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Dahlberg, Lincoln. „Internet Research Tracings: Towards Non-Reductionist Methodology“. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 9, Nr. 3 (23.06.2006): 00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00289.x.
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Hadfield, Gillian. „THE STRATEGY OF METHODOLOGY: THE VIRTUES OF BEING REDUCTIONIST FOR COMPARATIVE LAW“. University of Toronto Law Journal 59, Nr. 2 (April 2009): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.59.2.223.
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Nizami, Lance. „Reductionism ad absurdum“. Kybernetes 47, Nr. 1 (08.01.2018): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2016-0266.
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Purpose Neuroscientists act as proxies for implied anthropomorphic signal-processing beings within the brain, Homunculi. The latter examine the arriving neuronal spike-trains to infer internal and external states. But a Homunculus needs a brain of its own, to coordinate its capabilities – a brain that necessarily contains a Homunculus and so on indefinitely. Such infinity is impossible – and in well-cited papers, Attneave and later Dennett claim to eliminate it. How do their approaches differ and do they (in fact) obviate the Homunculi? Design/methodology/approach The Attneave and Dennett approaches are carefully scrutinized. To Attneave, Homunculi are effectively “decision-making” neurons that control behaviors. Attneave presumes that Homunculi, when successively nested, become successively “stupider”, limiting their numbers by diminishing their responsibilities. Dennett likewise postulates neuronal Homunculi that become “stupider” – but brain-wards, where greater sophistication might have been expected. Findings Attneave’s argument is Reductionist and it simply assumes-away the Homuncular infinity. Dennett’s scheme, which evidently derives from Attneave’s, ultimately involves the same mistakes. Attneave and Dennett fail, because they attempt to reduce intentionality to non-intentionality. Research limitations/implications Homunculus has been successively recognized over the centuries by philosophers, psychologists and (some) neuroscientists as a crucial conundrum of cognitive science. It still is. Practical implications Cognitive-science researchers need to recognize that Reductionist explanations of cognition may actually devolve to Homunculi, rather than eliminating them. Originality/value Two notable Reductionist arguments against the infinity of Homunculi are proven wrong. In their place, a non-Reductionist treatment of the mind, “Emergence”, is discussed as a means of rendering Homunculi irrelevant.
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Meehan, Daniella. „Is Epistemic Blame Distinct from Moral Blame?“ Logos & Episteme 10, Nr. 2 (2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme201910216.
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In contemporary epistemology, recent attempts have been made to resist the notion of epistemic blame. This view, which I refer to as ‘epistemic blame skepticism,’ seems to challenge the notion of epistemic blame by reducing apparent cases of the phenomenon to examples of moral or practical blame. The purpose of this paper is to defend the notion of epistemic blame against a reductionist objection to epistemic blame, offered by Trent Dougherty in “Reducing Responsibility.” This paper will object to Dougherty’s position by examining an account in favour of epistemic blame and demonstrate concerns over the reductionist methodology employed by Dougherty to argue for his sceptical position.
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Mohammad, Saud, und Ismail Kadala Murutha. „Understanding Al-Fārūqī’s Methodology of Studying Religion“. ‘Abqari Journal 26, Nr. 1 (28.04.2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol26no1.333.
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Ismāʿīl Rājī al-Fārūqī (1921-1986) was one of the foremost Muslim scholars to engage in academic study of religion in the modern age. One of his tremendous contributions to this field was his methodology of studying religion which he believed was a theology-free approach based on universal rational thought acceptable and applicable to all religions. Al-Fārūqī disagreed with Western approaches in studying religion because he believed they were either too subjective or too reductionist. This article aims to reveal Al-Fārūqī’s views on Western approaches to studying religion, and at the same, it discusses his own methodology of studying religion. The researcher uses an analytical approach to analyze Al-Fārūqī’s methodology or principles of understanding religion and examine their general applicability. Al-Fārūqī’s approach is presented as suitable to study all religions since it does not rely on religious assumptions from the outset, but on purely rational arguments. Al-Fārūqī challenges the prevailing Western approaches in studying religion and presents an alternative approach which is well-developed, rational, scientific and systematic that is intended to be applied to study all religions.
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Hoekstra, Daan. „The Artist's Study of Nature and Its Relationship to Goethean Science“. Janus Head 10, Nr. 1 (2007): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh200710122.
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Poet and playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's scientific studies grew out of a disenchantment with the reductionist science of his time. He believed a more accurate description of nature was possible. Goethe's scientific method paralleled the methodology of art current in his era, and very likely arose, at least in part, from pre-existing traditions of knowledge in the visual arts. The study of similarities between Goethe's scientific method and the methodology of art couldprovide insights into both disciplines, and insights into the intentions that drove Goethes scientific studies.
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Ingold, Tim. „The use and abuse of ethnography“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, Nr. 2 (April 2001): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01363963.
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Human beings grow into cultural knowledge, within a social and environmental context, rather than receiving it ready made. This seems also to be true of cetaceans. Rendell and Whitehead invoke a notion of culture long since rejected by anthropologists, and fundamentally misunderstand the nature of ethnography. A properly ethnographic study of cetaceans would directly subvert their positivist methodology and reductionist assumptions.
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Malik, Mohd Ashraf. „WESTERN METHODOLOGY TO STUDY RELIGION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COMPARATIVE RELIGION“. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 4, Nr. 1 (24.09.2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol4.iss1.art3.
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The systematic study and comparison of religions have traversed a long path since Max Muller wrote Comparative Mythology in 1856. Muller had predicted about the ‘Science of Religion’ (Religionswissenschaft) as the ‘Science’ that is based on an impartial and truly scientific comparison of all, or at all events, of the most important religions of mankind. Such an approach was developed in contrast to the reductionist tendencies as found in the anthropological, sociological and psychological theories put forward by the scholars as E. B. Tylor, James Frazer, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud, etc. The process of studying religions comparatively implied the understanding and appreciation for the religious phenomenon without passing any judgement on the religion studied. In the succeeding pages we will be discussing and analysing the approach and method known as phenomenological method in the study of religions. Such a method is a modified or revised form of comparative religion methodology as was envisioned by Max Muller in the 19th century.
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Neris Jr., Celso Pereira, und José Ricardo Fucidji. „Economic theory and (ontological) reductionism: some pitfalls in the road of the microfoundations project“. Brazilian Keynesian Review 6, Nr. 2 (29.05.2021): 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v6i2.199.
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This paper aims to survey the literature on the theoretical enterprise of providing the microfoundations of macroeconomics. To do so, it evaluates that project from the viewpoint of economic methodology, mostly of critical realism. Its novelty lies in analysing the reductionism inbuilt in the project and its unsuitability both to its own terms and to the purpose of illuminating socioeconomic reality. We also stress that, in addition to a project of science (the sound or rigorous way of doing ‘scientific’ economics), it includes an implicit ontology of market sociability that establishes links between microfoundations and the neoliberal ideology. Some attempts at overcoming the reductionist individualism of microfoundations are also evaluated, such as complexity theory and old institutionalism, pointing out its potential and shortcomings. In order to deal with a complex, hierarchically multi-level structured and open reality, economic theory should not adopt explanations that give precedence to a single level. It should instead prefer approaches in which micro and macro levels are mutually conditioned and relatively autonomous.
