Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Recycling (upcycling)“

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of recycling and upcycling technologies on the level of efficiency of large construction companies in the context of waste management practice. The research methodology was based on regression analysis and factorial analysis of variance. Based on the assessment of waste management efficiency in the context of recycling (upcycling), the positive dynamics of the efficiency of its implementation was determined in comparison with traditional waste disposal. The levels of the relationship among net profit, investment in waste management, and recycling efficiency for the companies under study were determined. Regression analysis of the impact of recycling efficiency on the performance of the companies under study in the context of waste management demonstrated a positive effect of an increase in the efficiency of recycling (upcycling) on the net profit of all companies under study. However, at the same time, there was a different effect and degree of influence of this indicator according to the formed scenarios. Despite the high efficiency of recycling (upcycling), the prospective increase in its level does not have a proportional relationship with profit but depends on the development factors of the construction company. Two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a strong influence of the efficiency of recycling (upcycling) and waste disposal on waste management efficiency. It was proven that companies that currently have a high level of recycling (upcycling) efficiency are practically not focused on traditional waste disposal, since recycling has a more significant and positive impact on the effectiveness of their activities.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of recycling and upcycling technologies on the level of efficiency of large construction companies in the context of waste management practice. The research methodology was based on regression analysis and factorial analysis of variance. Based on the assessment of waste management efficiency in the context of recycling (upcycling), the positive dynamics of the efficiency of its implementation was determined in comparison with traditional waste disposal. The levels of the relationship among net profit, investment in waste management, and recycling efficiency for the companies under study were determined. Regression analysis of the impact of recycling efficiency on the performance of the companies under study in the context of waste management demonstrated a positive effect of an increase in the efficiency of recycling (upcycling) on the net profit of all companies under study. However, at the same time, there was a different effect and degree of influence of this indicator according to the formed scenarios. Despite the high efficiency of recycling (upcycling), the prospective increase in its level does not have a proportional relationship with profit but depends on the development factors of the construction company. Two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a strong influence of the efficiency of recycling (upcycling) and waste disposal on waste management efficiency. It was proven that companies that currently have a high level of recycling (upcycling) efficiency are practically not focused on traditional waste disposal, since recycling has a more significant and positive impact on the effectiveness of their activities.

Plastics have revolutionized modern life, but have created a global waste crisis driven by our reliance and demand for low-cost, disposable materials. New approaches are vital to address challenges related to plastics waste heterogeneity, along with the property reductions induced by mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers may enable circularity through separation strategies, chemistries that promote closed-loop recycling inherent to macromolecular design, and transformative processes that shift the life-cycle landscape. Polymer upcycling schemes may enable lower-energy pathways and minimal environmental impacts compared with traditional mechanical and chemical recycling. The emergence of industrial adoption of recycling and upcycling approaches is encouraging, solidifying the critical role for these strategies in addressing the fate of plastics and driving advances in next-generation materials design.

As the production volume of polymers increases, so does the amount of plastic waste. Plastic recycling is one of the concepts to address in this issue. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of plastic waste is recycled. Even with the development of polymers for closed loop recycling that can be in theory reprocessed infinitely the inherent dilemma is that because of collection, cleaning and separation processes the obtained materials simply are not cost competitive with virgin materials. Chemical upcycling, the conversion of polymers to higher valuable products, either polymeric or monomeric, could mitigate this issue. In the following article, we highlight recent examples in this young but fast-growing field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)'.

