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1
Guo jia yu nong min guan xi de xian dai xing bian qian: Yi shi di nong min wei li = Modern tendency of the relation between the state and the farmers. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 2008.
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2
Consiglio nazionale dell'economia e del lavoro (Italy). Osservazioni e proposte concernenti "Previsioni, tendenze ed evoluzione relative all'impiego del fattore umano e del reddito in agricoltura con particolare riguardo all'occupazione giovanile": (assemblea, 5 febbraio 1985, n. 203/150). Roma: Consiglio nazionale dell'economia e del lavoro, 1985.
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3
Odiorne, James C. Opinions On Speculative Masonry: Relative To Its Origin, Nature And Tendency. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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4
Series, Michigan Historical Reprint. Opinions on speculative masonry, relative to its origin, nature and tendency. Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005.
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5
Odiorne, James C. Opinions On Speculative Masonry: Relative To Its Origin, Nature And Tendency. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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6
Sharpe, James. Law Enforcement and the Local Community. Herausgegeben von Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.29.
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Ultimately, the enforcement of the criminal law in early modern England depended upon the co-operation and involvement of a number of parochial officers: in particular the parish constables, but also churchwardens and manorial jurors. Recently social historians examining local law enforcement have rejected the earlier tendency to disparage parochial officers and have emphasized the relative efficiency of local officers, the importance of the shifting relation between central authority and local society, and the implications of social and cultural change among the bulk of the population. This paper provides an overview of these themes, and stresses the importance of the law at all social levels in early modern England.
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Anand, PB, Shailaja Fennell und Flavio Comim, Hrsg. Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.001.0001.
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There are considerable variations in the extent to which growth has improved the position of the poor. In all cases except one the incomes of the poorest have improved over the periods for which data on distribution are available. However, in all cases there is some evidence that inequality has tended to increase. The relative importance of mineral production appears to be associated with higher levels of inequality. An important question for mineral-exporting countries is how to ensure that national mineral wealth is used to support pro-poor investment. In view of the observed tendency for decreases in the relative importance of agriculture to exacerbate income differentials, some pro-poor policy interventions are required to redress the balance.
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Wodziński, Marcin. Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631260.003.0006.
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The self-image of Hasidism as a poor movement, typical of many religious groups in which the founding ethos of the group was in describing itself as untouched by earthly material desires, has been widely accepted in both common wisdom and the scholarship on Hasidism. Based on extensive narrative sources and some quantitative materials, this chapter provides a rich picture of Hasidic groups’ occupational and financial profile, which contradicts this prevailing view that the Hasidim were usually poor and detached from economic activity. It points to the Hasidim’s relative affluence, as well as to their tendency to cluster in the commercial professions and to avoid the crafts. More broadly, it points to the dynamic character of “class/church” interdependence and the ideological and cultural factors creating them. It also confirms the correlation between a religious group’s strictness and its socioeconomic strength and attractiveness.
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Nikiforidis, Lambrianos, Ashley Rae Arsena und Kristina M. Durante. The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Intrasexual Competition. Herausgegeben von Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.23.
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This chapter examines how the ovulatory cycle affects the tactics women use to compete with one another. As fertility increases near ovulation, women’s mating psychology changes, with implications for intersexual courtship (i.e., attracting opposite-sex mates) and intrasexual competition (i.e., outshining same-sex rivals) which is the primary focus of this chapter. The ovulatory competition hypothesis refers to the effect of fertility on women’s competition, manifested mainly in the domains of physical attractiveness and relative status. Previous research shows that women’s tendency to enhance their appearance near ovulation is driven not by a desire to impress men, but by a motivation to outcompete other women, when those women are perceived as potential rivals. Moreover, the effect of fertility on women’s consumption and financial decision making stems from a desire to surpass other women in status and resources. Implications for women’s materialism, consumption of luxury items, and financial decision making are discussed.
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Stainback, Kevin. Organizations, Employment Discrimination, and Inequality. Herausgegeben von Adrienne J. Colella und Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.4.
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This chapter explores theory and research that shows how employment discrimination and inequality are shaped by organizations and organizational context. More specifically, it considers how group-linked discrimination and other status-linked categorical distinctions give rise to group-level employment inequalities. It argues that categorical distinctions, such as race, gender, and citizenship, influence quality of life and life chances across institutional contexts including work, and that organizational context affects the extent to which such statuses become the basis, in part or whole, for sorting people into jobs or being exposed to opportunities and experiences. Three general forces that shape employment discrimination and group-linked inequality are discussed: inertia, the tendency for organizations—once policies, practices, and procedures are established—to produce stability and resist change over time; intraorganizational pressure, in particular the relative power of internal constituencies; and environmental pressures, both direct and diffuse, on organizations to implement organizational practices and procedures.
