Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Reindeer marking“

This paper presents a calf selection program, a recording and a database system developed as a part of a joint Swedish - Norwegian development project where one of the main objectives is to improve identification, handling and production recording systems. The systems are used in a reindeer flock in the south parts of the reindeer area in Sweden. The additional marking system has been used in this flock since 1981 and procedures for identification of the mothers of the calves has been used since 1986.

Several non-invasive methods for assessing stress responses have been developed and validated for many animal species. Due to species-specific differences in metabolism and excretion of stress hormones, methods should be validated for each species. The aim of this study was to conduct a physiological validation of an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) in male reindeer by administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; intramuscular, 0.25 mg per animal). A total of 317 samples were collected from eight male reindeer over a 44 h period at Tverrvatnet in Norway in mid-winter. In addition, 114 samples were collected from a group of reindeer during normal handling and calf marking at Stjernevatn in Norway. Following ACTH injection, FCM levels (median and range) were 568 (268–2415) ng/g after two hours, 2718 (414–8550) ng/g after seven hours and 918 (500–6931) ng/g after 24 h. Levels were significantly higher from seven hours onwards compared to earlier hours (p < 0.001). The FCM levels at Stjernevatn were significantly (p < 0.001) different before (samples collected zero to two hours; median: 479 ng/g) and after calf marking (eight to ten hours; median: 1469 ng/g). Identification of the faecal samples belonging to individual animals was conducted using DNA analysis across time. This study reports a successful validation of a non-invasive technique for measuring stress in reindeer, which can be applied in future studies in the fields of biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare.

At Monkys Uriy, a late 16th–17th century fort on the Bolshoy Yugan River, in the taiga zone of the Ob basin, Western Siberia, bones of wild animals (reindeer, elks, brown bears, and wolves) and those of domestic dogs were found in residential areas together with artifacts. We describe ten ritual accumulations of bones, species composition, that of skeletal elements, fragmentation types, and the age of animals. Seven accumulations of bones were found at residential quarters. Six of them contained complete or partial skeletons of reindeer and cranial bones of an elk. These accumulations may indicate construction sacrifi ces and those marking childbirth. Three bone accumulations found outside the residence area include bones of a dog and a brown bear, evidently sacrifi ced during funerary rites. Ethnographic and folkloric evidence suggests that such sacrifi ces were practiced by the Yugan Khanty as late as the 19th and 20th centuries and had been rooted in ancient traditions of Ugrians and Samoyeds.

2011 was a lacklustre year for Australian hydrocarbon production, however a stellar year for LNG development. Domestic gas production was flat despite two new gas developments, Reindeer/Devil Creek and Halyard/Spar, which came into production during the year. Oil production fell, primarily due to the redevelopment of North West Shelf oil facilities, with Kitan in the Timor Sea being the only new offshore oil field that commenced production. LNG production was also flat however, Final Investment Decisions (FID) were announced for five new LNG projects, including Ichthys early in 2012, bringing the combined value of all eight sanctioned LNG projects to more than $180 billion. This is a huge volume of development, not only for the industry but for the whole Australian economy. Importantly, it has also moved Australia closer to becoming the world’s largest LNG producer. Increasing development costs and competition for skilled labour still remain the biggest challenges for the industry. Introduction of the carbon tax was also an important development in 2011, marking a significant step towards a low-carbon economy and increasing the opportunity for natural gas, but also burdening trade-exposed industries like LNG. The success of unconventional gas in the United States and CSG in Australia has sparked a step-change in exploration and development of unconventional gas in onshore Australia. Consolidation in coal seam gas sector continued on the east coast with the two acquisitions of Eastern Star Gas by Santos and Bow Energy by Arrow Energy. Continuing to effectively engage with the community will be central to the industry’s success.

Alaska's reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) industry has been faced with the competitive need to increase productivity but cautioned to avoid range degradation as a result of high stocking rates. Consumer demand for lean, healthy, high quality meat has increased throughout the world and has surpassed production. For herders to tap these new domestic and off-shore markets, there will be the need for higher herd numbers and animal productivity, consistent slaughter protocol, and a focused marketing plan. In this paper, we illustrate how record-keeping can benefit reindeer herders in husbandry and management decisions that are necessary to increase animal productivity and, eventually, product quality and profits. These biological parameters were tested in a Lotus&reg; spreadsheet model designed to predict herd growth and economics. Records of three reindeer herds on the Seward Peninsula have shown that calf production for adults has ranged from 35 to 98%. Sensitivity analysis predicted that in some herds, the model was sensitive to small changes in calf survival which could result in insufficient recruitment to maintain long-term harvest. Productivity may be ultimately related to management decisions that cull animals before productivity begins to decline.

