Zeitschriftenartikel: „Reflection and refraction of light“

1

Lanchester, P. C. „Studies of the reflection, refraction and internal reflection of light“. Physics Education 49, Nr. 5 (September 2014): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/49/5/532.

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2

Katsumata, Koichi, und Shosuke Sasaki. „Reflection and Refraction of Light in Absorbing Media“. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 87, Nr. 5 (15.05.2018): 054401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.87.054401.

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3

de Azevedo, A. C., L. P. Vieira, C. E. Aguiar und A. C. F. Santos. „Teaching light reflection and refraction to the blind“. Physics Education 50, Nr. 1 (22.12.2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/50/1/15.

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4

Rendleman, C. A., und F. K. Levin. „Reflection maxima for reflections from single interfaces“. GEOPHYSICS 53, Nr. 2 (Februar 1988): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442462.

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At a workshop on refraction and wide‐angle reflections, Hilterman (1985) pointed out that, in contrast to the plane‐wave case, when there is a point source, a P-wave reflected from a plane interface attains its maximum amplitude at an offset greater than that corresponding to the critical angle (Figure 1). The same conclusion had been drawn earlier by Červený (1967). However, neither Červený’s results, which were based on very complicated mathematical expressions derived by Brekhovskikh (1960), nor Hilterman’s computer‐generated data shed light on the physics implied by the shifted maximum.

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Peccianti, Marco, Andriy Dyadyusha, Malgosia Kaczmarek und Gaetano Assanto. „Tunable refraction and reflection of self-confined light beams“. Nature Physics 2, Nr. 11 (15.10.2006): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys427.

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6

Azadeh, Mohammad, und Lee W. Casperson. „Reflection and refraction of light at saturating active boundaries“. Journal of Modern Optics 44, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349708232897.

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7

Marotta, Gaspare, Jeremy Pruvost, Francesca Scargiali, Giuseppe Caputo und Alberto Brucato. „Reflection-refraction effects on light distribution inside tubular photobioreactors“. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 95, Nr. 9 (13.03.2017): 1646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22811.

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8

AZADEH and LEE W. CASPERSON, MOHAMMAD. „Reflection and refraction of light at saturating active boundaries“. Journal of Modern Optics 44, Nr. 1 (01.01.1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095003497154201.

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9

LIAPIS (Ι. Κ. ΛΙΑΠΗΣ), I. Κ. „Ophthalmoscopy in dog and cat“. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, Nr. 3 (31.01.2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15446.

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Ophthalmoscopy is the procedure for fundus examination. As an examining technique, ophthalmoscopy is based on the principles of reflection and refraction of the light. In the first case (reflection of the light) ophthalmoscopy is direct. In the second case (reflection and refraction of the light) ophthalmoscopy is indirect. For direct ophthalmoscopy a simple light source is used or better yet a special ophthalmoscope. The indirect technique is realised with the assistance of special equipment. Each one of the above mentionned methods has advantages and disadvantages and it's better having them coherent to one another. The indirect ophthalmoscopy gives a general view of the fundus and magnifies it satisfactorily, whereas direct ophthalmoscopy even though provokes better magnification, gives a smaller optical field.

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Butler, J. P., S. Suzuki, E. H. Oldmixon und F. G. Hoppin. „A theory of diffuse light scattering by lungs“. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, Nr. 1 (01.01.1985): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.1.89.

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We present a theoretical treatment of backscattered light from the interior of a lung illuminated by a thin beam of light normally incident on the pleural surface. An approximate formula is developed describing how the backscattered intensity varies with distance from the point of light entry. This is shown to depend markedly on the optical mean free path and on the effective extinction coefficient. We attempt to relate the optical mean free path to the mean alveolar size. This relationship is found to depend primarily on septal reflection and refraction. Reflection is treated quantitatively. Refraction is much more difficult and may have to be approached empirically. We present here the rudiments of a technique with implications for the possibility of dynamic stereology.

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Tannenbaum, Abraham J. „Reflection and refraction of light on the gifted: An editorial“. Roeper Review 8, Nr. 4 (Mai 1986): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02783198609552976.

