Dissertationen zum Thema „Remote Australia“
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Arthur, William Stewart. „Between two worlds: Aboriginal cultural autonomy and economic assimilation in remote Western Australia in the 1980s“. Master's thesis, University of Western Australia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/269914.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJohnston, Catherine. „Improving access to pulmonary rehabilitation in rural and remote Australia“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11738.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGabell, Andrew R. „High-resolution remote sensing applied to mineral exploration in Australia /“. Title page, and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg1123.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTaneka, D. „Estimating the performance of rural roads in remote areas“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenWallace, Anne Maree. „Justice and the 'virtual' expert : using remote witness technology to take scientific evidence“. Phd thesis, Faculty of Law, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8986.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDwyer, Anna I. „Understanding police-Indigenous relations in remote and rural Australia: Police perspectives“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/121455/2/Anna_Dwyer_Thesis.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCramer, Jennifer H. „Nursing practice in a remote area : an ethnographic study“. Thesis, Curtin University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/32.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArkun, Sedat. „Hyperspectral remote sensing and the urban environment : a study of automated urban feature extraction using a CASI image of high spatial and spectral resolution“. Title page, contents, research aims and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arma721.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarinelli, Marco Antonio. „An ocean colour remote sensing study of the phytoplankton cycle off Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1782.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhite-Davison, Patricia A. M. „Rural Views: Schooling in Rural/Remote Communities“. Thesis, Griffith University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367842.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Cognition, Language and Special Education
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
Cramer, Jennifer H. „Nursing practice in a remote area : an ethnographic study“. Curtin University of Technology, School of Nursing, 1998. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11936.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelleculture of remote area nursing practice emerged.Amorphous practice was the overall theme revealed in the underlying cultural patterns that shaped the practice of nursing in the remote area. The term amorphous practice is defined as the changeable nature of practice from nurse to nurse, from situation to situation, from time to time. This was observed in the recurrent differences between nurses in their knowledge, abilities and attitudes as well as in the variability between nurses in their management of client care. Contributors to the phenomenon of amorphous practice were found in three distinct, but inter-related, tributary themes termed detachment, diffusion and beyond the nursing domain. Detachment explained the nurses' feelings of separateness from the usual professional and organisational structures needed for the enactment of nursing. Diffusion encapsulated the broad spread of the nurses' role in remote area practice. Beyond the nursing domain described an unregulated practice considered to be outside the responsibilities of nursing care. The substantive theory of amorphous practice provided a detailed description of how nursing was practised in the remote area. It also explained why it was so different from nursing as it is generally understood by the profession.
Jackson, Melissa. „Transformative Community Water Governance in Remote Australian Indigenous Communities“. Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/406052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Groves, Ronald George. „Fourth world consumer culture: Emerging consumer cultures in remote Aboriginal communities of North-Western Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1999. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarinelli, Marco Antonio. „An ocean colour remote sensing study of the phytoplankton cycle off Western Australia“. Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Science, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14199.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe influence of the forcing terms on chlorophyll a appears to vary significantly among the waters of North West Shelf, Western and southern Western Australian coastline. This is most notable in the interseasonal variations. The changes observed interannually and their influence on chlorophyll a are not easily discernible. but there may be some connection with the La Nina/El Nino related changes in both currents and winds.
