Bücher zum Thema „Reading with an associated work material“

The fate and creative activities of the Altai writers and literary are presented on the basis of archival material and a new reading of artistic works. The Altai literature has been uncovered in a historical perspective, analysed the publications of past years and examined the monographs of contemporary researchers in the Altai literature. The role of creative individuals and their contribution to the Altai literature was emphasized. The fate and literary heritage of repressed writers have been reinterpreted. This work is intended for philologists, masters, postgraduate, turcologists.The work presents the fate and creativity of the Altai writers and literary critics on the basis of archival materials and reading of works of art. The work is intended for scholars, undergraduates, graduate students.The work presents the fate and creativity of the Altai writers and literary critics on the basis of archival materials and reading of works of art. The work is intended for scholars, undergraduates, graduate students.

The textbook is aimed at developing professional competencies in preparing preschool children to learn Russian at school.it reveals the current content of preparing preschoolers to learn reading and writing in primary school, contains a method for teaching them sound word analysis, reading syllables and words in accordance with a scientifically based sound analytical and synthetic method, a technique for teaching children to print letters and syllables, and describes opportunities for cognitive development of preschool children in the process of speech work. The methodological material is accompanied by examples from the speech of preschool children and their training practices. A test is offered for professional self-control over the assimilation of the corresponding methodology in General. The appendices contain methodological illustrative and reference material. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate students in the field of "Pedagogical education", it can also be used by undergraduates in the study of a course on the cognitive development of preschool children and in the process of professional development and retraining of employees of preschool educational institutions and primary school teachers.

The aim of this book is to shed new light on the connections between the islands of the Odyssey, setting aside the common perspectives which fully contrast Ithaka to the isles of Odysseus’s travels. Indeed, on a close reading, the idea of ‘otherness’ frequently associated to these isles can be perceived as the result of shared traits. The book first offers an introductory survey on the studies about islands and insularity (not only) in the Odyssey. Then, it analyses how and in which terms the Odyssean representations of the islands are elaborated by means of references to the characters’ senses and actions. These representations are frequently parts of archipelagos of memories, and all bear witness to the fact that fantastic and realistic traits are intermingled and can permeate each other on all the Odyssean islands. Thus, the isles of these travels can be perceived as marginal and mixed places which are also meaningfully part of the archipelago of thematic and formal relations which links all Odyssean islands. The second section of the book examines this archipelagic scenario by using the concepts of utopia and heterotopia. The section shows how the islands of the Odyssey and, especially, the islands the hero encountered on his travels should not be considered utopias in the strict sense of the word. It then goes on to show how M. Foucault’s heterotopia can help to highlight a series of insular aspects, which, otherwise, could pass unnoticed. These lands stand at the margins of the world of the Odyssey and are, at the same time, connected to all the other islands. As a result, they work like mirrors which reflect images of different and possible worlds. In particular, the Odyssean isles of women mirror different and possible relationships between Odysseus and the lady of the island and help to enlighten the place which the hero perceives as the perfect home among all the possible choices. Finally, a brief analysis of the prophecy about the hero’s future last adventure shows that there is no chance of Odysseus feeling at home on that ‘other’ place of this last journey.

Christina Rossetti: Poetry, Ecology, Faith suggests that the life and works of Christina Rossetti offer a commentary on the relationship between Christianity and ecology. It counters readings of her as a withdrawn or apolitical poet by reading her Anglo-Catholic faith in the context of her commitment to the nonhuman. Rossetti considered the doctrines and ideas associated with the Catholic Revival to be revelatory of an ecology of creation in which all things, material and immaterial, human and nonhuman, divine and embodied, are interconnected. The book focuses on her close attention to the Bible, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi to show how her poetry, prose, and letters refused the nineteenth-century commodification of creation and declared it as a new and shared reality kept in eternal flux by the nondual love of the Trinity. In chapters on her early involvement in the Oxford Movement, her relationship to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Franciscan commitment to the diversity of plant and animal life through her anti-vivisection activism, and green reading of the apocalypse as transformative rather than destructive, the book traces an ecological love command in her writing, one she considered it a Christian duty to fulfil. It illuminates Rossetti’s at once sensitive and keenly ethical readings of the place of flora and fauna, stars and planets, humans and angels in creation, and is also the first study of its kind to argue for the centrality of spiritual materialism in her work, one driven by a prevenient and green grace.