<p>A central theme in the reindeer husbandry is the conflicts between this and other economic interests as tourism, community development etc. in connection with the utilization of common territory. A retrospective glance will show that this is an old problem and not a new phenomenon. The Nordic Sami Institute has carried out a research project with the following objectives: 1.to give an account of the terms of planning for the reindeer husbandry, 2.to find out how the S&aring;mi (Lapp) community's and so the reindeer husbandry's interests are taken into account in local planning. 3.find ways for how the reindeer husbandry's use of land can be described. 4.give suggestions as to how the interests of the Sami community can better be taken into account or how it can increase its influence in relation to planning. The suggestions based upon the results from the research project are: &mdash;that the Sami community aquire competence by preparing itself for the changes in its environment. &mdash;that it builds up its own organization. &mdash;that it aquires a more noticeable influence in community planning and decision making. This project and earlier experiencies have shown that the way of influencing e.g. by land-use-planning is weak and unreliable today.</p><p>Rensk&ouml;tsel och kommunal planering.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Ett centralt tema i renskotselsammanhang ar konflikterna mellan renskotsel och andra ekonomiska intressen som turism, samh&aring;llsutbyggnad etc. vid utnyttjande av gemensamma arealer. En historisk tillbakablick visar att denna problematik inte p&aring; n&aring;got s&aring;tt &aring;r n&aring;gon ny foreteelse utan ett gammalt tema med variationer i tid och rum. I ett forskningsprojekt vid Sami Instituhtta har en studie genomforts med syftet att: 1.soka beskriva planeringsforuts&aring;ttningarna for renskotseln. 2. soka forklara hur renskotselns intressen tas tillvara i den kommunala fysiska planeringen. 3. finna former for hur renskotselns markanv&aring;ndning kan beskrivas. 4. att l&aring;mna forslag p&aring; hur samebyns interessen kan b&aring;tre tillvaratas och hur den kan oka sitt inflytande i planeringssammanhang. P&aring; grundval av framkomna resultat foresl&aring;s: &mdash;att samebyn skapar egen kompetens. Det &aring;r fr&aring;ga om att forbereda sig infor forandringar i omgivningen exvis i form av markanv&aring;ndnings- och utvecklingsplanering. &mdash;att samebyn bygger upp den egna organisationen. &mdash;att samebyn f&aring;r ett mera breddat och fordjupat inflytande i det kommunala planerings- och beslutssystemet. Detta projekt och tidigare erfarenheter visar p&aring; att samr&aring;d som form for inflytande &aring;r svag och os&aring;ker.</p><p>Poronhoito ja kunnallinen suunnittelu.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Keskeinen teema poronhoidon yhteydess&aring; on selkkaukset poronhoidon ja muiden taloudellisten hyotyjen v&aring;lill&aring; kuten turismin, yhteiskunnan laajennuksen j.n.e. yhteisten pinta-alojen hyv&aring;ksik&aring;ytoss&aring;. Historiallinen, taannehtiva katsaus osoittaa, ettei t&aring;rna ongclma ole mill&aring;&aring;n tavalla joku uusi ilmio, vaan vanha teema vaihdellen ajassa ja alueilla. Sami Instituhttan er&aring;&aring;ss&aring; tutkimusprojektissa on suoritettu tutkielma pit&aring;en p&aring;&aring;m&aring;&aring;r&aring;n&aring;: 1. koettaa kuvailla poronhoidon suunnitteluedellytykset, 2. koettaa selvitt&aring;&aring;, miten poronhoidon edut otetaan talteen kunnallisessa, fyysilliscssa suunnittelussa, 3. loyt&aring;&aring; ilmaisumuotoja siit&aring;, miten poronhoidon maa-alueen k&aring;ytto voidaan kuvailla, 4. j&aring;tt&aring;&aring; ehdotuksia siit&aring;, miten paliskunnan etuja voidaan paremmin ottaa talteen sck&aring; miten se voi lis&aring;t&aring; vaikutusvaltaansa suunnittelun yhteydess&aring;. Esilletulleiden tulosten perusteella ehdotetaan:&mdash; ett&aring; paliskunta muodostaa oman toimivallan. On kysymys valmistautua ymp&aring;riston muutoksiin esimerkiksi maa-alueen k&aring;yton- ja kehityssuunnittelussa, &mdash; ett&aring; paliskunta perustaa oman j&aring;rjeston, &mdash; ett&aring; paliskunta saa leve&aring;mm&aring;n ja syvemm&aring;n vaikutusvallan kunnallisessa suunnittelu- ja p&aring;&aring;toselimess&aring;. Tamd projekti ja aikaisempi kokemus osoittaa, ett&aring; neuvottelu vaikutusvaltaisena on hcikkoa ja ep&aring;varmaa.</p>