Corner, Robert J. „Passive spectral bathymetry using satellite remote sensing in Cockburn Sound, W.A“. Thesis, Curtin University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2571.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreen, Lelia. „Communications and the construction of community: Consuming the Remote Television Service in Western Australia“. Thesis, Green, Lelia (1998) Communications and the construction of community: Consuming the Remote Television Service in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1998. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51495/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChedzey, Helen Claire. „Remote sensing of cloud properties and rainfall: three decades of satellite observations over Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/65385.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSharplin, Elaine Denise. „Quality of worklife for rural and remote teachers : perspectives of novice, interstate and overseas-qualified teachers“. University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Education, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0211.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFry, Gary Frederick. „Indigeneity as a foundation for patterned Northern Territory remote Aboriginal student achievement within a stratified western education system“. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHellmark, Robert. „Variations and correlations among climatic and environmental variables in Australia using GIS and remote sensing“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95237.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoppa, Isabel Patricia Maria, und Isabel coppa@csw com au. „The use of remote sensing data for broad acre grain crop monitoring in Southeast Australia“. RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070201.095831.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMundava, Charity. „Estimating Above Ground Biomass using Remote Sensing in the Sub-Tropical Climate Zones of Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1866.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCorner, Robert J. „Passive spectral bathymetry using satellite remote sensing in Cockburn Sound, W.A“. Curtin University of Technology, School of Surveying and Mapping, 1992. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10329.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKutzner, Kendy. „Processing MODIS Data for Fire Detection in Australia“. Thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200200831.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDas Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Nutzung von Fernerkundungsdaten des MODIS Instruments an Bord des Satelliten Terra zur Erkennung von Buschfeuern in Australien. Das schloss die Vorverarbeitung der Daten vom Demodulator, die Bitsynchronisation und die Umpacketierung der Daten ein. IMAPP wurde genutzt um die Daten zu kalibrieren und zu geolokalisieren. Die Feuererkennung bedient sich einer Kombination von absoluten Schwellwerttests, Differenztests und Vergleichen mit dem Hintergrund. Die Ergebnisse wurden in eine rechteckige Laengen/Breitengradkarte projiziert um dem BowTie Effekt entgegenzuwirken. Die benutzten Algrorithmen wurden in C und Matlab implementiert. Es zeigte sich, dass es moeglich ist in den verfuegbaren Daten Feuer zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Feuererkennungen der NASA und Feuererkennung die auf anderen Sensoren basieren verglichen und fuer sehr aehnlich befunden
Buchtmann, Lydia, und n/a. „Digital songlines : the adaption of modern communication technology at Yuendemu, a remote Aboriginal Community in Central Australia“. University of Canberra. Professional Communication, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060619.162428.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFuentes, Ignacio. „Potential for a Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) project in the Namoi basin, Australia“. Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSiemon, Noel, und n/a. „Civil remote sensing policy in Australia : a case study concerning the commercialisation of a government-developed technology“. University of Canberra. Administrative Studies, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061108.154949.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLucas, Barbara Ruth. „Motor performance, prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Aboriginal children in remote Australia“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15536.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMcGrath, Debra. „The effectiveness of evapotranspiration systems in disposal of wastewater in remote Aboriginal communities in Northwest Australia“. Thesis, McGrath, Debra (1989) The effectiveness of evapotranspiration systems in disposal of wastewater in remote Aboriginal communities in Northwest Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1989. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38440/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrant, Elizabeth Maree. „Aboriginal housing in remote South Australia : an overview of housing at Oak Valley, Maralinga Tjarutja Lands /“. Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envg7611.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der Quellevan, Vuuren Catharina Cornelia Maria (Kitty), und n/a. „Community Participation in Australian Community Broadcasting: A Comparative Study of Rural, Regional and Remote Radio“. Griffith University. School of Arts, Media and Culture, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040720.153812.
