrifugal Pump Fault Detection and Identification Based on a Novel Fault-Specific Mann–Whitney Test“. Sensors 23, Nr. 22 (10.11.2023): 9090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23229090.
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This work presents a technique for fault detection and identification in centrifugal pumps (CPs) using a novel fault-specific Mann–Whitney test (FSU Test) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification algorithm. Traditional fault indicators, such as the mean, peak, root mean square, and impulse factor, lack sensitivity in detecting incipient faults. Furthermore, for defect identification, supervised models rely on pre-existing knowledge about pump defects for training purposes. To address these concerns, a new centrifugal pump fault indicator (CPFI) that does not rely on previous knowledge is developed based on a novel fault-specific Mann–Whitney test. The new fault indicator is obtained by decomposing the vibration signature (VS) of the centrifugal pump hierarchically into its respective time-frequency representation using the wavelet packet transform (WPT) in the first step. The node containing the fault-specific frequency band is selected, and the Mann–Whitney test statistic is calculated from it. The combination of hierarchical decomposition of the vibration signal for fault-specific frequency band selection and the Mann–Whitney test form the new fault-specific Mann–Whitney test. The test output statistic yields the centrifugal pump fault indicator, which shows sensitivity toward the health condition of the centrifugal pump. This indicator changes according to the working conditions of the centrifugal pump. To further enhance fault detection, a new effect ratio (ER) is introduced. The KNN algorithm is employed to classify the fault type, resulting in promising improvements in fault classification accuracy, particularly under variable operating conditions.
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Hassenbusch, Samuel J., William C. Satterfield und Tamara Lee Gradert. „A sheep model for continuous intrathecal infusion of test substances“. Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, Nr. 2 (Februar 1999): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719901800204.
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Pharmaceutical research and new drug development rely extensively on animal research. The development of novel agents for intrathecal administration requires preclinical studies of toxic effects in an animal model. We have developed a nonrodent animal model for this purpose. Our sheep model: 1 Is an animal whose neural axis is similar to the human 2 Allows for the percutaneous placement of intrathecal catheters 3 Has minimal possibilities of infection because the infusion system is totally implanted 4 Provides continuous infusion of the test agent 5 Generates behavioral, motor, neurological and histo-pathological information so that safety guidelines can be established prior to preclinical studies.
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Yeoh, O. H. „Some Geometric Considerations for Rubber—Metal Bond Test Specimens“. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, Nr. 2 (01.05.2006): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547940.
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Abstract Most methods for predicting fatigue lives of rubber components rely heavily on experimental studies that involve specimens subjected to essentially uniform states of deformation. But, in service, rubber components often fail at or near rubber-metal bonds where the state of deformation is far from uniform. Before experimental studies of fatigue failure in the vicinity of rubber-metal bonds, it is prudent to perform an analysis of the specimen geometry to make sure it has been optimized. This paper reports on finite element analyses of cylindrical rubber-metal bond test specimens recommended in ASTM D 429. The results suggest that taller specimens (height/radius ratio ≥ 2) have some advantages. Interpretation in terms of the strain energy release rate is recommended. A new asymmetric test specimen is proposed.
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Precht, Henry. „A REPLY TO JAMES GOODE'S REVIEW OF OFIRA SELIKTAR, FAILING THE CRYSTAL BALL TEST: THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND THE FUNDAMENTALIST REVOLUTION IN IRAN (PRAEGER, 2000)“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, Nr. 4 (November 2001): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801214081.
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As neither the reviewer nor the author contacted me before reporting critically on my work during the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis, I appreciate IJMES's offer to state my position. Subsequently, I have been in touch with both James Goode and Ofira Seliktar. The latter told me 1. She made a decision not to conduct any interviews because interviewees are apt to offer self-serving or faulty memories and because she might face “threats.” 2. Although she felt sorry for the way I was treated in the book, she seemed to place greater blame on the academics advising the State Department who put forward the “reigning academic consensus” (New Left and moralpolitik) that captured Foreign Service minds (especially mine) and led to destructive policies. I'll bet that few Middle East Studies Association members realized they could have such power over policy-making.
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Alemanno, Alberto. „The Science, Law and Policy of Neonicotinoids and Bees: A New Test Case for the Precautionary Principle“. European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 2013): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003342.