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Darrigol, Olivier. Atoms, Mechanics, and Probability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.001.0001.
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One of the pillars of modern science, statistical mechanics, owes much to one man, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). As a result of his unusual working and writing styles, his enormous contribution remains little read and poorly understood. The purpose of this book is to make the Boltzmann corpus more accessible to physicists, philosophers, and historians, and so give it new life. The means are introductory biographical and historical materials, detailed and lucid summaries of every relevant publication, and a final chapter of critical synthesis. Special attention is given to Boltzmann’s theoretical tool-box and to his patient construction of lofty formal systems, even before their full conceptual import could be known. This constructive tendency largely accounts for his lengthy style, for the abundance of new constructions, for the relative vagueness of their object, and for the puzzlement of commentators. This book will help the reader cross the stylistic barrier and see how ingeniously Boltzmann combined atoms, mechanics, and probability to invent new bridges between the micro- and macro-worlds.
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Hannula-Sormunen, Minna M. Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity and its Relation to Counting and Arithmetic. Herausgegeben von Roi Cohen Kadosh und Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.018.
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This chapter reviews recent research investigating children’s Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity (SFON) and considers the role it might play in the development of counting and arithmetical skills. SFON refers to a process of spontaneously (i.e. not prompted by others) focusing attention on the exact number of a set of items or incidents. This attentional process triggers exact number recognition and using the recognized exact number in action. The chapter describes how SFON tendency can be assessed, and suggests the measures of it to be indicators of the amount of a child’s self-initiated practice in using exact enumeration in his or her natural surroundings. The studies show that SFON tendency in early childhood is positively and domain-specifically related to the development of numerical skills up to the end of primary school. Promoting SFON tendency could be a potential way of preventing learning difficulties in mathematics.
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An Investigation Relating Longitudinal Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendency Rating to Describing Function Predictions for Rate-Limited Actuators. Storming Media, 2004.
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Emanuele, Rossi, und Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento Sant'Anna di Pisa (Italy), Hrsg. Il parlamento "consulente": Dati e tendenze relativi alla funzione consultiva parlamentare nella 13. legislatura. Napoli: Jovene, 2002.
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Devlin, Hugh, und Rebecca Craven. Kidneys and chronic renal disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759782.003.0006.
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Kidneys and chronic renal disease in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. The chapter starts with the structure and function of the kidneys. The functions of acid-base balance and electrolyte balance are described. Chronic renal disease/failure (CRD/CRF) is then considered in terms of its impact on drug metabolism and excretion, anaemia, and bone pathology. Finally, the bleeding tendency associated with chronic renal failure is discussed, together with its clinical implications.
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Stevenson, Jane. Masks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808770.003.0015.
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Masks were a feature of interwar culture in various contexts. African and Oceanic masks were admired and were powerfully influential on modern art. Masks were extensively used in theatre and ballet, and their popularity was such that they were also used for home decoration. The use of cosmetics became part of mainstream culture; this may relate to the increasing tendency for young women to work outside the home.
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Swart, Erik. ‘Qualifications, knowledge and courage’: Dutch Military Engineers, c.1550–c.1660. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861209.003.0002.
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Between 1572 and 1648 the cutting edge of military engineering science moved from Italy and France to the Netherlands where the 80 year struggle of the United Netherlands against the power of Imperial Spain proved a great school of military engineering. It also saw the start of a tendency towards professional specialisation that had already begun in Italy after 1550. Systematic mathematical training distinguished the engineers from mere artisans. Publication of text books spread knowledge of their methods but relatively modest pay encouraged emigration by engineer products of a culture oriented towards lucrative foreign markets.
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Stock, Inka. Time, Migration and Forced Immobility. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201970.001.0001.
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This book is concerned with the effects of European migration policy on migrants in the Global South. In particular, it uncovers how border enforcement policies and the crackdown on irregular migration affect the life of migrants in so called ‘transit’ countries outside the European Union. The material for this study is based on ethnographic research in Morocco with migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. The book is mainly concerned with the human and social effects of immobility during the migratory journey. It describes how migration policies in and outside Morocco contribute to a situation where migrants get stuck in Morocco for years, and in the process become increasingly marginalized from participation in society. These prolonged periods of forced immobility negatively affect migrants’ life course, as well as their relation to the present, past and future. This alters their feelings of identity, their social relations to friends and relatives, and their aspirations for the future. The immense human suffering this situation implies has a tendency to further reinforce their wish to leave the country, rather than encouraging them to abandon their migratory projects. The book links these empirical insights on immobility to social theories of time. It argues that the fragmentation of migration processes and immobilization of migrants has an impact on migrants’ view of their own lives as ‘out of sync’ with modernity. Thinking about migration and immobility in relation to time offers a different perspective on migration processes which have until now mostly been theorized through reference to concepts of space.