Households remain the main generator of municipal solid waste in Malaysia. Malaysians produce an average of 30,000 tons of waste per day and only 5 per cent of it is recycled. Malaysian urbanites throw away waste more than normal. The solid waste generated continues to be a costly affair with about two-thirds of the local councils’ total collected annual assessment fees being spent to manage waste. Yet at the same time, Malaysia’s waste recycling rate is way below the average levels. Hence the perennial question remains as to why Malaysian households are not recycling or recycling enough. This study investigates recycling behavior of urban households in a green city. Methodology utilized survey questionnaire approach to 100 households to determine residents’ willingness to participate in recycling activities. Results revealed proactive and reactive behaviors indicating two distinct recycling groups. Analysis generated factors of convenience of recycling facilities and services, environmental involvement recycling benefits and habitual recycling in the two groups. Willingness to recycle differed across the two groups. Recycling benefits and convenience to recycling facilities significantly influenced the behavior of proactive group while only habitual recycling was significant for the reactive group. Findings had implications on policy making and implementation of recycling programs. Upcycling prospects highlighted proactive roles of households to convert useless wastes into quality and marketable products to benefit the environment.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce ‘upcycling’ – a well-known term within design practice – to the field of social innovation. A mix between ‘upgrading’ (adding value) and ‘recycling’ (reusing) creates the word upcycling, which, in its simplest terms, is the practice of reassessing waste and transforming it into something valuable. In this paper, we ask: How does an upcycle mind-set and practice contribute to situated social innovation? This conceptual paper seeks to combine insights from the fields of social innovation and co-design with the ideas inherent in upcycling. To ground the theorizing of what we term ‘social upcycling’, four cases are used to illustrate what upcycling practices look like. The cases illustrate the diversity of actors, activities and materiality involved in social upcycling processes. Concluding, the paper outlines a new promising area of social innovation and some practical implications.

Humanity has developed recycling activities over time due to their benefits, the shortage of raw materials, or the footprint with regard to the environment. The absence of a recycling culture in Mexico has not allowed its development and growth despite the benefits. In 2012, Mexico only recycled less than 10% of urban solid waste. Most recycling activities are focused on plastic, paper, and cardboard products due to their prices in local markets. This article presents a semi-automated prototype focused on recycling glass bottles using the thermal shock phenomenon. It aims to develop a sustainable glass recycling culture by creating a new branch for the integral glass recycling process and a proposal base on Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) and the Quintuple Helix Model. It helps to reduce waste and resource recovery from recycling and upcycling glass bottles. The products obtained from upcycling fulfill new uses and acquire new value, while glass leftovers continue the integral recycling process for glass. Additionally, this paper demonstrates the relation between the ISWM and the Quintuple Helix Model and the opportunity to implement the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

AbstractCircular Economy (CE) and the potential of reusing and recycling the products after the end of their life, becomes imperative for environmental, economic and social reasons. Especially during the 4th Industrial Revolution that is taking place nowadays, an increasing number of out-of-date equipment has to be replaced, which constitutes a chance and necessity to be reused, through recycling, redesigning and remanufacturing. The paper presents proof-of-concept studies regarding upcycling of obsolete and outdated equipment into novel test rigs mainly addressing research activities. Three such case studies are presented, namely the upcycling of an injection moulding machine into a modular test bench for power hydraulic components, the upcycling of scrap components into a hybrid hydraulic/ ICE powertrain rig and the functional augmentation of a gear roll tester to accommodate single and double flank tests. Significant savings in cost, raw materials and time are demonstrated in all cases and adherence to the CE objectives are observed.

The automotive industry is expected to transition from a net-consumer to a net-producer of aluminum scrap as aluminum-intensive vehicles (AIVs, i.e., Ford’s aluminum-bodied F-150) begin to reach end-of-life (EOL). In the past, the industry has downcycled aluminum scrap to meet the consumption demands of the automotive sector. With the shift to having a large supply of this scrap in the near future, the industry needs to recover and reuse EOL Al by utilizing a circular economic model, create value via an upcycling paradigm (vs downcycling). This work establishes a platform as to how the recycling industry can be restructured to create value in our waste streams and is organized in three segments: First, an analysis of the flow of automobiles at EOL was carried out from the perspective of recovery and reuse; a recycling rate for Al has been determined, and the factors that go into the dynamics of the recycling rate have been identified. Secondly, the current state of the market was surveyed to evaluate where improvements could be made to affect material collection and recovery. The latter led to compositional characterization of aluminum auto-shred to identify the alloys in the mixture, and thereby the needed intelligent sorting systems for upcycling. Thirdly, these results were used in a dynamic material flow model to predict how the composition of auto-shred will change due to increased aluminum usage and as a function of various end-of-life processing scenarios. The outcome and impact of this work is that we have established a platform that enables the ELV recycling industry to upcycle the large amount of Al that will be available in the near future. These results will be discussed and reviewed during this presentation.