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Once more, while facing an analogous risk phenomenon affecting their predominantly homogeneous societal and economic interests, the two sides of the Atlantic seem to adopt diverging stances. Amid the publication of several new studies and a set of EFSA scientific opinions linking the use of the world's most widely used pesticides to bee decline, the European Union adopted a temporary ban on their use. While the Commission does not expressly rely on it, its restrictive decision is clearly based on the controversial precautionary principle. Yet, as it is discussed in this article, the conformity of this decision with the requirements that determine the legal invocation of this principle remains doubtful.
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Toth, Daniell. „A Permutation Test on Complex Sample Data“. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 8, Nr. 4 (13.08.2019): 772–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smz018.
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Abstract Permutation tests are a distribution-free way of performing hypothesis tests. These tests rely on the condition that the observed data are exchangeable among the groups being tested under the null hypothesis. This assumption is easily satisfied for data obtained from a simple random sample or a controlled study after simple adjustments to the data, but there is no general method for adjusting survey data collected using a complex sample design to allow for permutation tests. In this article, we propose a general method for performing a pseudo-permutation test that accounts for the complex sample design. The proposed method is not a true permutation test in that the new values do not come from the set of observed values in general but of an expanded set of values satisfying a random-effects model on the clustered residuals of a design-consistent estimating equation. We provide a set of conditions under which this procedure leads to consistent test results. Tests using a simulated population and an application analyzing US Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer expenditure data comparing the performance of the proposed method to permutation tests that ignore the sample design demonstrate that it is necessary to account for the design features in order to obtain reasonable p value estimates.
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KLEMM, RICHARD A., GERALD ARNOLD, ANDREAS BILLE, CARSTEN T. RIECK und KURT SCHARNBERG. „c-AXIS TWIST Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS: A NEW PHASE-SENSITIVE TEST OF ORDER PARAMETER SYMMETRY“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, Nr. 29n31 (20.12.1999): 3449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299003192.
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Li et al. found that the critical current density [Formula: see text] across atomically clean c-axis twist junctions of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ is the same as that of the constituent single crystal, [Formula: see text], independent of the twist angle ϕ0, even at and below Tc. We investigated theoretically if a dx2-y2-wave order parameter might twist by mixing in dxy-wave components, but found that such mixing cannot possibly explain the data near to Tc. Combined with group theoretical arguments, we then conclude that the order parameter contains at least a substantial s-wave component, but does not contain any purported dx2-y2-wave compoenent, except possibly below a second, unobserved phase transition. By studying tunneling models, we further conclude that the intrinsic c-axis Josephson tunneling in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ is likely to be most incoherent. We also propose a c-axis junction version of a tricrystal experiment, which does not rely upon expensive substrates.
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Kozower, Claire A. „Use of soil tests among organic farmers in New England“. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 16, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008821.
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AbstractThis research explores the soil testing practices and interests of organic farmers in New England. Data were collected through telephone surveys conducted between December 1998 and January 1999 with 81 certified organic farmers. Organic farmers' commitment to the maintenance of healthy soils necessitates the use of soil evaluation tools. However, it is becoming increasingly understood that a complete picture of soil quality cannot be created solely through the use of laboratory soil tests. For example, many of the soil's critical physical characteristics are more suited to in-field assessment than to laboratory analysis. For this reason, utilization of both laboratory and on-farm tests was investigated. The use of evaluation tools can be influenced by the degree to which laboratory and farming services help organic farmers put test results into practice. Thus, additional questioning focused on the ease of understanding test results, the usefulness of soil test results and recommendations to organic farmers, and the likelihood of turning to expert help when soil management issues arise. Results indicate that in managing their soils, organic farmers in New England rely heavily on laboratory tests provided by public institutions. Most farmers were satisfied with laboratory services and found test results easy to interpret. Over one-quarter (31%) of the farmers surveyed were employing on-farm tests, but very few of these tests assessed physical or biological characteristics of the soil. Organizations most often sought by organic farmers for information on soil quality management were Extension services, followed by local organic certifying agencies, and state agriculture departments.
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Cubitt, Robin, Gijs van de Kuilen und Sujoy Mukerji. „Discriminating Between Models of Ambiguity Attitude: a Qualitative Test“. Journal of the European Economic Association 18, Nr. 2 (01.04.2019): 708–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz005.
