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Thomas, Alex M. „Recent Histories of Indian Economic Thought“. History of Economic Thought 64, Nr. 2 (25.01.2023): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.64.2_19.
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James, George Alfred. „The Construction of India in Some Recent Environmental Philosophy“. Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 2, Nr. 1 (1998): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853598x00028.
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AbstractI argue that from its beginning environmental philosophy has held two contrasting views of Eastern thought and of Indian philosophical and religious ideas in particular. Utilising the insights of Edward Said and others I find that these contrasting images are reflective of a duality according to which India has been constituted in Western discourse. I argue that these Western images of India remain a significant feature of writing concerning environmental ethics to the present time. As it appears in some recent scholarship in environmental ethics, this discourse remains an obstacle to an informed appreciation of the significance of Indian thought and of Asian thought more generally for environmental philosophy.
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Gupta, Gauri Shankar. „India's Foreign Policy“. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, Nr. 12 (02.09.2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.90.
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India is an ancient civilization with a multiethnic, multireligious and multilingual society. Freedom of thought and expression, democracy, nonviolence and tolerance form an integral part of Indian ethos. Since times immemorial these values have played an important role in the evolution of Indian civilization. As a result, India was able to absorb and assimilate alien cultures, religions and ideas, still retaining its distinctive identity. Because of this immense process of assimilation and absorption, Indian society is popularly called an ‘Indian Mosaic’. Today almost all possible religious, ethnic and cultural groups co-exist in India peacefully, making India the most pluralistic society in the world. Seventh largest in size, the country is home to over onesixth of humanity. In recent times India has been one of the fastest growing economies and in terms of purchasing power parity has been ranked as the fourth largest economic powerhouse in the world. Though pursuit of national interest remains the single most important guiding factor in determining a country’s foreign policy; national history, ethos and international realities are important factors impacting foreign policy imperatives. Therefore, at the very outset, I would like to briefly summarize the ancient Indian thoughts which have bearing on India’s foreign policy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.90 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.12 2005: 8-20
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Bhat, Chitra, und Seetha Panicker. „Labor Pattern in South Indian Population“. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 12, Nr. 6 (2020): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1839.
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ABSTRACT Aim Labor dystocia is one of the commonest indications of lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Recent studies have shown a dramatic change in the rate of cervical dilatation and labor progress. There are no large studies to assess labor in this ethnic group and hence this study has been done to find out labor behavior in women with spontaneous labor in South India. Materials and methods A retrospective study was done in our teaching hospital. Labor was managed as per protocol and a partogram was maintained. Data were extracted from case-records and analyzed. Results Labor progress was much slower than what was thought of. There was wide variability in the duration of labor. Conclusion Many women took time up to the 95th percentile and some even crossed three times the median time to deliver. Clinical significance Though many women will deliver in the expected time, it is important to know the maximum time or the 95th percentile for each dilatation so that sufficient time can be allowed before labeling a case as prolonged labor. How to cite this article Bhat C, Panicker S. Labor Pattern in South Indian Population. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2020;12(6):372–375.
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Srinivas, Vedant. „Towards a Decolonial Cinematic Imagination: A Posthumanist Intervention“. Journal of Posthuman Studies 7, Nr. 1 (Juni 2023): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.7.1.0070.
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Abstract When it comes to cinema, posthumanism has tended to focus explicitly on technology, machines, cyborgs, hybrids, and monsters. An alternative approach is sought in this article. First, the relationship between posthumanism and what is here called the “decolonial imagination” is elaborated upon. The two are then further related to a recent curatorial intervention in India called “Cinema of Prayōga,” which seeks to situate certain Indian filmmakers (and films) within a heterogeneous premodern tradition of philosophy and the arts. Also included is a brief discussion of colonial responses to Indian iconography, as well as evidence for a posthumanist strain in both Indian art and philosophy. The intention is to wrest cinema and posthumanist thought away from their exclusive reliance on Eurocentric frameworks, and thus pave the way for multiple and diverse imaginaries of thought. Such a questioning—of cinema’s very ontology and methodology—is bound to make for more fruitful connections between posthumanism, decolonialism, and cinema.
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Misra, Maria. „Sergeant-Major Gandhi: Indian Nationalism and Nonviolent “Martiality”“. Journal of Asian Studies 73, Nr. 3 (14.07.2014): 689–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814000485.
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This article takes issue with recent accounts of the evolution of Gandhian ideas that have stressed his importance as a global theorist of principled nonviolence. It suggests that throughout his life Gandhi's writings display a preoccupation with ideas of martial courage and fearlessness; his stance might best be defined as one of nonviolent “martiality” rather than nonviolence per se. His overriding goal was not to proselytize for global “ahimsa” (nonviolence) but to shape the Indian people into a nonviolent army that could wrest freedom from the colonizers. It explains this concern for both nonviolence and martial attitudes by arguing that Gandhi's thought has to be reassessed and placed within several important contexts: the widespread global popularity of militarism before 1914; an influential intellectual critique of Western “materialist” values; Asian nationalist efforts to develop “indigenous” forms of mobilizational politics in their struggles against imperialism; and Indian thinking about caste (varna), which was central to Gandhi's thought and has generally been neglected in the literature. These contexts help us to understand Gandhi's complex and sometimes contradictory thinking on the issue of violence.
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Tyler, Elizabeth McManaman. „The Logic of Ambiguity“. Janus Head 18, Nr. 1 (2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh20201812.
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While recent work on trauma provides insight into the first-person experience of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Aristotelian propositional logic, which underlies Western paradigms of thought, contains implicit ontological assumptions about identity and time which obscure the lived experience of PTSD. Conversely, Indian Buddhist catuskoti logic calls into question dualistic and discursive forms of thought. This paper argues that catuskoti logic, informed by Buddhist ontology, is a more fitting logical framework when seeking to describe and understand the first-person experience of PTSD, as it allows for ambiguity, non-duality, and polysemy.
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Adams, Richard N. „Guatemalan Ladinization and History“. Americas 50, Nr. 4 (April 1994): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007895.
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Recent years have seen a significant increase in the use of history by social scientists. It is less and less common that studies in anthropology, sociology, and political science evaluate variables without attention to their antecedents. There still survive, however, concepts and theories built originally on synchronic assumptions. One of these theories, ladinization, has been the subject of considerable contention.“Ladinization” derives from “Ladino,” a term used in Guatemala and adjacent areas of Mexico, El Salvador, and Honduras to refer to the non-Indian natives of those countries. I am not sure when “ladinization” entered the social science vocabulary, but it may have been with the work of North American anthropologists in the 1930s and 1940s. It described what observers thought of as a process whereby Indians were becoming Ladinos or more Ladino-like. The term was not favored by Guatemalan Ladinos, who generally spoke of “civilizing” the Indians, by which they meant that Indian customs should be discarded in favor of Ladino. In espousing this theme, Guatemalan indigenistas of the “generation of the 20s” often blurred the relation of race to culture; some argued that Indians were capable of being “civilized,” others that such changes could only be secured by introducing Europeans to interbreeding.
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Volk, Sara M., Rubing Chen, Konstantin A. Tsetsarkin, A. Paige Adams, Tzintzuni I. Garcia, Amadou A. Sall, Farooq Nasar et al. „Genome-Scale Phylogenetic Analyses of Chikungunya Virus Reveal Independent Emergences of Recent Epidemics and Various Evolutionary Rates“. Journal of Virology 84, Nr. 13 (21.04.2010): 6497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01603-09.