Food waste issue is not only concerned in Hong Kong, but for the worldwide in recent years. Landfilling is the major method treating large amount of food waste by the government in Hong Kong, and only small amount of food waste would be upcycled by the government’s pilot composting plant and the private food waste upcycling companies. This management system on food waste is not sustainable which would lead to different social and environmental problems. Several plans are conducted by the government on dealing with food waste; the most frequently heard project is the project of Organic Waste Treatment Facilities (OWTFs), which is aimed to build five to six OWTFs between 2014 and2024. Besides the government’s efforts on food waste issue, food backs, researches and upcycling food waste by the private parties are observed. Therefore, develop a sustainable food waste management in Hong Kong especially on upcycling would be the best choice to reduce food waste as well as to solve the landfill exhausting problem. The final aims of this study is to confirm the most suitable sustainable food waste management framework for Hong Kong and to develop a set of recommendations on food waste upcycling for stakeholders involved. This is achieved by reviewing related literature and international best practice; developing an universal sustainable food waste management framework; understanding the current situation in Hong Kong and identifying key issues through literature review and first hand data / information collections. Online survey and interviews are conducted. 174 people completed the online survey and 29 interviews are conducted on upcycling businesses, catering sectors, actual customers of those upcycling products and NGOs. 6 factors are recognized and discussed under the 4 – steps food waste upcycling process framework, which causing the differences in management options and outcomes: 1. Late starting point; 2. Low variety of food wastes management methods; 3. Concerns; 4. Availability of food waste industry and market; 5.Lack of promotions and 6. Lack of education and resources. “Research and Development on Upcycling Food Waste Fund” is suggested for researching and developing new value –added upcycled products, subsidies and incentives are also suggested to maintain the competitiveness of upcycled products and develop an upcycling market in Hong Kong. Internet promotions and interactions are highly recommended on promotion, consultation and education aspects. The recent campaign –Food Wise Hong Kong is a good example for food waste management and it should be kept and further focused on food donation, and finally to promote food waste separation. The proposed food waste management plans and projects are also reviewed, collecting food waste from catering sector would be a better method at the beginning. Quantity-based charging scheme that charge by rubbish bags is suggested, facilities in the current waste station are needed to improve. An amended food waste management framework for current Hong Kong is constructed at last, hoping that can lead to sustainable development.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

The ’upcycling’ term and concept have gained interest as a new strategy of implementing circularity within businesses, however the concept have not yet been defined, resulting in a somewhat divided perception of what it entails and what activities it includes. This misunderstanding may hinder the circular economy development. However, Standards have been discussed to add structure to the industry, concerning sustainable standards, they have been argued necessary in order to reach levels of necessary change. Thus, this study aims to explore what upcycling is, how such terminology is defined and standardized, furthermore how this might be a way to come closer to a circular textile industry. Together with a review of earlier research on standards, policies and around change in institutions, an in-depth literature review was conducted to depict the definitions on upcycling within different fields. Additionally, interviews were conducted with companies and ‘experts’ within the textile and fashion industry, investigating the industry’s perception on ‘upcycling’ along with standardization of such circular terminology. Findings of the study confirmed standards are an important way to reach a level of agreement enabling for a circular change. However, it existed split opinions on the definition of ‘upcycling’ and what activities that are in fact upcycling. Nonetheless most of the reviewed articles as well as respondents both amongst the companies as well as the ‘experts’ argued that it essentially means keeping value or adding value, financially and or value as material quality. However, concerning the activities and what the value adding activities are, it seems to depend in what state the discarded material or product are in. Hence it is important to evaluate before ‘upcycling’, making the process of upcycling more efficient, regarding material optimization, also financially more desirable, a win win. The thesis argues to provide with knowledge regarding the ‘upcycling’ concept, as well on the importance of agreed definitions through standards, how they are developed and how it encourages institutional change.

Like Cinderella, many repurposed products involve a biographical transformation, from a tattered past identity (e.g., an old airbag) to a product with a valuable but different new identity (e.g., a backpack made from an airbag). In this article, the authors argue that marketers should help customers infer such product stories by highlighting the products' tattered past identities. Three field experiments and four controlled experiments show that making a product's past identity salient boosts demand across a variety of repurposed products. This is because past identity salience induces narrative thoughts about these products' biographies, which in turn allows customers to feel special. Results also suggest that this strategy of past identity salience needs to be particularly well-crafted for products with easily discernible past identities. These findings highlight a promising new facet of storytelling (i.e., stories that customers self-infer in response to minimal marketer input); create new opportunities for promoting products with a prior life; and deliver detailed guidance for the largely unexplored, growing market for upcycled and recycled products.

