Dissertationen zum Thema „Recherche de l’information“
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Kerlan-Paris, Adeline. „Qualité de l’information écrite aux personnes se prêtant à une recherche biomédicale en France. Etudes QuIPs“. Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Informed Consent Form (ICF) is very important in biomedical research, so its quality is crucial. However, many publications emphasize its low readability and the difficulties to understand it. We studied the French documents. Ln a first step, we showed that the lexicosyntactic readability of the informed consent forms was lower th an a university level. We then described that ethic committees did not improve lexicosyntactic readability and that they increased the length and complexity of the document. We after compared the readability and the density of ICF and pieces of popular science. The ICF have a low readability level and a low density. Thanks to our questionnaire validated, the QCFic, we showed that improving the lexicosyntactic readability or asking a working group to correct the ICF allows a better understanding in healthy volunteers. However, in patients, we tested the two techniques but no one Has an effect on comprehension. It therefore seems necessary to conduct a study in a real situation, in factorial plan, to evaluate on the one hand the lexicosyntactic modification of ICF, on the other hand, the intervention of a third person in the process of Information
Sire, Guillaume. „La production journalistique et Google : chercher à ce que l’information soit trouvée“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020040/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we aim to disentangle the cooperative but also competitive relationship between Google and news publishers, which is at the same time technical, economic, legal, social, political and certainly communicational. In order to do so, we trace the historical development of two singular universes, describing what publishers can do to overcome the search engine and optimize their ranking. We then analyse how Google can influence publishers’ conduct, by studying power relations, respective incentives, aims, and informational and socio-economic backgrounds. Finally, we report on actual practices of French traditional news publishers: what they communicate to Google, by which means and at what price, for which expected results, after which concessions, detours and controversies. Thus, we explain how search engine optimization is likely to affect the way content is valued, its production organisation, the website’s structure, journalists’ prac tice an editorial policy. We show a back and forth movement between performative utterances and performed circumstances, having an effect on and by texts, architexts and hypertexts. To sum up, this thesis is dedicated to understanding what happens to news and publishers once they strive for their information to be found by Google's users
Ruelland, Denis. „Méthodes d’intégration de l’information géographique dans la modélisation des hydrosystèmes“. Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20180.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo meet the needs for water resources management, hydrological sciences ought to develop tools able to forecast the effects of constraints (climate, land-use, water policy) on hydrological variables (discharge, water quality). As water management is necessarily performed at the level of regional catchments, these tools need to be developed at such scales, while taking into account explicitly the spatial distribution and the temporal variability of involved phenomena. The question is investigated through the synthesis of experiments in river systems modelling. These experiences make it possible to suggest methods and techniques for integrating geographical information and leading to their consistent use in hydrological terms. Examples of applications in various geographical contexts and on different levels of scales are put forward: (i) modelling of the transfer of point and diffuse pollutions in a large man-shaped basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Seine River, France); (ii) modelling of the transfer of agricultural pollutions in a rural basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Moine River, France); (iii) modelling of the rainfall-runoff relationship in a large Sudano-Sahelian catchment (basin of the Bani River, Mali). These experiments are followed by reflections on specificities of such approaches, the requirements of their implementation and the changes of paradigms which they can involve in hydrological research
Collin, Steeve. „Etude du vieillissement des disques optiques numériques : recherche de corrélations entre évolution des constituants et perte de l’information“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22377/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOptical discs are often used by many private or public organizations to archive essential data. For a long time these media were supposed to be reliable. However, a loss of the stored data was highlighted, sometimes only after a few years of storage. This degradation was attributed to the discs ageing, without any identification of the materials involved in this ageing. This work aimed to determine the chemical and physical modifications resulting from the application of different stresses (photochemical, thermal and hydrolytic) on the materials used in optical discs : the CD-R polycarbonate substrates, the recording layers based on phthalocyanines and azo compounds, and the protective layers. The study of this last component allowed us to extend the researches to the case of the Blu-ray Disc. These physico-chemical modifications were then correlated to variations in digital and analog parameters of discs submitted to the same stresses. The ultimate objective of this work was to propose a general method that could help to understand the origin of the loss of information of optical discs submitted to stresses
Rassy, Jessica. „Le processus de recherche d’aide par les technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) d’adolescents ayant un risque suicidaire“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11076.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA growing number of adolescents are seeking answers to health problems through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), especially regarding mental health. Some studies even report that adolescents highly at risk of suicide do not seek help in person and prefer seeking help through ICT. To our knowledge, no study in Quebec has yet explored the ICT help-seeking process of adolescents at risk of suicide. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand and generate a theory on the ICT help-seeking process of adolescents at risk of suicide. The objectives were to: (1) describe the use of ICT by adolescents at risk of suicide seeking help and (2) understand the ICT help-seeking process of adolescents at risk of suicide. Grounded theory methodology was used in response to these objectives to help model the help-seeking process of adolescents at risk of suicide. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, an ICT help-seeking questionnaire and live observations of ICT help-seeking by the adolescents of this study. Theoretical saturation was reached with a total of 15 adolescents, aged 13 to 17, at risk of suicide. Data was analyzed using Corbin and Strauss’s paradigm model and the constant comparative method until data saturation occurred and a substantive theory was generated called the virtual emotional drowning theory. In order to “virtually cope with emotional drowning” (central category), the participating adolescents tried different strategies and sometimes, more than one strategy was used in the same session. These strategies included distracting themselves, getting informed, revealing themselves and helping others. The use of these strategies resulted in emotional growth, getting help, getting temporary relief, having no changes or sadly, having an exacerbation of suicidal thoughts or an actual suicide attempt. Finally, suggestions for clinical practice, training programs and future research are presented. The results of this study allow a better understanding of the use of ICT by adolescents at risk of suicide in order to develop, implement and evaluate ICT nursing interventions that will better respond to these adolescents’ needs.