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ABSTRACT Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, has traditionally circulated in Africa and Asia, causing human febrile illness accompanied by severe, chronic joint pain. In Africa, epidemic emergence of CHIKV involves the transition from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle involving arboreal mosquito vectors and nonhuman primates, into an urban cycle where peridomestic mosquitoes transmit among humans. In Asia, however, CHIKV appears to circulate only in the endemic, urban cycle. Recently, CHIKV emerged into the Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent to cause major epidemics. To examine patterns of CHIKV evolution and the origins of these outbreaks, as well as to examine whether evolutionary rates that vary between enzootic and epidemic transmission, we sequenced the genomes of 40 CHIKV strains and performed a phylogenetic analysis representing the most comprehensive study of its kind to date. We inferred that extant CHIKV strains evolved from an ancestor that existed within the last 500 years and that some geographic overlap exists between two main enzootic lineages previously thought to be geographically separated within Africa. We estimated that CHIKV was introduced from Africa into Asia 70 to 90 years ago. The recent Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent epidemics appear to have emerged independently from the mainland of East Africa. This finding underscores the importance of surveillance to rapidly detect and control African outbreaks before exportation can occur. Significantly higher rates of nucleotide substitution appear to occur during urban than during enzootic transmission. These results suggest fundamental differences in transmission modes and/or dynamics in these two transmission cycles.
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Prior, Charles. „Beyond Settler Colonialism“. Journal of Early American History 9, Nr. 2-3 (10.12.2019): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00902013.
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This paper offers a critical reflection on the appropriateness of ‘settler colonialism’ as an analytic category for understanding the political dynamics of early America. It argues that the paradigm’s focus on the elimination of the native obscures the resilience of Indian power, and the mechanisms by which that power was exercised and defended. The paper positions settler colonialism in recent treatments of the history of colonial political thought, and then presents diplomacy as a site of both sovereign formation and negotiation that enhanced the power of colonies as much as it preserved the power of Indian confederations. The final section of the paper suggests that the ‘interior’ sovereignty of Native Americans continued to shape the powers of the new republican order of states.
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Chatterjee, Anuparna, und Shubhank Patel. „Parliamentary Privileges and the Indian Inhibition“. International Journal of Parliamentary Studies 2, Nr. 1 (15.02.2022): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26668912-bja10033.
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Abstract The parliamentary privileges extended to Indian parliamentarians have long remained a cumbersome power granted to the legislature at both Central and State level. However, this power raises a contentious issue in its current embodiment within the domain of India. Since this particular aspect of legislation is a souvenir of British influence on the Indian legislative system, it gives rise toa dichotomous train of thought. Initially, resistance to codification was justified on the basic of the uncertainty of the drafters of the Constitution with respect to the needs of the future legislations and the desire to keep it flexible. However, recent instances of the invocation of parliamentary privileges in the country have allowed these privileges to exert greater influence over Fundamental Rights, granting exemption to legislators found guilty of offences such as bribery and expediting the need to reach a conclusion on the topic of codification into a separate regulation which entails the existence of these privileges within the Indian definition of law. The aim of this paper is to determine the essence of what the two sides of the conflict are asserting and make a conclusive determination of the stance that will prove the most beneficial for governance in accordance with constitutional provisions of India.
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MISHRA, AWANISH K. „Economic Thought of Swami Vivekananda and Its Relevance“. Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 8 (31.07.2016): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v8i0.84.
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Economic ideas have been there since time immemorial. It traces the story of trials and tribulations of human beings in entailing the effort to fulfill their satisfaction. All these stories are succinctly presented in the history of economic thought which provides the historical survey of the origin and development of economic ideas. Thoughts of every age in the context of their surroundings have governed individual actions and policies and are, therefore, important for us. Swami Vivekananda remains one of the most influential personalities of India and the modern world. He is a great visionary, with a rare clarity on diverse aspects of human life. His intimate knowledge of the Indian situation, wide experience across different countries, deep understanding of the civilizational backgrounds and keen intellect gave him a unique opportunity to develop new insights on different subjects, including economics. Swami Vivekananda’s vision of economics was concerned with the wholesome development of all categories of people in the country. He strongly advocated what the economists in the recent periods call as ‘inclusive economics.’ His priority was the removal of poverty and uplifting the poorer and downtrodden sections of the society. He wanted all sections of the country to progress. His emphasis was on the weaker sections and women. He underlined that education and basic facilities be provided to all. His economic views lays emphasis on developed methods of agriculture, village industries, adoption of science and technology and material prosperity with spirituality which seems to be very relevant even today.
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Maiorano, Diego. „The Politics of Claim-Making in India“. Pacific Affairs 94, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2021943567.
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How do Indian citizens access the state? While a standard answer would be "through patronage," three recent books show that clientelism, while important, is just part of the story. Not just passive clients at the mercy of their political patrons, Indian citizens actively engage the state and their representatives to make claims and secure what is due to them. Gabrielle Kruks-Wisner's Claiming the State—Active Citizenship and Social Welfare in Rural India shows how rural dwellers navigate the local government system to access social welfare. Adam Auerbach's Demanding Development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India's Urban Slums documents how local political workers make claims on behalf of their neighbours and provide their settlements with essential services. Jennifer Bussell's Clients and Constituents: Political Responsiveness in Patronage Democracies persuasively demonstrates the importance of higher-level representatives in providing assistance to their constituencies. Together, these books not only demonstrate how political the daily life of ordinary citizens is, but also how the Indian state, while far from its Weberian ideal, is much more inclusive than previously thought.
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Rennie, Bryan. „Mircea Eliade’s Understanding of Religion and Eastern Christian Thought“. Russian History 40, Nr. 2 (2013): 264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04002007.
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This article introduces Mircea Eliade. His biography and his understanding of religion are outlined and the possibly formative influence of Eastern Orthodoxy is considered, as are recent publications on the issue. His early essays present Orthodoxy as a mystical religion in which, without some experience of the sacred, profane existence is seen as meaningless and he later identified this same basic schema in all religion. Orthodox theologians Vladimir Lossky and Dumitru Stăniloae are inspected for similarities to Eliade. Ten consonances between Eliade’s thought and Orthodox theology are considered. However, dissonances are also noted, and for every potential Orthodox source of Eliade’s theories there is another equally credible source, causing a controversy over the formative influences of his Romanian youth as opposed to his later Indian experience. It is suggested that Eliade gained insight from Orthodoxy, but that this was brought to consciousness by his sojourn in India. Theology in the form of categorical propositions is present in the Eastern Church but exists alongside other equally important expressions in the visual, dramatic, and narrative arts. The Eastern Church as a multi-media performative theater prepared Eliade to apprehend religion as inducing perceptions of the “really real”—creative poesis exercising a practical influence on its audience’s cognitions. Orthodoxy is a tradition in which categorical propositions had never come to dominate the expression of the sacred, and Eliade wrote from a vantage point on the border, not only between East and West, but also between the scholar and the artist.
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Mitra, Siddhartha, und Raadhika Paul. „The Impact of Poverty on the Environment: Surprising Findings from the Indian Case“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, Nr. 11 (20.10.2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n11p51.
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In the 1980s a powerful school of thought, propagated by the Brundtland Commission Report and seconded by powerful think tanks, developed which asserted that poverty was a major cause for environmental degradation. This implied that significant alleviation of poverty would also substantially reduce environmental degradation. Some reasons were given for this view, prominent among these being the compulsion of poorer households to mine natural capital to meet their needs, sometimes in a dirty manner. In course of time, a less recognized counter-school emerged which pointed out the flaws in the Brundtland hypothesis: the greater gasoline consumption of richer households, their greater possession of consumer durables sourced from natural capital, and the higher power of the rich to mine limited and open access natural capital for commercial gain, among others. The debate needs to be obviously resolved through quantitative studies, hitherto lacking in the Indian case. Using results from NSSO data for 3 recent years and 4 sources of dirty fuel we show that there is a general tendency for the non-poor to consume more of these fuels than the poor. This is a surprising result and it shows that poverty alleviation, though desirable, is probably not even a partial cure for environmental degradation. Some explanations for this result, based on the relative magnitudes of clean fuel consumption by the non-poor and poor, are provided.