Der volle Inhalt der Quellevan, Vuuren Catharina Cornelia Maria (Kitty). „Community Participation in Australian Community Broadcasting: A Comparative Study of Rural, Regional and Remote Radio“. Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366371.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
Full Text
Oliveira, Sofia Luísa de Jesus. „Frequency, patchiness and intensity of tropical savanna fires: analysis using field data and remote sensing“. Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7322.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn tropical savannas, one of the most fire-prone biomes on Earth, fire management is a continuous and iterative process that can only be effectively achieved with thorough consideration of fire regimes. Based on remotely sensed imagery and in-situ field data, key fire regime components were assessed for tropical savannas of northern Australia (frequency, patchiness, intensity, and severity) and Brazil (frequency). The discrete lognormal model was found to be the best method for modelling fire frequency in tropical savannas, and demonstrated that fire frequency is very high in both countries. In northern Australia, fire patchiness was lower in the late dry season, characterized by shorter and fewer unburned patches, than in the early dry season. Fire intensity and severity were highest in the late dry season. The observed temporal differences are consistent with the hypothesis that climate is the main driver of fire regime seasonality. Fuel load and fuel continuity explained fire regime differences between vegetation types. Fire season was bimodal, with peaks in May and October, related to periods of anthropogenic fire and optimal fire weather conditions. Prescribed burning in the early dry season can increase the patchiness and reduce the intensity of late dry season fires, with substantial benefits for biodiversity and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Broadley, Tania Lee. „Rethinking connectedness : an investigation into the access of teacher professional learning in regional and remote Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/246.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGraf, Amanda Clair. „A mixed method study on Nursing graduate support programs in rural and remote areas of Western Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2334.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBroadley, Tania. „Rethinking connectedness : an investigation into the access of teacher professional learning in regional and remote Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/246/160053_Broadley%20full.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConstable, S. E. „Knowledge-sharing education and training to enhance dog health initiatives in remote and rural indigenous communities in Australia“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9270.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDorij, Passang. „Satellite Remote Sensing Algorithm Development to Estimate Total Suspended Sediment Concentration for Highly Turbid Waters of Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/55102.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTownsend, Arthur. „Educative curricula and improving the science PCK of teachers in middle school settings in rural and remote Australia“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1748.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLau, Ian Christopher. „Regolith-landform and mineralogical mapping of the White Dam Prospect, eastern Olary Domain, South Australia, using integrated remote sensing and spectral techniques“. Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37972.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2004.
Rabbitt, Elaine. „Kimberley Women : Their Experiences of Making a Remote Locality Home“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1677.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePennington, Katie R. „An uncomfortable interface. Medicines legislation and its impact on the delivery of healthcare by registered nurses in very remote Australia: A mixed-methods study“. Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2023. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2619.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRobinson, Todd Peter. „Application of advanced techniques for the remote detection, modelling and spatial analysis of mesquite (prosopis spp.) invasion in Western Australia“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/620.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrananto, Agnes Kristina. „The use of remotely sensed data to analyse spatial and temporal trends in vegetation patchiness within rehabilitated bauxite mines in the Darling Range, W.A“. University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFitzpatrick, Emily. „The Picture Talk Project: Research Partnerships, Community Engagement, and Reaching Consent for Research with Remote Aboriginal Communities in Australia“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20334.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelleau, martinia@westnet com, und Angelita Martini. „Community participation in government and private sector planning: a case study of health and telecommunications planning for rural and remote Western Australia“. Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081002.100047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleShephard, Richard William. „The development of a syndromic surveillance system for the extensive beef cattle producing regions of Australia“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleShephard, Richard William. „The development of a syndromic surveillance system for the extensive beef cattle producing regions of Australia“. University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAll surveillance systems are based on an effective general surveillance system because this is the system that detects emerging diseases and the re-introduction of disease to a previously disease free area. General surveillance requires comprehensive coverage of the population through an extensive network of relationships between animal producers and observers and surveillance system officers. This system is under increasing threat in Australia (and many other countries) due to the increased biomass, animal movements, rate of disease emergence, and the decline in resource allocation for surveillance activities. The Australian surveillance system is state-based and has a complex management structure that includes State and Commonwealth government representatives, industry stakeholders (such as producer bodies) and private organisations. A developing problem is the decline in the effectiveness of the general surveillance system in the extensive (remote) cattle producing regions of northern Australia. The complex organisational structure of surveillance in Australia contributes to this, and is complicated by the incomplete capture of data (as demonstrated by slow uptake of electronic individual animal identification systems), poorly developed and integrated national animal health information systems, and declining funding streams for field and laboratory personnel and infrastructure. Of major concern is the reduction in contact between animal observers and surveillance personnel arising from the decline in resource allocation for surveillance. Fewer veterinarians are working in remote areas, fewer producers use veterinarians, and, as a result, fewer sick animals are being investigated by the general surveillance system. A syndrome is a collection of signs that occur in a sick individual. Syndromic surveillance is an emerging approach to monitoring populations for change in disease levels and is based on statistical monitoring of the distribution of signs, syndromes and associations between health variables in a population. Often, diseases will have syndromes that are characteristic and the monitoring of these syndromes may provide for early detection of outbreaks. Because the process uses general signs, this method may support the existing (struggling) general surveillance system for the extensive cattle producing regions of northern Australia. Syndromic surveillance systems offer many potential advantages. First, the signs that are monitored can be general and include any health-related variable. This generality provides potential as a detector of emerging diseases. Second, many of the data types used occur early in a disease process and therefore efficient syndromic surveillance systems can detect disease events in a timely manner. There are many hurdles to the successful deployment of a syndromic surveillance system and most relate to data. An effective system will ideally obtain data from multiple sources, all data will conform to a standard (therefore each data source can be validly combined), data coverage will be extensive (across the population) and data capture will be in real time (allowing early detection). This picture is one of a functional electronic data world and unfortunately this is not the norm for either human or animal heath. Less than optimal data, lack of data standards, incomplete coverage of the population and delayed data transmission result in a loss of sensitivity, specificity and timeliness of detection. In human syndromic surveillance, most focus has been placed on earlier detection of mass bioterrorism events and this has concentrated research on the problems of electronic data. Given the current state of animal health data, the development of efficient detection algorithms represents the least of the hurdles. However, the world is moving towards increased automation and therefore the problems with current data can be expected to be resolved in the next decade. Despite the lack of large scale deployment of these systems, the question is becoming when, not whether these system will contribute. The observations of a stock worker are always the start of the surveillance pathway in animal health. Traditionally this required the worker to contact a veterinarian who would investigate unusual cases with the pathway ending in laboratory samples and specific diagnostic tests. The process is inefficient as only a fraction of cases observed by stock workers end in diagnostic samples. These observations themselves are most likely to be amenable to capture and monitoring using syndromic surveillance techniques. A pilot study of stock workers in the extensive cattle producing Lower Gulf region of Queensland demonstrated that experienced non-veterinary observers of cattle can describe the signs that they see in sick cattle in an effective manner. Lay observers do not posses a veterinary vocabulary, but the provision of a system to facilitate effective description of signs resulted in effective and standardised description of disease. However, most producers did not see personal benefit from providing this information and worried that they might be exposing themselves to regulatory impost if they described suspicious signs. Therefore the pilot study encouraged the development of a syndromic surveillance system that provides a vocabulary (a template) for lay observers to describe disease and a reason for them to contribute their data. The most important disease related drivers for producers relate to what impact the disease may have in their herd. For this reason, the Bovine Syndromic Surveillance System (BOSSS) was developed incorporating the Bayesian cattle disease diagnostic program BOVID. This allowed the observer to receive immediate information from interpretation of their observation providing a differential list of diseases, a list of questions that may help further differentiate cause, access to information and other expertise, and opportunity to benchmark disease performance. BOSSS was developed as a web-based reporting system and used a novel graphical user interface that interlinked