Perrin, Olivier. „Des énigmes de la recherche d’information : contribution à l’analyse du couple question-réponse dans le processus d’échec documentaire chez les professionnels de l’information“. Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/180378678#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study is set in the "User -oriented" paradigm in the field of communication and information sciences studies and it shows some unexplored human aspects in socio-professional and ethical searching of information and feedback process when information professionals (librarians, information scientists) are working for their users. One of the aims of this work is, by putting the "question" in the center of concerns for information professionals, to attempt showing the role and functions of the matter within its terms of access to knowledge and information in the “information and knowledge society”, and also considering how and why professionals do experience some difficulties sometimes in complex situations at work when assuming their mission of service in-or in distance- for users. In the final part, this thesis focuses on the side of professional mediators of information, more particularly on one of the obstacles we call « documentary failure » that may happen during the cognitive , documentary and communicational phases of research and restitution (answer) of information to the questioning user. We have included some diverse and significant extracts from results and analysis of our quantitative study and qualitative interviews conducted in situ with librarians and information scientists from 16 different public institutions in Paris, France and its surroundings
Hamama, Houda. „Impact des situations d’attention partagée sur le traitement de l’information chez les conducteurs novices“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis aims to study the distraction effects on driver performances. While driving, a driver must be able to maintain the vehicle control and also to process the relevant information from the road environment. These abilities can be impaired by the introduction of information and communication systems inside the car which put the driver in dual-task situation and increase the sources of distraction. This work tries to determine how the population of young novice drivers, characterized by a high crash rate (Clarke et al. 2005) and by poorly developed driving skills (Whelan et al. 2004) manages these situations of time sharing.Two experimentations were conducted. The first one, on real road, aims at analyzing the effects of simultaneously use of a navigation system and a mobile phone on the information processing (achieve by analyzing behavior parameters). The second one, in laboratory, aims at completing the first results, by focusing on modalities of research and handling information according to the drivers’ experience (novice or experienced). According to the driving experience, results are ambivalent in terms of information processing during divided attention situations
Darmonni, Jacob. „La sélection sociale de l’innovation : Parcours d’innovations environnementales depuis un centre de Recherche & Développement jusqu’à l’espace domestique“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H035/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this thesis is to assess the relationship between social mechanisms promoting innovation and the theme of sustainable development applied to consumption patterns in the telecommunications sector. From field observation and study of reference texts, based on an inductive approach consisting of operating a division of the reality by scales of observation and tightening the analysis to micro social level, he thesis aims to underscore the rise of problematic situations with regards to behaviours and representations which were pre-existing or are emerging with the arrival of environmental innovation in our domestic space
Pepin, Guillaume. „Recherche d'indicateurs d'inattention en conduite automobile : apports des mesures physiologiques et comportementales“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2133/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMind-Wandering (MW) is a particular state of inattention that everyone experience in daily tasks. It involves a change of anindividual attentional focus, from the main activity to personal thoughts. During driving, MW has many negative effectsenhancing the risk of being involved and responsible for a car accident.The objective of this thesis was to better describe the impact of MW on drivers’ physiological and behavioral variables to drawup a list of sensitive indicators to this state. MW, acting as an additional task to driving, would consume some of driver'scognitive resources. It was therefore necessary to search, by an experimental approach, an indicator of cognitive effort in driving.As the multiplicity of thoughts and their characteristics could create different levels of risk for the driver, it seemed relevant tostudy the impact of these different forms of inattention on driving.Results of various work conducted, show that heart rate change is sensitive to cognitive effort during simulated driving. A possible solution to improve this indicator and try to achieve a real-time detection of cognitive effort has been proposed to an international competition: the 2016 Valeo Innovation Challenge. Another indicator has been identified: driver's eyes appeared to be more staring during MW than during episodes of attention dedicated to driving. Lastly, analysis of electroencephalographicmeasurements revealed that MW decreases attention allocated to the different stages (sensory and cognitive) of visual information processing during simulated driving. Thus, the effect of different types of thoughts on ocular behavior, visual information processing, and on the cognitive effort indicator previously highlighted, informed about the degree of interference of different types of thoughts on the driving activity.The results of this thesis show that it seems promising to go even further in the search for indicators sensitive to MW and possibly other internal states to mitigate their negative effects on the driving activity. Gathering MW sensitive indicators, using atechnique of data fusion, could allow, in the future, the possibility to create algorithms able to supervise the driver. The gradualautomation of vehicles coupled with intelligent monitoring of drivers could limit the risk of accidents and human, societal andeconomic costs that are attributable to them