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Chhibber, Pradeep, Susan L. Ostermann und Rahul Verma. „The State as Guardian of the Social Order: Conservatism in Indian Political Thought and Its Modern Manifestations“. Studies in Indian Politics 6, Nr. 1 (03.04.2018): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321023018762674.
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Conservative Indian political thought, in addition to being alive and well in contemporary discourse, has a long lineage. We explore the intellectual roots of this tradition by examining older and more contemporary writings ranging from the Manusmriti and the Ramayana to those of Gandhi and Maududi and place them in contrast to those of more liberal thinkers like Ambedkar and Nehru. We find that, in particular, the conservative idea of the ‘limited state’ has an extensive history embedded in sub-continental religions, religious practices and social norms. Central to the concept of the limited state is the belief that the state is subservient to society, the belief that dharma is ontological prior to the state, the belief that the king or leader must preserve the social order and the belief that individual reform is the primary source of social change. An understanding of this set of beliefs, and the idea of the limited state more generally, is important not only for understanding India’s past, but also for insight into contemporary politics. We demonstrate the continued vitality of these concepts through an examination of recent National Election Studies (NES) and World Values Survey (WVS) data.
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Mohan, Ashwini Venkatanarayana, Avinash C. Visvanathan und Karthikeyan Vasudevan. „Phylogeny and conservation status of the Indian egg-eater snake, Elachistodon westermanni Reinhardt, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae)“. Amphibia-Reptilia 39, Nr. 3 (2018): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-17000201.
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Abstract The Indian egg-eater (Elachistodon westermanni) is a monotypic species of the Genus Elachistodon distributed across the Indian sub-continent. In Africa, there are 13 species of egg-eating snakes of the Genus Dasypeltis. These two genera, Elachistodon and Dasypeltis were thought to be closely related due to similar diet specialization, and shared biogeographic history between the Indian sub-continent and the continent of Africa. In our study, we amplified three mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene from E. westermanni and reconstructed molecular phylogeny utilizing published sequences to understand the evolutionary relationships between the African, and the Indian egg-eating snakes. We used morphological characters to reinforce our inferences on phylogenetic relationships. We show that the Indian egg-eater is sister to cat snakes of the Genus Boiga, and it does not share recent ancestry with the African egg-eating snakes. Morphological character states point at similarities between Elachistodon and Dasypeltis only in characters associated with their feeding behaviour. Elachistodon westermanni was similar to the Boiga spp. in several other morphological characters, and we provisionally assign E. westermanni under the genus Boiga. Compilation of records of E. westermanni across the Indian sub-continent over the years revealed a positive “Lazarus” effect. We conclude that, the egg-eating behaviour and the associated morphological characters in the snake genera Dasypeltis and Elachistodon are a result of convergent evolution. Based on the conservation status of E. westermanni, it could serve as a flagship species to conserve important wildlife habitats that are being lost rapidly in India.
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Kapstein, Matthew. „Indra's Search for the Self and the Beginnings of Philosophical Perplexity in India“. Religious Studies 24, Nr. 2 (Juni 1988): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500019284.
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In the present essay our concern will be with some of the earliest documents that shed light on the development of Indian reflections on the puzzles of personal identity. These texts are derived from the Upanisads, which exemplify a type of literature that some philosophers may regard as classic, but not as philosophy. What I will be proposing here is that we attempt to regard such very ancient sources of Indian thought more philosophically, more in the manner that some recent writers have begun to re–examine the Presocratics. I attempt to show that although philosophical method was not yet developed in the early literature under consideration (as equally it was not in Anaxagoras or Heraclitus), several important arguments are nonetheless already emerging there in limine. In surveying these proto–arguments, we will also have occasion to remark on their historical and/or conceptual affinities with the developed philosophies of later ages.
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Menon, S., D. Koch, G. Beig, S. Sahu, J. Fasullo und D. Orlikowski. „Black carbon aerosols and the third polar ice cap“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, Nr. 6 (11.12.2009): 26593–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26593-2009.
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Abstract. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas (sometimes referred to as the third polar region) have raised concern on future water supplies since these glaciers supply water to large river systems that support millions of people inhabiting the surrounding areas. Black carbon (BC) aerosols, released from incomplete combustion, have been increasingly implicated as causing large changes in the hydrology and radiative forcing over Asia and its deposition on snow is thought to increase snow melt. In India BC from biofuel combustion is highly prevalent and compared to other regions, BC aerosol amounts are high. Here, we quantify the impact of BC aerosols on snow cover and precipitation from 1990 to 2010 over the Indian subcontinental region using two different BC emission inventories. New estimates indicate that Indian BC from coal and biofuel are large and transport is expected to expand rapidly in coming years. We show that over the Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000, simulated snow/ice cover decreases by ~0.9% due to aerosols. The contribution of the enhanced Indian BC to this decline is ~30%, similar to that simulated for 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of modeled changes in snow cover and precipitation are similar to observations (from 1990 to 2000), and are mainly obtained with the newer BC estimates.
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Menon, S., D. Koch, G. Beig, S. Sahu, J. Fasullo und D. Orlikowski. „Black carbon aerosols and the third polar ice cap“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, Nr. 10 (18.05.2010): 4559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4559-2010.
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Abstract. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas (sometimes referred to as the third polar region) have raised concern on future water supplies since these glaciers supply water to large river systems that support millions of people inhabiting the surrounding areas. Black carbon (BC) aerosols, released from incomplete combustion, have been increasingly implicated as causing large changes in the hydrology and radiative forcing over Asia and its deposition on snow is thought to increase snow melt. In India BC emissions from biofuel combustion is highly prevalent and compared to other regions, BC aerosol amounts are high. Here, we quantify the impact of BC aerosols on snow cover and precipitation from 1990 to 2010 over the Indian subcontinental region using two different BC emission inventories. New estimates indicate that Indian BC emissions from coal and biofuel are large and transport is expected to expand rapidly in coming years. We show that over the Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000, simulated snow/ice cover decreases by ~0.9% due to aerosols. The contribution of the enhanced Indian BC to this decline is ~36%, similar to that simulated for 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of modeled changes in snow cover and precipitation are similar to observations (from 1990 to 2000), and are mainly obtained with the newer BC estimates.
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Hoffman, F. J. „Buddhist Belief ‘In’“. Religious Studies 21, Nr. 3 (September 1985): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500017467.
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Recent articles in Religious Studies have underscored the questions of whether Buddhism presents any empirical doctrines, and whether, if it does, such doctrines are false or vacuous. In what follows I want to sketch an interpretation of Buddhism according to which it does not offer doctrines which are empirically false, on the one hand, or trivially true on the other. In doing so I take my cue from an earlier, and by now classic, paper by H. H. Price. For the exposition of Buddhism I take the Pali Nikāyas, the single most significant collection of texts in the Buddhist tradition. The particular doctrine which is the focus of discussion here is the kammavāda (Pali) or ‘karma view’ of early Indian Buddhism, for it is the focus of much of the recent literature cited above and a doctrine which some have thought amenable to statement in empirical terms.
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Constable, Philip. „Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India“. Scottish Historical Review 86, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2007): 278–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.278.
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This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.
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Cabrera, Luis. „“Gandhiji, I Have no Homeland”: Cosmopolitan Insights from BR Ambedkar, India’s Anti-Caste Campaigner and Constitutional Architect“. Political Studies 65, Nr. 3 (13.01.2017): 576–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321716667136.
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While the domestic political and legal thought of BR Ambedkar—champion of India’s Dalits, shaper of its constitution and frequent critic of Mohandas Gandhi—has gained increasing notoriety, the international dimensions of his work have received relatively little attention. Ambedkar, in fact, staked out a distinctively universalistic approach to democratic citizenship and legitimacy which has important connections to and can inform current cosmopolitan dialogue. He rejected uncritical loyalty to the state, and he criticized presumptions of unity within states, arguing that foreigners’ support for the self-determination of an “Indian people” would merely perpetuate caste oppression within the country. The latter argument provides a significant challenge to some recent nationalist and moderate cosmopolitan accounts, which reject some comprehensive universal rights claims, or suprastate political structures to support them, in the name of respecting a state’s domestic culture. Furthermore, Ambedkar’s thought on promoting democratic unity across linguistically and culturally diverse political units, as well as on pursuing domestic rights protections through suprastate institutions, offer valuable insights for the development of participation and accountability practices beyond the state.