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Tarasov, E. F. „METAPHYSICS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION“. Metaphysics, Nr. 3 (05.10.2022): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2022-3-105-113.
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The article deals with the construction of a methodology for the theoretical analysis of speech communication (SC). The article analyzes theoretical reductions of the speech communication model, which are considered an obstacle to an adequate study of SC. The program of a non-reductionist approach to the analysis of SC includes the requirement 1. to consider speech as speech actions aimed at organizing both SC and joint activities (JA); 2. to distinguish images of consciousness from their verbal models; 3. to see the semantic perception of speech as the construction of the speech message content by the recipient from his/her knowledge; 4. to allow the existence of speech only in the processes of its production and reception, assuming that outside these processes, the speech content exists as a certain set of images of communicants’ consciousness; 5. to introduce both single and multiple communicants in to the SC objectarea.
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William, Ray D. „Systems Inquiry, Scientific Creativity, and Disciplinary Fringes“. Weed Technology 6, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00035090.
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Basic, applied, operational, and human activity research systems represent an array of inquiry methodologies. Techniques or methods within each methodology exhibit similar functions, although purposes and results of each inquiry process differ. Appreciation and possible use of the entire inquiry process focuses attention on scale questions within a hierarchy, and encourages use of all methodologies to enhance resolution of diverse situations. Systems inquiry recognizes the need for weed scientists and agriculturists to participate in activities ranging between reductionist science and human action research.
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Binnie, James, und Marcantonio Spada. „Let’s put the “T” back into CBT“. Mental Health Review Journal 23, Nr. 4 (10.12.2018): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-02-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critique the current manner in which cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is delivered, with a focus on the impact of evidence-based practice. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based upon the experiences, ideas and clinical practice of the authors. Findings The reductionist approach based on psychiatric diagnosis is put forward as the mechanism by which CBT has gradually lost its status as a form of psychotherapy. Originality/value An alternative framework based on revitalising CBT as a client centred, problem-based and formulation driven form of therapy is put forward.
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Burczak, Theodore A. „The Postmodern Moments of F. A. Hayek'S Economics“. Economics and Philosophy 10, Nr. 1 (April 1994): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026626710000170x.
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Postmodernism is often characterized, among other things, as the belief in the unattainability of objective truth and as a rejection of teleological and reductionist, or essentialist, forms of thought. For instance, in his provocative book The Rhetoric of Economics (1985), Donald McCloskey sketches the implications for economic methodology of Richard Rorty's (1979) rejection of the modernist quest for Truth, as represented by various rationalist and empiricist epistemologies. McCloskey describes modernist methodology as displaying a desire to predict and control, a search for objective–;which often means measurable–;knowledge, and an attempt to develop a value-free inquiry, among other characteristics (McCloskey, 1985, pp. 7-8). This “methodological correctness,” McCloske suggests, is discredited by the postmodern dissatisfaction with traditional epistemology. Thus, in place of the modernist belief in a rule-guided path to truth, he advocates a “free market” approach to knowledge, in which participants in the variety of theoretical conversations agree to be earnest and listen politely to one another.
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Roth, Steffen. „Draw your organization! A solution-focused theory-method for business school challenges and change“. Journal of Organizational Change Management 34, Nr. 4 (01.03.2021): 713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-06-2020-0163.
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PurposeThis study aims to present a solution-focused approach to current problems and criticisms faced by business schools.Design/methodology/approachTo facilitate the required shift from problems to solutions, this study outlines a theory method and demonstrates how it has informed my teaching at Financial Times (FT)-ranked business schools and other institutions of higher education in two subjects and on three continents.FindingsThe study reports on two student exercises showing that even advanced business school students confuse organizations with political economic hierarchies.Originality/valueThe study concludes that business schools pursuing a smart specialization strategy by challenging this reductionist view may turn into new schools of management distinguished by a broader, multifunctional concept of themselves and their impact on their environment.
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Briassoulis, Helen. „Becoming E-Petition: An Assemblage-Based Framework for Analysis and Research“. SAGE Open 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2021): 215824402110013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211001354.
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Ε-petitions, the digital version of printed petitions, are increasingly being used as complimentary means of nonconfrontational, online citizen mobilization/protest. They attract considerable research interest because they provide (big) data to study e-petitioning and the political and other aspects of socio-spatial issues. E-petition studies lack discussion of ontology, of “what is an e-petition,” implicitly treating e-petitions as “systems-as-a-whole” or, seldom, as relational formations. Acknowledging the foundational role of ontology, Assemblage Thinking (AT) is argued to beget a more judicious approach when e-petitions are employed as research instruments to study the “who-what-when-where-and-how” of a socio-spatial issue and, concurrently, their situated contribution to issue-related decision-making. After presenting the reductionist/essentialist and the nonreductionist/relational approaches to the study of e-petitions and introducing ΑΤ, an assemblage-based framework is proposed that conceptualizes e-petitions as multiplicities comprising assemblages, dynamic compositions emerging from processes of heterogeneous components coming together to serve a purpose. A concomitant methodology is outlined and an illustrative example is offered. The advantages of assemblage-based over reductionist/essentialist approaches for the situated co-analysis of socio-spatial issues and e-petitions are discussed, indicating how they address prominent concerns of the literature, and future research directions are suggested.
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Ross, Don. „TWO STYLES OF NEUROECONOMICS“. Economics and Philosophy 24, Nr. 3 (November 2008): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267108002095.
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I distinguish between two styles of research that are both called “neuroeconomics”.Neurocellular economics(NE) uses the modelling techniques and mathematics of economics – constrained maximization and equilibrium analysis – to model relatively encapsulated functional parts of brains. This approach rests upon the fact that brains are, like markets, massively distributed information-processing networks over which executive systems can exert only limited and imperfect governance. Harrison's (2008) deepest criticisms of neuroeconomics do not apply to NE. However, the more famous style of neuroeconomics isbehavioural economics in the scanner. This is often motivated by complaints about conventional economics frequently heard from behavioural economists. It attempts to use neuroimaging data to justify arguments for replacing standard aspects of microeconomic theory by facts and conjectures about human psychology. Harrison's grounds for unease about neuroeconomics apply to most BES, or at least to its explicit methodology. This methodology is naively reductionist and illegitimately assumes that economics should not do what all successful science does, namely, model abstract aspects of its target phenomena instead of would-be complete and fully ecologically situated facsimiles of them.
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Gamage, Helan Ramya, und Ananda Wickramasinghe. „Development in western ideology of entrepreneurialism and their (mis)applications in the context of non-western cultures“. Corporate Ownership and Control 10, Nr. 1 (2012): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c4art3.
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The focus of this article is a conceptual analysis of the western entrepreneurship paradigm and its practical implications, based on a desktop approach. In order to bring a holistic view of the western paradigm, the following questions were raised: What constitutes the western paradigm of entrepreneurship? How does this paradigm transfer to other cultures? Why is this paradigm criticized? The purpose of evaluating the western paradigm is to gain an understanding of western ideologies in entrepreneurship to consider a suitable methodology for an alternative approach in entrepreneurship research. The different disciplinary perspectives and the reductionist approach of the western paradigm resulted in limited returns to entrepreneurship programs since one disciplinary perspective can never handle all relevancies of entrepreneurial holism. It may be better to seek a context-sensitive alternative approach.
