Inhaltsverzeichnis
Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Réplication d'ADN“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Réplication d'ADN"
Becherel, Olivier J. „Trafic d'ADN polymérases lors de la réplication de l'ADN endommagé chez Escherichia coli“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13143.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBialic, Marta. „Dynamique de la réplication dans les cellules souches pluripotentes“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEmbryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have a great potential for regenerative medicine due to their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate multiple cell types, but the key question of how they establish and maintain a pluripotent epigenome is not resolved. Interestingly all ES and iPS cells display a peculiar cell cycle with rapid doubling time, very short G1, and S phase representing 60-70% of the total cell cycle. In this work we tried to see whether chromosomes in mouse and human ES cells are replicated in a special way that might be used to set up the pluripotency state or to define cell identity. Mammalian genomes are duplicated by the firing of ~20,000 replication origins, organized in ~3000 small clusters forming replication foci that are spatially and temporally regulated during S phase. It has been shown that many of these topologically-associated domains change their replication time upon cell differentiation or reprogramming, but the exact mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we used DNA combing to compare fork velocity (FV), local inter-origin distances (IOD) and global instant fork density (GIFD) between pluripotent mouse ES cells and fibroblasts (MEF), as well as during the differentiation of mES cells into embryoid bodies (EB) and neural precursors. We found that FV is slightly reduced (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min) and IOD basically unchanged in mES compared to MEF. In contrast GIFD, which represents the density of forks active at any moment during S phase, shows a strong reduction from 2 forks/Mb in MEF to 1 fork/Mb in mES cells. We found a similar drop in GIFD in human ES cells (H9) compared to fibroblasts (BJ). To test whether this lower fork density is compensated by an extension of S phase, we developed a dual pulse/chase protocol to measure S-phase length in asynchronous populations by FACS. Using this assay, we found that S-phase length is identical (~8.4 hr) in both mES and MEF cells, despite the GIFD drop in the former. This raises an interesting question: how can ES cells replicate the same amount of DNA, in the same time and with similar fork velocity, but using a 2-fold lower instant fork density? We propose that the lower GIFD (amplitude) is compensated by a higher frequency of replication foci activation, which is not detected by the GIFD pulse protocol. This higher frequency of replication foci activation could play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of a chromatin structure permissive for pluripotency or self-renewal
Brodie, Of Brodie Edward-Benedict. „De l'analyse des séquences d'ADN à la modélisation de la réplication chez les mammifères“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0325.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNecsulea, Anamaria. „Etude des patrons d'évolution asymétrique dans les séquences d'ADN“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00305419.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous avons étudié la co-orientation entre réplication et transcription chez les procaryotes. Nous proposons une méthode pour l'étude des biais de composition qui découple ces deux sources d'asymétrie. Nous montrons que les biais associés à la réplication sont très variables, même entre espèces proches.
Nous avons ensuite analysé le patron de substitution dans les régions transcrites et autour des origines de réplication du génome humain, et notamment l'effet du contexte 5'-3'. Les biais de voisinage sont similaires pour l'asymétrie associée à la réplication et à la transcription. La variation des taux de substitutions en fonction du patron d'expression des gènes suggère qu'un biais de réparation asymétrique et contexte-dépendant pourrait être en jeu.
Enfin, nous avons proposé une méthode de calcul du patron de substitution dans des séquences à composition biaisée: les microsatellites. Nous avons démontré que les microsatellites transcrits sont sujets au mêmes processus asymétriques que les régions non-répétées.
Charvin, Gilles. „Etudes des topoisomérases de type II par micromanipulation d'ADN“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrun, Christine. „Organisation en boucles de la molécule d'ADN et réplication : tude de la région 14B-15B du chromosome X et de l'unité des gènes ribosomiques de Drosophila melanogaster“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMignotte, Françoise. „Nature, dynamique et contrôle du stock d'ADN mitochondrial de cellules différenciées“. Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112237.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrussel, Audrey. „Rôle des différentes formes d'ADN viral dans la réplication et la persistance du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1“. Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVelilla, Fabien. „Identification à l'échelle du génome des séquences d'ADN liés à la matrice nucléaire et leurs relations avec la réplication de l’ADN“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20184.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChromosomes are organised into several hierarchical levels of chromatin compaction. This spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus has been involved in regulating many cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. Indeed, different experiments suggest that chromatin is organized in loops, whose bases are kept attached together, forming a structure, often called the nuclear matrix, acting as a structural support of the chromatin. My project was to identify the DNA sequences that belong to the bases of these chromatin loops. Matrix-attached regions (MARs) were mapped by hybridization on microarrays. This study was performed on asynchronous as well as G0/G1-phase synchronized MEFs to establish the dynamics of MARs during the cell cycle. MARs were found in megabase-sized domains, with sequences significantly related to previously-published Lamin B1 associated domains and replication timing domains. Since our analysis of MARs was performed on G0-synchronized MEFs, our data strongly suggest that the timing domains might already be defined in G0/G1. Analysis of several histone marks suggested that MARs were associated with transcriptionally-repressed chromatin. In parallel, we also performed a proteomic analysis of our matrix preparations, and found known "matrix-attached" proteins, thus validating our experimental approach, plus other components that permitted a better characterization of the nuclear matrix. Taken together, our results show that DNA sequences bound to the nuclear matrix constitute a repressive zone, at the transcription and replication levels
Wang, Weitao. „Genome-Wide Mapping of Human DNA Replication by Optical Replication Mapping Supports a Stochastic Model of Eukaryotic Replication“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA replication is regulated by the location and timing of replication initiation. Therefore, much effort has been invested in identifying and analyzing the sites of human replication initiation. However, the heterogeneous nature of eukaryotic replication kinetics and the low efficiency of individual initiation site utilization in metazoans has made mapping the location and timing of replication initiation in human cells difficult. A potential solution to the problem of human replication mapping is single-molecule analysis. However, current approaches do not provide the throughput required for genome-wide experiments. To address this challenge, we have developed Optical Replication Mapping (ORM), a high-throughput single-molecule approach to map newly replicated DNA and used it to map early initiation events in human cells. The single-molecule nature of our data, and a total of more than 2000-fold coverage of the human genome on 27 million fibers averaging ~300 kb in length, allow us to identify initiation sites and their firing probability with high confidence. In particular, for the first time, we are able to measure genome-wide the absolute efficiency of human replication initiation. We find that the distribution of human replication initiation is consistent with inefficient, stochastic initiation of heterogeneously distributed potential initiation complexes enriched in accessible chromatin. In particular, we find sites of human replication initiation are not confined to well-defined replication origins but are instead distributed across broad initiation zones consisting of many initiation sites. Furthermore, we find no correlation of initiation events between neighboring initiation zones. Although most early initiation events occur in early-replicating regions of the genome, a significant number occur in late replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions. The fact that initiation sites in typically late-replicating regions have some probability of firing in early S phase suggests that the major difference between initiation events in early and late replicating regions is their intrinsic probability of firing, as opposed to a qualitative difference in their firing-time distributions. Moreover, modeling of replication kinetics demonstrates that measuring the efficiency of initiation-zone firing in early S phase suffices to predict the average firing time of such initiation zones throughout S phase, further suggesting that the differences between the firing times of early and late initiation zones are quantitative, rather than qualitative. These observations are consistent with stochastic models of initiation-timing regulation and suggest that stochastic regulation of replication kinetics is a fundamental feature of eukaryotic replication, conserved from yeast to humans