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Problemstellung der Substitution des Primärrohstoffes Kautschuk durch Rezyklate in Form von Gummimehl. Die für das innerbetriebliche Recycling von Kleinchargen technischer Elastomere hier eigens konzipierte und umgesetzte Warmmahltechnologie dient zur Herstellung von Gummimehlrezyklat hoher Qualität aus Lkw-Altreifen. Hinsichtlich ausgewählter Verarbeitungs- und Materialkennwerte von Mischung und Vulkanisat werden die Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Rezyklaten und die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen des den Rezyklaten zugrunde liegenden Aufbereitungsprozesses – das Kryogenmahlverfahren bzw. die neu entwickelte Warmmahltechnologie – herausgearbeitet. Abschließend erfolgt die Formulierung materialspezifischer Versagensmechanismen, die das entsprechende Aufbereitungsverfahren der Rezyklate berücksichtigen
The work is devoted to the problem of the substitution of the primary raw material rubber by recycled materials in the form of rubber powders. For the in-plant recycling of small batches of technical elastomers an ambient grind technology was specifically designed and implemented for making rubber powders of high quality out of used truck tires. In terms of selected processing and material characteristics of the mixture and the vulcanizate the influences of the addition of recycled material and the significant factors affecting the regeneration process underlying these recyclates – the cryogenic grinding versus the new developed ambient grinding technology – were worked out. Finally, the material-specific failure mechanisms were formulated, incorporating the regeneration process of such regenerated materials