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Astaneh, Seyed, Reza Parvizi, Mohammad Mahboobi und Mojtaba Khah. „Top Educational Paradigm: Use of Indigenous Knowledge of Rural Architecture Sample: Guilan’s Plain Rural Heritage“. Current World Environment 10, Special-Issue1 (28.06.2015): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.special-issue1.25.
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Undoubtedly, an important part of factors leading to an undesirable situation in contemporary Iranian architecture results from inadequate training of architecture. Which model should be adopted in architectural education? A model adopted from reductionist-based formal knowledge or a model that utilizes both formal knowledge and various economic, social, cultural, climatic aspects. The first option does not seem reasonable due to ample frustrations. So, top paradigm is an option able to change the theory and practice in architectural education by exploiting indigenous knowledge as well as formal training. The methodology of this study is analytic that seeks to explain and provide a top model in teaching architecture. The results suggest that indigenous knowledge of rural architecture is one of the basic requirements for achieving an effective approach to desirable development.
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Ravetz, J. „The post-normal sciences of precaution“. Water Science and Technology 52, Nr. 6 (01.09.2005): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0145.
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After centuries of optimism, science has become problematic and compromised. We can no longer assume that innovations are safe until proven dangerous. The ‘technocratic’ approach to science, with its reductionist methodology and its corporate control, is no longer appropriate. We need a ‘precautionary’ science that will be ‘post-normal’ in character. For this, we contrast ‘applied science,’ like the ‘puzzle-solving’ of Kuhn's ‘normal science’ and the ‘professional consultancy’ like the practice of the surgeon or engineer. Rather, we have a situation where ‘facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high, and decisions urgent.’ For high-quality decision-making, we need an ‘extended peer community’ who will bring their ‘extended facts’ to the dialogue. There are a number of initiatives that advance the post-normal programme, including the endeavours of Poul Harremoës and the conference on Uncertainty and Precaution in Environmental Management.
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Alves Feitosa, Raphael, Jaírla Aires Praciano und Milena Aires de Avila. „Sex education in the Brazilian Common National Curricular Base: an analysis through the skills of the Natural Sciences field“. Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación 21, Nr. 46 (01.08.2022): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21703/0718-5162.v21.n46.2022.019.
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The aim of this paper is to describe how the Brazilian Common National Curriculum Base (BNCC, Portuguese acronym) approaches the issue of sexual education in the area of natural sciences. To this end, the methodology used is a document analysis consisting of the investigation of versions of the BNCC and official documents related to Brazilian education. Considering the importance that the curriculum represents for society, the-re is a need for debate on a national document that fulfils the role of guiding the basic knowledge which is essential for children and teenagers’ learning. This article focuses, particularly, on political issues of curricula framework that are embodied in the desig-ning of BNCC through a qualitative method and through documentary sources. As a basic result, there were few competences that addressed sexuality in Brazilian BNCC, yet in a reductionist way, limiting sexuality to aspects of human anatomy and physiology.
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Jayakrishnan, Mailasan, Abdul Karim Mohamad und Mokhtar Mohd Yusof. „Knowledge Management System for Railway Supply Chain Perspective“. Jurnal Online Informatika 5, Nr. 2 (10.12.2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/join.v5i2.675.
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Knowledge Management System (KMS) is a monitoring system that emphasizes the desired and actual performance of an industry. Aligning KMS to viably execute the Railway Industry methodology and supply chain operations utilizing legitimate knowledge management capabilities. Yet KMS controls the planning and priorities through action controls that emphasize on operational control level, result controls toward the strategic planning level, personnel controls on retaining the right operation with the right skills, and transaction control on the accurate and complete legal transactions for ensuring strategic management. Therefore, we have come up with a dynamic KMS for the Railway Supply Chain context that focuses on operational, tactical, and strategic perspectives on the information sources, value, analytics, and requirement for current and future drivers of an industry perspective. Moreover, this KMS aims to redesign the Information System by promoting a reductionist approach to problem-solving and best decision-making practices within an industry context.
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Nizami, Lance. „I, NEURON: the neuron as the collective“. Kybernetes 46, Nr. 9 (02.10.2017): 1508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2016-0265.
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Purpose In the last half-century, individual sensory neurons have been bestowed with characteristics of the whole human being, such as behavior and its oft-presumed precursor, consciousness. This anthropomorphization is pervasive in the literature. It is also absurd, given what we know about neurons, and it needs to be abolished. This study aims to first understand how it happened, and hence why it persists. Design/methodology/approach The peer-reviewed sensory-neurophysiology literature extends to hundreds (perhaps thousands) of papers. Here, more than 90 mainstream papers were scrutinized. Findings Anthropomorphization arose because single neurons were cast as “observers” who “identify”, “categorize”, “recognize”, “distinguish” or “discriminate” the stimuli, using math-based algorithms that reduce (“decode”) the stimulus-evoked spike trains to the particular stimuli inferred to elicit them. Without “decoding”, there is supposedly no perception. However, “decoding” is both unnecessary and unconfirmed. The neuronal “observer” in fact consists of the laboratory staff and the greater society that supports them. In anthropomorphization, the neuron becomes the collective. Research limitations/implications Anthropomorphization underlies the widespread application to neurons Information Theory and Signal Detection Theory, making both approaches incorrect. Practical implications A great deal of time, money and effort has been wasted on anthropomorphic Reductionist approaches to understanding perception and consciousness. Those resources should be diverted into more-fruitful approaches. Originality/value A long-overdue scrutiny of sensory-neuroscience literature reveals that anthropomorphization, a form of Reductionism that involves the presumption of single-neuron consciousness, has run amok in neuroscience. Consciousness is more likely to be an emergent property of the brain.
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Xiaofei, Ren, Li Lanlan, Zhang Chuanrui, Lu Jing und Liu Feng. „Corpus stylistics of drama in drama translation studies“. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 60, Nr. 4 (31.12.2014): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.60.4.02xia.
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Drama translation studies used to be the most neglected area in translation studies due to its prescriptive approaches and reductionist illusion of polarization of performability and readability. Corpus stylistics of drama, with the aid of computer technology as well as the understanding of the true nature of drama as the dialectical combination of both literary and theatrical characteristics, appears to be a remarkable theoretical framework and methodology for drama translation studies. The study of (im)politeness in Death of a Salesman and its two Chinese versions is undertaken as a case study. ICTCLAS and Concordance 3.0 were used to calculate the high frequent expressions concerning (im)politeness in both the original text and the Chinese versions, followed by the analysis of their stylistic function. It is found that modal particles and slang expressions in Chinese are useful to reconstruct the characterization, plot as well as performability of the translated drama. In conclusion, corpus stylistics of drama is of high feasibility in drama translation studies.
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Vietor, Donald M., Harry T. Cralle und Michael Chandler. „Science, Technology, and Systems: A Hierarchy of Inquiry“. Weed Technology 6, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00035053.