with an interrogation module to enable lay observers to accurately and fully describe disease. BOSSS used a hierarchical reporting system that linked individual users with other users along natural reporting pathways and this encouraged the seamless and rapid transmission of information between users while respecting confidentiality. The system was made available for testing at the state level in early 2006, and recruitment of producers is proceeding. There is a dearth of performance data from operational syndromic surveillance systems. This is due, in part, to the short period that these systems have been operational and the lack of major human health outbreaks in areas with operational systems. The likely performance of a syndromic surveillance system is difficult to theorise. Outbreaks vary in size and distribution, and quality of outbreak data capture is not constant. The combined effect of a lack of track record and the many permutations of outbreak and data characteristics make computer simulation the most suitable method to evaluate likely performance. A stochastic simulation model of disease spread and disease reporting by lay observers throughout a grid of farms was modelled. The reporting characteristics of lay observers were extrapolated from the pilot study and theoretical disease was modelled (as a representation of newly emergent disease). All diseases were described by their baseline prevalence and by conditional sign probabilities (obtained from BOVID and from a survey of veterinarians in Queensland). The theoretical disease conditional sign probabilities were defined by the user. Their spread through the grid of farms followed Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) principles (in herd) and by mass action between herds. Reporting of disease events and signs in events was modelled as a probabilistic event using sampling from distributions. A non-descript disease characterised by gastrointestinal signs and a visually spectacular disease characterised by neurological signs were modelled, each over three outbreak scenarios (least, moderately and most contagious). Reports were examined using two algorithms. These were the cumulative sum (CuSum) technique of adding excess of cases (above a maximum limit) for individual signs and the generic detector What’s Strange About Recent Events (WSARE) that identifies change to variable counts or variable combination counts between time periods. Both algorithms detected disease for all disease and outbreak characteristics combinations. WSARE was the most efficient algorithm, detecting disease on average earlier than CuSum. Both algorithms had high sensitivity and excellent specificity. The timeliness of detection was satisfactory for the insidious gastrointestinal disease (approximately 24 months after introduction), but not sufficient for the visually spectacular neurological disease (approximately 20 months) as the traditional surveillance system can be expected to detect visually spectacular diseases in reasonable time. Detection efficiency was not influenced greatly by the proportion of producers that report or by the proportion of cases or the number of signs per case that are reported. The modelling process demonstrated that a syndromic surveillance system in this remote region is likely to be a useful addition to the existing system. Improvements that are planned include development of a hand-held computer version and enhanced disease and syndrome mapping capability. The increased use of electronic recording systems, including livestock identification, will facilitate the deployment of BOSSS. Long term sustainability will require that producers receive sufficient reward from BOSSS to continue to provide reports over time. This question can only be answered by field deployment and this work is currently proceeding.
Stewart-Yates, Zoe. „Evaluating impact and recovery of mangroves following extreme climatic events using satellite remote sensing in Exmouth Gulf, north western Australia“. Thesis, Stewart-Yates, Zoe (2022) Evaluating impact and recovery of mangroves following extreme climatic events using satellite remote sensing in Exmouth Gulf, north western Australia. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64522/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRobinson, Todd Peter. „Application of advanced techniques for the remote detection, modelling and spatial analysis of mesquite (prosopis spp.) invasion in Western Australia“. Curtin University of Technology, Department of Spatial Sciences, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118290.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThese three modules of research are summarised hereafter. To examine the rates and patterns of mesquite invasion through space and time, canopies were extracted from a temporal series of panchromatic aerial photography over an area of 450 ha using unsupervised classification. Non-mesquite trees and shrubs were not discernible from mesquite using this imagery (or technique) and so were masked out using an image acquired prior to invasion. The accuracy of the mesquite extractions were corroborated in the field and found to be high (R2 = 0.98, P<0.001); however, accuracy varied between classes (R2 = 0.55 to 0.95). Additional sampling may be required in some of the wider class intervals, particularly the moderate density class (30 to 90%) as sampling frequency was poor within the range of 60 to 90%. This is a direct result of there being relatively few quadrats available to be randomly selected in this class. That is, quadrats with between 60-90% cover were only evident in 4% of the test area. A more robust approach would, therefore, be to split this class into two (e.g. 30-60% and 60-90%) and select an additional 15 quadrats in the 60-90% range. The resolution of the imagery (1.4 m) precluded mapping shrubs smaller than 3 m2. Rates and patterns were compared to mesquite invasions in its native range.