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GARG, UMANG. „Engineering Graduates' Needs for Developing Their Employability Skills and Employers' Comments on Their Internships Performance“. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education 09, Nr. 03 (2018): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/tercomat.2018.v09i03.953-963.
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The study looked at how learners in engineering should improve their employability skills and how it relates to how their internship performance was judged by the manager of the business. The research utilized an expressive research plan with 125 recent technical (engineering) learners from an Indian educational institute. The outcomes of the investigation showed that engineering learners received great rankings for their internship outcomes in terms of mindset, character, expertise, and abilities. They conducted an examination of employability abilities, along with cognitive skills and social skills, and found that the system thought talent has a very high development demand. They also thought about their existing work ethics and managerial skills, as well as their ability to read and write. A correlation test revealed an important negative correlation between the four facets of an apprenticeship assessment and the need for developing abilities in reading, math, time administration, and professional ethics, while a positive correlation was found between internship performance and the requirement for skill development in critical thinking and system thinking.
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Verne, Julia. „The neglected “gift” of Ratzel for/from the Indian Ocean: thoughts on mobilities, materialities and relational spaces“. Geographica Helvetica 72, Nr. 1 (16.02.2017): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-72-85-2017.
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Abstract. When Korf (2014) recently invited (critical) geographers to come to terms with the problematic heritage of our discipline, especially with respect to spatial political thought, he first of all drew our attention to the intellectual contributions of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. While he urges us to rethink our ongoing references to these key thinkers, especially in light of the rather strict avoidance of politically problematic figures within our own discipline, such as Haushofer and Ratzel, this article now wishes to address geography's (dis)engagement with its politically problematic heritage from the opposite angle: focusing on Friedrich Ratzel, it asks if we might have been too radical in condemning his work as only poison? What if the neglect of Ratzel has actually led to a moment where his ideas feature prominently in current geographical debates without us even noticing it? By drawing on his contributions to cultural geography and, in particular, the establishment of the cultural historical method and German diffusionism, this article takes up on this question and reflects on the (imagined/actual) role of Ratzel's scholarship in contemporary geography. By pointing out striking similarities to more recent discussions about mobility, materiality and relational space, it illustrates the contemporary, though widely unnoticed, (re)appearance of Ratzel's ideas, and uses this example to emphasize the need for more critical reflection concerning the history of our discipline as well as the complex ways in which political ideologies and intellectual reasoning relate to each other.
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Williams, Paul. „Some Dimensions of the Recent Work of Raimundo Panikkar: A Buddhist Perspective“. Religious Studies 27, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1991): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500021223.
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The Dalai Lama is fond of quoting a statement in which the Buddha is said to have asserted that no one should accept his word out of respect for the Buddha himself, but only after testing it, analysing it ‘ as a goldsmith analyses gold, through cutting, melting, scraping and rubbing it’. The Dalai Lama is often referred to as the temporal and spiritual leader of Tibet, but in truth as a spiritual figure His Holiness, while respected, indeed revered by almost all Tibetans, usually speaks from within the perspective of one particular tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, that of the dGe lugs (pronounced ‘Geluk’). Founded in the late fourteenth century by Tsong kha pa, the dGe lugs has always stressed the importance of reasoning, analytic rationality, on the spiritual path. This dGe lugs perspective is by no means shared by all Buddhists, at least not in the form it there takes. Nevertheless it does represent an important direction in Buddhist thinking on reasoning and the spiritual path which can be traced back in Indian Buddhism a very long way indeed, and it is in the light of dGe lugs thought that I want to contemplate two points which seem to be crucial in Raimundo Panikkar's approach to interreligious dialogue and understanding: first, that Reality, Being, transcends the intelligible, the range of consciousness, and second, that understanding this is the only basis for tolerance, not seeking in one way or another to overcome the other.
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Manna, Sanjukta, Esha Basu und Satrajit Das. „SEVERITY OF COVID-19 IN INDIAN CHILDREN: RECOGNITION, TRANSMISSION AND MANAGEMENT“. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, Nr. 01 (10.02.2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213102.
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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has become a global threat in recent times affecting millions of people across the globe with varying intensity of infections in different age groups. The disease has been reported with a considerably low infection rate among the children compared to that of adults to date, but the reasons are still not very clear to the scientists. As infants are naturally prone to a wide range of viruses, it is fascinating to understand that they are being least affected by SARS-CoV-2. Expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS2) Receptors have been thought to play a critical role in the expression of the disease. The shared genetic or environmental traits and socioeconomic condition might predispose for transmission dynamics of this coronavirus in children.The children genetic association may have risk of small amount although genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 are comparable to those for the risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and other underlying health conditions. Here in this review, we have focused on the differential expression of SARS-CoV-2, the severity of the disease, predisposing factors, preventive measures, and efficacy of vaccines among the different age groups of Indian children in a comprehensive manner.
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BEUNINGEN, DAVID VAN, RHETT H. BENNETT und ABDALLA S. ABDULLA. „First record of the megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from the United Republic of Tanzania“. Zootaxa 5380, Nr. 6 (05.12.2023): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5380.6.7.
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The megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae) was described in 1976 from a specimen caught off Hawaii (Taylor et al. 1983) and is the only extant member of its family and genus (Diez et al. 2022). From 1976 to 2010 M. pelagios was considered rare, with only 50 individuals recorded globally during that time (Nakaya 2010). In recent years it is apparent that it is more common and widespread than previously thought, with 273 confirmed records to date across 16 countries in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Yu et al. 2021; Diez et al. 2022; Skelton et al. 2023). This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it is globally distributed and does not appear to be heavily impacted by fisheries (Kyne et al. 2019).
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Ashta, Ashok, Peter Stokes und Paul Hughes. „Change management in Indo-Japanese cross-cultural collaborative contexts“. Journal of Organizational Change Management 31, Nr. 1 (12.02.2018): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-05-2017-0201.
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Purpose Within the globalized commercial context, Japanese business activity in India has increased significantly. The purpose of this paper is to highlight common attitudinal traits that would facilitate orientation of Indian executives towards Japanese management methods through, for instance “reverse adaptation”, using an approach other than cultural dimensions that have emerged in recent decades and consider how these play out in change management contexts. Design/methodology/approach A literature review was undertaken which found significant parallels between traditional Indian philosophy and modern Japanese management methods, inter alia long-term orientation, equanimity and Nemawashi (pre-arranged participative decision making) and shared spiritual dimensions. The paper employed a methodology of participant observation and semi-structured interview approaches contextualized through lived experience methodology (Van Manen, 2015). These events are described and analysed narratively using a blend of qualitative participant observation and reflexive critical incident review. Findings The findings, by examining the confluence of Indian and Japanese management, provide an innovative avenue of research and theory for change management. Research limitations/implications The research employs an inductive methodology which employs vignettes to examine Indo-Japanese contexts. The limits to generalization are recognized within the study. The paper offers important implications on Indo-Japanese collaboration and change management. Practical implications These findings have important practical implications for Indian and Japanese managers who will be able to engage better within the dynamics of the Japanese work environment in Japanese subsidiaries in India. These same insights could also potentially facilitate wider examples of working in Japanese environments, either in Japan or outside Japan. At a more general level, the findings are relevant to all foreign investors in India for enhanced employee engagement by providing insights into spiritual values of Indian managers and their impact on change management situations. Social implications There is emerging research on how traditional Indian philosophy tenets can be found in modern (western) management. This paper provides reasons, based in the extant literature, to believe that modern Japanese methods can trace their origin in Buddhist Indian philosophical thought and offer important implications for managing change. Originality/value The paper offers in-depth original insights into Indo-Japanese collaborative contexts.