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The environment for agricultural research and development, technology transfer, and production is marked by conflict among persons with diverse ideas and goals for agriculture. The objective of this analysis was to identify and compare models for researching and problem solving that can provide a conceptual framework for understanding and improving complex situations marked by conflict. The research activities of scientists involved in development of genetically-engineered-herbicide resistance were modeled as reductionist science, technology development, and optimizing systems. An analysis of these models of goal-seeking research indicated that values and assumptions implicit in goals such as greater productivity were not evaluated or questioned. Views of experts influenced development and application of technologies and systems more than concerns of producers and society. A soft systems methodology and research system is proposed to involve more diverse ideas or views of the world, to shift the role of the researcher from expert to facilitator, and to move toward consensus concerning research and technology development in agriculture.
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Ribeiro-Silva, Elsa, und Catarina Amorim. „Physical Education Cooperating Teachers’ perspectives on professional ethics“. Journal of Sport Pedagogy & Research 6, Nr. 1 (Juni 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47863/fwvn1757.
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The teaching profession, being a profession that above all requires human interaction, is inseparable from ethics (Castilho, 2018). Initial teacher training is recognised by its impact in professional development of pre-service teachers, and cooperating teachers are fundamental in this stage. The ethical-professional attitude is transversal to all knowledge related to initial education. Therefore, it is important to study the perspective of cooperating teachers regarding professional ethics. This article presents case studies concerning Portuguese physical education cooperating teachers’ perspective of pre-service teachers’ professional ethics. We followed a qualitative methodology and data was collected from a semi-structured interview with 5 questions. It was interviewed 5 cooperating teachers of the master’s degree in Teaching Physical Education in the University of Coimbra. Data was analysed through thematic content analysis (Bardin, 2011) and revealed that cooperating teachers focus mainly on the personal conduct shown by pre-service teachers. These results reveal a reductionist perception of the notion of professional ethics and the association of professional ethics to personal ethics.
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Szokolszky, Ágnes, und Zsolt Palatinus. „Changing views of evolution and their consequences for psychology. From the Modern Synthesis to the Extended Synthesis, and beyond“. Transylvanian Journal of Psychology 20, Nr. 2 (20.12.2019): 3–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tjp.xx.2.1.
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Reductionist viewpoints have been increasingly replaced by complex systems viewpoints in biological theory and methodology since the turn of the millennium. This tendency has also been reflected in thinking about evolution. Just as the defining evolutionary synthesis of the 20th century - the Modern Synthesis - was born out of the integration of the most up-to-date knowledge of the times, so does a recently emerging new synthesis build on most recent genetic-epigenetic, genomic, eco-devo-evolutionary findings. The "Extended Synthesis" (Pigliucci & Müller, 2010) builds on current understanding of genes, heredity, and multiple evolutionary processes. In this framework, an extended interpretation is offered based on the integration of evolutionary and ecosystem-level processes into the explanation of evolution. In this paper, we aim to review the paths leading to the Extended Synthesis. We aim to present a historically embedded, concise overview of the major issues and developments related to the changing perspectives. The final point of the discussion eventually raises the question: How does psychology relate to the extended view of evolution?
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Lee, Wenqing Jean, Sumantra Chatterjee, Sook Peng Yap, Siew Lan Lim, Xing Xing, Petra Kraus, Wenjie Sun et al. „An Integrative Developmental Genomics and Systems Biology Approach to Identify an In Vivo Sox Trio-Mediated Gene Regulatory Network in Murine Embryos“. BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8932583.
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Embryogenesis is an intricate process involving multiple genes and pathways. Some of the key transcription factors controlling specific cell types are the Sox trio, namely, Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9, which play crucial roles in organogenesis working in a concerted manner. Much however still needs to be learned about their combinatorial roles during this process. A developmental genomics and systems biology approach offers to complement the reductionist methodology of current developmental biology and provide a more comprehensive and integrated view of the interrelationships of complex regulatory networks that occur during organogenesis. By combining cell type-specific transcriptome analysis and in vivo ChIP-Seq of the Sox trio using mouse embryos, we provide evidence for the direct control of Sox5 and Sox6 by the transcriptional trio in the murine model and by Morpholino knockdown in zebrafish and demonstrate the novel role of Tgfb2, Fbxl18, and Tle3 in formation of Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9 dependent tissues. Concurrently, a complete embryonic gene regulatory network has been generated, identifying a wide repertoire of genes involved and controlled by the Sox trio in the intricate process of normal embryogenesis.
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Harvey, William S., Marwa Tourky, Eric Knight und Philip Kitchen. „Lens or prism? How organisations sustain multiple and competing reputations“. European Journal of Marketing 51, Nr. 4 (10.04.2017): 821–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-03-2016-0122.
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Purpose This paper aims to challenge singular definitions, measurements and applications of corporate reputation which tend to be reductionist. The authors rebuff such narrow representations of reputation by showing the multiplicity of reputation in the case of a global management consulting firm and demonstrate how it has sustained such reputations. Design/methodology/approach Using a large cross-country qualitative case study based on interviews, focus groups, non-participant observations, workshops and a fieldwork diary, dimensions of reputation are highlighted by drawing on perceptions from multiple stakeholder groups in different geographies. Findings The authors find significant differences in perceptions of reputation between and within stakeholder groups, with perceptions changing across dimensions and geographies. Originality/value The theoretical implications of the research indicate a plurality of extant reputations, suggesting that a prism is more suited to representing corporate reputation than a singular, lens-like focus which is too narrow to constitute reputation. This paper offers theoretical and practical suggestions for how global firms can build and sustain multiple and competing corporate reputations.
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Pahlevan, Niema M., Peyman Tavallali, Derek G. Rinderknecht, Danny Petrasek, Ray V. Matthews, Thomas Y. Hou und Morteza Gharib. „Intrinsic frequency for a systems approach to haemodynamic waveform analysis with clinical applications“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, Nr. 98 (06.09.2014): 20140617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0617.
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The reductionist approach has dominated the fields of biology and medicine for nearly a century. Here, we present a systems science approach to the analysis of physiological waveforms in the context of a specific case, cardiovascular physiology. Our goal in this study is to introduce a methodology that allows for novel insight into cardiovascular physiology and to show proof of concept for a new index for the evaluation of the cardiovascular system through pressure wave analysis. This methodology uses a modified version of sparse time–frequency representation (STFR) to extract two dominant frequencies we refer to as intrinsic frequencies (IFs; ω 1 and ω 2 ). The IFs are the dominant frequencies of the instantaneous frequency of the coupled heart + aorta system before the closure of the aortic valve and the decoupled aorta after valve closure. In this study, we extract the IFs from a series of aortic pressure waves obtained from both clinical data and a computational model. Our results demonstrate that at the heart rate at which the left ventricular pulsatile workload is minimized the two IFs are equal ( ω 1 = ω 2 ). Extracted IFs from clinical data indicate that at young ages the total frequency variation (Δ ω = ω 1 − ω 2 ) is close to zero and that Δ ω increases with age or disease (e.g. heart failure and hypertension). While the focus of this paper is the cardiovascular system, this approach can easily be extended to other physiological systems or any biological signal.
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Chessum, Peter Thomas, Mark Sujan, Andreas Xyrichis und Janet E. Anderson. „Resilient healthcare theory as a lens to research emergency department operations: a protocol for a scoping review“. BMJ Open 11, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021): e053701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053701.