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AbstractDuring recent decades, many new models have emerged in pure and applied economic theory according to which agents’ choices may be sensitive to ambiguity in the uncertainty that faces them. The exchange between Epstein (2010) and Klibanoff et al. (2012) identified a notable behavioral issue that distinguishes sharply between two classes of models of ambiguity sensitivity that are importantly different. The two classes are exemplified by the α-maxmin expected utility (MEU) model and the smooth ambiguity model, respectively; and the issue is whether or not a desire to hedge independently resolving ambiguities contributes to an ambiguity-averse agent's preference for a randomized act. Building on this insight, we implement an experiment whose design provides a qualitative test that discriminates between the two classes of models. Among subjects identified as ambiguity sensitive, we find greater support for the class exemplified by the smooth ambiguity model; the relative support is stronger among subjects identified as ambiguity averse. This finding has implications for applications that rely on specific models of ambiguity preference.
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Thomson, Keela S., und Daniel M. Oppenheimer. „Investigating an alternate form of the cognitive reflection test“. Judgment and Decision Making 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2016): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500007622.
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AbstractMuch research in cognitive psychology has focused on the tendency to conserve limited cognitive resources. The CRT is the predominant measure of such miserly information processing, and also predicts a number of frequently studied decision-making traits (such as belief bias and need for cognition). However, many subjects from common subject populations have already been exposed to the questions, which might add considerable noise to data. Moreover, the CRT has been shown to be confounded with numeracy. To increase the pool of available questions and to try to address numeracy confounds, we developed and tested the CRT-2. CRT-2 questions appear to rely less on numeracy than the original CRT but appear to measure closely related constructs in other respects. Crucially, substantially fewer subjects from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk have been previously exposed to CRT-2 questions. Though our primary purpose was investigating the CRT-2, we also found that belief bias questions appear suitable as an additional source of new items. Implications and remaining measurement challenges are discussed.
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MacDonald, John M., und Jeffrey Fagan. „Using Shifts in Deployment and Operations to Test for Racial Bias in Police Stops“. AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (01.05.2019): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191027.
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We rely on a policy experiment in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) to address the well-known problems of omitted variable bias and infra-marginality in traditional outcomes tests of racial bias in police stops. The NYPD designated specific areas as impact zones and deployed extra officers to these areas and encouraged them to conduct more intensive stop, question, and frisk activity. We find that the NYPD are more likely to frisk black and Hispanic suspects after an area becomes an impact zone compared to other areas of the city.
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Pagès, Gilles, und Clément Rey. „Recursive computation of the invariant distributions of Feller processes: Revisited examples and new applications“. Monte Carlo Methods and Applications 25, Nr. 1 (01.03.2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mcma-2018-2027.
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Abstract In this paper, we show that the abstract framework developed in [G. Pagès and C. Rey, Recursive computation of the invariant distribution of Markov and Feller processes, preprint 2017, https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04557] and inspired by [D. Lamberton and G. Pagès, Recursive computation of the invariant distribution of a diffusion, Bernoulli 8 2002, 3, 367–405] can be used to build invariant distributions for Brownian diffusion processes using the Milstein scheme and for diffusion processes with censored jump using the Euler scheme. Both studies rely on a weakly mean-reverting setting for both cases. For the Milstein scheme we prove the convergence for test functions with polynomial (Wasserstein convergence) and exponential growth. For the Euler scheme of diffusion processes with censored jump we prove the convergence for test functions with polynomial growth.
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Martin, Nicholas, John Capman, Anthony Boyce, Kyle Morgan, Manuel Francisco Gonzalez und Seymour Adler. „New frontiers in cognitive ability testing: working memory“. Journal of Managerial Psychology 35, Nr. 4 (18.01.2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-09-2018-0422.
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Purpose Cognitive ability tests demonstrate strong relationships with job performance, but have several limitations; notably, subgroup differences based on race/ethnicity. As an alternative, the purpose of this paper is to develop a working memory assessment for personnel selection contexts. Design/methodology/approach The authors describe the development of Global Adaptive Memory Evaluation (G.A.M.E.) – a working memory assessment – along with three studies focused on refining and validating G.A.M.E., including examining test-taker reactions, reliability, subgroup differences, construct and criterion-related validity, and measurement equivalence across computer and mobile devices. Findings Evidence suggests that G.A.M.E. is a reliable and valid tool for employee selection. G.A.M.E. exhibited convergent validity with other cognitive assessments, predicted job performance, yielded smaller subgroup differences than traditional cognitive ability tests, was engaging for test-takers, and upheld equivalent measurement across computers and mobile devices. Research limitations/implications Additional research is needed on the use of working memory assessments as an alternative to traditional cognitive ability testing, including its advantages and disadvantages, relative to other constructs and methods. Practical implications The findings illustrate working memory’s potential as an alternative to traditional cognitive ability assessments and highlight the need for cognitive ability tests that rely on modern theories of intelligence and leverage burgeoning mobile technology. Originality/value This paper highlights an alternative to traditional cognitive ability tests, namely, working memory assessments, and demonstrates how to design reliable, valid, engaging and mobile-compatible versions.