Berkas, Ahmed. „La recherche sur les communications de masse en France. Genèse et essor d'un objet scientifique (1945-1972)“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0123/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResearch on mass communication as a social phenomenon in the post-war France is relatively unrecognized by actors of information and communication sciences (ICS). Nevertheless, it was a fertile period of conceptual and methodological renewal in social science research that has resulted in institutional creations and the emergence of new fields of investigation. The survey provides an overview of the phenomenon of mass communications research and analyses the contribution of different actors in the legitimization of this scientific object in the French academic field after the Liberation to the recognition of ICS as discipline in the French academic bodies in the early 1970s. Based on the concepts of “field”, “network” and “configuration”, the survey examines this universe of knowledge production through the analysis of a selection of 253 texts published in the period 1945-1972 to identify the cognitive and institutional evolution of this scientific object. Considered in a constructivist perspective, the study relates to the field of the ICS history research
Musnik, Noémie. „La gestion de l’information en contexte : Enquête sur les pratiques informationnelles des ingénieurs-chercheurs d’EDF-R&D“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0845/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAssuming that workplace significantly affects information seeking and information management patterns,this study explores accessibility and management of information sources among a group of research engineers.The study explores how these engineers, who belong to the R&D entity of a major energy group,require, search and manage information sources in given professional contexts. Furthermore, it strives toidentify the contextual factors that shape information practices. This empirical study is based on a qualitativeapproach: following exploratory inquiries, semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted witha small group of actors in their proper workplace. Our integration within the team facilitated the participantobservation stance. The study provides an analytic cartography of the various components of the organizationaland informational environments whereby the activities and tasks of the above mentioned actors takeplace. A wide range of practices has been identified via interviews but also through the activities and workrhythms observed. An appreciative framework has been developed to analyze the practices of access to informationproduced and used in professional contexts; it underlines the contextual factors that may becomedriving dimensions to support an innovative perspective on information management structures. The studyattempts to provide an innovative approach for the analysis of information practices in contexts, orientedtoward the design of a facetted and collaborative information management system
Collet, Julien. „Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Berkas, Ahmed. „La recherche sur les communications de masse en France. Genèse et essor d'un objet scientifique (1945-1972)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0123.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResearch on mass communication as a social phenomenon in the post-war France is relatively unrecognized by actors of information and communication sciences (ICS). Nevertheless, it was a fertile period of conceptual and methodological renewal in social science research that has resulted in institutional creations and the emergence of new fields of investigation. The survey provides an overview of the phenomenon of mass communications research and analyses the contribution of different actors in the legitimization of this scientific object in the French academic field after the Liberation to the recognition of ICS as discipline in the French academic bodies in the early 1970s. Based on the concepts of “field”, “network” and “configuration”, the survey examines this universe of knowledge production through the analysis of a selection of 253 texts published in the period 1945-1972 to identify the cognitive and institutional evolution of this scientific object. Considered in a constructivist perspective, the study relates to the field of the ICS history research
Blangy-Martin, Sylvie. „Co-construire le tourisme autochtone par la recherche-action participative et les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication : une nouvelle approche de la gestion des ressources et des territoires“. Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30085/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAboriginal communities have been over researched in the past. They are looking at new ways to regain and recapture their culture, language and identity and are in the procès of taking ownership of research processes, concepts and tools. In an attempt to revisit participatory-action research approach and adapt it to aboriginal contexts, we have developed research collaborations with 13 communities from Northern Canada (Cree and Inuit) and Northern Scandinavia (Saami) and organised 20 workshops using collaborative research techniques and tools developed by Chevalier and Buckles from Carleton University. This approach and the tool kit we produced prove to be useful and timely. We were able to address the concerms and challenges that the communities have to face, develop research collaborations between the Cree, the Inuit and the Saami, study community engagement processes in tourism projects and explore new aboriginal research metholodogies. At the same time and during this 3 year Marie Curie research fellowship, we have been exploring the possibilities of developing collaborative research on line via the web 2.0 and ITC. We uploaded 200 aboriginal tourism initiatives represented in the “Aboriginal Destinations” Guidebook, connected their authors in a Content Management System SPIP (www.aboriginal-ecotourism.org), incorporating a variety of integrated technologies: Google Maps™ to provide the geographic placement of the communities; a webbased survey to produce dynamic statistical data to translate the information provided in the narratives/articles into statistical data; discussion forums to add qualitative comments to the quantitative data
Smail, Nabila. „Contribution à l'analyse et à la recherche d'information en texte intégral : application de la transformée en ondelettes pour la recherche et l'analyse de textes“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00504368.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoulin, Cécile. „La recherche d'un équilibre entre le droit à l'information de la parentèle et le droit au secret du patient au gré de l'évolution de la médecine génétique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0775.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe recent attraction of the French authorities for the development of the genetic medicine drew our attention. The establishment of the project "France genomic 2025” tends to place the genetic medicine in the center of the medical services. However, it engenders complex ethical and legal questions. The interest of the relatives to be informed in case of a serious risk for their health have raised wide debates. The protection of the health of these third parties in the patient—physician relationship enters in conflict with the patient’s right of confidentiality. French authorities were among the first to try to create a balance between those two interests. The objective of this analysis will be to identify the difficulties met by the parliament and to propose solutions to advance the French law in its research of creation of a just balance between the rights of the patients and the allies. This joint study of the French and foreign rights will lead us to propose the creation of a new tool of balance in the service of the public health