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IntroductionEmergency departments (EDs) are complex systems that have constant fluctuations in demand, creating mismatches with planned capacity. Despite the complexity of ED operations, quality and safety improvement are often approached in a reactive, linear and reductionist manner. There is increasing interest in adopting Resilient Healthcare (RHC) techniques based on complex systems thinking as a method for quality improvement and research in EDs. However, the evidence for this approach is still developing and it is not clear what techniques have been used so far and which are most effective. This scoping review will be conducted between March 2022 until May 2022. It seeks to examine the international literature for available reports that have adopted RHC theory to study ED operations and identify approaches used and proposed benefits.Methods and analysisThe methodology for scoping reviews outlined by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) will be followed, acknowledging refinements made to the scoping review process by Levac et al (2010). The methodology consists of five steps: (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying the relevant literature; (3) study selection; (4) charting the data; and (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results. A two-stage approach will be undertaken to synthesise and report results: (1) numerical analysis of the nature and distribution of studies (the overall number of studies, country of origin, the most studied core function of ED, type of research design); and (2) a thematic mapping of the literature.Ethics and disseminationScoping review methodology synthesises published data and, therefore, does not require ethical approval. An article formatted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses forScoping Reviews reporting guidance will be submitted for publication to a scientific journal. Findings will also be presented at relevant advanced practice conferences and disseminated within clinical and academic groups.
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Kim, RanDo. „An Essay on Isomorphic and Idiosyncratic Characteristics of Social and Natural Science“. Korean Journal of Policy Studies 11 (31.12.1996): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps11005.
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The schools of natural science, especially since Newton, have continuously influenced the social science in two ways. As seen in the example of the systems theory or social Darwinism, many social scientists have got insights from the ideas of natural science. It is quite natural that a scientist discovers a new way of thinking or an implication from a different academic discipline; however, the mainstream social scientists have trapped themselves by confining their science with the methodology obtained from natural science in order to validate it. This paper aims to reveal this methodological trap of social science by showing the influence of natural science to social science in the context of validation and by contrasting the differences between social and natural science issue by issue. The issues raised in this paper include the possibility of the monology and the normal science in social science, the debate over fact-value dichotomy and obtaining objectivity in social science, and the role of science and methodological reductionist issue. Considering such idiosyncrasies of social science, it is claimed that social science should keep its methodological uniqueness and autonomy.
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Hédoin, Cyril. „History, Analytic Narratives, and the Rules-in-Equilibrium View of Institutions“. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 50, Nr. 5 (28.02.2020): 391–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393120903389.
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Analytic narratives (ANs) are case studies of historical events and/or institutions that are formed by the combination of the narrative method characteristic of historical and historiographical works with analytic tools, especially game theory, traditionally used in economics and political science. The purpose of this article is to give a philosophy-of-science view of the relevance of analytical narratives for institutional analysis. The main claim is that the AN methodology is especially appealing in the context of a non-behaviorist and non-reductionist account of institutions. Such an account is fully compatible with the “rules-in-equilibrium” view of institutions. On this basis, two supporting claims are made: first, I argue that within analytical narrative, game-theoretic models play a key role in the identification of institutional mechanisms as the explanans for economic phenomena, the latter being irreducible to so-called “micro-foundations.” Second, I claim that the “rules-in-equilibrium” view of institutions provides justification for the importance given to non-observables in the institutional analysis. Hence, institutional analysis building on analytical narrative typically emphasizes the role of derived (i.e., nondirectly observed) intentional states (preferences, intentions, beliefs).
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Milicic, Nenad, und Takeshi Hamano. „Re-visiting Popper’s social philosophy concerning globalisation“. Theoria, Beograd 63, Nr. 3 (2020): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2003017m.
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Globalisation is a phenomenon that dominates the defining spirit (zeitgeist) of our historical time. The article revisits Popper?s critique of the methodology of the social sciences in the light of contemporary theories of globalisation. His standpoint contributes to the establishment of new arguments in the current debate between the pros and cons of globalisation. Here, neoliberalism, the dark side of globalisation, is carefully scrutinised since it is the most controversial consequence of the world?s transformation. Not only does neoliberalisation accelerate the rapid growth of the free market, but its consequences are such that most sovereign nation-states have abandoned the previously de rigueur welfare policies. Paradoxically, the neoliberal economic programme, invoking liberal values with which it has little in common, encourages activities which diminish the importance of regulations and control by the state, ultimately leading to increased social disparity among people and permanently threatening traditional liberal values. Against such a reductionist policy of global social engineering, we oppose the arguments presented in Popper?s critique of historicism and holism in order to revise the methodology that provides the grounds for current globalisation theories through philosophical research. We integrate the facts into a coherent critical argument to point out the shortcomings of these theories and how they can be corrected. Finally, in proposing plausible solutions for the new role of the sovereign nation-state in correcting the negative consequences of the globalisation process, we clarify which aspects within the theories of globalis ation require further philosophical research.
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Smith, Sara. „Integrated work-based placements – shifting the paradigm“. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 8, Nr. 2 (14.05.2018): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-09-2017-0059.
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Purpose The role of higher education institutions in enhancing capability development of the healthcare professionals workforce has resulted in work-based learning becoming an essential component of awards linked to professional registration. The purpose of this paper is to explore how key stakeholders (academics, workplace tutors and students) on a programme leading to registration as a Biomedical Scientist (BMS) position themselves in their role and the subsequent impact of this upon delivery of pre-registration training and the development of professional capability. Design/methodology/approach Constructivist grounded theory methodology and a mixed-methods approach were drawn upon for the study. Findings Findings expose the challenges of a positivist focus and assumptions around workplace learning and professional development presenting a barrier to developing professional capability. In addressing this barrier, two strategies of “doing the portfolio” and “gaining BMS currency” are adopted. The registration portfolio has become an objective reductionist measure of learning, reflecting the positivist typology of practice in this profession. Practical implications To ensure that students are supported to develop not only technical skills but also professional capability there is a need for a paradigm shift from a positivist episteme to one that embraces both the positivist and socio-cultural paradigms, viewing them as complimentary and parallel. Originality/value The study provides a novel insight into how stakeholders interact with the pressures of internal and external influences and the impact this has upon behaviours and strategies adopted. The theoretical understanding proposed has a range of implications for practice and for the development of practitioner capability through pre-registration training and beyond.
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de Loo, Ivo, und Alan Lowe. „“[T]here are known knowns … things we know that we know”“. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, Nr. 8 (16.10.2017): 1796–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-08-2015-2164.