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12

Aieta, Francesco, Ali Kabiri, Patrice Genevet, Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Zeno Gaburro und Federico Capasso. „Reflection and refraction of light from metasurfaces with phase discontinuities“. Journal of Nanophotonics 6, Nr. 1 (05.12.2012): 063532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jnp.6.063532.

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13

ASSANTO, GAETANO, und MARCO PECCIANTI. „ROUTING LIGHT AT WILL“. Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 16, Nr. 01 (März 2007): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863507003536.

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We present a comprehensive review on the routing of self-confined light-beams in liquid crystals, i.e., generation, propagation and angular steering of self-induced waveguides or spatial solitons in a nonlinear non local dielectric with a large electro-optic response. We describe all-optical routing through soliton-soliton or soliton-beam interactions, as well as voltage-controlled steering in an anisotropic geometry via birefringence or refraction/reflection at a graded interface.

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Lahiri, Mayukh, und Emil Wolf. „Change in spatial coherence of light on refraction and on reflection“. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 30, Nr. 6 (13.05.2013): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.30.001107.

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15

Yu, N., P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J. P. Tetienne, F. Capasso und Z. Gaburro. „Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction“. Science 334, Nr. 6054 (01.09.2011): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210713.

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16

Ramaccia, Davide, Alessandro Toscano und Filiberto Bilotti. „Light propagation through metamaterial temporal slabs: reflection, refraction, and special cases“. Optics Letters 45, Nr. 20 (14.10.2020): 5836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.402856.

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17

Baba, Toshihiko, Tomohiko Asatsuma und Takashi Matsumoto. „Negative Refraction in Photonic Crystals“. MRS Bulletin 33, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2008): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.201.

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AbstractPhotonic crystals are multidimensional periodic gratings, in which the light propagation is dominated by Bragg diffraction that appears to be refraction at the flat surfaces of the crystals. The refraction angle from positive to negative, perfectly or only partially obeying Snell's law, can be tailored based on photonic band theory. Negative refraction enables novel prism, collimation, and lens effects. Because photonic crystals usually consist of two transparent media, these effects occur at absorption-free frequencies, affording significant design flexibility for free-space optics. The photonic-crystal slab, a high-index membrane with a two-dimensional airhole array, must be carefully designed to avoid unwanted reflection and diffraction. Light focusing based on negative refraction forms a parallel image of a light source, facilitating optical couplers and condenser lenses for wavelength demultiplexing. A compact wavelength demultiplexer can be designed by combining the prism and lens effects.

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Bhattacharjee, Pramode Ranjan. „Discovery of total failure of the traditional laws of reflection and refraction of light to explain the phenomena of reflection and refraction“. Optik 240 (August 2021): 166923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166923.

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19

Gadomsky, O. N., und I. A. Shchukarev. „Non-Fresnel reflection and refraction of light in a layer with a quasi-zero refractive index“. Optics Communications 348 (August 2015): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.02.017.

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20

Wang, Yan, Xuejun Zha und Jinkui Yan. „Reflection and refraction of light at the interface of a uniaxial bicrystal“. Europhysics Letters (EPL) 72, Nr. 5 (Dezember 2005): 830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2005-10319-4.

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21

Gadomskii, O. N., und S. G. Moiseev. „Reflection and refraction of light by a system of interfering atomic states“. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 65, Nr. 4 (Juli 1998): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02675653.

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22

Qin, Hua, und Cun Zhi Sun. „Design of Novel Beam Demagnifier Based on Total Reflection -Refraction“. Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.22.

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A novel beam demagnifier(a cone) is presented based on total internal reflection-refraction principle, and the light propagation characteristics inside the cone were studied by using ray-tracing method and computer simulation. This paper presents several proof-theoretic results concerning a cone as a beam demagnifier under certain conditions. When the semiapex angle of the cone is equal to a series of specific values an output beam is parallel to an incident beam, the beam's diameter narrows, and the demagnification ratio of the cone is a function of apex angle and there exists a series of extreme points; the demagnifier can be used in series so as to further narrow or magnify the diameter of incident beam.

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Chan, Wai Suen, und Shiu Sing Tong. „Visualizing Light Rays Using Fluorescence“. Physics Educator 01, Nr. 01 (März 2019): 1950006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661339519500069.