Rebouillat, Violaine. „Ouverture des données de la recherche : de la vision politique aux pratiques des chercheurs“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1254/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis investigates research data, as there is a growing demand for opening them. Research data are information that is collected by scientists in order to be used as evidence for theories. It is a complex, contextual notion. Since the 2000s, open access to scientific data has become a strategic axis of research policies. These policies has been relayed by third actors, who developed services dedicated to support researchers with data management and sharing.The thesis questions the relationship between the ideology of openness and the research practices. Which kinds of data management and sharing practices already exist in research communities? What drives them? Do scientists rely on research data services? Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with researchers from the University of Strasbourg in many disciplines. The survey identifies a myriad of different data management and sharing practices. It appears that data sharing is embedded in the researcher’s strategy: his main goal is to protect his professional interests. Thus, research data are part of a credibility cycle, in which they get both use value (for new publications) and exchange value (as they are traded for other valuable resources). The survey also shows that researchers rarely use the services developed in a context of openness. Two explanations can be put forward. (1) The service offer comes too early to reach researchers’ needs. Currently, data management and sharing are not within researchers’ priorities. The priority is publishing, which is defined as source of reward and recognition of the scientific activities. (2) Data management services are offered by actors outside the research communities. But scientists seem to be more influenced by internal networks, close to their research topics (like journals, infrastructures…). These results prompt us to reconsider the mediation between scientific communities and open research data policies
Taibi, Afaf. „Les pratiques infocommunicationnelles de la diaspora rifaine sur les reseaux socionumeriques en contexte de crise sociopolitique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080078.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe question of the mobilization of social media (SM) for political purposes has raised, since a few years, numerous debates in several disciplinary fields. Our research aims to study the information and communication behavior of the Rif activists of the diaspora on SM in a context of socio-political crisis marked by a popular protest movement known as the "Hirak". The study also aims at analyzing the various information functions of these actors, the emotional dimension within this movement, the hybridization of Rif activism. The identity component of this activism through the collective sense-making, the use of language and the symbolism employed within it will also be looked at.To conduct our study, we used ethnography within online and offline spaces as well as participant observation and ethnographic interview. The online study space consisted of a sample totaling 171 entities committed to the Hirak. Within this sample, we conducted 19 face-to-face or telephone interviews with Rif activists based in Europe.We then conducted a thematic analysis at the end of which we proposed a global model of the use of SM by actors in socio-political crisis situations. The proposed model highlights the different roles of these activists, their information and communication behavior (need, seeking, use and sharing) as well as the processing devices and the emotional charges accompanying all these practices. It also develops the collective sense-making through the language used and the symbolism deployed on SM
Duquesnoy, Maxime. „Les usages professionnels de l'internet chez les enseignants du primaire : une recherche en Communauté française de Belgique“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of the internet leads to various changes in our everyday life, including in the academic sphere and in the work of teachers. In the light of work and education sociologies, this thesis analyses professional uses of the internet by primary school teachers in the Frenchspeaking Community of Belgium. Based on a questionnaire survey, an ethnographic proccess and the analysis of websites and social networks, the pluralist approach of this study makes it possible to analyse the uses of the internet by these professionals, to understand when and how they use it in their work and to study its impact. This study focuses on the analyses of the work in its globality, going beyond the visible aspects of the uses in order to comprehend them as a whole and in their full complexity. More than 200 teachers were surveyed, which allowed to focus on regular and prevailing uses as well as, on the contrary, neglected ones. The observation of these stakeholders daily work during three school years brings the contextualization of certain elements, sometimes being moderated in the light of the realities on the ground. Finally, the analyses of the used websites and their interactions on social networks highlights some teacher tasks at times concealed
Boudelia, "Mohamed" Boulafroud. „Pratiques et appropriation des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication et intégration sociale des immigrés : une étude de cas dans un milieu populaire urbain à Paris“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis will allow us to take a new look at the debate on furthering the social integration of immigrants thanks to a socio-technical use of the web. Present-day society is being profoundly altered by the Technologies of Information (TIC) that are omnipresent and increasingly invasive in almost every aspect of the social field.These accelerating mutations are nonetheless liberating a powerful potential of creativity and development for a portion of the population hitherto excluded from mainline society, by the handicap of language in the case of an immigrant population, and by the lack of access to the new technology (TIC). The double exclusion facing these immigrant populations accounts for a large part of their problems with integration. Against this general background, our thesis develops the following hypothesis: mastering the new technologies of information and communication (the TIC) can