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Dharmarathna, Sumudu. „INDIA – SRI LANKA BUDDHIST CULTURAL RELATIONS (SIXTH CENTURY CE TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY CE)“. JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 2, Nr. 1 (2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jhaa.2022.v02i01.06.
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There has been a great deal of historical writing on the subject of India - Sri Lanka cultural relations, two countries which had close contact since prehistoric time, due to their geographical proximity. However, the Buddhist connection is the major preoccupation of the early historiography of Sri Lanka as far as Indian culture is concerned. However, the traditional literary sources amplified selected themes for certain objective reasons according to their wish. Sri Lankan Chronicles were silent about non-Therav?da Buddhist traditions because the main thrust of these Chronicles is to establish the purity and authenticity of the Therav?da point of view. The main objective of the article is to evaluate the way that the Sri Lankan were able to keep close contact of developments, in Indian Buddhist thought Therav?da as well as non-Therav?da through regular contact with Buddhist monastic centers throughout India. Cchronologically this study forces on the period from the sixth and twelfth centuries which was marked by significant changes of Buddhist culture with the new form of Buddhist traditions. This research study attempt has been made to explore India – Sri Lanka cultural relations, reevaluating previous research on the subject, while utilizing ancient historical writings, various interpretations of the recent archaeological findings and inscriptional details.
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Lelono, Eko Budi. „The Dispersal Route Of The Australian Elements Of Dacrydium And Casuarina From Its Origin To Se Asia“. Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 32, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.32.3.846.
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This paper proposes the alternative migration route of the Australian elements of Dacrydium and Casuarina from their origin to Southeast Asia. It was previously thought that these Australian affinities dispersed to Sunda region following the collision of the Australian and the Asian plates at the Oligo- cene boundary (Morley, 1998 and 2000).The subsequent study by Lelono (2007) extended the record of these two taxa from the Oligo-Miocene boundary to the base Oligocene. This is unlikely, since at the time of basal Oligocene, when these pollen types first appear, the Australian land mass would have been some 1000 kms south of the East Java area. Therefore, this fact led Lelono (2007) to propose the earlier arrival of the Gondwanan fragment to this area in Early Oligocene. However, recent records of Dacrydium have been reported from the Early Eocene of the Ninety East Ridge (55 Ma) and the Indian subcontinent (50 Ma) (Morley, 2009). This implies to the alternative dispersal route of this pollen. It is possible that Dacrydium dispersed into SE Asia prior to the Early Oligocene via the Ninety East Ridge and the Indian plate, and subsequently its distribution across the Sunda region and Indochina was limited by palaeoclimate, explaining why it is present in some areas of the Sunda region, but not others. Mean while, a model to explain the dispersal of Casuarina remains unresolved, since migration via India is unlikely as there is no pollen record from the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, long distance dispersal may be a possibility for this pollen.
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Lelono, Eko Budi. „The Migration Pathway Of Some Selected Australian Palynomorphs From Their Origin To Se Asia“. Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 35, Nr. 2 (10.03.2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.35.2.777.
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This paper proposes the alternative dispersal route of Australian elements of Dacrydium and Casuarina from their origin to Southeast Asia. It was previously thought that these Australian affi nities migrated to Sunda region following the collision of the Australian and the Asian plates at the Oligo-Miocene boundary (Morley, 1998 and 2000). The subsequent study by Lelono (2007) extended the record of these two taxa from the Oligo-Miocene boundary to the base Oligocene. This is unlikely, since at the time of basal Oligocene, when these pollen types fi rst appear, the Australian land mass would have been some 1000 kms south of the East Java area. Therefore, this fact led Lelono (2007) to propose the earlier arrival of the Gondwanan fragment to this area in Early Oligocene. However, recent records of Dacrydium have been reported from the Early Eocene of the Ninety East Ridge (55 Ma) and the Indian subcontinent (50 Ma) (Morley, 2009). This implies to the alternative dispersal route of this pollen. It is possible that Dacrydium dispersed into SE Asia prior to the Early Oligocene via the Ninety East Ridge and the Indian plate, and subsequently its distribution across the Sunda region and Indochina was limited by palaeoclimate, explaining why it is present in some areas of the Sunda region, but not others. Mean while, a model to explain the dispersal of Casuarina remains unresolved, since migration via India is unlikely as there is no pollen record from the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, long distance dispersal may be a possibility for this pollen.
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Malhi, Yadvinder, und James Wright. „Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, Nr. 1443 (29.03.2004): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1433.
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We present an analysis of the mean climate and climatic trends of tropical rainforest regions over the period 1960–1998, with the aid of explicit maps of forest cover and climatological databases. Until the mid–1970s most regions showed little trend in temperature, and the western Amazon experienced a net cooling probably associated with an interdecadal oscillation. Since the mid–1970s, all tropical rainforest regions have experienced a strong warming at a mean rate of 0.26 ± 0.05 °C per decade, in synchrony with a global rise in temperature that has been attributed to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. Over the study period, precipitation appears to have declined in tropical rainforest regions at a rate of 1.0 ± 0.8% per decade ( p < 5%), declining sharply in northern tropical Africa (at 3–4% per decade), declining marginally in tropical Asia and showing no significant trend in Amazonia. There is no evidence so far of a decline in precipitation in eastern Amazonia, a region thought vulnerable to climate–change–induced drying. The strong drying trend in Africa suggests that this should be a priority study region for understanding the impact of drought on tropical rainforests. We develop and use a dry–season index to study variations in the length and intensity of the dry season. Only African and Indian tropical rainforests appear to have seen a significant increase in dry–season intensity. In terms of interannual variability, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the primary driver of temperature variations across the tropics and of precipitation fluctuations for large areas of the Americas and southeast Asia. The relation between ENSO and tropical African precipitation appears less direct.
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Edholm, Kristoffer. „Rudra Mahāvīra: Vrātya Elements in the Vedic Pravargya-Complex“. Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, Nr. 1 (15.09.2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.85398.
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The article looks at the Vedic pravargya ritual and associated mythology in light of recent studies on the ancient Indian vrātyas, consecrated warriors who were thought to impersonate the deities Rudra, Indra, the Maruts, and the Aśvins (also known as Rudras). It is argued that vrātya elements in pravargya include Rudra as Mahāvīra (a heroic character, also an epithet of the vessel containing the offering), the sattra (collective ritual) setting of the paradigm myth, the motif of the unstrung bow, the minimal presence of females in pravargya, and divinisation of man as a goal of the ritual. The superhuman status attributed to the Mahāvīra is comparable with that of Atharvavedic characters like the vrātya and the brahmacārin (celibate student); the affinity between these figures may be derived from a common ascetic ideology, the roots of which some are to be sought in the warrior society.
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Glensor, Kain, und Neil R. P. Harris. „Marginal Benefit to South Asian Economies from SO2 Emissions Mitigation and Subsequent Increase in Monsoon Rainfall“. Atmosphere 10, Nr. 2 (08.02.2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020070.
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Sulphate aerosols are dominated by SO2 emissions from coal-burning for the Indian electricity sector and they are thought to have a short term but significant, negative impact on South Asian Summer Monsoon rainfall. This reduction in precipitation in turn can lead to reduced economic outputs, primarily through smaller agricultural yields. By bringing together estimates of (a) the impact of sulphate aerosols on precipitation and (b) the observed relationship between monsoon rainfall and GDP, we present a methodology to estimate the possible financial cost of this effect on the Indian economy and on its agricultural sector. Our preliminary estimate is that the derived benefits could be large enough that around 50% of India’s SO2 emissions could be economically mitigated at no cost or net benefit, although it should be noted that the large uncertainties in the underlying relationships mean that the overall uncertainty is also large. Comparison of the 1952–1981 and 1982–2011 periods indicates that the Indian economy may now be more resilient to variability of the monsoon rainfall. As such, a case could be made for action to reduce SO2 emissions, particularly in the crucial monsoon period. This would have a significant, positive effect on a crucial and large sector in India’s economy and the effects would be visible almost instantly. The recent growth in renewable energy sources in India and the consequent, reduced increase in coal burning means that further financial costs have already been avoided. This impact should be further investigated so that it can be included in cost-benefit analyses of different fuel types in the region. The significant uncertainties associated with these calculations are discussed.