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We present a simple and effective experimental setup to help students visualize light rays in optics experiments. When illuminated by a blue-violet laser pointer (typical wavelength [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm), tonic water and phosphorescent paper show fluorescence which allows the laser beam to be clearly seen by a large audience under normal ambient lighting. The setup is particularly useful for conducting classroom demonstrations on the reflection, refraction and diffraction of light. Quantitative measurement is also possible, e.g. students can attach a transparent scale to the phosphorescent paper or container holding the tonic water, and perform a quick verification of Snell’s law and the diffraction formula [Formula: see text]. The appeal of the visualization of light beams in multiple total internal reflections and retroreflection could help teachers introduce technological applications such as optical fibers and retroreflectors in road signs. A simple but interesting experiment of scattering laser light to form a light cone in a medium is shown using the fluorescence method. Redoing or modifying other innovative optics experiments using the fluorescence method is also discussed.

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Yang, Fanchao, Xingjia Tang, Bingliang Hu, Ruyi Wei, Liang Kong und Yong Li. „A Method of Removing Reflected Highlight on Images Based on Polarimetric Imaging“. Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9537320.

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A method of removing reflected highlight is proposed on polarimetric imaging. Polarization images (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°) and the reflection angle are required in this reflected light removal algorithm. This method is based on the physical model of reflection and refraction, and no additional image processing algorithm is necessary in this algorithm. Compared to traditional polarization method with single polarizer, restricted observation angle of Brewster is not demanded and multiple reflection areas of different polarization orientations can be removed simultaneously. Experimental results, respectively, demonstrate the features of this reflected light removal algorithm, and it can be considered very suitable in polarization remote sensing.

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Bohannon, Kevin P., Ronald W. Holz und Daniel Axelrod. „Refractive Index Imaging of Cells with Variable-Angle Near-Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Microscopy“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, Nr. 5 (18.09.2017): 978–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617012570.

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AbstractThe refractive index in the interior of single cells affects the evanescent field depth in quantitative studies using total internal reflection (TIR) fluorescence, but often that index is not well known. We here present method to measure and spatially map the absolute index of refraction in a microscopic sample, by imaging a collimated light beam reflected from the substrate/buffer/cell interference at variable angles of incidence. Above the TIR critical angle (which is a strong function of refractive index), the reflection is 100%, but in the immediate sub-critical angle zone, the reflection intensity is a very strong ascending function of incidence angle. By analyzing the angular position of that edge at each location in the field of view, the local refractive index can be estimated. In addition, by analyzing the steepness of the edge, the distance-to-substrate can be determined. We apply the technique to liquid calibration samples, silica beads, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and primary culture chromaffin cells. The optical technique suffers from decremented lateral resolution, scattering, and interference artifacts. However, it still provides reasonable results for both refractive index (~1.38) and for distance-to-substrate (~150 nm) for the cells, as well as a lateral resolution to about 1 µm.

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Korchinsky, Anatoly. „Text and Reality in Soviet “Sociological Poetics” of the 1920s“. Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics V, Nr. 2 (11.07.2021): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-8719-2021-2-123-142.

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The article considers several scientific metaphors describing the regularities of relations between literature and reality in the Soviet “sociological” literary theory of the 1920s. The most productive of these conceptual metaphors — reflection and refraction — reveal the features of key Marxist theories — Plekhanov, Lenin, Friche, Pereverzev, Medvedev, Bakhtin, Voloshinov, etc. The tendency towards the development of universal scientific laws as applied to cultural phenomena, which is characteristic of the epoch, is noted, in particular, the leveling of the author's role in the historical and literary process and the critical potential of art associated with it. There are analyzed the different strategies of interpretation of basic theoretical metaphors interpreted, first of all, as reflection/ refraction of social reality in literature. Two aspects of the problem of reflection/refraction are discussed — ontological, implying a “true image” of reality, and epistemological, which assumes that literature reproduces not the reality itself, but the social optics of its understanding. The author of the article shows that optical metaphors make it possible to understand which theories imply greater dependence of the literature on prevailing social notions, and which ones — greater independence, flexibility and variability of the law of reflection/refraction. In this light, the poles of “sociological poetics” — the theory of Friche and Pereverzev — are considered as sequential versions of ideological determinism, Lenin's approach as a kind of deconstruction of literary ideology, and the method of “Bakhtin's circle” as the most soft version of “sociologism”, which combines it with some provisions of the formal school.