become a formidable instrument for overcoming handicaps of background, language, education when appropriated within educational facilities outside the official school systems. Overcoming the digital divide can provide a shortcut to full participation in the culture and usages of the society at large. How can this be achieved? Under what conditions? We shall treat these questions via a five-pronged approach: appropriation of TIC, social integration, socio-technical devices, social mediation and digital pedagogy. Our conclusions will be based on the study of a concrete case in a specific environment.We have demonstrated how the people of Belleville, who are largely illiterate, have nonetheless been able to acquire minimal skills in the use of TIC. Tests specifically elaborated by us for this type of public allowed us to evaluate their competency in areas such as word-processing, handling the computer, and surfing on the web. Our study is conditioned by the need, both to examine the social and cognitive aspects of adult apprenticeship where the population concerned is far-removed from normal access to TIC, and to propose new approaches adapted to EPN technical devices as well as to the types of TIC usage this population might need
Amiel, Alban. „Étude des déterminants de la facilité d’utilisation perçue des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC): Une contribution à l’étude de l’adoption des technologies en situations professionnelles et d’apprentissage“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/217743/4/These.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lopez, Mendez Margarita. „Recherche-intervention : pédagogie active et numérique et formation des enseignants du secondaire en Afrique subsaharienne francophone, portée et limites : le cas de la République du Congo“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThere are many speeches that accord importance to the integration of new pedagogies and new technologies in the search for quality and equitable education in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the difficulties that sub-Saharan African countries must overcome to integrate them into their education systems are colossal. These are mainly linked to five factors: political, economic, technological, human, and cultural situations. The last two factors interest us the most for our research, particularly resistance to change and lack of teacher training. Associated to the actions of the NGO Action Real, we experimented with a training program in ICT and in Active and Participatory Pedagogy with 100 participants (inspectors and teachers) in the Republic of Congo. We then evaluated the impact that this training programme had in the pedagogical practices of teachers and if it is able to generate a change despite the unfavorable structural conditions and if so, of what nature these changes are. Finally, we propose a training program that takes into account the elements collected on the field. We followed an intervention-research approach
Eastes, Richard-Emmanuel. „Processus d'apprentissage, savoirs complexes et traitement de l'information : un modèle théorique à l'usage des praticiens, entre sciences cognitives, didactique et philosophie des sciences“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010593/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAiming at bridging education sciences, cognitive sciences and philosophy of science both theoretically and practically, this thesis develops a didactical model at the interface between these fields: the allosteric learning model developed by Giordan (1988) et al. (1992), understood in the context conceptual change theories paradigm. Fueled by the recent works of cognitive psychologists on learning processes such as neuronal recycling (Dehaene, 2007) or cerebral inhibition (Houdé & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003), as well as on various theories related to the thought processes such as behavioral economies (Tversky & Kahneman, 1982) or the Skills-Rules-Knowledge framework model (Rasmussen, 1990), this model develops and refines the concept of allostery through the description and formalization of specific processes that take place in complex learning situations : the deconstruction-reconstruction of conceptions. Based on the theorization of the model, done through the use chemical reactivity formalisms in line with the initial metaphor of allostery, it is possible to deduce various operational and fruitful didactical environments for teaching practitioners or science communication professionals. These theoretical projections are then put to the test through didactic experimentation taking the shape of field research on the notion of counter-intuitive experiment (Eastes & Pellaud, 2004) conducted with different types of target groups
Archambault, Michèle. „Faculté imaginale du roman et fonction de médiation : vers la construction d’un domaine info-littéraire“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20086/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe dissertation, which investigates the description of the novel and considers an answer by interrogating an information problem (offering a theoretical model of representation, a basis for the conception and creation of tools for a carefully thought out navigation within fiction), carries out a reflection about the role of literary fiction in the construction of bodies of knowledge and, by extension, of a culture. These reflection and experimentation take place in the school context of the “lycee d’enseignement general” [mainstream education high school] (definition of the status of the novel in the way that it is used in education programs and objectives, analysis of the notion of literary reading in high school) and through the analysis of a body of texts: study of La Mysterieuse Flamme de la Reine Loana / Umberto Eco, 2004, French translation, Paris, Grasset et Fasquelle, 2005, combined with the study of an unpredictable collection of texts about the theme of the Shoah. Since the object of study is the novel, the links between Information and Communication Sciences and semiotics are approached in a new light: construction of a semiotic theory (definition, setting up of a formal language, choice of a representation system) made suitable to the object of study by clarifying the conditions of meaning production, which implies a hybridization of the fields (Information and Communication Sciences and literary analysis). The theoretical elements for a representation model of fiction are developed. Definitions of the novel, of literary narrative fiction, of information, of fictiology (a new field of research opened up by the study) and of critical fictiological information, complemented by a description of positioning of this research in the field of Information and Communication Sciences, frame the reflection. A chapter tackling literature and the notion of memory allows for a delineation of the links between novel and representation of reality. For this purpose, the notions