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Gatt, Alfred, und Nachiappan Chockalingam. „Validity and reliability of a new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device“. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, Nr. 4 (04.12.2012): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612465886.
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Background: The assessment of the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle is an important clinical examination procedure. Evidence shows that the traditional goniometer is highly unreliable, and various designs of goniometers to measure the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle rely on the application of a known force to obtain reliable results. Hence, an innovative ankle dorsiflexion measurement device was designed to make this measurement more reliable by holding the foot in a selected posture without the application of a known moment. Objectives: To report on the comprehensive validity and reliability testing carried out on the new device. Methods: Following validity testing, four different trials to test reliability of the ankle dorsiflexion measurement device were performed. These trials included inter-rater and intra-rater testings with a controlled moment, intra-rater reliability testing with knees flexed and extended without a controlled moment, intra-rater testing with a patient population, and inter-rater reliability testing between four raters of varying experience without controlling moment. All raters were blinded. Study Design: A series of trials to test intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities. Results: Intra-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 and inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1) was 0.953 with a controlled moment. With uncontrolled moment, very high reliability for intra-tester was also achieved (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94 with knees extended and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 with knees flexed). For the trial investigating test–retest reliability with actual patients, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 was obtained. In the trial investigating four different raters with uncontrolled moment, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91 was achieved. Conclusions: The new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device is a valid and reliable device for measuring ankle dorsiflexion in both healthy subjects and patients, with both controlled and uncontrolled moments, even by multiple raters of varying experience when the foot is dorsiflexed to its end of range of motion. Clinical relevance An ankle dorsiflexion measuring device has been designed to increase the reliability of ankle dorsiflexion measurement and replace the traditional goniometer. While the majority of similar devices rely on application of a known moment to perform this measurement, it has been shown that this is not required with the new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device and, rather, foot posture should be taken into consideration as this affects the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle.
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Paulsen, Benjamin Alexander, Hannes Schwenke, Jakob Seemann, Peter Schramm, Georg Männel und Philipp Rostalski. „Towards Test Bench for Aspiration Catheters in Realistic Evaluation Scenarios“. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, Nr. 2 (01.08.2022): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1048.
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Abstract Aspiration catheters play an important role in mechanical thrombectomy in interventional neuroradiology as they provide support for stent retrievers or are increasingly used separately for contact aspiration. To evaluate the performance of different aspiration catheters in terms of suction force, most current studies rely on manual measurement methods or the suction force is not measured close to the aspiration catheter tip. Moreover, there is currently no standardized method that records measurements digitally and with high temporal resolution. To overcome these challenges, we propose a new test bench that simulates a dedicated aspiration scenario and takes measurements close to the aspiration catheter tip. To meet the requirements, a simplified vascular phantom, a pressure sensor and a simplified clot model were implemented in the prototype. To demonstrate the applicability of the prototype, two commonly used aspiration catheters were evaluated. The obtained measurements show that it is possible to perform standardized comparisons between aspiration catheters from different manufacturers as well as different aspiration pumps and aspiration tubings and their combinations. The developed prototype overcomes the still widely used manual and semimanual and thus error prone measurement methods for the evaluation of vacuum based thrombectomy systems.
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Naujoks, Frederik, Sebastian Hergeth, Andreas Keinath, Nadja Schömig und Katharina Wiedemann. „Editorial for Special Issue: Test and Evaluation Methods for Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles“. Information 11, Nr. 9 (20.08.2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11090403.