Modernist literature is inextricable from the history of obscenity. The trials of such figures as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and Radclyffe Hall loom large in accounts of twentieth-century literature. Filthy Material: Modernism and the Media of Obscenity reveals the ways that debates about obscenity and literature were shaped by changes in the history of media. The emergence of film, photography, and new printing technologies shaped how “literary value” was understood, altering how obscenity was defined and which texts were considered obscene. Filthy Material rereads the history of modernist obscenity to discover the role played by technological media in debates about obscenity. The shift from the intense censorship of the early twentieth century to the effective “end of obscenity” for literature at the middle of the century was not simply a product of cultural liberalization but also of a changing media ecology. Filthy Material brings together media theory and archival research to offer a fresh account of modernist obscenity with novel readings of works of modernist literature. It sheds new light on figures at the center of modernism’s obscenity trials (such as Joyce and Lawrence), demonstrates the relevance of the discourse of obscenity to understanding figures not typically associated with obscenity debates (such as T. S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis), and introduces new figures to our account of modernism (such as Norah James and Jack Kahane). It reveals how modernist obscenity reflected a contest over the literary in the face of new media technologies.

This chapter reads closely one of Shakespeare’s most complex, elusive poems. Although obscurities are explicated, the primary aim is not to gloss difficulties but to provide a sustained analysis of the poet’s use of the resources of structure, form, rhyme, syntax, and diction. The focus is on the experience of reading ‘The Phoenix and Turtle’ as it unfolds. But due attention is given to what the writing owes to classical and medieval bird poems, to changing attitudes to ritual (and particularly to funeral rites) brought about by the Reformation, and to material features of Robert Chester’s Loves Martyr (1601), the book in which Shakespeare’s poem was first printed. The relevance is also shown of the conventions that came to govern early modern poems about death—a topic more fully explored in the associated, background chapter, ‘Shakespeare, Elegy and Epitaph: 1557–1640’.

Reclining quietly with a book; an ear glued to the Hi-Fi; sifting a library stack; the TV flickering; a website gone live… Few poets have inspired such remarkable scenes and modes of interpretation as Dylan Thomas. Our means of access and response to his work have never been more eclectic, and this collection sheds new light on what it means to ‘read’ such a various art. In thinking beyond the parameters of life writing and lingering interpretative communities, Reading Dylan Thomas attends in detail to the problems and pleasures of deciphering Thomas in the twenty-first century, teasing out his debts and effects, tracing his influence on later artists, and suggesting ways to understand his own idiosyncratic reading practices. From short stories to memoirs, poems to broadcasts, letters to war films, manuscripts to paintings, the material considered in this volume lays the ground for a new consideration of Thomas’s formal versatility, and his distinctive relation to the many kinds of media that constitute literary modernism.

Lancelot “Capability” Brown was one of the most influential landscape designers of the eighteenth-century at a time when Britain was changing radically from an agrarian to an industrial and colonial nation, whilst Europe was periodically convulsed by war and revolution. The extent and nature of his influence are, however, fiercely debated. Brown worked at hundreds of important sites across England and his name became synonymous with the “English Garden” style which was copied across Northern Europe and entranced Catherine the Great, who remodelled her landscapes in St Petersburg to reflect the new style. He was fêted in his time, and recognised by the Crown, but Brown’s style was readily copied over his later life and particularly after his death. Arguably, this ubiquity led to the denigration of his achievements and even his character, particularly by the agents of the Picturesque. The lack of any personal primary material from Brown - forcing scholars to rely on his landscapes, contracts and bank accounts - has hindered attempts to provide a rounded and credible account of the man and his works. However, by exploring his team of associates and his role as Royal Gardener, new light can be thrown on the man, his landscapes and his landscape legacy. Bringing together a number of perspectives from across Northern Europe, Capability Brown, Royal Gardener explores the lasting international impact of Brown. With Brown’s position as Royal Gardener at its heart, this book explores for the first time his business methods, working methods and European influence. It assesses how, crucially, Brown’s work practices placed him within the world of nurserymen and landscape designers, and how his business practices and long term relationships with draughtsmen and designers allowed him to manage a huge number of projects and a substantial financial turnover. This, in turn, allowed him to work in a way that promoted and advanced his style of landscape. Edited by Professor Jonathan Finch (University of York) and Dr Jan Woudstra (University of Sheffield), and with a varied range of engaging contributors drawn internationally from archaeology, art history, history and landscape architecture, Capability Brown, Royal Gardener weaves together strands from across a broad range of disciplinary interests. It makes an important contribution to the scholarly discussion of Brown’s work, the work of his collaborators, and legacy in the UK and across Northern Europe. Relevant to students and academics at all levels, this volume throws new light on Capability Brown and his impact on the business of place-making in Northern Europe.