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Karpiński, Karol, Sylwia Zielińska-Raczyńska und David Ziemkiewicz. „Aluminium-Based Plasmonic Sensors in Ultraviolet“. Sensors 21, Nr. 12 (14.06.2021): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124096.

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We theoretically investigate the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) generated on an Al film covered by an Al2O3 layer in the context of their application as refractive index sensors. The calculated reflection spectra indicate SPP resonance excited by ultraviolet light, which was affected by the thickness of both the metal and the oxide layers on the surface. With optimized geometry, the system can work as a tunable sensor with a wide UV wavelength range λ∼ 150–300 nm. We report a quality factor of up to 10 and a figure of merit on the order of 9, and these are comparable to the performance of more complicated UV plasmonic nanostructures and allow for the detection of a 1% change of the refraction index. The sensor can operate on the basis of either the incidence angle or wavelength changes. The effect of oxide surface roughness is also investigated with an emphasis on amplitude-based refraction index sensing.

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Yan, Anshi, Yangjie Liu und Wenfeng Wang. „Case study: A simple optical inverse problem from a geometrical optics point of view“. Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 09, Nr. 02 (April 2019): 1950019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x1950019x.

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In this paper, we revisit the simple problem of reflection from a dielectric sphere for light rays and define a form of optical inverse problem in the sense of geometrical optics (GO). A general analytic formula is derived to obtain the refraction index of the sphere for any incidence light to emerge in a deflected angle. Numerical wave simulation and ray tracing are performed to verify the inverse formulae derived.

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Li, Zifeng. „Physics Essay: Particle Nature of Light and the Speed of Light“. Applied Physics Research 7, Nr. 6 (24.10.2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n6p49.

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<p class="1Body">What is the nature of light? Particle or wave? How fast is the speed of light? These are all basic questions of physics. From points of philosophy and observation, it is demonstrated that the nature of light is a kind of particle, and many photons’ group behavior is of characteristics similar to the wave. Reflection, diffusion, refraction and transmission of light are all phenomenon of matter’s attraction, absorption and re-emission of photons. Until now, there is no accurate means of measuring the speed of light. For the speed of starlight relative to the earth, the closer to the earth, the closer to the speed of light emitted by a light source on the earth relative to the earth. Physics field is composed of space and tiny particles.</p>

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Rivlin, Lev A. „Interdependence of the refraction and reflection of light and of Cherenkov radiation (methodological comments)“. Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 21, Nr. 10 (31.10.1991): 1152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1991v021n10abeh004335.

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Bhattacharjee, Pramode Ranjan. „Wave theory of light leading to the generalized vectorial laws of reflection and refraction“. Optik 125, Nr. 2 (Januar 2014): 679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.07.053.

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Hamza, A. A., I. M. Fouda und K. A. El-Farhaty. „Analysis of Refractive Index Distribution in Anisotropic Polymeric Fibers with Regular and Irregular Transverse Sectional Shapes“. Textile Research Journal 58, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800106.

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Three different techniques, the Becke-line method, two beam-interference microscopy, and the application of multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission and reflection, were used to measure the refractive indices for light vibrating parallel and perpendicular to the axis of regular and irregular cross sections. The fibers were bicomponent (nylon 6 and 66), Perlon (polyamide 6), and nylon 6 fibers from an Egyptian manufacturer. Two different formulas were used to determine the indices of refraction for each layer of inhomogeneous fibers. The birefringence and Cauchy constants were also determined. This experimental work demonstrates the potential applications of these two mathematical formulas to obtain accurate results. The advantages of the methods are discussed using microinterferograms.

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Bharadwaj, Venkatesh. „COLOURS: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, Nr. 3SE (31.12.2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3543.