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Today, OEMs and suppliers can rely on commonly agreed and standardized test and evaluation methods for in-vehicle human–machine interfaces (HMIs). These have traditionally focused on the context of manually driven vehicles and put the evaluation of minimizing distraction effects and enhancing usability at their core (e.g., AAM guidelines or NHTSA visual-manual distraction guidelines). However, advances in automated driving systems (ADS) have already begun to change the driver’s role from actively driving the vehicle to monitoring the driving situation and being ready to intervene in partially automated driving (SAE L2). Higher levels of vehicle automation will likely only require the driver to act as a fallback ready user in case of system limits and malfunctions (SAE L3) or could even act without any fallback within their operational design domain (SAE L4). During the same trip, different levels of automation might be available to the driver (e.g., L2 in urban environments, L3 on highways). These developments require new test and evaluation methods for ADS, as available test methods cannot be easily transferred and adapted. The shift towards higher levels of vehicle automation has also moved the discussion towards the interaction between automated and non-automated road users using exterior HMIs. This Special Issue includes theoretical papers a well as empirical studies that deal with these new challenges by proposing new and innovative test methods in the evaluation of ADS HMIs in different areas.
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Tarłowski, Andrzej. „The reliance on inclusive living thing in inductive inference among 5-year-olds: the role of access to nature and the size of receptive vocabulary“. Psychology of Language and Communication 21, Nr. 1 (26.09.2017): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plc-2017-0006.
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Abstract The present study employed a serial forced choice inductive inference paradigm to test whether rural and urban 5-year-olds varying in SES rely on the representation of living things in extending new knowledge. Sixty-five children learned that humans possess a novel internal property and, in a series of test trials, had to decide whether to attribute the property to an inanimate living thing or to an artifact. Additionally, the size of children’s receptive vocabulary was assessed. This study provides the first evidence that those 5-year-olds who have access to rich nature and who have acquired a high level of receptive vocabulary do rely on living kinds in induction in a forced choice task. The study further underscores the necessity to include children with diverse backgrounds in research on the development of biological knowledge. It also provides new evidence that general cognitive ability links to advances in children’s biological understanding.
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Maghfiroh, Lutfi Rahmatuti, Wahyudi Syahputra und Ibnu Santoso. „Development of Question Answering System for Public Relation Division in Student Admission“. Proceedings of The International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics 2021, Nr. 1 (04.01.2022): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34123/icdsos.v2021i1.81.
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Politeknik Statistika STIS (Polstat STIS) holds the new students' admission (PMB) every year which aims to gather, test, and, select all of its applicants who want to continue their study at STIS. STIS establish a committee during this event named Public Relation (PR) Division. PR Division to be intermediaries between STIS and the applicants. One of many PR Division tasks is to reply to all the questions from applicants about administration, procedure, or other things about PMB and STIS. PR Division is facing some problems that can hinder its performance to do the tasks. How do we address the problem is the reason that this research begins in the first place. The goal of this research is to build and establish a web-based system that is capable to solve all the problems the current system has. The system is divided into two main functions, the first one is FAQ management by PR Division members. The other function is a chatbot that automatically answers the question by using the TF-IDF algorithm. The conclusion on all testing and evaluation is the system that being build is already fulfilled all its requirements also the system is feasible to be used.
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Faanu, Pamphilious, und Emmanuel Graham. „The Politics of Ethnocentrism: A Viability Test of Ghana’s Democracy?“ Insight on Africa 9, Nr. 2 (Juli 2017): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087817715534.
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The article assesses the use of ethnocentrism as a political strategy in Ghana’s electoral politics and the threat it poses to Ghana’s democracy. It focuses on the strategic ethno-political communication employed by politicians to wield voter support and how voters behave at polls. It reveals that prior to independence Ghana’s political parties were predominantly formed along ethnic and regional dimensions. This transcends into the current dispensation, as the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party are tagged as Ewe-Northerners party and Akans party, respectively. These ethnic affiliations tend to influence voters’ behaviour at the polls. There is, therefore, an increasing incidence of non-evaluative voting because of ethnocentrism in the Ghanaian political domain. As a result, politicking in Ghana tends to rely heavily on ethnic dimensions to solicit votes using the media as the main platform. The incidence of ethno-politics in Ghana has the tendency to reverse the democratic successes chalked because of the unnecessary tensions that are often associated with ethnic politics. This article recommends the need for responsible media practice to minimise this rising phenomenon in Ghana’s electoral politics. Also, it is our suggestion that the Political Parties ACT 574(2000) and the concerned articles of the 1992 constitution be reviewed to place sanctions on ethnocentrism as a political strategy.