Mansi (Voguls) is one of the Ob-Ugric peoples of Western Siberia. Mansi have a lot of pho-noinstruments (including folk-music instruments): string (zither, lute, harp), shaman’s drum, hunter’s whistles, reindeer herder’s and household’s sounding items, children’s sound toys, etc. The most popu-lar of them is the zither named saŋkvəltap. This instrument is tuned over the diatonic pentachord: c-d-e-f-g or c-d-es-f-g, and there are other variants of tuning. When the traditional lifestyle still remained, the zither was played during rituals (such as a bear-feast, sacrifice ceremony, shamanic rite) and in other situations, accompanying dances and singing. Currently, the zither is played mainly by young musicians during the concerts. The purpose of the article is to describe the principles of the pitch organization of Mansi instru-mental music. The author had made recordings of playing of several old musicians, then the note tran-scription of that melodies has been made. The algorithm for the analysis is shown on the example of a single piece that is the personal melody of the deity in the image of a bear (“The Melody of the Clawed Old Man”). In the collection of analyzed tunes the following types of scales were found: 1) frequent: c-d-e-f-g, c-d-es-f-g, (c)-d-e-f-g, (c)-d-es-f-g; 2) rare: (c)-d-es-e-g, c-d-es-(f)-g, c-(d)-es-e-g. The tone functions can be such as a supporting tone, a semi-supporting tone, a non-supporting tone, an auxiliary tone. The tone functions are determined in each segment by the following signs: 1) accentuation; 2) location on the strong beat; 3) appearance on the boundaries of the composition units; 4) length of sounding; 5) multiple or frequent repetition. Semi-supporting tones are identified by the same criteria as the supporting ones, but they must have less ways of marking than the supporting tones. The auxiliary tones are rare, they don’t enter into the frame of melody and they are used only for variation. As a result of the analysis of the collection of tunes, the following patterns of the pitch-sound or-ganization of the instrumental music of Mansi are defined: 1) both of quarta and quinta modes are frequent; 2) the number of mode supporting tones is two or three, rarely – one or four, the semi-supporting tones are frequent; 3) the main supporting tones are at the highest and the lowest step of the scale. There is no strict correlation between the type of mode and the genre of the tune, but the following trend is noticeable. Melodies of deities and men’s dances in the modes of a quarta volume are performed more frequently. The epic or the song melodies and the melodies of women’s dances mainly sound in the modes of the quinta volume. On the basis of a comparison of several of the same name tunes (“Melody of the Old Man the Owl”), the following conclusion is drawn. The most important parameter of a pitch organization is the correlation of supporting tones and the sequence of appearance of typed intonational moves.

The article assesses the quality of raw venison and its processed products – smoked sausage. The characteristics of reindeer meat, which is not only rich in protein, but also contains watersoluble vitamins, is given. Microbiological safety of venison raised in the conditions of the Far North was studied. Raw produce passed veterinary and sanitary examination in the bodies of the state veterinary service and was granted an official veterinary document characterizing safety of the product. Production stages and technological process of smoked sausage with three names were described, namely: snack sausages, Okhotnichya and Norilskaya. All safety examination was conducted in compliance with Sanitary Rules and Regulations (SanPiN) 2.3.2.1078–01, Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 021/2011 On safety of food products and Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 034/2013 On safety of meat and meat products. The production technological scheme of venison smoked sausages is presented. For processing of non-traditional meat raw materials, standard technological procedures were applied: cutting, salting, maturing, shaping and thermal treatment. Energy value of 100 g of smoked sausages was as follows: snack sausages 453 kcal, Okhotnichya – 453 kcal, Norilskaya – 280 kcal. On completion of the processing, a safety check of smoked sausages by microbiological indices was performed. All the samples showed compliance with the standard regulatory requirements. Increase in industrial processing of these non-traditional meat raw materials will allow to implement its marketing more rationally and more effectively.