of text, reference, and context are defined. Finally, the title of the dissertation is explained through the description of the imaginal faculty, and of the mediation function attributed to the novel. To close this part of the study, drafting a panorama of the proposed and employed tools helps operate a state of the art of fiction classification, reinforced by the definition of an open information research and a study of the notion of meaning in the handling of fiction. Analyses in the practical field include a report of investigations on reading practices conducted in the contexts of secondary education and of the training of ‘Education Nationale’ information librarians. Analyzing bodies of texts allows the problem of visible reality in the novel to be interrogated. This research tests out a fictiologic ontology by examining the novel as document and by attempting a formalization of the camps literature. The proposition of a theoretical model to be experimented is concretized by the development of a system of organization of information and literary knowledge. A reflection on the current technical environment justifies the choices considered, the propositions and solutions offered. By presenting a fictiological information literaty, an extension of media information literaty, the dissertation ends with the description of fictiological mediation anchored into a renegotiation of information spaces and typologies, investigating participatory and collaborative practices
Ouangré, Zoé Aubierge. „Le comportement dans la recherche d’information des étudiants au doctorat en médecine au Burkina Faso“. Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23397.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn northern countries, students have access to a wide range of digital and printed sources as well as search tools to support their academic work. The situation is quite different in African universities, particularly in Burkina Faso, where students’ access to library resources remains limited. This study, the first of its kind in French-speaking West Africa, aims to contribute to a better understanding of the information-seeking behaviour of doctoral students in medicine at Joseph Ki-Zerbo University in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The objectives are the following: 1) to identify the information sources and tools these students use in their information search process and the criteria that govern this selection; 2) to identify the persons (professors, students, librarians, etc.) who assist these students in their information search process and understand what type(s) of assistance they provide; 3) to identify the barriers these students face during their information search process, and the measures they take to overcome them. This study is based on Kuhlthau’s Information Search Process model (1991, 2004), supplemented by the intervening variables included in Wilson’s Information Behaviour model (1996). A mixed-methods design was adopted. It consisted of two phases: 1) a quantitative component consisting in a survey conducted among students of the Training and research unit in health science to which 269 students have responded, and 2) a quantitative component consisting in semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 students, selected among respondents from phase I. Data analysis showed that these medical students use various search tools in their information search process but expressed a preference for Web search engines and open access databases. These choices are influenced by factors such as the tools’ ease of use and ease of access, as well as the information sources to which they have access. In terms of document formats, digital sources are more heavily used than printed ones, for they are easier to access, more portable and more user friendly. Data analysis also showed that several persons assist doctoral students in medicine in their information search process. Among them are faculty members, student peers, relatives, and, to a lesser extent, librarians. Additionally, the analysis revealed that “elders” (i.e., physicians and students from previous cohorts) play an especially important role: they provide students with documents, often from their own personal collection, and they orient students towards promising research topics and relevant information sources. vi The study also reveals that these students face different types of barriers in their information search process. The main barriers are direct information access costs—i.e., fees charged for ordering scientific papers (economic barriers); load sheddings, unreliable Internet connection, and limited resources of academic libraries (environmental barriers); time constraints (situational barriers); the scarcity of medical scientific information in French and reporting studies conducted in African setting (barriers related to information sources characteristics). Moreover, results suggest that many do not possess the information literacy skills needed to conduct information searching at the doctoral level. However, despite these difficulties, these students find alternative strategies to overcome or circumvent the barriers that impede information access.
Guitard, Laure. „Vocabulaire employé pour l'accès thématique aux documents d'archives patrimoniaux : étude linguistique exploratoire de termes de recherche, de description, d'indexation“. Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21122.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTanon, Affaud A. „Construction et validation de filtres de recherche bibliographique pour soutenir la prise de décisions basée sur les évidences : le cas de la sécurité des patients“. Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9892.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOptimized bibliographic search filters are designed to facilitate information retrieval in bibliographic databases, which are almost always the most abundant source of scientific evidence. The purpose of such filters is to support evidence-based decision making. Many of the filters available in the literature are methodological search filters. To reach their full potential they need to be combined with subject filters that identify studies covering a particular topic. In the field of patient safety, it has been demonstrated that deficiencies in the information retrieval process can lead to tragic consequences. Optimized bibliographic search filters covering the field could thus be very useful. This study is intended to provide subject bibliographic search filters optimized for the field of patient safety, assess their validity, and offer a guide for developing optimized bibliographic search filters. We propose high-performing bibliographic search filters to retrieve papers dealing with patient safety in health care organizations, that have been explicitly defined as relevant to the patient safety field by their authors, in Medline, Embase and CINAHL. The main generalization issue lies in defining the boundaries of the patient safety field.