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Arif, Umaima. „Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance. London: Penguin Books Ltd. 2009. 270 pages. Paperback. £ 14.99.“ Pakistan Development Review 48, Nr. 2 (01.06.2009): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i2pp.171-172.
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Behavioural economics is an emerging field and superfreakonomics provides useful insights into human behaviour observed with respect to issues that have economic implications. The underlying theme of the book is that human beings respond to incentives. The authors have set up a number of interesting examples to convey how different incentives work. The case studies discussed in the book are based on the authors’ recent academic research; motivated by fellow economists as well as engineers and astrophysicists, psychotic killers and emergency room doctors, amateur historians and transgender neuroscientists. Most of the stories fall into one of the two categories: things you always thought you knew but in fact did not; and things you never knew you wanted to know, but do know. The authors, with the help of data, show that drunk walking is eight times more dangerous than drunk driving. The message is that the misaligned incentives (penalties) are responsible for this—only drunk driving is penalised. To show the influence of positive incentives the authors demonstrate how cable TV might have improved the status of women in India. A baby Indian girl, who does grow into adulthood, faces discrimination in provision of education, health care and remuneration in job market. In a national health survey, 51 per cent of Indian men said that wife-beating is defensible under certain situations and more surprisingly, 54 per cent of the women agreed. But things are changing, albeit at a slow pace. The authors find that cable TV has empowered Indian rural women—families with cable TV are more likely to have a lower birth rate and more schooling.
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Owens, Rhys. „A Welsh Vision of Empire? Welsh Imperialists and the Indian Empire“. Britain and the World 17, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2024.0412.
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Neither Welsh history nor imperial history has given much attention to the Welsh connection with empire. While English, Scottish, and Irish imperial history have been developed in recent decades, Wales has been largely ignored. In relation to India, there have been projects on missionaries and the East India Company, but little that focuses on Welsh imperialists during the period of Crown Rule. Despite having a smaller presence than other British nationalities, the Welsh were present in India between 1858–1947, and interacted with imperialism in ways which were distinctly Welsh. This research will explore the Welsh in India during this period and how their Welsh identity interacted with the empire to create a unique Welsh conception of imperialism. Constructed in the domestic press, it emphasised Welsh understanding of indigenous peoples through their own experience of being a minority within the UK and attached itself to a strong sense of Britishness manifested in loyalty to the empire. This ideology, however, had limited impact on the ground in India, with Welsh imperialists generally conforming to the racial and class norms of British India. Welsh imperialism remained a prism through which the Welsh thought about themselves rather than a method of action. Examining this experience adds new dimensions to imperial thinking, especially in relation to how faith and language were transported, reimagined, and contested in the colonial sphere. It demonstrates how the British exported their national and regional ideological baggage which continued to influence their thinking, despite being removed from the physical landscape in which they were forged. Welsh people like Sir Lawrence Jenkins and the missionaries of the Northeast of India had tangible impacts on the colonial space which were fundamentally inspired by their Welshness. This greatly adds to our understanding of how British imperialism operated and has implications far beyond India.
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Van Rij, Inge. „"There is no anachronism": Indian Dancing Girls in Ancient Carthage in Berlioz's Les Troyens“. 19th-Century Music 33, Nr. 1 (2009): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2009.33.1.003.
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Abstract Relatively early in the composition of Les Troyens Berlioz declared his intention to include a "pas d'alméées with the music and dancing exactly like the Bayadèères' ballet which I saw here sixteen or seventeen years ago." Despite Berlioz's claim that he had "gone into it" and "there is no anachronism," historical evidence would suggest that the presence of Indian dancing girls in Dido's Carthage is actually highly inauthentic and anachronistic. Indeed, Berlioz's immediate inspiration for the ballet in question was not ancient history but, rather, a group of Indian dancers and musicians who had visited Paris in 1838. An investigation of the context of the bayadèères' performances and the reception of the dancers and their music reveals that issues of authenticity and anachronism were a constant preoccupation for their French audiences, most of whom had previously encountered bayadèères only through the exoticizing lens of Western representations. Berlioz's own references to the bayadèères are examined in relation to contemporary reviews and the text of a highly self-reflexive play that was performed as a prologue and that shaped audiences' responses to the bayadèères' performances at the Thééââtre des Variéétéés in Paris. Although Berlioz is generally thought to have abandoned his intention to embody the 1838 bayadèères in Les Troyens, I argue that he actually retained aspects of his original Indian inspiration in the act IV ballet; moreover, an awareness of the impact of the bayadèères' performances on Berlioz and his contemporaries greatly informs our appreciation of the contribution of the act IV ballet to the wider imperial subtext of Les Troyens. If, rather than simply dismissing anachronism, we are willing to embrace it as a concept fundamental to Berlioz's opera, the act IV ballet——often cut in recent productions——can be newly appreciated as occupying a significant role in the historical dialectic of Les Troyens as a whole.
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İpek, Mikail. „Mu’tazila’s Defense of Prophethood“. TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi, Nr. 1 (21.08.2021): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55709/tsbsbildirilerdergisi.1.16.
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Revelation and prophethood have an important place in the religion of Islam. Since Muslims attach importance to God’s orders and prohibitions, they also attribute holiness to the prophets who conveyed these orders and prohibitions to people. However, throughout history, there have been those who criticize prophethood from various perspectives. The origin of thought, which rejects prophecy, is generally based on Aristotle. However, there are also movements in which this thought emerges systematically. Barahima and Sumeniyya, which are considered to be of Indian origin according to the general opinion, are the leading ones. In addition to movements such as Barahima and Sumaniyya, Abū Isa al-Varrak (d. 247/861), his student Ibn al-Rawandī (d. 301/913) and Abū Bakr al-Razī (d. 313/913), known as a physician-philosopher, with their thoughts rejecting prophethood, have managed to remain on popular in certain periods of history. They objected not only prophethood but also the prophethood of the Hz. Mohammed, the thought of “Khatm Al-Nubuwwa” and the Qur’an. In the recent period, it is seen that movements such as deism and positivism continue the thoughts of the aforementioned denialist groups. Wise men such as Jāhiz (d. 255/869) and al-Qādī Abd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1025) from the Mu’tazila defended the prophethood by responding to such objections and criticisms during their lifetime. In this study, first of all, prophethood, the currents and people who objected to the prophethood of the Hazrat Muhammed, the thought of “Khatm Al-Nubuwwa” and the i’jaz of the Qur’ān were introduced, and their claims were put forward. Then, the answers given by the Mu’tazila to these objections were evaluated and evaluated. As a result, it has been seen that the claims put forward by Barahima, Sumaniyya, Abū Isa al-Varraq, Ibn al-Rawandī, and Abū Bakr al-Razī are similar to the ideas of current movements such as deism and positivism on prophecy. In this sense, it can be said that the defense of prophecy made by the Mu’tazila is valuable, especially in a character that reduces the doubts that come to mind with the thought of deism and sheds light on the present. In this respect, the aforementioned study, it is aimed to eliminate the ideas of deism, which reject the prophethood, revelation, and the holy in the context of god-human relationship through Mu’tazila. In our opinion, in order to be able to give reasonable answers to today’s denialist movements and to eliminate their objections, it is necessary to know well the Mu’tazila theology and their responses to the atheists who existed in their own time, as well as the Ahl as-Sunnah theology. Looking at the issue from a historical sense, it is seen that the aforementioned denial thought was also put forward in the previous periods of history but was eliminated by the theologians of those periods. Therefore, it can be said that the idea of deism is not a new movement but has always been against the phenomenon of religion by changing clothes in certain periods of history.