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Colour is visual identification or perception of a property derived from spectrum of light by human eyes. When a beam of light from sun or light source passes through a glass prism, it dispersed in to seven colours of rainbow. Sunlight has a high color temperature, a fairly uniform spectrum and is considered a standard for white light.A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon caused by reflection and refraction of light in water droplets present in the atmosphere. The rainbow colours are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (vibgyor). Electromagnetic radiation in the visible range is generally called as light.

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Park, Daniel J., Prabhakar Pradhan und Vadim Backman. „Enhancing the sensitivity of mesoscopic light reflection statistics in weakly disordered media by interface reflections“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, Nr. 23 (15.09.2016): 1650155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216501551.

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Reflection statistics have not been well studied for optical random media whose mean refractive indices do not match with the refractive indices of their surrounding media. Here, we theoretically study how this refractive index mismatch between a one-dimensional (1D) optical sample and its surrounding medium affects the reflection statistics in the weak disorder limit, when the fluctuation part of the refractive index [Formula: see text] is much smaller than the mismatch as well as the mean refractive index of the sample [Formula: see text]. In the theoretical derivation, we perform a detailed calculation that results in the analytical forms of the mean and standard deviation (STD) of the reflection coefficient in terms of disorder parameters [Formula: see text] and its correlation length [Formula: see text] in an index mismatched backscattering system. Particularly, the orders of disorder parameters in STD of the reflection coefficient for index mismatched systems are shown to be lower [Formula: see text] than that of the matched systems [Formula: see text]. By comparing STDs of the reflection coefficient values of index matched and mismatched systems, we show that reflection coefficient at the sample boundaries in index mismatched systems can enhance the signal of the STD to the “disorder parameters” of the reflection coefficient. In terms of biophotonics applications, this result can lead to potential techniques that effectively extract the sample disorder parameters by manipulating the index mismatched conditions. Potential applications of the technique for enhancement in sensitivity of cancer detection at the single cell level are also discussed.

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Zhao, Jing Bo, Hong Yao und Juan Na Jiang. „Study on Design and Mechanism of a New Invisible Cloak for Visible Light“. Advanced Materials Research 1035 (Oktober 2014): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1035.514.

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In order to realize the macroscopic objects invisible in the visible region, according to the law of refraction, total internal reflection law and symmetry reduction transformation method, a new type of visible light stealth cloak was designed. The cloak was prepared using the ordinary homogeneous and isotropic glass materials, which can guide the light around the hidden region, and the direction of propagation of light has not changed. Thus the macroscopic object achieve the perfect stealth. The invisible cloak in air environment for arbitrary polarized visible light have stealth features, easy processing, low cost, has potential application value.

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Pelosi, Giuseppe. „Etienne-Louis Malus: The Polarization of Light by Refraction and Reflection is Discovered [Historical Corner“. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 51, Nr. 4 (August 2009): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2009.5338748.

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ALLEN, S. L. „Reflection/Refraction of the Dying Light: Narrative Vision in Nineteenth-Century Russian and French Fiction“. Comparative Literature 54, Nr. 1 (01.01.2002): 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/-54-1-2.

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Belan, Sergey, Vladimir Parfenyev und Sergey S. Vergeles. „Negative-angle refraction and reflection of visible light with a planar array of silver dimers“. Optical Materials Express 5, Nr. 12 (18.11.2015): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.5.002843.

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Bhattacharjee, Pramode Ranjan. „Brewster’s law in the light of the refined unambiguous angles of incidence, reflection, and refraction“. Optik 155 (Februar 2018): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.11.021.

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Lin, Psang Dain, und Te-tan Liao. „Skew Ray Tracing and Sensitivity Analysis of Geometrical Optics“. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, Nr. 2 (01.05.1999): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.538924.