This chapter offers a new conceptualization of culture, focusing on domains of professional activity. Culture is understood as a dynamic system integrating material, symbolic, and social elements and describing the context of human action. From this perspective, culture exists not only between nations but also within nations, at the level of different groups and communities. Professional groups are cultural units, which bring together people who share a number of norms and values, work within a given set of material constraints, and co-construct a common identity. Artists, scientists, and designers represent distinctive professional groups associated with recognized forms of creative activity. Research is presented concerning (a) the factors involved in creative expression in art, science, and design, and (b) the creative processes specific for different stages of creative work within each of these domains. The findings are interpreted in terms of cultural and contextual influences.

Ligeti’s first major commissio brought him some security, and with it the chance to focus on codifying the compositional techniques he had developed during the previous years. The sketches for the Requiem—especially the Kyrie and Dies irae movements—show explicit forms of rulemaking that differ from those associated with Boulez, Stockhausen, and others using the integral serial approach. Ligeti’s approach to rhythm is further refined in Lux aeterna and Lontano, and the Cello Concerto represents the synthesis of the static and wild textures developed so meticulously in the previous works. The Cello Concerto also reuses types of musical material created in Aventures, referencing specific episodes from the earlier work in an instrumental setting.

This book provides the information that will allow users to recover salt-degraded land with selected plantation timbers and ultimately to make a profit. The authors have drawn on their own experiences plus material from Australia, India, California and Israel where similar saline soil conditions occur. The authors also bring their extensive work in forest biotechnology to the book. The primary species of interest are in the genus Eucalyptus although other species, notably conifers, are referred to. Issues involved in defining the characteristics of sites where plantations may be established and their special management requirements are discussed. Options are presented for the selection and development of appropriate genotypes plus associated management practices. Monitoring of plantations is shown to be a vital management issue. The work includes a chapter on environmental benefits which will broaden the appeal beyond forest managers, extension officers and students of forestry to companies which produce CO2 but which have no prior knowledge of forestry.

Glass that appears in archaeological contexts outside of the communities of its production and shows use as toolstone for lithic-like industries can be described as remanufactured. Such artifacts are commonly associated with contact encounters, most frequently with European colonial expansion. This article reviews the literature on remanufactured glass and argues that (1) much experimental and analytical work remains to develop coherent identification criteria, especially for expedient forms, and (2) such objects challenge archaeological orthodoxies in the definition of culture and its material manifestations. We argue that objects with manufacturing histories that span cultural contexts are a highly visible illustration of the hybridity in all cultural gestures. Hybridization is not a transaction between disparate, homogenous cultural regimes, but emerges from individual quotidian acts. Culture as a result, is not an entity, but the acceptance of coherence.