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Fox, Susan H., und Marina Picillo. A Rapidly Progressive Movement Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0028.
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Prion diseases are a rare group of transmissible and untreatable encephalopathies that ultimately result in death after a short and rapidly progressive illness. The clinical features are variable but share a mix of cortical and subcortical features and a tendency for worsening at a speed that is typically faster than the monthly or yearly change seen in degenerative forms of dementia. Movement disorders represent a prominent feature of prion diseases and include cerebellar and extrapyramidal symptoms. Myoclonus is by far the most common involuntary movement in prion diseases. An awareness of the diagnosis is important to avoid the risk of iatrogenic transmission and to allow a discussion about prognosis with family and relatives.
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Muller, Hannah Weiss. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465810.003.0001.
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The Introduction situates this study historiographically and synthesizes an array of literature relating to the Age of Revolution and to subjecthood and citizenship more generally. It first identifies the historical inaccuracies that result from the recurrent opposition of subject and citizen and from the tendency to view subjects as inferior precursors to citizens. It then explains how identifying as British subjects lay at the heart of individuals’ relationships to one another, to their sovereign, and to the empire. The introduction clarifies the book’s focus on the three decades after the Seven Years’ War and offers an overview of each chapter’s goals and arguments.
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Gerard, McMeel. Part III Particular Contractual Provisions, 21 Exemption Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0021.
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This chapter focuses on exemption clauses. Particular attention is placed on the detailed rules of construction still applicable to exemption clauses. Moreover, the chapter considers the statutory interventions in this field in the shape of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (superseding the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999). Since these statutory interventions there has been a marked tendency to construe exemption clauses in commercial agreements in a more realistic way. This is especially prevalent where the parties are of relatively equal bargaining power and where the clause is perceived as giving effect to a sensible allocation of risk.
22
Ophir, Adi, und Ishay Rosen-Zvi. The Formation of the Binary Structure in Early Rabbinic Literature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744900.003.0007.
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This chapter sets the stage for a detailed analysis of the rabbinic goy. It traces the consolidation of the binary relation and the exclusion of hybrid categories. It further traces the rabbinic tendency to erase intermediate categories (Samaritans; foreign slaves; God-fearers; heretics) and force them into the new binary formation. From this perspective a new reading of the conversion ceremony is also offered. First appearing in rabbinic literature, the ceremony transformed diffusive spaces of conversion into a sharp and unequivocal procedure of passage—a transitory, instant event. Instead of reading this procedure as an evidence of a permeable border between groups, as scholars tend to do, the chapter shows how it performs the very erection of this border as it regulates its crossing.
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de Laet, Timmy. Giving Sense to the Past. Herausgegeben von Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.35.
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One of the most common assertion about reenactment is that it installs a form of “affective historiography.” Because reenactment engages the body in relating to the past, it adds corporeal, sensorial, emotional, or psychological dimensions to history in ways that books or documents allegedly cannot offer. This tendency, however, to regard reenactment as an alternative to traditional modes of historiography has led to an overemphasis on its immersive effects, at the expense of its epistemological potential. This chapter argues that even while dance reenactment might share with its more popular counterparts the appeal to sensory immediacy, it turns the format into an artistic strategy that exploits, rather than covers up, historical distance, which incites critical reflection on what it means to restage the past in terms of time and affect.
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Suganami, Hidemi. Hedley Bull and The Anarchical Society Now at 40. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0001.
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A text can be read critically to uncover assumptions and judgements setting a broad limit to what its author can coherently present as its main thesis. But it is also possible to identify spaces in the text’s architecture to manoeuvre it out of its apparent encasement. The Anarchical Society, now at 40, requires, and enables, both these kinds of engagement because of its relatively narrow basis and focus and its aging effects, combined with Bull’s well-known tendency to carefully qualify everything he asserts. There may be more we can read into or out of his book than its central focus, the ‘international society’ perspective. The contributors to this collection, from a variety of backgrounds in their intellectual orientations, academic specializations, and educational, professional, and other life experiences, collectively exhibit wide-ranging ways in which Bull’s text can be approached, as outlined in this introductory essay.