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In order to improve upon the inconvenient and complicated contemporary analytic techniques employed for optical systems, this paper investigates two important optical topics: (1) the determination of light ray paths and (2) sensitivity analysis of light path parameters with respect to the light source location for occasions when light rays cross medium boundary surfaces. To this end, the traditional laws of reflection and refraction are reformulated in terms of revolution geometry. This results in a set of laws much simpler than the original, suitable for use in mathematical modeling to determine light paths and system sensitivity from location of the light source, optical component location, the equation of the optical component’s surface curve, and the refractive index. Ray tracing and sensitivity analysis of the two most popular boundary surfaces, flat and spherical, are presented as examples. In order to illustrate experimentally the integration of these boundary surfaces into optical systems, an optical measurement system for measuring surface height and orientation, containing a beam splitter and a bi-convex lens, was built. Agreement between the experimental optical system’s performance and the theoretical predictions yielded by the proposed method are excellent. [S1087-1357(00)01501-X]

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LUKISHOVA, SVETLANA G. „NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSE OF CYANOBIPHENYL LIQUID CRYSTALS TO HIGH-POWER, NANOSECOND LASER RADIATION“. Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, Nr. 03 (September 2000): 365–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863500000212.

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Results from investigations are summarized into: (1) transient refractive and absorptive (two-photon) nonlinearities at 0.532 μm by the Z-scan method, and (2) reflective nonlinearity in the near-IR, of linearly nonabsorbing cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals under nanosecond laser irradiation. (1) For isotropic liquid crystals at the several-nanosecond time scale and several tens-micrometers beam-waist-diameter, transient molecular-reorientation and thermal/density refractive nonlinearities compete in changing the sign of the total transient refractive nonlinearity. For the different, given pulse durations, the influence of coupled thermal and density effects on nonlinear refraction depends, through buildup time, on the beam-waist diameter. Nonlinear absorption coefficients depend on the incident intensity. For planar nematic layers, cumulative effects in heating (and in refractive nonlinearity) were observed even at low, 2–10 Hz pulse repetition rate. These results are useful for optical power limiting applications, and for intensity and beam-quality sensors of pulsed, high-power lasers. (2) Reflective nonlinearity of chiral-nematic (cholesteric) mirrors near selective reflection conditions for circular polarized light at λ=1.064 μm was studied both under free space irradiation and inside a laser resonator. Specially chosen experimental irradiation conditions make it possible to attribute the observed changing of reflectivity to athermal helix unwinding by the optical field. The results can find applications in laser-resonator mirrors, Q-switches and soft apertures for beam-profile formation, and also in showing the limits of use cholesteric optical elements in high-power laser beams.

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Cramer, Werner Rudolf. „Color fundamentals“. Physical Sciences Reviews 6, Nr. 5 (24.04.2021): 27–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0164.

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Abstract Colors are only created in the human brain. During this process, light rays from the environment reach the retina of the eye. There they trigger an optical stimulus, which is transmitted to the brain. And the brain translates this stimulus into colors. The perception of color is influenced by multiple factors, which is why it is highly subjective. Originally, the light rays come from the sun. They are described by the color spectrum, which comprises rays visible to us from 400 to 700 nm. These light rays can be influenced by different pigments that manipulate the light rays. This manipulation can happen by absorption, reflection and refraction and interference.

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Aldama, Jennifer, Zhenqi Shi, Carlos Ortega-Zúñiga, Rodolfo J. Romañach und Sergiy Lysenko. „Fractal and Polarization Properties of Light Scattering Using Microcrystalline Pharmaceutical Aggregates“. Applied Spectroscopy 75, Nr. 1 (08.10.2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820949272.

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Fractal and polarization analysis of diffusively scattered light is applied to determine the complex relationship between fractal dimension of structural morphology and concentration of chemically active ingredients in two pharmaceutical mixture systems including a series of binary mixtures of acetaminophen in lactose and three multicomponent blends with a proprietary active ingredient. A robust approach is proposed to identify and filter out multiple- and single-scattering components of scattering indicatrix. The fractal dimension extracted from scattering field reveals complex structural details of the sample, showing strong dependence on low-dose drug concentration in the blend. Low-angle diffraction shows optical “halo” patterns near the angle of specular reflection caused by light refraction in microcrystalline aggregates. Angular measurements of diffuse reflection demonstrate noticeable dependence of Brewster's angle on drug concentration. It is shown that the acetaminophen microcrystals produce scattered light depolarization due to their optical birefringence. The light scattering measurement protocol developed for diffusively scattered light by microcrystalline pharmaceutical compositions provides a novel approach for the pattern recognition, analysis and classification of materials with a low concentration of active chemical ingredients.