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Purpose The starting point for this paper is that the researcher is intimately bound up in all aspects of the research process. This idea of what is a critical aspect of much interpretive methodology has been challenged by some proponents of the interpretive accounting research (IAR) project. The authors suggest that adopting some of the views expounded in the IAR project may lead to the accounting research community becoming isolated from other interpretive methodology inspired disciplines. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Currently popular views on IAR are informed by selective theoretical insights from interpretive sociology. The authors argue that these insights cannot provide a general frame with which to encapsulate accounting research that may be reasonably termed “interpretive.” Findings The authors’ reading of the literature suggests that the some of the IAR literature exhibits: a tendency to routinely make overly specific claims for what it is possible for interpretive research to achieve; the promotion of a somewhat reductionist view of what the bounds of interpretive research are. The authors suggest that these tendencies detract from the strengths of (adopting a broad view of) IAR. Research limitations/implications In expressing the authors’ concerns, the authors do not wish to make an exclusive argument for what IAR is and is not. This would not be in line with writing an interpretive paper. While the authors do not eschew the possibility of a limited building of knowledge by applying interpretive methodological stances neither do the authors see such activity as a central plank of interpretive research. Practical implications The authors believe that positivistic commentaries on qualitative enquiry should not be taken as exemplary of interpretive research (in accounting – or elsewhere). The authors feel that IAR needs to be more open to an array of subjectivist motivations, if it is to provide useful critique of the nature of day-to-day accounting practice. Originality/value The authors seek to go beyond the rather unhelpful debate about whether IAR should be seen to possess both objective and subjective elements. The authors argue that IAR suffers more from a lack of engagement and debate than it faces dangers from areas of interpretive methodology that adopt positions considered to be too subjectivist.
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Housley, William, und Robin James Smith. „Innovation and Reduction in Contemporary Qualitative Methods: The Case of Conceptual Coupling, Activity-Type Pairs and Auto-Ethnography“. Sociological Research Online 15, Nr. 4 (November 2010): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2216.
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During the course of this paper we mobilise an ideal typical framework that identifies three waves of reduction within contemporary qualitative inquiry as they relate to key aspects of the sociological tradition. The paper begins with a consideration of one of sociology's key questions; namely how is social organisation possible? The paper aims to demonstrate how this question moves from view as increased specialisation and differentiation in qualitative methodology within sociology and related disciplines results in a fragmentation and decontextualisation of social practices from social orders. Indeed, the extent to which qualitative methods have been detached from sociological principles is considered in relation to the emergence of a reductionist tendency. The paper argues that the first wave is typified by conceptual couplings such as ‘discourse and the subject’, ‘narrative and experience’, ‘space and place’ and the second by ‘activity type couplings’ such as ‘walking and talking’ and ‘making and telling’ and then, finally, the third wave exemplified through auto-ethnography and digital lifelogging. We argue each of these three waves represent a series of steps in qualitative reduction that, whilst representing innovation, need to reconnect with questions of action, order and social organisation as a complex whole as opposed to disparate parts.
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Lopera-Mármol, Marta, Manel Jiménez-Morales und Mònika Jiménez-Morales. „Aesthetic Representation of Antisocial Personality Disorder in British Coming-of-Age TV Series“. Social Sciences 11, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030133.
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TV series’ depictions of mental disorders have received considerable scholarly attention. However, few studies have considered the role of aesthetic elements in representing mental disorders. Therefore, in this study, we analysed how aesthetic features influence the representation of “psychopathy” in British coming-of-age TV series through the case study of The End of the F***ing World. We chose to analyse psychopathy due to its over-representation in the media and its often-mistaken conflation with the actual mental disorder of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). We applied an aesthetic methodology in our analysis. We analysed the series in terms of language, appearance, behaviour, music and sound, technical devices, and intertextuality, closely observing three sequences of various episodes that correspond to the character’s symptoms, diagnosis, medication, and treatment. Our findings show that the aesthetic characteristics, characters, and events of the plot can act as expressive means through which the experience of living with a mental disorder can be accurately represented and simultaneously entertain viewers with drama and suspense. The series challenges the reductionist perspective and previous stereotypes of audio–visual pieces related to ASPD, suggesting that future TV series can better represent mental disorders with the correct use of television aesthetics and cinematic devices.
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Sidani, Yusuf. „Does Islam impede development? A critical analysis“. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, Nr. 5 (14.10.2019): 644–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-06-2017-0092.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between Islam and economic underdevelopment that characterizes many Muslim societies. It examines the Weberian thesis regarding Islam and development, assessing the role of Islamic law, in addition to the concepts of rationality and fatalism. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the major theses regarding the link between Islam and development and makes an attempt at explaining economic underdevelopment by engaging the most prominent arguments in this regard. Findings Lack of development in most Muslim societies is a multidimensional problem, and it would not help to rely on explanations that are culturally deterministic or sociologically reductionist. Practical implications Development requires improvements at various regulatory, economic, educational, and social levels. It also requires a significant transformation in people’s value systems that guide their actions. This requires a process of self-examination, not only looking at exogenous factors to explain failures, but also to focus on one’s own responsibility to alleviate crisis situations. Originality/value This paper challenges many of the for-granted theses regarding the purported link between Islam and development. While not dispelling the need for internal reflection for Muslim societies, it puts some of the popular arguments regarding this link in proper perspective.
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Gerovitch, Slava. „Love-Hate for Man-Machine Metaphors in Soviet Physiology: From Pavlov to “Physiological Cybernetics”“. Science in Context 15, Nr. 2 (Juni 2002): 339–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889702000479.
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ArgumentEvery new level achieved by technology attracted the attention of physiologists and turned their thoughts in a new direction; they often unwittingly modeled life processes in the image of contemporary engineering achievements.–(Nikolay Bernshteyn [1958] 1997, 392)This article reinterprets the debate between orthodox followers of the Pavlovian reflex theory and Soviet “cybernetic physiologists” in the 1950s and 60s as a clash of opposing man-machine metaphors. While both sides accused each other of “mechanistic,” reductionist methodology, they did not see anything “mechanistic” about their own central metaphors: the telephone switchboard metaphor for nervous activity (the Pavlovians), and the analogies between the human body and a servomechanism and between the human brain and a computer (the cyberneticians). I argue that the scientific utility of machine analogies was closely intertwined with their philosophical and political meanings and that new interpretations of these metaphors emerged as a result of political conflicts and a realignment of forces within the scientific community and in society at large. I suggest that the constant travel of man-machine analogies back and forth between physiology and technology has blurred the traditional categories of the “mechanistic” and the “organic” in Soviet neurophysiology, as perhaps in the history of physiology in general.
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Chakravartty, Avaniendra. „Is it Heuristics in Use or ‘Ritualistic and Instrumentalist’ in Purpose? Neoliberal Philosophy and the Use of KAPS (Knowledge, Attitude and Practise Surveys) in a Least Developed Nation“. Open Public Health Journal 11, Nr. 1 (12.06.2018): 243–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010243.
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Background:Isms affect the way we think, define, approach and seek to understand and solve any particular issue or condition. The particular ism that prevails currently has been labeled as neoliberalism. Here the ways that researchers use KAPS for various health issues or conditions and the extent to which it is connected to the existing reality along with its pragmatic utility are assessed. Based on how heuristics is conceptualized the use of KAPs is heuristics in use. The primary task of this article embarks is on determining whether the researches using KAPS has any heuristic purpose or is it just fulfilling some self- centered ritualistic and instrumentalist objective. The focus here is on Nepal but that does not mean that the arguments made here is not applicable to other nations that have similar socio-economic conditions.Methods/ Findings:The data selected here are researches done by an epistemic community presented in two national conferences. The methodology followed is based on dialectical reflexivity and the approach adopted is auto-ethnographic. The dominance of procrustean, atomistic, dehistoricized, reductionist and individualist philosophy that deemphasizes structural relations is seen. The incorporation of neoliberal values has created a trend where researches seem to solely serve ritualistic and instrumentalist purpose.