Abstract: This chapter surveys prior scholarly work on country music’s ostensibly conservative relationship to sexuality. It tracks how sexuality becomes linked to other identity markers in songs by artists such as Gretchen Wilson and k.d. lang, as country functions as not only a distinctly classed but also racialized, gendered, and regionalized genre traditionally associated with white working-class Southerners. It probes whether earlier and recent modes of white masculinity and femininity, might or might not be constituted in relationship to queerness and/or blackness. This overview also suggests new ways to expand the critical terrain by taking up case studies: (1) Tanya Tucker, the now-faded star of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, who gained early notoriety for her sexualized performance style and material; and (2) the recent bro-country sensation (Florida Georgia Line), whose young male artists recycle explicitly (hetero) sexual content through pseudo-hip hop rhythms and rapping.

This chapter discusses Edith Wharton’s critical assessment of modern consumer culture, whose ascendancy she associated with standardised sartorial and literary tastes. By showing her indebtedness to Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary theories, it argues that she was suspicious of fashion’s imperative for ‘newness’ and thought that its cultural dominance was detrimental to cultural and artistic progress. Alongside essays such as ‘The Vice of Reading’, ‘The Great American Novel’, ‘Permanent Values in Fiction’, and ‘Fiction and Criticism’ as well as unpublished material from the Edith Wharton Collection in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, the chapter focuses on novels such as The Touchstone (1900), The Custom of the Country (1913), The Children (1928), Hudson River Bracketed (1929) and The Gods Arrive (1932).

The book takes censorship as an entry point into Berg’s Lulu. Beginning in 1894 with the suppression of the Ur-Lulu, Wedekind’s original play, responses to acts of censorship played a role in ultimately determining the opera’s shape and tone. When Wedekind rewrote material from the Ur-Lulu as two supposedly self-sufficient plays, Erdgeist and Die Büchse der Pandora, he responded in different ways to the threat of further censorship. The resulting discrepancies between the later plays, second order consequences of censorship, created obstacles to the joining of them that Berg and other dramaturges, beginning with Wedekind himself, would undertake. Berg worked to overcome the second order consequences by composing intricate leitmotivic connections between the opera’s halves, each based on one of the plays. Recognizing fundamental differences between the plays, this book seeks to recover some of the nuances in the plays and Berg’s treatment of them that have been obscured by assumptions of their unity. It also considers the contradiction between dramatic material that many spectators find sordid and the beauty of much of the music, in particular three musical passages that make a Liebestod effect, and traces this to differences between Wedekind and Berg. The artistic stance known as fin-de-siècle decadence was responsible for deliberately offensive features of the Ur-Lulu. Berg associated the Lulu character with the beauty of major-minor tonality, a musical system over-ripe and in that sense decadent at the turn of the century, in that way enabling a problematic symbolic reading of the also problematic misogynistic material.

Psychodrama is a method of research and intervention in interpersonal relationships. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate and train group relationships in a multidisciplinary healthcare team. Material & Methods: Participants: The study population included employees who work in a Basic Family Health (UBSF), which was randomly selected. This facility was located in a medium-sized city within the state of São Paulo. We used the following tools: Form of Profile Survey and Interview Guide associated to Socio-demographic Data, Relational Functioning, and the team’s Sociometric choices. The researchers designed other Instruments of Protocol. Procedure: The participants responded to the study instruments and subsequently they underwent the Role Playing Program. They were re-evaluated at the end of the Development and Training Roles Program and reassessed at the end of the program. Patients show good clinical evaluation free of complications in a 60-day follow-up. Conclusions: The results show changes and improvements in the personal lives of those involved in their performance at work, and in the creation of coping strategies due to the professional role. Our results also indicate the importance of continuous and permanent training to maintain the properly functioning of the team. The participants also need a greater time to achieve internal and subjective changes identified with the intervention. We achieved the proposed objectives, which were as follows: effectiveness of the sociopsychodramatic methodology in groups regarding training and role play and changes in interdisciplinary relationships. However, more research on a case by case basis is recommended in order to generalize the results.

Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia fascinate and challenge mental health providers, who seek to understand these conditions and assist individuals and families who suffer from them. Schizophrenia causes significant disability and increased mortality, and practitioners struggle to identify and manage the condition appropriately. It can be particularly difficult for trainees and students to grasp the basics in a way that can effectively inform clinical care. Hopefully, this book will help. This volume of the Pittsburgh Pocket Psychiatry series provides a comprehensive overview of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, which will assist psychiatry residents, medical students, and other professional trainees in diagnosing and treating individuals with these conditions. The book draws on the latest scientific research to discuss the neurobiology and pathophysiology of these illnesses; reviews the key clinical and diagnostic features of psychotic illnesses consistent with the revised criteria of DSM-5; discusses the course of these illnesses and their associated psychosocial issues; and provides strategies for treating individuals afflicted with these illnesses. It will help practitioners develop a better understanding of how to manage the challenges of evaluating, diagnosing, and treating individuals with psychotic illnesses. The handy, pocket-size format should make the book convenient and user-friendly, while the text itself is concise and readable, geared towards the young professional. Case examples, sample questions, and resource lists supplement core material and make this volume practical, particularly as a self-study guide. Contributing authors represent psychiatry, social work, and pharmacy; all have experience teaching and mentoring trainees and other health professionals.

By some accounts, the trial and conviction of Hissène Habré is the most significant achievement global criminal justice has enjoyed in the past decade. Simply creating a court and commencing a trial against a deposed head of state was an extraordinary success. The ad hoc tribunal set up in Senegal exceeded expectations, working on time, within budget, with no murdered witnesses or self-dealing officials. This achievement is particularly meaningful in the current climate, where we are witnessing a ‘backlash’ against international criminal justice. This book presents the Habré trial and its impact using a novel structure of first person accounts and academic analysis, presenting both local and international perspectives through distinct but inter-locking parts. It offers empirical source material followed by expert analysis designed to bring the reader closer both to the construction and work of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) as well as wider themes of international criminal law. We the editors followed the case from 2015 onwards. We made several trips to Dakar in order to interview a spectrum of actors associated with the EAC. Convinced of the trial’s significance, concerned that it would remain understudied by an anglophone audience, and wishing to bring local experience and knowledge out of Dakar and to the world, we conceived of the book’s particular structure. This is the genesis of the twenty-six actor testimonials that constitute Part I, the heart of the book. In Part II of the book we situate the Habré case in its larger context through seventeen contributions of leading academics and experts in the field of ICL.

A leading exponent of the nouveau roman, Nathalia Sarraute (1900–1999) was also one of France's most cosmopolitan literary figures, and her life was bound up with the intellectual and political ferment of twentieth-century Europe. This book is the authoritative biography of this major writer. Sarraute's life spanned a century and a continent. Born in tsarist Russia to Jewish parents, she was soon uprooted and brought to the city that became her lifelong home, Paris. This dislocation presaged a life marked by ambiguity and ambivalence. A stepchild in two families, a Russian émigré in Paris, a Jew in bourgeois French society, and a woman in a man's literary world, Sarraute was educated at Oxford, Berlin, and the Sorbonne. She embarked on a career in law that was ended by the Nazi occupation of France, and she spent much of the war in hiding, under constant threat of exposure. Rising to literary eminence after the Liberation, she was initially associated with the existentialist circle of Beauvoir and Sartre, before becoming the principal theorist and practitioner of the avant-garde French novel of the 1950s and 1960s. Her tireless exploration of the deepest parts of our inner psychological life produced an oeuvre that remains daringly modern and resolutely unclassifiable. The book explores Sarraute's work and the intellectual, social, and political context from which it emerged. Drawing on newly available archival material and Sarraute's letters, this biography is the definitive account of a life lived between countries, families, languages, literary movements, and more.