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van Hooff, Johanna C., und Shirley Golden. „Validation of an Event-Related Potential Memory Assessment Procedure: Intentional Learning as Opposed to Simple Repetition“. Journal of Psychophysiology 16, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.1.12.
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Abstract The main aim of this study was to investigate whether an ERP-based memory assessment procedure ( van Hooff et al., 1996 ) could be used to detect memories for items that (1) did not receive a behavioural recognition response and (2) were not intentionally learned. Participants were first required to study a short list of “neutral,” semantically unrelated words that were subsequently tested for recognition. Next, participants studied a second, different word list, which again was tested for recognition (learned targets) in a following test. In this second test, the distractors consisted of the words that were studied prior to - and had to be recognized in - the first test (learned nontargets), words that were used as distractors in the first test (repeated nontargets), and words that had not been learned or presented before (new words). Targets and both types of nontargets were presented less frequently than the new words, so essentially this test had an oddball character. Results showed that learned targets as well as learned nontargets elicited a P300 component that was largely absent for the new words and for the repeated nontargets. These results seem to imply that successful use of the ERP-based memory assessment procedure did not rely on behavioural indications of recognition, but did depend on the level of contemplation during initial study/presentation.
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Gavil, Andrew I. „Imagining a Counterfactual Section 36: Rebalancing New Zealand's Competition Law Framework“. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i4.4883.
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Like the competition-related laws of most other nations, s 36 of New Zealand's Commerce Act 1986 includes a prohibition of some unilateral acts by firms with substantial market power. Such prohibitions reflect the consensus view of many jurisdictions, courts and commentators that the anticompetitive potential of unilateral conduct largely depends on the market power of the firm undertaking it. In lieu of an inquiry into the actual or probable effects of challenged conduct, however, s 36 has been interpreted to rely on a "counterfactual" test, seemingly unique in the world. Under that approach, courts have been directed to ask whether a firm lacking substantial market power would have engaged in the same conduct, and from the answer to that question to infer the likely effects of the conduct by the firm with market power. This article argues that the counterfactual test will frequently be an unreliable method for implementing the language and underlying purposes of s 36. In many common circumstances it will likely fail to proscribe conduct that may well be harmful to competition and consumers, and result in systematic under-deterrence. In other cases, it may fail to recognise and credit efficiencies that might be unique to the firm with market power, and hence over-deter procompetitive conduct. The article concludes by considering several options for reform.
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Pons-Belda, Oscar D., Amaia Fernandez-Uriarte und Eleftherios P. Diamandis. „Multi Cancer Early Detection by Using Circulating Tumor DNA—The Galleri Test. Reply to Klein et al. The Promise of Multicancer Early Detection. Comment on “Pons-Belda et al. Can Circulating Tumor DNA Support a Successful Screening Test for Early Cancer Detection? The Grail Paradigm. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 2171”“. Diagnostics 12, Nr. 5 (17.05.2022): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051244.
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We recently published some concerns with new technologies which are based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for early cancer detection. Most of our published criticism, including a commentary in this journal, has focused on tests developed by the biotechnology company GRAIL (their commercial product is also known as The Galleri Test). Scientists from GRAIL provided explanations and rebuttals to our criticism. They also posed some questions. Here, we reiterate our position and provide rebuttals, explanations and answers to these questions. We believe that constructive scientific debates, like this one, can profoundly contribute to advancements in scientific fields such as early cancer detection.
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Ehinger, Benedikt V., Katharina Groß, Inga Ibs und Peter König. „A new comprehensive eye-tracking test battery concurrently evaluating the Pupil Labs glasses and the EyeLink 1000“. PeerJ 7 (09.07.2019): e7086. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7086.