It was determined that: (i) the shift from grass to mesquite domination had been rapid, with rates of increase in canopy cover comparable to invasive populations where it is native; (ii) rate of patch recruitment was high in all land types (stony flats, red-loamy soils and the riparian zone), but patch expansion and coalescence primarily occurred over the riparian zone and redloamy soils; (iii) mesquite had been spread by sheep and macropods and the recent switch to cattle is likely to exacerbate spread as it is a far more effective dispersal vector; and (iv) early successional patterns, such as high patch initiation followed by coalescence of existing stands are similar to where mesquite is native, but patch mortality did not occur. A knowledge based model was used to predict which parts of the Pilbara region are most at risk. Several limitations of models often employed in predicting suitability ranges of invasive plants were identified and include: (i) an inability to incorporate the notion that within a suitability range there is likely to be a scale of favourability; (ii) an inability to assign greater importance to evidence that is likely to have more importance in defining the areas suitable for invasion; and (iii) an inability to control the level of conservatism in the final results. These three shortcomings were mitigated through the use of: (i) fuzzy membership functions to derive a range of favourability from poor to best; (ii) pairwise comparison to derive higher weights for layers perceived to be more important and vice versa; and (iii) the use of ordered weighted averaging to directly control the level of conservatism (or risk) inherent in the models produced.
Based on the outcomes of the historical reconstruction of spatial rates and patterns, data sources included land types, land use, and the derivation of a steady state wetness index from spot height data. Model outputs were evaluated using two methods: the area under the curves (AUC) produced from relative operating characteristic (ROC) plots and by the maximum Kappa procedure. Both techniques agreed that the model most representative of the validation data was the one assuming the most risk. To create a Boolean output representing areas suitable/not suitable for invasion, optimal cut-points were derived using the point closest to the top left hand corner of the ROC plot and by the maximum Kappa method. Both methods obtained identical cut-points, but it is argued that the coefficient produced by the maximum Kappa method is more easily interpreted. The highest AUC was found to be 0.87 and, based on the maximum Kappa method, can be described as good to very good agreement with the validation records used. Digital multispectral imagery (DMSI), acquired in the visible and near infrared portions of the spectrum (3 visible bands, 1 near infrared) with a spatial resolution of 1 m and hyperspectral imagery (126 bands, 3 m spatial resolution) was acquired to assess the potential of developing a reliable and repeatable mapping tool to facilitate the monitoring of spread and the effects of control efforts. Woody vegetation was extracted from the images using unsupervised classification and grouped into patches based on contiguity. Various statistics (e.g. maximum, minimum, median, mean, standard deviation, majority and variety) were assigned to these patches to garner more information for species separation.
These statistics were explored for their ability to separate mesquite from coexisting species using Tukey’s Honestly Significantly Different (HSD) test and, to reduce redundancy, followed by linear discriminant analysis. Two approaches were taken to select the patch statistics offering the best discrimination. The first approach selected patch statistics that best discriminated all species (named “overall separation”). This was compared to a second approach, which selected the best patch statistics that separated each species from mesquite on a pairwise basis (named “pairwise separation”). The statistics offering the best discrimination were used as input in an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to assign class labels. An incremental cover evaluation, whereby producer’s accuracy was computed from mesquite patches grouped into various size-classes, showed that identification of mesquite patches smaller than 36 m2 was relatively low (43-51%) regardless of the method used for choosing between the patch statistics or image type. Accuracy improved for patches >36 m2 (66-94%) with both approaches and image types. However, both approaches used on the hyperspectral imagery were more reliable at capturing patches >36 m2 than the DMSI using either approach. The lowest omission and commission rates were obtained using pairwise separation on the hyperspectral imagery, which was significantly more accurate than DMSI using an overall separation approach (Z=2.78, P<0.05), but no significant differences were found between pairwise separation used on either media.
Consequently, all methods and imagery types, except for DMSI processed using overall separation, are capable of accurately mapping mesquite patches >36 m2. However, hyperspectral imagery processed using pairwise separation appears to be superior, even though not statistically different to hyperspectral imagery processed using overall separation or DMSI processed using pairwise separation at the 95% confidence level. Mapping smaller patches may require the use of very high spatial resolution imagery, such as that achievable from unmanned airborne vehicles, coupled with a hyperspectral instrument. Alternatively, management may continue to rely on visual airborne surveys flown at low altitude and speed, which have proven to be capable at mapping small and isolated mesquite shrubs in the study area used in this research.