Modernist Physics takes as its focus the ideas associated with three scientific papers published by Albert Einstein in 1905, considering the dissemination of those ideas both within and beyond the scientific field, and exploring the manifestation of similar ideas in the literary works of Virginia Woolf and D. H. Lawrence. Drawing on Gillian Beer’s suggestion that literature and science ‘share the moment’s discourse’, Modernist Physics seeks both to combine and to distinguish between the two standard approaches within the field of literature and science: direct influence and the zeitgeist. The book is divided into three parts, each of which focuses on the ideas associated with one of Einstein’s papers. Part I considers Woolf in relation to Einstein’s paper on light quanta, arguing that questions of duality and complementarity had a wider cultural significance in the early twentieth century than has yet been acknowledged, and suggesting that Woolf can usefully be considered a complementary, rather than a dualistic, writer. Part II looks at Lawrence’s reading of at least one book on relativity in 1921, and his subsequent suggestion in Fantasia of the Unconscious that ‘we are in sad need of a theory of human relativity’—a theory which is shown to be relevant to Lawrence’s writing of relationships both before and after 1921. Part III considers Woolf and Lawrence together alongside late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discussions of molecular physics and crowd psychology, suggesting that Einstein’s work on Brownian motion provides a useful model for thinking about individual literary characters.

Hermann von der Hardt’s exegetical work is extremely idiosyncratic and controversial. Yet it is important for at least two reasons. First, his reading of the Bible evinces a thorough philological approach that served to corroborate his view of the complicated, encoded structures of biblical history. Secondly, von der Hardt refused to present the Book of Jonah as a prediction of Christ’s coming, as was usually done before him. Instead, he adopted a strictly historical interpretation that avoided delving into the mysteries of divine providence and explained the book as series of practical, moral, and political recommendations. His exegesis shows a predilection for a historical-critical interpretation that fits in the tradition associated with La Peyrère, Spinoza, and Simon. For von der Hardt, the moral implications of the text were of overriding importance.

This chapter explores Herodotus’ presentation of mobility as opposed to stability, such as autochthony. As with monumental projects, context and perspective help to determine whether movement should be viewed as positive or destabilizing. It then considers whether Herodotus supports the idea of a ‘natural order’, on either a small or large scale, and whether changes to the natural world are inherently disrespectful, hubristic, even sacrilegious; or whether such judgements are to be associated only with the enraged, passionate, punitive behaviour of Persia’s grand imperial scheme. The propensity of others, such as the Athenians, to step into Persian shoes encourages a reading of Herodotus’ declaration of the mutability of fortune as a more specific reflection on the ever-changing map of imperial power. Dynamis is seen to be at the heart of Herodotus’ work, no less than that of Thucydides.

The Practice of the Self situates the work of American poet Charles Olson (1910–70) at the centre of the early postwar American avant-garde. It shows Olson to have been one of the major advocates and theorists of American modernism in the late 1940s and early 1950s; a poet who responded fully and variously to the political, ethical, and aesthetic urgencies driving innovation across contemporary American art. Reading Olson’s work alongside that of contemporaries associated with the New York Schools of painting and music (as well as the exiled Frankfurt School), the book draws on Olson’s published and unpublished writings to establish an original account of early postwar American modernism. The development of Olson’s work is seen to illustrate two primary drivers of formal innovation in the period: the evolution of a new model of political action pivoting around the radical individual and, relatedly, a powerful new critique of instrumental reason and the Enlightenment tradition. Drawing on extensive archival research and featuring readings of a wide range of artists—including, prominently, Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, David Smith, Wolfgang Paalen, and John Cage—The Practice of the Self offers a new reading of a major American poet and an original account of the emergence of postwar American modernism.

This comprehensive volume presents indispensable and up-to-date information on viroids and viroid diseases. It provides a single source of information on the properties of viroids, the economic impact of viroid diseases, and methods for their detection and control. It examines the diseases associated with different plant species, the geographic distribution and epidemiology of viroids, diseases of possible viroid etiology, and the future applications of viroids. Viroids examines the biology of viroids, molecular characteristics, localization and movement, replication, pathogenesis, viroids and gene silencing, classification, viroid-like satellite RNAs, detection of viroids using bioamplification hosts, biological indexing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction. The book looks at the geographical distribution and epidemiology of viroids in North America, Australasia, China, Japan, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, and at the global level. It covers the control of viroids including quarantine of imported germplasm, availability of viroid-tested propagation materials, thermotherapy, tissue culture, and other conventional strategies as well as biotechnological control approaches. Special topics such as ribozyme reaction of viroids and economic advantages of viroid infection are also included. Other chapters summarise the current state of knowledge concerning viroid diseases of the crop in question and aspects of the natural history of viroids in horticulture. Among the crops covered are potato, tomato, tobacco, cucumber, pome fruits, stone fruits, avocado, citrus, grapevines, hop, chrysanthemum, coleus, columnea, and coconut palm. The four eminent editors of this watershed volume have assembled an international group of more than 70 scientists who have substantial experience with viroids and viroid diseases. They have produced a cohesive and comprehensive work that can be used by students, researchers, extension agents, and regulators. It may also be of a great value to science managers, policy makers, and industries in formulating policies and products to obtain viroid-free plants and control viroid diseases. The information on plant quarantine and certification programs will help anyone concerned with the safe movement of plant material across international boundaries or within a single country.