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Narmi, Akalily, Mohd Zariat Abdul Rani (Corresponding Author), Kamariah Kamarudin und Pabiyah Hajimaming@Toklubok. „Sumbangan Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi dalam Perkembangan Intelektual Islam di Malaysia: Beberapa Perkembangan Mutakhir“. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 17, Nr. 1 (30.06.2022): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol17no1.8.
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In the study of civilization, the intellectual achievement of a nation becomes an important aspect that is given great attention. The civilization of a nation is usually formed from interaction with other nations, especially through the influence of intellectual achievement. In this context, this study focuses on the influence of Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi in Malaysia. Al-Dihlawi was a Muslim Indian-born scholar in the 18th century AD who made great contributions in the Islamic scientific tradition to this day. Existing research corpus on his contribution in Malaysia is found to comprise of studies which tend to be very specific in their focus, scope and period. This tendency invites for a more comprehensive study, especially which takes into account recent developments. This study, therefore, aims to chronologically discuss the influence of al-Dihlawi’s ideas in Malaysia, including their most recent developments. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, specifically using library research and interviews. The study finds that there are some recent developments in relation to the influence of Dihlawi’s ideas in Malaysia, particularly in the field of Malay literature. This refers to the application of Taklif according to al-Dihlawi‘s explication in Persuratan Baru (officially translated as “Genuine Literature”), a notion by Mohd. Affandi Hassan which has been applied as a framework for analysing Malay literary texts. This application has formed a distinct academic corpus on al-Dihlawi’s thought in Malay literature.
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Jahanbegloo, Ramin. „Gandhi and the Global Satyagraha“. Social Change 51, Nr. 1 (März 2021): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085721993162.
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It is a common view to say that satyagraha was conducted by a person like Gandhi who was brought up in a cultural setting familiar with the concept of self-suffering and non-violence. But it would be a mistake to judge the Gandhian satyagraha in terms of cultural background. The recent global history of non-violent action has shown us clearly that satyagraha is a seed that can grow and flourish in other cultures and religions as well. Among the followers of Gandhi in the twentieth century who successfully launched their own satyagraha against racial, religious and economic injustice and struggled for human rights are names such as Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Martin Luther King Jr, Nelson Mandela, Lech Walesa, Vaclav Havel, Benigno Aquino and Aung San Suu Kyi. The trans-Indian experience of satyagraha assumes that non-violence in its broadest sense remains exemplary as a political action and is transferable as a human experience from one tradition of thought to another, making it universally applicable as a method of action.
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JONES, JUSTIN. „‘Signs of churning’: Muslim Personal Law and public contestation in twenty-first century India“. Modern Asian Studies 44, Nr. 1 (15.12.2009): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990114.
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AbstractFor many Muslims, the preservation of Muslim Personal Law has become the touchstone of their capacity to defend their religious identity in modern India. This paper examines public debate over Muslim Personal Law, not as a site of consensus within the community, but rather as an arena in which a varied array of Muslim individuals, schools and organisations have sought to assert their own distinctiveness. This is done by discussing the evolution of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, the most influential organisation to speak on such matters since the 1970s, with particular focus on its recent disintegration at the hands of a number of alternative legal councils formed by feminist, clerical and other groups. These organisations have justified their existence through criticism of the organisation's alleged attempts to standardise Islamic law, and its perceived dominance by the Deobandi school of thought. In truth, however, this process of fragmentation results from a complex array of embryonic and interlinked personal, political and ideological competitions, indicative of the increasingly fraught process of consensus-building in contemporary Indian Muslim society.
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Consolaro, Alessandra. „Immanence, Abjection and Transcendence through Satī/Śakti in Prabha Khaitan’s Autobiography "Anyā se ananyā"“. Cracow Indological Studies 20, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 231–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cis.20.2018.02.11.
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This article aims to explore embodiment as articulated in Prabha Khaitan’s autobiography Anyā se ananyā, inscribing it in a philosophical journey that refuses the dichotomy between Western and Indian thought. Best known as the writer who introduced French feminist existentialism to Hindi-speaking readers through her translation of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, Prabha Khaitan is positioned as a Marwari woman, intellectual, successful businesswoman, poet, novelist, and feminist, which makes her a cosmopolitan figure. In this article I use three analytical tools: the existentialist concepts of ‘immanence’ and ‘transcendence’—as differently proposed by Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir; Julia Kristeva’s definition of ‘abjection’—what does not ‘respect borders, positions, rules’ and ‘disturbs identity, system, order;’ and the satī/śakti notion—both as a venerated (tantric) ritual which gains its sanction from the scriptures, and as a practice written into the history of the Rajputs, crucial to the cultural politics of Calcutta Marwaris, who have been among the most vehement defenders of the satī worship in recent decades.
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Pinch, William R. „Reinventing Ramanand: Caste and History in Gangetic India“. Modern Asian Studies 30, Nr. 3 (Juli 1996): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016590.
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According to Sir George Grierson, one of the pre-eminent Indologists of the early twentieth century, Ramanand led ‘one of the most momentous revolutions that have occurred in the religious history of North India.’Yet Ramanand, the fourteenth-century teacher of Banaras, has been conspicuous by his relative absence in the pages of English-language scholarship on recent Indian history, literature, and religion. The aims of this essay are to reflect on why this is so, and to urge historians to pay attention to Ramanand, more particularly to the reinvention of Ramanand by his early twentieth-century followers, because the contested traditions thereof bear on the vexed issue of caste and hierarchy in colonial India. The little that is known about Ramanand is doubly curious considering that Ramanandis, those who look to Ramanand for spiritual and community inspiration, are thought to comprise the largest and most important Vaishnava monastic order in north India. Ramanandis are to be found in temples and monasteries throughout and beyond the Hindi-speaking north, and they are largely responsible for the upsurge in Ram-centered devotion in the last two centuries. A fairly recent anthropological examination of Ayodhya, currently the most important Ramanand pilgrimage center in India, has revealed that Ramanandi sadhus, or monks, can be grouped under three basic headings: tyagi (ascetic), naga (fighting ascetic), and rasik (devotional aesthete).4 The increased popularity of the order in recent centuries is such that Ramanandis may today outnumber Dasnamis, the better-known Shaiva monks who look to the ninth-century teacher, Shankaracharya, for their organizational and philosophical moorings.
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Pant, Aditya B. „The Implementation of the Three Rs in Regulatory Toxicity and Biosafety Assessment: The Indian Perspective“. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 48, Nr. 5-6 (September 2020): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192920986811.
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Animal models have long served as a basis for scientific experimentation, biomedical research, drug development and testing, disease modelling and toxicity studies, as they are widely thought to provide meaningful, human-relevant predictions. However, many of these systems are resource intensive and time-consuming, have low predictive value and are associated with great social and ethical dilemmas. Often drugs appear to be effective and safe in these classical animal models, but later prove to be ineffective and/or unsafe in clinical trials. These issues have paved the way for a paradigm shift from the use of in vivo approaches, toward the ‘science of alternatives’. This has fuelled several research and regulatory initiatives, including the ban on the testing of cosmetics on animals. The new paradigm has been shifted toward increasing the relevance of the models for human predictivity and translational efficacy, and this has resulted in the recent development of many new methodologies, from 3-D bio-organoids to bioengineered ‘human-on-a-chip’ models. These improvements have the potential to significantly advance medical research globally. This paper offers a stance on the existing strategies and practices that utilise alternatives to animals, and outlines progress on the incorporation of these models into basic and applied research and education, specifically in India. It also seeks to provide a strategic roadmap to streamline the future directions for the country’s policy changes and investments. This strategic roadmap could be a useful resource to guide research institutions, industries, regulatory agencies, contract research organisations and other stakeholders in transitioning toward modern approaches to safety and risk assessment that could replace or reduce the use of animals without compromising the safety of humans or the environment.