Sordoni, Alessandro. „Learning representations for Information Retrieval“. Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13966.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInformation retrieval is generally concerned with answering questions such as: is this document relevant to this query? How similar are two queries or two documents? How query and document similarity can be used to enhance relevance estimation? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to access computational representations of documents and queries. For example, similarities between documents and queries may correspond to a distance or a divergence defined on the representation space. It is generally assumed that the quality of the representation has a direct impact on the bias with respect to the true similarity, estimated by means of human intervention. Building useful representations for documents and queries has always been central to information retrieval research. The goal of this thesis is to provide new ways of estimating such representations and the relevance relationship between them. We present four articles that have been published in international conferences and one published in an information retrieval evaluation forum. The first two articles can be categorized as feature engineering approaches, which transduce a priori knowledge about the domain into the features of the representation. We present a novel retrieval model that compares favorably to existing models in terms of both theoretical originality and experimental effectiveness. The remaining two articles mark a significant change in our vision and originate from the widespread interest in deep learning research that took place during the time they were written. Therefore, they naturally belong to the category of representation learning approaches, also known as feature learning. Differently from previous approaches, the learning model discovers alone the most important features for the task at hand, given a considerable amount of labeled data. We propose to model the semantic relationships between documents and queries and between queries themselves. The models presented have also shown improved effectiveness on standard test collections. These last articles are amongst the first applications of representation learning with neural networks for information retrieval. This series of research leads to the following observation: future improvements of information retrieval effectiveness has to rely on representation learning techniques instead of manually defining the representation space.
Dumouchel, Gabriel. „Les compétences informationnelles des futurs enseignants québécois sur le Web“. Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18372.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhile Québec’s students from elementary schools to university now mainly use the Web to find information for their studies. many have difficulties getting the information they need. Faced with this new reality, inservice and preservice teachers must give students the proper information literacy training, that is to learn how to search, evaluate and use information to meet their needs. This study aims to analyze if Québec’s preservice teachers have the information literacy competencies to meet their own needs and if they are adequately trained to teach information literacy. To achieve this goal, this research uses a conceptual framework developed around three complementary elements: the information literacy concept, the information seeking process, and information literacy teaching methods. To meet the specific research objectives that resulted from the synthesis of these elements, a mixed methodology combines data collected from a survey, interviews and observations conducted with 353 preservice teachers of a university in Québec. Results on reported and actual practices of the students’ information seeking process on the Web show, firstly, that a majority of them are novice information searchers, as they plan little or not at all their research on the Web, use basic search strategies, and scarcely diversify their research tools, with Google as their preferred tool by far. Secondly, results show that most preservice teachers evaluate the information they find on the Web according to several criteria, including information verifiability and potential use for teaching and learning. But while a majority of preservice teachers are able to synthesize the information found on the Web, only a minority cites correctly their sources. Thirdly, results indicate that preservice teachers perceive their initial training in information literacy as clearly insufficient, for it has been mainly received at the beginning of their program and in the form of workshops by the university’s librarians. Our results also show that while a majority of preservice teachers plan to teach how to evaluate information found on the Web using many criteria and educate them about plagiarism, they will put less emphasis on teaching how to search for information on the Web. We conclude our study by summarizing and analyzing our results in the light of the existing literature and offering recommandations to improve information literacy teacher training.
Cishahayo, Fabien. „Communication, développement et appropriation des médias émergents en Afrique francophone subsaharienne : approche critique“. Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4847.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract This thesis addresses the appropriation of the Internet and of multimedia in the university population of French-speaking Africa, in the year 2001. It deals with six sub-Saharan countries: Benin and Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mali and Togo. The research is specifically interested in the inventory of demographic research centers in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa and the investigation with the universities of Yaoundé II and Douala in Cameroon. The question of access and use is central to our approach. Articulated as a research question, the focus is as follows: "In a context dominated by the representations of the ICTs as symbols of modernity and ways of integrating the world economy, what are the modalities of appropriation of these technologies by academics within postsecondary institutions of teaching and research in Africa considered in this study?" Two theoretical approaches were adopted to deal with the empirical data : theories of development tied to the (new) media and the sociology of technological innovations. Rooted in the thought of the Enlightenment, completed and refined by the evolutionist approaches inspired by Spencer, Parsonian functionalism and the political economy centered on the thought of W.W. Rostow, theories of development have made much use of theories of the communication in order to achieve their objectives. Even as the crisis of Western modernity threatens to delegitimize these paradigms, the emergent technologies give them a new lease on life: in continuity of the thought of Auguste Comte, development is henceforth thought in terms of integration within a new social structure, the information society. This new eschatological promise and this faith in technology as the factor of integration within society and the network economy animate all the projects undertaken on the continent, whether it is the NEPAD, the Digital Solidarity Fund, the $100 Computer Project for Deprived Children or the Pan-African project of satellite sideboard, the RASCOM. The second part of our theoretical framework is centered on the sociology of technical innovations. We make use of the socio-political approach to usage developed by Vedel and Vitalis to re-introduce critical reason into the debate on the development of the African continent, with a view to showing how political prerogatives at the State-level still have their place, if we want to develop digital resources that satisfy social demands and respond not only to demands deemed solvent and essentially arising out of urban areas. By refusing the technical determinism so current in thinking about development, we would like to show that the future of technology is not inscribed in its essence, like a shadowy presence, but that human action, notably political action, can reorient the trajectory of technological innovation in the direction of responding to the aspirations of citizens. Methodologically, our approach combines quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The former will allow us to measure the presence of the Internet and multimedia in the environment of those concerned. The latter will help us to grasp the representations developed by the users in contact with these tools. Within a socio-constructivist perspective, these discourses are constitutive of these technologies, inasmuch as they are so many modalities of appropriation, of the social construction of usage. Ultimately, the integration of the technical language specific to these multimedia tools into the every day language of the users signals the last stage of this appropriation. Through this research, it became evident that few users utilize audiovisual technologies in a professional context. As for the Internet and multimedia tools, their presence and their use remain limited, physical access not yet being guaranteed to all the respondents of the study. The Internet, while creating large expectations, also remains largely inaccessible in a professional context, the majority of the users making use of public spaces such as cyber-cafes to mitigate the lack of resources within their own institutions. As far as representations go, they remain still widely dependent on the dominant political and institutional discourses, according to which the future will be digital or will not be. The thesis, however, goes beyond this data in order to draw up the current digital map of the continent, by integrating within the technological landscape the phenomenal rise of mobile cellular technology. It appeared to us that the Internet, the availability of which on the continent has been modest at best, could widely take advantage of the emergence on the continent of the mobile culture, which facilitates in particular the convergence between netbooks and mobile telephones (smartphones).