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Antwi, Samuel O., Rick J. Jansen und Gloria M. Petersen. Cancer of the Pancreas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0032.
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Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an uncommon but often rapidly lethal malignancy. Worldwide, PC is the twelfth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the seventh most common for cancer deaths. Globally, the estimated number of incident cases (338,000) and deaths from PC (330,400) were almost identical in 2012 Etiologic research on PC is complicated by the relatively inaccessible location of the pancreas, obstacles to early diagnosis, aggressiveness and resistance to therapy of these malignancies, and the tendency of PC to progress rapidly. Until recently, the only etiologic factors considered to be definite causes of PC were tobacco use, chronic pancreatitis, and several rare high-penetrance genetic disorders. In the past decade, the evidence for other causal relationships has strengthened, especially for metabolic risk factors (obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, insulin and insulin-like growth factor), chronic local inflammation, heavy alcohol consumption, dietary consumption of grilled meat, and non-O ABO blood type.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Intentionalism and Troubling Peculiar Perceptual Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0004.
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Defending intentionalism, some argue that perceptual content is idiosyncratically nonconceptual: conceptually innocent; defiant of verbalization; or too richly fine-grained for subsumption under concepts carrying ratiocination. No: perception is conceptual in a manner that fits the cognitive capacities of perceivers generally. If perception is subservient to attention, a speaker's perceptual content admits of relatively simple reports implying rudimentary conceptualization. Perception's content is neither too rich nor fine-grained for expression or conceptualization. Intentionalism's temptation towards the contrary be may be urged by memory’s misguided tendency towards constructive confabulation. So, perceptual content may be neither so rich, dense, nor determinate as post-perceptual consideration and testimony may suggest. Finally, Sperling’s early important empirical work on perceptual memory cuts against intentionalism's conjecture of perception's nonconceptual content. Sperling discovered that perceptual memory can completely rehearse its recollected content. Accordingly, but contrary to intentionalism, memory might echo perception's content yet shed its phenomenal character.
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Plantinga, Carl. Moralities and Characters as Moral Agents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867133.003.0008.
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Estrangement theories, in relation to ethical criticism, favor attention to the political over the personal, to ideology rather than morality, to the systemic and institutional rather than the individual. Engagement theory would consider both the personal and the political, morality and ideology. This chapter rehabilitates a critical interest in morality and in individual characters in the context of screen stories. It discusses how to think about morality in the context of moral systems and discusses the relationships among morality, politics, and ideology. It shows how an attention to characters as moral agents does not rule out attention to broader sociocultural processes, but may in fact enable a better understanding of them. The chapter also notes that much of the interest in screen stories, and in stories generally, stems from a human interest in, and tendency to judge, the behavior of others. Finally, the chapter defends character-centered criticism against its critics.
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Benavides, Gustavo. Gods. Herausgegeben von Michael Stausberg und Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.40.
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Gods are agents believed to be largely free from the constraints that limit the agency of humans, and have been imagined with features that frequently collide with the theological expectations nurtured by contemporary monotheistic religions. Traditionally, gods have demanded offerings, which create a relation of interdependence between gods and humans. Divine qualities can be understood as produced by the projection of intensified human characteristics upon imaginary beings, by means of two processes: the desire to leave behind the limitations that afflict us, and the inescapable tendency to conceive the world as if it were populated by beings analogous to us. In order to understand the gods, therefore, one must focus on the unresolvable tension between the gratuitousness and the deliberateness of their deeds; between their neediness and their self-sufficiency; between their human-like nature and their otherness; between their omniscience and the realization that their minds cannot but be like ours.
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Moi, Toril. While We Wait. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0005.
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Nearly twenty years after Margaret Simons broke the news of the scandal of the English translation of Le deuxième sexe, Toril Moi’s 2002 essay deepened feminist claims in relation to Parshley’s translation. This reprint chronicles the long and at that time unsuccessful struggle with Alfred Knopf for a new translation/scholarly edition. Moi showed that “the philosophical incompetence” of the translation damaged both de Beauvoir’s reputation and that of feminist philosophy by detailing Parshley’s silent deletions of sentences and parts of sentences, his tendency to turn “existence” into “essence,” misreading of philosophical references to “subjectivity,” botched references to Hegel, misunderstanding of Beauvoir’s account of alienation, and elimination of nuance from key discussions of themes like motherhood. Since de Beauvoir’s works will not enter public domain until 2056, the refusal of the publisher to commission a new translation meant that essays like this one were essential to teaching Beauvoir’s Second Sex to English-speaking students.