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Problemstellung der Substitution des Primärrohstoffes Kautschuk durch Rezyklate in Form von Gummimehl. Die für das innerbetriebliche Recycling von Kleinchargen technischer Elastomere hier eigens konzipierte und umgesetzte Warmmahltechnologie dient zur Herstellung von Gummimehlrezyklat hoher Qualität aus Lkw-Altreifen. Hinsichtlich ausgewählter Verarbeitungs- und Materialkennwerte von Mischung und Vulkanisat werden die Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Rezyklaten und die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen des den Rezyklaten zugrunde liegenden Aufbereitungsprozesses – das Kryogenmahlverfahren bzw. die neu entwickelte Warmmahltechnologie – herausgearbeitet. Abschließend erfolgt die Formulierung materialspezifischer Versagensmechanismen, die das entsprechende Aufbereitungsverfahren der Rezyklate berücksichtigen.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 3 2.1 Elastomerrecycling 3 2.2 Warm- und Kaltmahlverfahren 5 2.3 Warmmahlextrusion 8 3 Zielstellung 13 4 Werkstoffmechanische Charakterisierung von Elastomeren 15 4.1 Eigenschaften von Kautschuk und Gummi 15 4.2 Mechanisches Ersatzmodell 16 4.3 Vulkanisation 20 4.3.1 Grundlagen 20 4.3.2 Vernetzungsreaktion 22 4.3.3 Konstitution der Vernetzungsstellen 23 4.3.4 Reversion und „marching modulus“ 25 4.4 Verformungsverhalten 26 4.4.1 Hyperelastizität 26 4.4.2 Hysterese 27 4.4.3 Mullins-Effekt 28 4.4.4 Payne-Effekt 29 4.4.5 Spannungsrelaxation und Spannungsretardation 30 4.5 Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.1 Temperaturabhängige Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.2 Zeitabhängige Zustandsbereiche 32 4.5.3 Zeit-Temperatur-Superposition 33 4.6 Gummireibung 35 4.7 Bruchmechanische Ansätze 38 4.7.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 38 4.7.2 Rissinitiierung und Rissausbreitung 39 4.7.3 Rissabstumpfung (Blunting) 41 4.7.4 Einfluss der Verschlaufung der Makromoleküle und der Vernetzungsdichte 46 5 Eigenschaften und Versagensverhalten von Rezyklatcompounds 49 6 Warmmahltechnologie zur Verarbeitung sortenreiner Kleinchargen 53 6.1 Neuer Warmmahlprozess 53 6.2 Verfahrensoptimierung 55 6.3 Technische Elastomere 61 6.4 Ergebnisse der Verfahrensoptimierung 63 7 Untersuchung des Werkstoffverhaltens von Rezyklatcompounds 65 7.1 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsmaterialien 65 7.2 Mischungseigenschaften und Vulkanisationsverhalten 66 7.2.1 Mischungsrezeptur und Mischungsrheologie 66 7.2.2 Flüssig-Fest-Extraktion zur Ermittlung des Sol-Anteils 68 7.2.3 Vulkanisationsverhalten 71 7.3 Vulkanisateigenschaften 72 7.4 Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten 75 7.4.1 Zugversuch nach DIN 53504 75 7.4.2 Zugversuche bei verschiedenen Dehnraten 79 7.5 Bruchflächenmorphologie 87 8 Auswertung der Untersuchungen von Rezyklatcompounds 93 8.1 Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Gummimehlrezyklat in die Kautschukmischung 93 8.2 Versagensmechanismen von Rezyklatcompounds 94 8.3 Vergleich von Rezyklatcompounds mit warm oder kryogen vermahlenem Feinmehl 97 8.4 Rückschlüsse aus der Materialcharakterisierung 99 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 10 Literaturverzeichnis 103 11 Anhang 107
The work is devoted to the problem of the substitution of the primary raw material rubber by recycled materials in the form of rubber powders. For the in-plant recycling of small batches of technical elastomers an ambient grind technology was specifically designed and implemented for making rubber powders of high quality out of used truck tires. In terms of selected processing and material characteristics of the mixture and the vulcanizate the influences of the addition of recycled material and the significant factors affecting the regeneration process underlying these recyclates – the cryogenic grinding versus the new developed ambient grinding technology – were worked out. Finally, the material-specific failure mechanisms were formulated, incorporating the regeneration process of such regenerated materials.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 3 2.1 Elastomerrecycling 3 2.2 Warm- und Kaltmahlverfahren 5 2.3 Warmmahlextrusion 8 3 Zielstellung 13 4 Werkstoffmechanische Charakterisierung von Elastomeren 15 4.1 Eigenschaften von Kautschuk und Gummi 15 4.2 Mechanisches Ersatzmodell 16 4.3 Vulkanisation 20 4.3.1 Grundlagen 20 4.3.2 Vernetzungsreaktion 22 4.3.3 Konstitution der Vernetzungsstellen 23 4.3.4 Reversion und „marching modulus“ 25 4.4 Verformungsverhalten 26 4.4.1 Hyperelastizität 26 4.4.2 Hysterese 27 4.4.3 Mullins-Effekt 28 4.4.4 Payne-Effekt 29 4.4.5 Spannungsrelaxation und Spannungsretardation 30 4.5 Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.1 Temperaturabhängige Zustands- und Übergangsbereiche 31 4.5.2 Zeitabhängige Zustandsbereiche 32 4.5.3 Zeit-Temperatur-Superposition 33 4.6 Gummireibung 35 4.7 Bruchmechanische Ansätze 38 4.7.1 Begriffsdefinitionen 38 4.7.2 Rissinitiierung und Rissausbreitung 39 4.7.3 Rissabstumpfung (Blunting) 41 4.7.4 Einfluss der Verschlaufung der Makromoleküle und der Vernetzungsdichte 46 5 Eigenschaften und Versagensverhalten von Rezyklatcompounds 49 6 Warmmahltechnologie zur Verarbeitung sortenreiner Kleinchargen 53 6.1 Neuer Warmmahlprozess 53 6.2 Verfahrensoptimierung 55 6.3 Technische Elastomere 61 6.4 Ergebnisse der Verfahrensoptimierung 63 7 Untersuchung des Werkstoffverhaltens von Rezyklatcompounds 65 7.1 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsmaterialien 65 7.2 Mischungseigenschaften und Vulkanisationsverhalten 66 7.2.1 Mischungsrezeptur und Mischungsrheologie 66 7.2.2 Flüssig-Fest-Extraktion zur Ermittlung des Sol-Anteils 68 7.2.3 Vulkanisationsverhalten 71 7.3 Vulkanisateigenschaften 72 7.4 Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten 75 7.4.1 Zugversuch nach DIN 53504 75 7.4.2 Zugversuche bei verschiedenen Dehnraten 79 7.5 Bruchflächenmorphologie 87 8 Auswertung der Untersuchungen von Rezyklatcompounds 93 8.1 Auswirkungen der Zugabe von Gummimehlrezyklat in die Kautschukmischung 93 8.2 Versagensmechanismen von Rezyklatcompounds 94 8.3 Vergleich von Rezyklatcompounds mit warm oder kryogen vermahlenem Feinmehl 97 8.4 Rückschlüsse aus der Materialcharakterisierung 99 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 101 10 Literaturverzeichnis 103 11 Anhang 107