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Eye-tracking experiments rely heavily on good data quality of eye-trackers. Unfortunately, it is often the case that only the spatial accuracy and precision values are available from the manufacturers. These two values alone are not sufficient to serve as a benchmark for an eye-tracker: Eye-tracking quality deteriorates during an experimental session due to head movements, changing illumination or calibration decay. Additionally, different experimental paradigms require the analysis of different types of eye movements; for instance, smooth pursuit movements, blinks or microsaccades, which themselves cannot readily be evaluated by using spatial accuracy or precision alone. To obtain a more comprehensive description of properties, we developed an extensive eye-tracking test battery. In 10 different tasks, we evaluated eye-tracking related measures such as: the decay of accuracy, fixation durations, pupil dilation, smooth pursuit movement, microsaccade classification, blink classification, or the influence of head motion. For some measures, true theoretical values exist. For others, a relative comparison to a reference eye-tracker is needed. Therefore, we collected our gaze data simultaneously from a remote EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker as the reference and compared it with the mobile Pupil Labs glasses. As expected, the average spatial accuracy of 0.57° for the EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker was better than the 0.82° for the Pupil Labs glasses (N= 15). Furthermore, we classified less fixations and shorter saccade durations for the Pupil Labs glasses. Similarly, we found fewer microsaccades using the Pupil Labs glasses. The accuracy over time decayed only slightly for the EyeLink 1000, but strongly for the Pupil Labs glasses. Finally, we observed that the measured pupil diameters differed between eye-trackers on the individual subject level but not on the group level. To conclude, our eye-tracking test battery offers 10 tasks that allow us to benchmark the many parameters of interest in stereotypical eye-tracking situations and addresses a common source of confounds in measurement errors (e.g., yaw and roll head movements). All recorded eye-tracking data (including Pupil Labs’ eye videos), the stimulus code for the test battery, and the modular analysis pipeline are freely available (https://github.com/behinger/etcomp).
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Zhang, Y., S. Zhou und Y. Gao. „Test of Focusing and Superposition for Variable Strength Activation of Coolant in Precision Machining“. Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (Juni 2009): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.641.
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To allow better machining heat transfer through mist evaporation, a new active cooling method is proposed. It is based on variable strength activation of coolant together with active cooling. A key issue in the proposed method is the use of multiple actuators of high frequency vibration for extra strength increase. This will rely on the idea of focusing and superposition. In this project, experimental tests were conducted to test the idea for the proposed variable strength activation of coolant in precision machining. Experimental test results show that the effects of ejection distance de on the vibration sensor output amplitude Aa and output frequency fa are not significant. The output amplitude Aa has a linear relationship with the number of actuator na. The effects of na on fa is not obvious. Based on the results, the idea of using multiple actuators for focusing and constructive superposition in variable strength activation is confirmed.
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Harenberg, Job, Svetlana Marx, Nadja Abou-Ayash, Christophe Kremer, Vera Hoeing, Katrin Schirk, Christel Weiss und Lutz Froelich. „Which Patients Would Be Willing to Change Anticoagulation From Vitamin-K Antagonists to a New Oral Anticoagulant?“ Blood 118, Nr. 21 (18.11.2011): 4318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4318.4318.
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Abstract Abstract 4318 New oral anticoagulants have generated promising data on the prophylaxis of systemic and non-systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and treatment of acute venous thromboembolism and prolonged prophylaxis of recurrent events. For patients on chronic treatment with vitamin-K antagonists (VKA) we analysed the motivation and willingness to change the anticoagulation from VKA to new oral anticoagulants. Patients (n=110) on stable treatment with VKA for at least 3 months (indication for anticoagulation: atrial fibrillation or VTE) completed a validated personality inventory (Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI-R), and a self-developed questionnaire on general attitudes regarding anticoagulant therapy (Q1). Patients were divided in two groups according to the reply to the question weather they were willing to switch to a new oral anticoagulant. Out of these sets of questions 7 questions were identified by means of a logistic regression analysis for the willingness to change anticoagulation with VKA to a new oral anticoagulant. The same patients completed this shortened questionnaire (Q2) (n=85) thereafter. Logistic regression analysis defined the 7 items of the FPI and Q1 questionaires as relevant for willingness of patients to change the medication. The probability to change medication was 98% using the 7 questions (Q2) compared to the 2 comlete questionnaires. The items were: extraversion – introversion scale on the FPI-R consisting of 14 questions, and from Q1: hope for a better quality of life with a new anticoagulant, no scepticism for new drugs, wish of a lack of routine monitoring for dose adjustment, relevance of the practitioners opinion, thoughts in the past of alternatives for anticoagulation, and difficulty to adjust the prothrombin time. Using Q2 85% of patients confirmed to be willing to change the anticoagulant drug compared to Q1 (chi square test p<0.0001). Seven questions were identified and confirmed to identify patients for their willingness to change anticoagulation from VKA to a new oral anticoagulant. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.