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Mbatha, Nkanyiso, und Sifiso Xulu. „Time Series Analysis of MODIS-Derived NDVI for the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park, South Africa: Impact of Recent Intense Drought“. Climate 6, Nr. 4 (30.11.2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli6040095.
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The variability of temperature and precipitation influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is potentially one of key factors contributing to vegetation product in southern Africa. Thus, understanding large-scale ocean–atmospheric phenomena like the ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole/Dipole Mode Index (DMI) is important. In this study, 16 years (2002–2017) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra/Aqua 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), extracted and processed using JavaScript code editor in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used to analyze the vegetation response pattern of the oldest proclaimed nature reserve in Africa, the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) to climatic variability. The MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI), burned area index (BAI), and normalized difference infrared index (NDII) were also analyzed. The study used the Modern Retrospective Analysis for the Research Application (MERRA) model monthly mean soil temperature and precipitations. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) evapotranspiration (ET) data were used to investigate the HiP vegetation water stress. The region in the southern part of the HiP which has land cover dominated by savanna experienced the most impact of the strong El Niño. Both the HiP NDVI inter-annual Mann–Kendal trend test and sequential Mann–Kendall (SQ-MK) test indicated a significant downward trend during the El Niño years of 2003 and 2014–2015. The SQ-MK significant trend turning point which was thought to be associated with the 2014–2015 El Niño periods begun in November 2012. The wavelet coherence and coherence phase indicated a positive teleconnection/correlation between soil temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture (NDII), and ET. This was explained by a dominant in-phase relationship between the NDVI and climatic parameters especially at a period band of 8–16 months.
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Verma, Nishita, Abhishek Sengupta, Seema Bhatnagar und Priyanka Narad. „In Silico Analysis and Docking Studies on Cystic Fibrosis to identify Potential Drug Candidates“. Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, Nr. 9 (15.08.2023): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1809rjbt2590270.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, most commonly affecting the lungs. Despite being thought of as an uncommon ailment, cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common monogenic sickness among those who are mostly of European descent. It is estimated that 1% of people worldwide have a single faulty copy of the CFTR gene. A recent pilot study using NGS technology in 2020 from Delhi’s Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, indicated the prevalence of cystic fibrosis mutations of 1 in 2,000 persons. This is much higher than the earlier estimated prevalence as the disease was rare in the Indian population. The most common mutations are delta F 508 and G551D which are also prevalent in the Indian population. The use of computer-aided drug design (CADD) can reduce the time needed for the discovery, evaluation and structure-optimization of new therapeutic candidates. CADD may be advantageous for pharmaceuticals with logical designs. Multiple breakthroughs have been made in the study of small molecule medicines and natural chemicals for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Seven well-known small-molecule medications that target the CFTR were chosen including Ivacaftor, Lumacaftor, Tezacaftor, Galicaftor, Olacaftor, Navocaftor and Elexacaftor. The natural compounds chosen were Genistein, Curcumin and Resveratrol. They were all docked onto the CFTR target protein and the effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated based on the docking scores. It was also planned to investigate if the combined impacts of these two different kinds of molecules may help in the development of new medications. To achieve this, combinatorial docking was tried using the small molecule market medication and the natural chemical that showed the best interaction with the target protein. Finally, based on molecular docking studies, Lonidamine, a well-known medicinal molecule was used to determine whether it may target cystic fibrosis.
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Spegele, Roger D. „Three Forms of Political Realism“. Political Studies 35, Nr. 2 (Juni 1987): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb01883.x.
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In the recent study of international relations, political realism has, apparently, had as many supporters as detractors. Nonetheless, there seems to be a growing tendency to treat the categories of political realism as if they were passing the way of all flesh, destined to be replaced by system theory, transnationalism, Marxist structuralism, critical theory or whatever. One difficulty with this judgement is that political realism is not a single theoretical entity which can be refuted by single disconfirming instances. Nor is it an understanding of the subject rooted in the views of such well-known exponents of this school as Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Thompson, Martin Wight, Sir Herbert Butterfield, E. H. Carr or Raymond Aron. On the contrary, political realism is a conception of politics which stretches back to the great Indian thinker Kautilya and in fact constitutes a many-mansioned tradition of thought about international relations. Three aspects of that tradition are examined in this essay: Common-sense Realism, Concessional Realism and neo-Aristotelian Realism. These reflections are only very tangentially related to the debates in the 1950s and 1960s concerning realism. This essay focuses, rather, on certain neglected features of contrasting philosophies of science. The article concludes, somewhat tentatively, that neo-Aristotelian Realism is coherent and cogent and superior in important respects to what scientific empiricism has to offer.
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Iyer, Samantha. „Colonial Population and the Idea of Development“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000588.
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AbstractThis article traces the shift in demographic thought from the Malthusian framework that predominated in English-language political economic writings of the nineteenth century to demographic transition theory, which prevailed by the mid-twentieth century. An analysis of demographic theory offers particular insights onto the intellectual history of development because the question of population served as the point of departure for various development theories. While the scholarly literature on U.S. development ideas and projects has grown increasingly rich and sophisticated in recent decades, it remains wedded to the notion that there was a stark rupture between American development theory and the conditions in and relationships to the underdeveloped world that it sought to describe. This belief threatens to trivialize the significance of violent economic, environmental, and political circumstances that made development a useful lens of interpretation. Focusing especially on ideas about India, this article examines how, in an era of economic crises, intellectual and political exchange between British colonial, Indian nationalist, and American thinkers concerning the problems of disease, famine, and immigration enabled a transformation in demographic thinking. The concept of development did not simply diffuse from the West to the Rest. Global conflict and dialogue—both between and within empires—enabled its emergence such that, by the early 1950s, peoples in various parts of the world had already taken the ideal of development for granted.
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A S, Vasudevan. „The Future of Work is a ‘Work in Progress’“. NHRD Network Journal 13, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2020): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631454120968950.
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This article is a phenomenological interpretation of the myriad processes that influence the transient nature of ‘work’ and measures to retrieve the dignity it deserves. Vasu is an emerging organisational futurist whose passion is to develop management educational approaches that ensure a positive outlook of the uncertain future ahead. The differences between Eastern and Western history, especially Indian history is ingrained with a unique resilience to catastrophic events, invasions and embedded diversity. Leaning more in defence of human dignity at work according to Pablo Gilbert, Victor Frankl, World Happiness Report 2012 and the contemporary theory of autopoiesis, he conjectures a ‘FUTOPIA’ rising in the horizon, where humanistic valuing of work becomes culture. The corporate world is realizing the shifting paradigms—from end goals of profit-centric strategies and exploitation of human futures to partnerships with associates and ‘working resources’ that optimize creative contribution from work environments. At a meta level, the nation-building agenda of development is talking the language of equal opportunity for and treatment of women at work, with equitable wage parity and abolition of forced labour in the United States. Recent bills in the Indian Parliament on education and farmers’ rights and tailoring of the archaic labour laws will strengthen the negotiation for equitable fund allocation. The spirit of enterprise will boost small and medium sectors, especially farming and food product preservation, innovation and research and development (R&D), and rapid skill development will for sure retrieve the dignity tag for academics, farm labourers and those in the service sector, such as paramedics, the police, etc. According to thought leaders, corporate founders and contemporary authors, the future of work can be seen as a promising work in progress towards a new work ethic. This article risks suggesting radical steps needed in challenging traditional leadership styles and human resource (HR) practices of a growth economy that draws on patriarchal alpha-male prominence. What will replace traditional leadership styles is compassionate servant leadership, with leaders who will become designers of future ‘work’ environments.