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The economical and productive viability of wood plastic in Manaus was developed in this work. Initially, the marketing chain of the tucumã was characterized in order to establish the distribution of the vendors and points of supply of the fruit in the zones of the city. In a second stage, an investigation was carried out into the production of recyclable plastic waste, according to the city zones, aiming to increase the amount of information. In addition, strategies were proposed based on the economic viability study for the implementation of recycling programs according to the best regions of the city. In the third step, a review covering several aspects of the production chain, such as historical evolution, composition, production and application of wood plastic in world terms was presented. In a fourth step, the possibility of producing wood plastic from the mixture of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and the endocarp of tucumã is reported. Due to the success of the production of wood plastic with LDPE, a composite of wood plastic obtained from polypropylene (PP) and the endocarp of tucumã was obtained. In this work it is possible to observe that with the quantities of woody endocarp and PP discarded in the environment, it would be possible to inject in the local economy around R$ 3.58 million per year to be applied in a range of product possibilities, such as floor plaques and coatings, support of cell phones, picture frames, clipboards, etc. In contrast, R$ 46 million in recyclable plastics are disposed annually in the sanitary landfill of the AM-10 that could be reused commercially.
A viabilidade econômica e produtiva de madeira plástica (wood plastic) em Manaus foi desenvolvida neste trabalho. Inicialmente, a cadeia de comercialização do tucumã foi caracterizada, a fim de estabelecer a distribuição dos vendedores e pontos de fornecimento do fruto nas zonas da cidade. Numa segunda etapa, realizou-se uma investigação da produção de resíduos plásticos recicláveis, de acordo com as zonas da cidade, visando aumentar a quantidade de informações. Além disso, foram propostas estratégias baseadas no estudo de viabilidade econômica para a implantação de programas de reciclagem, segundo as melhores regiões da cidade. Na terceira etapa, uma revisão abordando vários aspectos da cadeia produtiva, como evolução histórica, composição, produção e aplicação da wood plastic em termos mundiais foi apresentada. Numa quarta etapa, a possibilidade de produzir wood plastic a partir da mistura de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e do endocarpo do tucumã é reportada. Diante do sucesso da produção de wood plastic com PEBD foi obtido e caracterizado compósito de wood plastic obtido a partir da mistura de polipropileno (PP) e do endocarpo do tucumã. Neste trabalho é possível observar que com as quantidades de endocarpo lenhoso e de PP descartados no ambiente, seria possível injetar na economia local cerca de R$ 3,58 milhões anuais para serem aplicados em uma gama de possibilidades de produtos, tais como placas de pisos e revestimentos, suporte de telefones celulares, porta-retratos, pranchetas, etc. Em contrapartida atualmente são descartados anualmente R$ 46 milhões em plásticos recicláveis no aterro sanitário da AM-10 que poderiam ser reaproveitados comercialmente.