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Lew, Alan A. „The global consciousness path to sustainable tourism: a perspective paper“. Tourism Review 75, Nr. 1 (02.01.2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2019-0291.
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Purpose Tourism and travel experiences are a major contributor to expanding global awareness and consciousness, which is necessary to achieve sustainable development in an integrated and rapidly shrinking world. Design/methodology/approach Consciousness is a major area of theoretical speculation and debate in neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, biology, quantum physics and spirituality disciplines. These fields offer insights into how tourism contributes to an evolving global consciousness. Findings Global consciousness is needed to give a context and vision for addressing the pressing needs of the world today. It is a platform to integrate sustainability at the individual level, and it justifies the human desire to travel as a consciousness expanding experience. In this way, tourism can serve as a positive force for creating a truly sustainable future world. Practical implications Global consciousness could be adopted as an 18th UN Sustainable Development Goal to give a holistic, spiritual and personal vision to sustainable development, which is currently lacking. Travel and tourism would be a major participant in achieving this goal. Originality/value Global consciousness is a non-dualist visionary goal for humankind, and for travel and tourism, which could move both toward more sustainable outcomes than have the reductionist sustainable development practices of the past.
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Ivanov, D. P., und A. M. Grabowska. „In Vitro Tissue Microarrays for Quick and Efficient Spheroid Characterization“. SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 23, Nr. 2 (26.10.2017): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555217740576.
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Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microphysiological cultures, such as spheroids and organoids, promise increased patient relevance and therapeutic predictivity compared with reductionist cell monolayers. However, high-throughput characterization techniques for 3D models are currently limited to simplistic live/dead assays. By sectioning and staining in vitro microtissues, researchers can examine their structure; detect DNA, RNA, and protein targets; and visualize them at the level of single cells. The morphological examination and immunochemistry staining for in vitro cultures has historically been done in a laborious manner involving testing one set of cultures at a time. We have developed a technology to rapidly screen spheroid phenotype and protein expression by arranging 66 spheroids in a gel array for paraffin embedding, sectioning, and immunohistochemsitry. The process is quick, mostly automatable, and uses 11 times less reagents than conventional techniques. Here we showcase the capabilities of the technique in an array made up of 11 different cell lines stained in conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, as well as immunohistochemistry staining for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor (Her-2) receptors, and TP53. This new methodology can be used in optimizing stem cell–based models of disease and development, for tissue engineering, safety screening, and efficacy screens in cancer research.
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Sochacka, Nicola Wendy, Linda Vanasupa, Carol Thurman und Patrice Torcivia. „Reflexive Rejection: Confessions of our first encounters with SenseMaker®, an emerging research methodology for STEM education“. Murmurations: Emergence, Equity and Education 3, Nr. 1 (09.06.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31946/meee.v3i1.33.
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Point of view (25-50 words):
We are four female educational practitioners who engage in varying degrees and forms of teaching, research, and evaluation. And, we have been educated in legacy research methods. We are curious about new approaches to conceptualizing, inquiring into, and doing science, technology, engineering and math (‘STEM’) education that have the potential to disrupt systemic social, economic, and ecological abuse and exploitation.
Value of submission (25-50 words): This autoethnographic analysis of our individual narratives serves as a cautionary tale and emotional sign-posts for those seeking to explore emerging research methodologies, particularly those that are suited for complex, dynamic social systems, such as “engineering education”: expect cognitive and/or emotional dissonance. By definition, alternative approaches to research will occur as new and possibly foreign to those trained in traditional research approaches. Such a reflexive rejection happens unconsciously and undermines the goal of learning--discovery.
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly common to hear engineering education described as a complex system (National Science Foundation, 2018). Such a perspective shifts the focus of analysis from the parts to the whole – from individual elements to the relationships between the elements. Most engineering education researchers, however, are trained in atomistic or reductionist models of inquiry (Borrego, 2007; Laszlo, 1996; Robbins, 2007), which begs the question – how prepared are engineering education researchers to conduct research on, and productively intervene in, complex systems? As four educational practitioners who have previously embraced complex systems thinking, both in our teaching and in our research, we considered ourselves well prepared to explore a new, participatory research methodology, called SenseMaker, which is explicitly designed to understand characterize and facilitate interventions in complex systems. And yet, all four of us independently and reflexively rejected this methodology upon our first encounter with it. In this study, we used collaborative autoethnographic techniques to examine what it is about our shared cultures, experiences, and training as engineering education researchers and practitioners that led us to react in this way. We reflect on how methodologies founded on complex systems theory, like SenseMaker, often sit outside the boundaries of what we are used to and may initially occur to us as “foreign,” or even “wrong.” Further, we explore how our reflexive responses were connected to embodied cognition, that is, a recognition that “[one’s] body, beyond the brain “play[s] a significant causal… role in cognitive processing” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011). We offer some suggestions for developing an awareness of both reflexive rejection responses and how to recognize and use our embodied cognition. These perspectives are important for researchers who seek new ways to understand and work with complex, dynamic social systems.
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López-García-Torres, Rocío, und Elia Saneleuterio. „In/dependencia de hombres y mujeres en cuatro producciones de Disney y su impacto social“. Comunitania. Revista Internacional de Trabajo Social y Ciencias Sociales, Nr. 21 (23.02.2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/comunitania.21.5.
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Considerando el impacto socioeducativo de ciertos contenidos culturales, concretamente de los personajes de ficción, así como de la música dentro del discurso narrativo audiovisual, se analizan, desde la perspectiva de género, cuatro películas de animación infantil de gran repercusión social, mediante una metodología analítico-interpretativa, de carácter sociocrítico. Los resultados muestran una imagen del hombre como independiente, pero generalmente negligente. Respecto de la mujer, se la representa con rasgos tanto de dependencia como de independencia, al tiempo que se mantienen, desde la visión masculina, estereotipos femeninos reduccionistas, especialmente de sentimentalismo o fragilidad. El estudio concluye que deben cuidarse estos aspectos si se quiere promover la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres en la construcción social de las comunidades futuras. Considering the impact, both in society and in people development, of certain cultural contents seen from gender perspectives and specifically fiction characters and musical narratives, four children’s animation films with great social repercussion are analyzed through an analytical-interpretative methodology, with a sociocritical nature. The results show an image of man as independent, but generally negligent, and of women with traits of both dependence and independence, and at the same time, from the male point of view, reductionist feminine stereotypes, especially of sentimentality or fragility. The study concludes that these aspects should be taken care of if promoting equality between men and women in the social construction of future communities.
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Lopes, Juarez Aloizo, Rafael Vetromille-Castro und Vilson Leffa. „Uma abordagem complexa para aprendizagem baseada em tarefas mediada por tecnologias“. Entrepalavras 11, Nr. 3 (31.01.2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.22168/2237-6321-32273.