Idag utförs renmärkningen för att hålla koll på vilka renar som hör till vilken renägare. För att identifiera och särskilja renarna, räknas dem manuellt, alltså genom att personer går in i inhägnaden och prickar av renarna i en bok. Processen för att märka kalvarna kan ta upp mot två dagar beroende på om alla renarna har kommit in i inhägnaden, processen blir då lång och utdragen. Detta kommer vara utgångspunkterna i projektet, att identifiera renarna på ett mer effektivt och hållbart sätt. Detta är ett examensarbete för Högskoleingenjör Teknisk design vid Luleå tekniska universitet, som ska utveckla ett hållbart koncept genom att underlätta för renskötarna och effektivisera identifiering och dokumentering av renar. Genom att förena traditionell renmärkning med modern teknik tas ett hållbart koncept fram, som även minskar påfrestningen på renarna. Att kunna koppla ihop rätt kalv med rätt vaja och samla informationen på ett gemensamt ställe som är enkelt att hantera är ett krav på lösningen. Arbetet har följt IDEO:s trefasprocess för användarcentrerad design. Under faserna inspiration, ideation och implementation har olika metoder använts för att nå slutresultatet. Dessa metoder är exempelvis semistrukturerad intervju, benchmark, persona, workshops, Wireframes och simulering. Dessa metoder utgör en bra grund till arbetet och slutresultatet. Genom att ha återkommande kontakt med användaren har projektet genererat en lösning som är baserad på användarens behov. Resultatet blev en ny digitaliserad arbetsprocess innehållande RFID-chip som möjliggör automatisk hopparning och digital dokumentering. Denna arbetsprocess förenar den traditionella renmärkningen men effektiviserar de aktiviteter som idag tröttar ut renskötarna och renarna. Genom att ha bättre koll på renarna och deras avelsträd, gör att rätt ren i slutändan blir slaktad. Alltså renarna som är äldst eller har sämst förutsättningar. Det kan också bidra till att ekonomin blir stabilare då samma mängder renar slaktas varje år. Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv gynnar detta ekonomisk hållbarhet. Social hållbarhet gynnas genom att skapa transparens inom samebyn och möjliggör att fler kan vara delaktiga under processen. Genom att hopparningen sker automatisk behöver inte renen stressas upp av människor som går omkring i hagen. Eftersom renens välbefinnande är en del i naturens ekologi bidrar det till ekologisk hållbarhet.
Today, reindeer marking is performed to keep track of which reindeer belong to which reindeer owner. To identify and distinguish the reindeer, they are counted manually, i.e., by people entering the enclosure and dotting the reindeer in a book. The process for marking the calves can take up to two days depending on whether all the reindeer have entered the enclosure, the process then becomes long and drawn out. This will be the starting points in the project, to identify the reindeer in a more efficient and sustainable way.  This work is for a bachelor’s thesis in industrial design engineering at Luleå University of Technology, which will develop a sustainable concept by making it easier for reindeer herders and make the identification and documentation of reindeer more effective. By combining traditional reindeer marking with modern technology, a sustainable solution is developed that also reduces the strain on the reindeer. Being able to connect the right calf with the right sway and gather the information in a common place that is easy to handle is a requirement for the solution.  The work has been followed by IDEO's three-phase process for user-centered design. During the phases inspiration, ideation and implementation, different methods have been used to achieve the end result. These methods are, for example, semi-structured interview, benchmark, persona, workshops, Wireframes and simulation. These methods form a good basis for the work and the end result. By having regular contact with the user, the project has generated a solution that is based on the user's needs.  The result was a new digitized work process containing RFID chips that enables automatic pairing and digital documentation. This work process unites the traditional reindeer marking but make the activities that today tire out the reindeer herders and reindeer more effective. By having a better look at the reindeer and their breeding trees, the right reindeer will eventually be slaughtered. That is, the reindeer that are the oldest or have the worst conditions. It can also contribute to a more stable economy as the same quantities of reindeer are slaughtered every year. From a sustainability perspective, this benefits economic sustainability. Social sustainability is benefited by creating transparency within the Sami village and enabling more people to be involved during the process. Because the connection takes place automatically, the reindeer do not have to be stressed by people walking around in the enclosure. Since the reindeer's well-being is part of nature's ecology, it contributes to ecological sustainability.