As the world's population increase, measures against the climate crisis have not been sufficient to reduce global emissions. Contributing to minimizing climate change is our duty to the earth. As half of our world's population lives in cities, building construction and the process play an important role in urbanization and our society. Therefore, recycling will be a significant contribution, both in the current situation but also for the future. This bachelor thesis explores sustainability within the field of built environment through analysing the recycling process from the perspective of various parties in the construction industry. The aim is to create a deeper understanding for recycling and to gain an insight into its potential for development in the industry. The study uses a qualitative research methods where the data was collected from ten interviews as well as relevant literature searches and reviews. The work provides insight into economic models and concepts such as resilience and theories that discuss raw material shortages and virgin material. Furthermore, the work has highlighted difficulties, development opportunities and developed a theorem for local recycling as a proposal to make recycling easily accessible and aid involved parties in the construction process. It turned out that there was some variation in the view of recycling and that the actors are at different stages of incorporating recycling in their work. The study showed that recycling is in a phase of continuous development where interaction is required from relevant involved parties as well as from the public sector such as municipalities. Recycling is an important part of moving in a positive sustainable direction as it allows us to redistribute our resources rather than extract new material from the earth.
I takt med att världens befolkning ökar har åtgärderna mot klimatkrisen inte varit tillräckliga för att minska de globala utsläppen. Att bidra till att minimera klimatförändringarna är vår skyldighet till jorden. Då hälften av jordens befolkning bor i städer har byggandet och byggprocessen en viktig roll i urbaniseringen och samhället. Där kommer återbruk att vara en betydande insats, både i nuläget men också för vår framtid. Denna kandidatuppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i återbruksprocessen från diverse aktörers perspektiv i byggbranschen och föreslår ett digitalt verktyg för återbruksprocesser. Syftet är att skapa en djupare förståelse för att få en inblick om återbruk och dess utvecklingsmöjligheter i branschen. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativa forskningsmetoder där materialet samlats in från ett tiotal intervjuer samt relevant litteratur och forskningsartiklar. Arbetet ger inblick i ekonomiska modeller, begrepp som resiliens och teorier som diskuterar råvarubrist och jungfruligt material. Vidare har arbetet belyst svårigheter och utvecklingsmöjligheter samt tagit fram ett digitalt verktyg som ett förslag för att lättillgängliggöra återbruk i byggprocessen. Det visade sig att det finns en viss variation på synen av återbruk och att aktörerna är i olika skeden med återbruk i deras arbete. Studien visar att återbruk är i en utveckling där ett samspel krävs från aktörer men också från den offentliga sektorn som kommuner. Att återbruka är en viktig del för att ställa om mot en positiv hållbar riktning eftersom det tillåter att omfördela våra resurser snarare än att utvinna nytt material från jorden.