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Stafford, Fiona. England and Englishness. Herausgegeben von David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.6.
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This chapter explores notions of England and Englishness in the Romantic period, in particular the awareness evident in key literary texts of the complexities attendant on patriotic feeling. The chapter takes its cue from Byron, considering the moment in Don Juan when the protagonist arrives in England in relation to the poet’s conflicted sense of personal and national identity. The approach is informed by two decades of critical debate over the national and global implications of ‘English Romantic literature’, but acknowledges the tendency for the question of Englishness to be overlooked in more devolutionary studies. In order to explore the topic in more detail, the chapter pursues the representation of England and Englishness in three key texts of the period—Austen’s Emma, Cowper’s The Task, and Wordsworth’s ‘Sonnets dedicated to Liberty’—and suggests that in each, expressions of amor patriae (love of country) take the form of a critique as much as a celebration.
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Holt, Robin. Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199671458.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses Shakespeare’s The Tempest, specifically Prospero’s experience as a leader. Born into a Dukedom, he is at first naïve, too wedded to his books, losing command and control of Milan. Exiled to an island, but increasingly savvy, he regains pre-eminence and restores his fortunes. But at the very last he voluntarily relinquishes power. Why such a gesture? Using Prospero’s fall, rise and fall anew as a motif, Holt argues that strategic activity has typically been understood as a varying blend of three modes of relating to the world: knowledge, vision, and will. The puzzle of Prospero’s gesture is discussed more generally as a frustration with all three modes, notably in their tendency to remove exponents from the vulnerabilities of ordinary life. Judgment is proposed as an alternative: a skeptical relationship of critique and care in which the concern with ordering well-defined boundaries and asserting organizational distinctiveness give way to more circumspect, unhomely, and particular distributions and associations of resources and people.
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Caldwell, Lesley, und Helen Taylor Robinson, Hrsg. The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190271374.001.0001.
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Volume 5, introduced by Jennifer and Marcus Johns, covers the years 1955–1959, an extremely productive period of Winnicott’s work in broadcasting, social work, child psychiatry and psychoanalysis. His two Tavistock publications, The Child and the Family, and The Child and the Outside World; and his first collection of essays, Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis, were published during this time. In 1955 he married Clare Britton, with whom he had been working during the previous decade, and in 1956 he became President of the British Psychoanalytical Society. It was in this capacity that many of the large number of letters in this volume were composed, relating to the work of his analytical colleagues and the integration of the different training and theoretical groups within the BPAS.Included in this volume are important papers covering diverse areas of Winnicott’s work, including ‘The Anti-social Tendency’, ‘Primary Maternal Preoccupation’, ‘The Mother’s Contribution to Society’, ‘The Capacity to be Alone’, and responses to Klein’s 1957 book Envy and Gratitude.
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Watson, John Scott. A Geography of Somewhere. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039867.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the goal of Prairie Crossing: to create a geography of somewhere, a place where residents would feel invested enough to volunteer their time to create genuine community. It begins with a discussion of Prairie Crossing's third, fourth, and fifth guiding principles: “a sense of place,” which draws off of and expands many of the concepts espoused by the New Urbanism movement; “a sense of community,” which aims to encourage social interaction among residents and also between Prairie Crossing and the larger communities of Grayslake and Lake County; and “economic and racial diversity,” which seeks to remedy the tendency toward exclusivity and homogeneity in community housing. The chapter also considers the degree of residents' level of satisfaction with the Prairie Crossing Homeowners Association's governance; where Prairie Crossing, as an exemplar of the conservation community policy model, fits in relation to the new town movement; and the Prairie Crossing Charter School.
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Cabrera Perramón, Jorge, Alberto Rafael Avila Campos, Carlos Bahamóndez V., Marjorie Caroline Martin Stuven, Juan Carlos Muñoz Baeza, Oscar Peña Ibarra, Cristian Rojas Ponce, Yasna Rojas Ponce und Mario Uribe A. Informe técnico 194. Disponibilidad de madera de plantaciones de pino radiata y eucalipto 2010-2040. INFOR, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/20.500.12220/20477.
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El presente estudio considera la oferta de las tres principales especies plantadas en el país, pino radiata (Pinus radiata) y eucaliptos (Eucalyptus globulus y E. nitens), y cuenta con la participación de expertos asesores de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Los resultados se obtienen de la aplicación de un modelo de programación lineal para escenarios de oferta no decreciente de productos madereros, sujeto a un número de restricciones relativas a la ocurrencia de incendios, la tendencia en el cambio de especies en la reforestación y los vectores de demanda estimada, entre otras. El trabajo abarca desde la Región de Valparaíso hasta la Región de Los Lagos
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Moi, Toril. The Adulteress Wife. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0006.