Mongeon, Philippe. „Les rétractations et leurs conséquences sur la carrière des coauteurs : analyse bibliométrique des fraudes et des erreurs dans le domaine biomédical“. Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10382.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the last few years, major cases of scientific fraud shocked the scientific community, and the number of retractions each year increased considerably. Scientific misconduct accounts for approximately more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co-authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues’ misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how researchers’ careers are affected by a retraction. We retrieved all (443) publications retracted from 1996 to 2006 from PubMed, signed by 1818 authors. Using the Web of Science (WOS), we measured the productivity, impact and collaboration of each of those authors for a period of five years before and after the retraction. Our results show that retractions affect the career of co-authors, mostly in terms of scientific output. This impact is felt more strongly in cases of fraud and for first authors.
Pathmasiri, Saminda. „L’encadrement juridique des biobanques populationnelles et leurs obligations au Québec“. Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8582.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe collection of human samples and related data is not a recent practice. However, in the last few decades, such practices have taken much importance mainly due to the creation of population type biobanks. Defined as research infrastructures, they are conceived to last several decades. They invite thousands and, in some cases, hundreds of thousands of participants to contribute their samples, undergo physical and biochemical tests and answer various questions regarding their health and socio-demographic environment. In this context, what are the obligations of these initiatives and the researchers involved therein towards the participants? Considering their duration, what is the legal setting surrounding such biobanks in Québec? These are the two questions addressed by this study. With respect to the legal setting, we propose an analysis based on three axes: i) laws, rules, professional deontology and norms; ii) the legal qualification of the act of banking samples and data; and iii) obligations resulting from the nature of the object of the legal relation. Our analysis reveals that the legal setting surrounding biobanks is a mosaic composed of legislative, contractual, deontological and normative obligations that, despite its complexities and challenges of accessibility for the participant, ensure a certain level of protection for the latter. Regarding the obligations of the biobank and its researchers, they are, for the majority, affected by particularities of population type biobanks. Indeed, specific challenges exist with respect to consent, the obligation to inform, the return of results and the security of samples and data. Given the evolving nature of the theses obligations, we propose to consider an approach based on the best interests of the participants when determining the nature and the intensity of the different obligations applicable to the biobank and its researchers.
Bouchoucha, Arbi. „Diversified query expansion“. Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12335.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSearch Result Diversification (SRD) aims to select diverse documents from the search results in order to cover as many search intents as possible. For the existing approaches, a prerequisite is that the initial retrieval results contain diverse documents and ensure a good coverage of the query aspects. In this thesis, we investigate a new approach to SRD by diversifying the query, namely diversified query expansion (DQE). Expansion terms are selected either from a single resource or from multiple resources following the Maximal Marginal Relevance principle. In the first contribution, we propose a new term-level DQE method in which word similarity is determined at the surface (term) level based on the resources. When different resources are used for the purpose of DQE, they are combined in a uniform way, thus totally ignoring the contribution differences among resources. In practice the usefulness of a resource greatly changes depending on the query. In the second contribution, we propose a new method of query level resource weighting for DQE. Our method is based on a set of features which are integrated into a linear regression model and generates for a resource a number of expansion candidates that is proportional to the weight of that resource. Existing DQE methods focus on removing the redundancy among selected expansion terms and no attention has been paid on how well the selected expansion terms can indeed cover the query aspects. Consequently, it is not clear how we can cope with the semantic relations between terms. To overcome this drawback, our third contribution in this thesis aims to introduce a novel method for aspect-level DQE which relies on an explicit modeling of query aspects based on embedding. Our method (called latent semantic aspect embedding) is trained in a supervised manner according to the principle that related terms should correspond to the same aspects. This method allows us to select expansion terms at a latent semantic level in order to cover as much as possible the aspects of a given query. In addition, this method also incorporates several different external resources to suggest potential expansion terms, and supports several constraints, such as the sparsity constraint. We evaluate our methods using ClueWeb09B dataset and three query sets from TRECWeb tracks, and show the usefulness of our proposed approaches compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Zhang, Qian. „Perceived Academic Achievement and Social Integration in the Context of Social Software : a Comparative Study on Canadian and Chinese University Students“. Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21224.
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