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Tecnosinos / SENAI
O Rio Grande do Sul concentra cerca de um terço das unidades produtivas de couro do Brasil, e portanto exerce uma papel importantíssimo neste setor. A produção de couro acabado ocorre a partir das peles obtidas nos frigoríficos e se dá pelo uso de grande volume de água e de uma ampla gama de produtos químicos associados a diversas operações mecânicas e gera, além do produto desejado, diversos tipos de resíduos, causando impactos ambientais significativos. Os resíduos sólidos gerados destacam-se pelo volume e potencial poluidor. Os empreendimentos gaúchos são obrigados a emitir e submeter regularmente, ao órgão ambiental licenciador, relatórios dos resíduos sólidos gerados e destinados, no entanto, não há a disponibilidade da informação das tipologias e da quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que o último inventário publicado data de 2002. O conhecimento a cerca da geração e destinação dos resíduos é de suma importância para subsidiar a tomada de decisões sobre o assunto, seja com relação à formação de políticas públicas, seja para a priorização de investimentos ou para definição de áreas para empreender esforços técnicos e científicos. A avaliação ambiental do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos oriundos da produção de couros no Rio Grande do Sul consiste de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, formando um estudo de caso do gerenciamento de resíduos do setor coureiro do estado. Este trabalho inclui uma breve apresentação do processo de produção de couros, os aspectos e impactos ambientais oriundos deste, os resíduos sólidos gerados e as tecnologias de tratamento e destinação final dos mesmos, com ênfase nas formas de valorização mediante a reutilização e processos de reciclagem, upcycling e downcycling, com a geração de possíveis subprodutos e coprodutos. Aborda ainda, as premissas do gerenciamento de resíduos, os requisitos legais e as oportunidades de Produção Mais Limpa aplicáveis ao gerenciamento de resídos sólidos. A partir do Sistema de Gerenciamento e Controle de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais – SIGECORS de 2013 e 2014 (FEPAM, 2016A) foi verfificado a geração anual de 112.642,5 toleladas de resíduos, mais 129.107,3 metros cúbicos de resíduos e mais 88.877 unidades (embalagens e lâmpadas), sendo que a geração de resíduos perigosos foi ligeiramente inferior a de não perigosos. Os principais resíduos sólidos gerados, em termos quantitativos, são os oriundos dos sistemas de controle de poluição (principalmente lodos de estações de tratamento de efluentes), seguidos dos resíduos de couro (basicamente curtidos ao cromo) e dos resíduos oriundos das peles (de processos antes do curtimento). No que se refere a resíduos não perigosos – Classe II, foi verificado que a prática dos processos de reciclagem, upcycling e downcycling, resultando em coprodutos e subprodutos, atingiu um desempenho superior a 95%. Quanto aos resíduos perigosos - Classe I, o nível de aproveitamento foi menor (no entanto bem superior ao padrão registrado em 2002) sendo que o lodo gerado nas estações de tratamento de efluentes é o resíduo mais problemático do setor, não havendo ainda uma alternativa de aproveitamento disponível. Por meio da avaliação ambiental realizada conclui-se que o diferencial ambiental do setor no RS está na aplicação sistêmica de processos de valorização de resíduos, incluindo a reutilização de resíduos, a prática de upcycling, transformando resíduos em coprodutos, a reciclagem, e a prática de downcyclig, transformando resíduos em subprodutos.
Rio Grande do Sul state concentrates around one third of productive leather units in Brasil, which has a significant role in this sector. Finished leather production starts with the skins obtained from slaughterhouse and consumes a large amount of water and a great number of chemical products, combined with different mechanical operations. It results not just in the desired product, but also in different kinds of waste, causing significant environmental impacts. Among the produced wastes, solid ones stand out, mainly due to its large amount and their pollutant potential. Even though enterprises from Rio Grande do Sul are forced to regularly issue and submit a report on produced and allocated solid waste to the environmental commission agency, there is not available information about typologies and solid waste produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the last inventory dated 2002. Knowledge about waste production and its disposal is very importance in order to support decision making on the present subject, either to create public policy and decide where to invest, or to define in which areas technical and scientific efforts must be performed. Management environmental evaluation of solid waste from leather production in Rio Grande do Sul consists in a qualitative and quantitative exploratory research, creating a case study about the leather sector management in the state. This dissertation includes a brief presentation on leather production process, its aspects and environmental impacts, the solid waste generated, treatment technologies and its final disposal, with emphasis on forms of recovery through recycling processes, upcycling and down cycling, considering the generation of possible byproducts and coproducts for the leather industry. It also addresses waste management assumptions, legal requirements and applicable opportunities from Cleaner Production to solid waste management. From “Sistema de Gerenciamento e Controle de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais” – SIGECORS of 2013 and 2014 (FEPAM, 2016A) it was observed an annual generation of 112,642.5 tons plus 129,107.3 cubic meters of waste. In addition, it was found a generation of 88,877 units (packaging and light bulbs), and the dangerous waste production was slightly lower than the non dangerous ones. The main solid wastes generated, in quantitative terms, come from pollution control systems (especially sludge from effluent treatment stations), followed by leather wastes (basically tanned via chromium) and by wastes from skins (in processes performed before tanning). About non dangerous wastes – Class II, it was found that recycling practices, upcycling and down cycling, which results in coproducts and byproduct, achieved a performance higher than 95%. About the dangerous wastes – Class I, the reclamation was lower (however much higher than the registered standard in 2002) and the produced sludge from effluent treatment stations is the most problematic waste in the sector. There is not yet an available alternative to recycling. By the environmental evaluation performed, it is concluded that environmental differential in this sector in Rio Grande do Sul is in the systemic application of waste appreciation processes, which includes reuse of waste, upcycling execution, transforming waste in coproducts, recycling, and down cycling execution, transforming waste in byproducts.

The core question in this master thesis is: What happens to the essence of an object when it becomes out of date and is no longer in use? I am addressing the sense of dignity in once meticulously designed technical/mechanical items that now has become obsolete. The intention has been to investigate how to give new meaning to obsolete items and find new eligibility for their existence.  The investigation was conducted through the development of a method: collection, analysis, deconstruction, investigation and resurrection of a number of O.T.M.I. (Obsolete Technical Mechanical Items).   The resurrection process consisted of the (re-)writing of the objects’ narratives. These stories along with the objects’ parts, spaces and sounds created a frame for a scenography, a soundtrack and characters to act in a film to tell the story. As interior designers we have the opportunity to transform space and fill it with stories. Imagination is an important tool: We benefit from having the ability to imagine, for instance, how different surfaces will reflect sound and light. Our imagination is highly visual. So I have transformed my imaginary world of Obsolete Technical Mechanical Items to visual and audial elements that support the content and values of a story through researching the objects, finding how to clarify and support the story. The Re-Story.

AbstractWithin FENIX a set of three use cases has been developed in order to test in practice the selected business models. After the description of a common data repository virtually connecting all the use cases and describing the common step of PCB disassembly, this chapter presents each use case into detail, by evidencing the main findings.