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Nearly 20 years after Margaret Simons broke the news of the scandal of the English translation of Le deuxième sexe, Toril Moi’s 2002 essay deepened feminist claims in relation to Parshley’s translation, and chronicled the long and still-unsuccessful struggle with Alfred Knopf for a new translation/scholarly edition. Moi showed that “the philosophical incompetence of the translation produces a text that is damaging to Beauvoir’s intellectual reputation in particular and to the reputation of feminist philosophy in general” by detailing Parshley’s silent deletions of sentences and parts of sentences, his tendency to turn existence into essence, misread philosophical references to “subjectivity”, remain clueless about references to Hegel, and misunderstand Beauvoir’s account of alienation. These failures falsely emboldened Beauvoir’s critics by eliminating nuance from key discussions of themes like motherhood. “Her works will not enter the public domain until 2056,” Moi pointed out, and the stubborn refusal of the publisher to commission a new translation meant that essays like this one were absolutely essential to teaching Beauvoir’s Second Sex to English speaking students—“while we wait.”
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McCance, Dawne. The Reproduction of Life Death. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283910.001.0001.
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During the 1975–76 academic year, Jacques Derrida delivered a seminar, La vie la mort, at the Paris ENS. Based on archival translations of this as-yet untapped seminar, McCance’s The Reproduction of Life Death offers an unprecedented study of Derrida’s engagement with molecular biology and genetics, particularly François Jacob’s interpretation of DNA reproduction in his 1970 book La Logique du vivant (The Logic of the Living). Structured on an itinerary of “three rings,” each departing from and coming back to Nietzsche, Derrida’s seminar ties Jacob’s logocentric account of reproduction to the reproductive program of teaching that characterizes the academic institution, challenging this mode of teaching as auto-reproduction along with the concept of academic freedom on which it is based. McCance’s The Reproduction of Life Death makes another decisive contribution in bringing together Derrida’s critique of Jacob’s theory of auto-reproduction with his reading of reproductivity, the tendency to repeat-reproduce, that is theorized and enacted in Freud’s “speculative” Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The book includes Derrida’s analyses of life death in relation to autobiography and the signature. The book will be of interest to all theorists and disciplines concerned with the question of life.
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Money, Jeannette. Comparative Immigration Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.380.
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The research on comparative immigration policy is relatively recent, with the earliest dealing with significant immigrant inflows into Western Europe after World War II. Because of the difficulties in finding empirically grounded measures of immigration policy, the literature has grown primarily by adding to the theoretical literature. In terms of the immigration control literature, nativism (anti-immigrant preferences) has been complemented by approaches that include attention to the economic consequences of immigration, focus on how societal preferences are channeled, and focus on state national interest and state security. In terms of the immigrant integration literature, there has been a tendency to classify the immigrant reception environment of states according to historical nation building features of the state and to types of “immigration regimes.” More recently, in recognition of the static nature of these models of policy making, scholars have disaggregated integration policy into its component parts and incorporated aspects of politics that change over time. The research arena is, in short, theoretically rich, though both dimensions of research on immigration policy suffer from two flaws. The first is the inability to compare effectively policies across countries. The second is the research focus on Western Europe and advanced industrial countries, to the neglect of the remaining countries in the world.
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Walker, Elsie. Amour. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495909.003.0009.
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This chapter is the culminating analysis of the book because Amour incorporates many sonic patterns that are representative of Haneke’s work, though it also handles these same patterns in surprising ways. The film features Haneke’s most subtly and tenderly demanding sound track to date, and this chapter explores how it rewards close analysis in relation to the director’s previous work. The chapter also provides extended consideration of Emmanuelle Riva’s performance as the female protagonist, emphasizing her subversively strong sonic presence. Along with refusing to reduce the ailing and aged woman to an image of decay, the film repeatedly amplifies her sonic power. In connection with the compassion of Amour, we return to misunderstandings of Haneke’s work that have led to critical presumptions of his emotional coldness. Ironically, we will find that Amour is Haneke’s most moving and aurally nuanced appeal to our imaginations and hearts.
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Aronson, Jonathan D., und Peter F. Cowhey. The Information and Communication Revolution and International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.425.