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The focus of this study is the process of teaching/learning English as a second language in CALL, emphasizing oral interaction in an environment mediated by a synchronous communication tool using Task-Based Learning (TBL) under the perspective of the Complexity Theory. It aims to analyze and define the task cycle as a Complex Adaptive System. The current study adopts a netnographic methodology that deals with theory and practice adapting the ethnographic method to include the influence of the internet in technology-mediated environments. We built the dataset using video recordings of five classes carried out in an environment mediated by Zoom. The participants were students from the Biotechnology program at the Federal University of Pelotas selected due to their need to have online meetings with researchers from international universities. Based on a complex and netnographic perspective for data observation, it was possible to demonstrate that the task cycle, in this new learning environment, is sensitive to initial conditions, unpredictable, open, dynamic, adaptive, complex, chaotic, nonlinear, self-organizing, and sensitive to feedback. This study attempts to contribute to developing a new area of investigation in CALL due to the need to understand better the pedagogical implications of the interactions in this unique learning context in a complex and non-reductionist manner using a robust theory as the Complexity Theory.
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Hege, Adam, Quirina M. Vallejos, Yorghos Apostolopoulos und Michael Kenneth Lemke. „Health disparities of Latino immigrant workers in the United States“. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 11, Nr. 4 (14.12.2015): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-06-2014-0024.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature pertaining to occupational health disparities experienced by Latino immigrant workers in the USA and to advance a general framework based on systems science to inform epidemiological and intervention research. Design/methodology/approach – Using papers and other sources from 2000 to the present, the authors examined the employment conditions and health outcomes of Latino immigrant workers and critically analyzed the pervasive evidence of health disparities, including causal mechanisms and associated intervention programs. Findings – The occupations, including the work environment and resultant living conditions, frequently performed by Latino immigrants in the USA represent a distinct trigger of increased injury risk and poor health outcomes. Extant intervention programs have had modest results at best and are in need of more comprehensive approaches to address the complex nature of health disparities. Practical implications – An integrated, systems-based framework concerning occupational health disparities among Latino immigrant workers allows for a holistic approach encompassing innovative methods and can inform high-leverage interventions including public policy. Originality/value – Reductionist approaches to health disparities have had significant limitations and miss the complete picture of the many influences. The framework the authors have provided elucidates a valuable method for reducing occupational health disparities among Latino immigrant workers as well as other populations.
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Edgren, Lars, und Keith Barnard. „Achieving integrated care through CAS thinking and a collaborative mindset“. Journal of Integrated Care 23, Nr. 3 (15.06.2015): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-02-2015-0012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to knowledge by exploring and distilling how providers in health and social care who have adopted complex adaptive systems thinking (CAS thinking) and have a collaborative mindset are in a better position to achieve integrated care than those who adopt reductionist approaches. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a research review and a conceptual analysis of key aspects drawn from the literature on CAS thinking and collaborative mindset applied to integrated care. By choosing this approach the authors intend to promote understanding and efforts made to put it into action. The intended audience comprises managers responsible for addressing the problem of fragmentation and the research community challenged by the task of supporting those managers. Findings – Specialization of knowledge and skill has increased the risk of fragmentation. It is possible to reduce that risk and hence to foster integrated care when providers with different specializations stimulated by a collaborative mindset develop an understanding of how they connect with others in a CAS. The essence of CAS thinking applied to integrated care is the readiness to connect. This readiness is facilitated by adopting a collaborative mindset. Originality/value – Literature on CAS thinking and collaborative mindset have evolved independently of one another. The study points at the importance of connecting the two concepts to produce effective action.
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Khlif, Hichem. „Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in accounting research: a review“. Meditari Accountancy Research 24, Nr. 4 (03.10.2016): 545–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0041.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the use of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in accounting research over the period 1995-2015. Design/methodology/approach The author combines electronic and manual searches to identify relevant studies using key words like “national culture” or “Hofstede’s cultural dimensions” and “accounting” or “auditing” or “taxation”. The search yields a total number of 35 published studies. For each reviewed stream of research, the author presents its theoretical underpinning and summarises its main results. Findings The paper identifies four main accounting research topics being reporting policy, auditing, taxation and miscellaneous accounting. These studies use three main methodologies including empirical, experiment and meta-analysis. The review reveals that individualism is positively related to corporate reporting policy, while it is associated with low levels of tax evasion. High levels of masculinity are generally associated with low disclosure environments and aggressive accounting manipulations. Finally, long-term orientation has been examined with respect to social environmental disclosure, and findings are supportive of a positive association between both variables. Originality/value This literature review represents a historical record, an introduction and a guidance for researchers who aim to examine whether Hofstede’s cultural dimensions may be useful in explaining other accounting phenomena. It also presents the main criticisms addressed to Hofstede’s framework. Finally, it conducts a critical analysis for reviewed studies and highlights their reductionist approach in explaining accounting phenomena and methodological weaknesses.
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Miracchi, Lisa. „Updating the Frame Problem for AI Research“. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness 07, Nr. 02 (27.07.2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520500113.
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The Frame Problem is the problem of how to design a machine to use information so as to behave competently, with respect to the kinds of tasks a genuinely intelligent agent can reliably, effectively perform. I will argue that the way the Frame Problem is standardly interpreted, and so the strategies considered for attempting to solve it, must be updated. We must replace overly simplistic and reductionist assumptions with more sophisticated and plausible ones. In particular, the standard interpretation assumes that mental processes are identical to certain kinds of computational processes, and so solving the Frame Problem is a matter of finding a computational architecture that can effectively represent relations of semantic relevance. Instead, we must take seriously the possibility that the way in which intelligent agents use information is inherently different. Whereas intelligent agents are plausibly genuinely causally sensitive to semantic properties as such (to what they perceive, desire, believe intend, etc.), computational systems can only be causally sensitive to the formal features that represent these properties. Indeed, it is this very substitution of formal generalizations for genuinely semantic ones that is responsible for the way current AI systems are brittle, inflexible, and highly specialized. What we need is a more sophisticated way of investigating the relationship between computational information processing and genuinely semantic information use. I apply the generative methodology I have developed elsewhere for cognitive science and AI research to show how the Frame Problem can be appropriately updated.
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Mariën, Ilse, und Jernej A. Prodnik. „Digital inclusion and user (dis)empowerment: a critical perspective“. info 16, Nr. 6 (02.09.2014): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2014-0030.
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Purpose – This article aims to highlight the main limitations of the emancipatory potentials of digital inclusion policies and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Increasingly, empowerment is put forward as one of the main goals of digital inclusion. By applying user-centric and participatory approaches, assumptions are made that individuals will be empowered and, as such, will be re-included in society. Design/methodology/approach – These assumptions, however, tend to ignore the social, economic, political and technical conditions within which individual choices are made and within which individuals must inevitably act. Instead of attempting to narrow the existing social gap between class-divided societies, and of probing the limitations given at the macro-level by questioning the wider social structure, digital inclusion policies tend to individualize problems that are in fact social in their nature. Findings – This contribution will, therefore, aim to identify the key causes of structural (dis)empowerment and how these resonate to digital inclusion. The article positions itself within the political economy of communication research tradition and aims to confront the structural consequences of social inequalities, existing social hierarchies and power structures against mechanisms of digital inequalities and against the implementation of digital inclusion policies. Originality/value – By proceeding from a critical perspective, it aims to demonstrate the limitations of user-centric and micro-level approaches, while questioning their normative interpretations of digital empowerment which tend to be reductionist in their essence and instrumental in their aims.