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ZHOU, P., und I. C. KHOO. „“ANTI-REFLECTION” COATING FOR A NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION TO TOTAL REFLECTION SWITCH“. Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 02, Nr. 03 (Juli 1993): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199193000267.

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An anti-reflection dielectric coating is designed for a nonlinear interface between a linear and a nonlinear medium. Expressions for the required thickness and refractive indices are derived. It is shown that the appropriately coated system will allow low power light to be initially highly transmitted even for incident angles close to the critical angle for total reflection; the system will also perform the nonlinear transmission to total-reflection switching for high power light.

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45

Nagase. „Hair Structures Affecting Hair Appearance“. Cosmetics 6, Nr. 3 (11.07.2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030043.

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Optical factors affecting hair appearance are reviewed based on hair structures from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints. Hair appearance is the result of optical events, such as reflection, refraction, scattering, and absorption. The effects of hair structures on such optical events are summarized and structural conditions for hair appearance are considered. Hair structures are classified into the following: the alignment of multiple hair fibers, the cross-sectional shape of the hair fiber, and the microstructures of hair fiber (cuticle, cortex, and medulla). The alignment of multiple hair fibers is easily affected by the existence of meandering fibers and their alignment along hair length becomes less-synchronized. The less-synchronized orientation of multiple fibers causes the broadening of the apparent reflection and luster-less dull impression. The cross-sectional shape of hair fiber affects light reflection behavior. Hair fibers with elliptical cross-section show glittering colored light based on total reflection in the hair. The scaly structures of cuticles at the surface of hair are often uplifted and cause light scattering, and then affect hair luster. The porous structure of the cortex and medulla in hair fiber can cause light scattering and affect hair luster and color. The above phenomena suggest that important factors for hair appearance are the alignment of multiple hair fibers, appropriate cross-sectional shape, ordered scaly structure, and pore-less internal structure.

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Kang, Ji Hye, Hyung Gu Kim, S. Chandramohan, Hyun Kyu Kim, Hee Yun Kim, Jae Hyoung Ryu, Young Jae Park et al. „Improving the optical performance of InGaN light-emitting diodes by altering light reflection and refraction with triangular air prism arrays“. Optics Letters 37, Nr. 1 (24.12.2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.000088.

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Aieta, Francesco, Patrice Genevet, Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Zeno Gaburro und Federico Capasso. „Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Anisotropic Optical Antenna Metasurfaces with Phase Discontinuities“. Nano Letters 12, Nr. 3 (27.02.2012): 1702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl300204s.

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Berry, Michael. „Nature’s Optics and Our Understanding of Light“. مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 6, Nr. 2 (20.11.2018): 23–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v6i2.64.

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Optical phenomena visible to everyone abundantly illustrate important ideas in science and mathematics. The phenomena considered include rainbows, sparkling reflections on water, green flashes, earthlight on the moon, glories, daylight, crystals, and the squint moon. The concepts include refraction, wave interference, numerical experiments, asymptotics, Regge poles, polarisation singularities, conical intersections, and visual illusions

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Berry, Michael. „Nature’s Optics and Our Understanding of Light“. مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 6, Nr. 2 (20.11.2018): 23–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v6i2.64.

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Optical phenomena visible to everyone abundantly illustrate important ideas in science and mathematics. The phenomena considered include rainbows, sparkling reflections on water, green flashes, earthlight on the moon, glories, daylight, crystals, and the squint moon. The concepts include refraction, wave interference, numerical experiments, asymptotics, Regge poles, polarisation singularities, conical intersections, and visual illusions

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Bakhoum, Ezzat G., und Cristian Toma. „Transient Aspects of Wave Propagation Connected with Spatial Coherence“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/691257.

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This study presents transient aspects of light wave propagation connected with spatial coherence. It is shown that reflection and refraction phenomena involve spatial patterns which are created within a certain transient time interval. After this transient time interval, these patterns act like a memory, determining the wave vector for subsequent sets of reflected/refracted waves. The validity of this model is based on intuitive aspects regarding phase conservation of energy for waves reflected/refracted by multiple centers in a certain material medium.

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