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Major trends in information and communication technology (ICT) are transforming the global commercial and technology landscape. Since 1945, the US market has been the most consistent agenda setter for the global market. But now, as economic gloom haunts the world, and as a new President settles in the United States, predictions abound that American dominance in international relations will give way to the leadership of China or others. However, if the United States acts vigorously on the policy front, it can maintain its international leadership position until at least 2025. In addition, the information revolution has also accelerated the changing of international actors’ roles. This is because the web and the information revolution had resulted in tremendous security, political, economic, social, and cultural consequences, which altered the roles of countries, companies, non-governmental actors, and international institutions in the conduct of international relations. ICTs can also leave a significant impact on foreign policy, as these can affect democratic and authoritarian rule, as well as give rise to the “CNN effect,” which is a relatively recent phenomenon which has a tendency to alter the extent, depth, and speed of the new global media. As the ICT revolution spreads across the planet it also resets the international relations playing field, with significant consequences for security, and political, economic, social, and cultural interactions.
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Nalbantian, Tsolin. Armenians Beyond Diaspora. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474458566.001.0001.
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A socio-political and cultural history of the Armenians in Cold War Lebanon, this book argues that Armenians around the world – in the face of the Genocide, and despite the absence of an independent nation-state after World War I – developed dynamic socio-political, cultural, ideological and ecclesiastical centres. And it focuses on one such centre, Beirut, in the postcolonial 1940s and 1950s. Tsolin Nalbantian explores Armenians’ discursive re-positioning within the newly independent Lebanese nation-state; the political-cultural impact (in Lebanon as well as Syria) of the 1946–8 repatriation initiative to Soviet Armenia; the 1956 Catholicos election; and the 1957 Lebanese elections and 1958 mini-civil war. What emerges is a post-Genocide Armenian history of – principally – power, renewal and presence, rather than one of loss and absence. Armenians Beyond Diaspora: Making Lebanon Their Own investigates Lebanese Armenians’ changing views of their place in the making of the Lebanese state and its wider Arab environment, and in relation to the Armenian Socialist Soviet Republic. It challenges the dominant Armenian historiography, which treats Lebanese Armenians as a subsidiary of an Armenian global diaspora, and contributes to an understanding of the development of class and sectarian cleavages that led to the breakdown of civil society in Lebanon from 1975. In highlighting the role of societal actors in the US–Soviet Cold War in the Middle East, it also questions the tendency to read Middle East history through the lens of dominant (Arab) nationalisms.
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The colonial policy of Great Britain, considered with relation to her North American provinces and West India possessions: Wherein the dangerous tendency of American competition is developed, and the necessity of recommencing a colonial system on a vigorous and extensive scale, exhibited and defended; with plans for the promotion of emigration, and strictures on the Treaty of Ghent. Philadelphia: Published by M. Carey : sold by him and Wells and Lilly, Boston, 1986.
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Hernández, Carlos. Metodología de la investigación jurídica. Universidad Libre Sede Principal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/978-958-8981-45-1.
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Habiendo ingresado hace ya muchos años al quehacer de la investigación y, posteriormente, a la docencia universitaria, nos hemos visto felizmente acompañados por la permanente preocupación de compartir nuestra experiencia vivida en la práctica y el deseo de incentivar el espíritu y las habilidades propias del investigador científico entre los estudiantes universitarios que se forman como futuros profesionales y líderes de la nación. A la educación de este contingente social, que seleccionadamente accede al alto nivel universitario, le corresponde, sin duda, comprometerse con la investigación científica que es un pilar decisivo del desarrollo. No se pretende que todos los estudiantes universitarios se conviertan en investigadores científicos, antes es preciso que adquieran las necesarias competencias para ordenar el pensamiento y construir nuevos conocimientos. Por principio, es necesario contribuir a que la universidad cumpla efectivamente la misión de enseñar, investigar y realizar extensión hacia la comunidad. ¿Cómo hacer para que la cantera de los futuros investigadores se de efectivamente en la práctica? Uno de los caminos privilegiados es el de la “práctica obligatoria”, esto es el ejercicio personal de la investigación para cumplir con el requerimiento de la tesis de grado, como paso indispensable para la profesionalización en una determinada área del conocimiento. Los graduandos que asumen la tesis con la responsabilidad que ella requiere, siguen haciendo importantes contribuciones al conocimiento de la realidad nacional y su transformación. A todos los que se inclinan por seguir este camino está dirigido el material organizado en este libro que espera contribuir con orientaciones metodológicas coherentes y ciertamente perfectibles. Lucas Lavado, en su reciente obra sobre materiales para incentivar la investigación, manifiesta que los manuales o guías para la ejecución de la investigación no son lo más conveniente, que lo deseable es que los estudiantes se capaciten a partir de la lectura y la comprensión de la realidad para llegar a la necesidad de investigar. Consideramos que ésta no es una idea que se deba desechar, pero somos claros en señalar que nos propone el camino más largo, y que seguirlo requeriría de una implementación hasta ahora inexistente, que debiera ir desde la formación de la educación inicial hasta los más altos niveles de formación académica, tal como teóricamente se consignó en un proyecto de desarrollo educativo planteado en las ultimas décadas. Nuestra visión del problema difiere del planteamiento del profesor Lavado. Los denominados manuales, constituyen recursos de aplicación especialmente adecuados a las condiciones de una sociedad con altas deficiencias en el hábito de lectura. Es evidente que un manual será tanto más útil cuanto más se acerque a solucionar los apremios metodológicos del investigador que no cuenta aún con la experiencia necesaria, considerando desde luego la necesidad de afirmar sus referentes con lecturas pertinentes, sobre todo en los aspectos de compresión teórica que un manual no suele decantar a cabalidad. Ciertas disciplinas, entre ellas el Derecho, han tenido poca predilección por perfeccionar la investigación científica en el medio académico que conduce a la profesionalización. Ello obedece probablemente a una tendencia tradicional que considera estos campos como excluyentes por su carácter eminentemente normativo, lo que supuestamente los releva de someterse a procedimientos demostrativos empíricos. Otros no dejan de considerar que el Derecho cuenta con una metodología propia, sustentada por diversas corrientes ius filosóficas que parten como toda explicación de la discrecionalidad que la ley se confía al jurista y al juez. Por el contrario, diversas corrientes, sostienen que la el Derecho, como parte del las Ciencias Sociales, debe someterse a la metodología de la investigación científica y a la demostración empírica, aunque evidentemente existen aspectos que requieren tratamientos mucho más sofisticados que surgen sobre todo en el campo de la estadística, en particular de la estocástica para los aspectos netamente cualitativos. En efecto, el uso de los medios matemáticos y estadísticos es una de las dificultades que confronta en nuestro medio la investigación en el Derecho. Como se sabe, la Estadística es una disciplina que en la actualidad concurre eficazmente al trabajo interdisciplinario, particularmente en campos que requieren de predicciones vinculadas a al análisis cualitativo y a la aplicación de modelos de simulación. Con la experiencia de campo acumulada en el trayecto de la vida profesional y la certidumbre necesaria sobre las dificultades que existen en el campo de la investigación científica del Derecho, se ha seguido en este libro el esquema “normal”, que se maneja en la investigación social. El volumen consta de cuatro partes: Aspectos epistemológicos y gnoseológicos de base; El planeamiento, diseño y acciones operativas en la investigación científica; Metodología de la investigación científica; y, Redacción del plan y del informe de investigación. En los dos capítulos de la primera parte se aborda el marco general vinculado con los aspectos, epistemológicos y ontológicos. En la segunda parte se ingresa al tratamiento de las etapas iniciales del proceso investigativo, mostrando los beneficios del planeamiento estratégico en el proceso de investigación. La tercera parte se ocupa con detenimiento de los aspectos centrales, específicamente referidos a la metodología de la investigación científica, empezando por los aspectos de identificación del problema y su planteamiento, los antecedentes y objetivos, marcos de explicación e interpretación usuales, diseños de investigación, hipótesis y variables, métodos, técnicas e instrumentos de investigación, población y muestra, y el procesamiento de la información. La cuarta y última parte entra al examen de las cuestiones relativas a la formulación y presentación primero del plan de investigación y luego de la tesis o informe final propiamente dicho de la investigación. Como toda obra humana, la presente aproximación a la investigación científica es perfectible. Nos sentiremos recompensados en la medida en que el esfuerzo puesto en el empeño cumpla con facilitar el trabajo de investigación entre los estudiantes de Derecho, y logre incentivar su interés por superar permanentemente todas las formas tradicionales y obsoletas se han enraizado en la práctica social y que no permiten la adecuación del Derecho a las exigencias de una sociedad en continua y ahora acelerada transformación. El Dr. Héctor Cornejo Chávez llamó la atención sobre la falta de interés por la innovación y el desarrollo de la investigación científica en este campo tan importante de la vida de las sociedades, sobre todo de las que tiene composiciones tan complejas como las nuestras. Este llamado merece ser escuchado. Nuestros países han de verse beneficiado si conseguimos ampliar la base de investigadores en todos los campos del conocimiento, especialmente en el Derecho, pues la sociedad podrá contar con agentes activos que promuevan el cambio esperado para el bienestar social.