Victorian Poetry and the Culture of Evaluation argues that the dialectic and dynamic relationship between the periodical review and poetry creates a culture of evaluation which shapes Victorian poetic form. The mediation of poetry by the periodical review orients poets towards public readership and reception, heightening their self-consciousness about their audience and generating a poetics of publicness. Using methodologies associated with historical poetics and new formalism, the book examines the dialogues between poets and periodical reviews from the 1830s to the 1860s. It juxtaposes male and female poets and canonical and uncanonical texts. Challenging the critical binaries of fame and celebrity, the culture of evaluation posits a new way of reading Victorian poetry. It illuminates poets’ engagement with the immediacy and inevitability of writing for the present and for the contemporary media through which poetry was read and disseminated. New patterns of reception were created by mass print culture and both poets and reviewers were preoccupied with reaching the newly constituted mass audience. The changes to the material forms of poetry (e.g. through the periodical or gift-book) and the subjection to the commercial imperatives of the literary marketplace encouraged bold experiment with verse. The book identifies three poetic strategies for articulating the preoccupation with a mass audience and the demands of mass media: voice, style and address. Chapters on voice, style, and address explore the development of poetic form in dialogue with periodical reviews.

One of the most pervasive landscapes of the Song of Songs is the farm, which appears repeatedly throughout the poetry. This chapter emphasizes the material grounding of the Song’s lyricism, which connects it directly to a context of ancient food production. It offers readings of several short segments of the Song, highlighting the imagery of vineyard and shepherding, and then describes how these material evocations blend into metaphors for the lovers themselves. It dialogues with the work of Wendell Berry to show how such a mode of thought is distinctly agrarian. It concludes with a close reading of Song 7:11–14.

This chapter begins by reflecting on various reactions Joyce’s Finnegans Wake provoked during its long gestation, looking in detail at H. G. Wells, T. S. Eliot, Eugene Jolas, and C. K. Ogden. After explaining why it is important to consider the Wake’s place in intellectual history, it focuses on three traditions from which Joyce derived inspiration: the political thinking of the late nineteenth century, reflected in the writings of the Russian anarchist Léon Metchnikoff (1838–88); the linguistic thinking of the early twentieth century, as manifest in the work of the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943); and the philosophical thinking also of the early twentieth century, associated with the Austro-Hungarian journalist, novelist, and philosopher Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923). The chapter concludes by considering the Wake’s various lessons in reading, the centrality it accords to writing, and the bearing this has on how we think about language, culture, community, and the state.

Roman Britain is a critical area of research within the provinces of the Roman empire. It has formed the context for many of the seminal publications on the nature of imperialism and cultural change. Roman rule had a profound impact culture of Iron Age Britain, with new forms of material culture, and new forms of knowledge. On the other hand, there is evidence that such impacts were not uniform, leading to questions of resistance and continuity of pre-existing cultural forms. Within the last 15-20 years, the study of Roman Britain has been transformed through an enormous amount of new and interesting work which is not reflected in the main stream literature. The new archaeological work by a young generation has moved away from the narrative historical approach towards one much more closely focused on the interpretation of material. It has produced new interpretations of the material and a new light on the archaeology of the province, grounded in a close reading of the material evidence as collected by previous scholars and exploiting the rich library of publications on Romano-British studies. For the first time, this volume draws together the various scholars working on new approaches to Roman Britain to produce a comprehensive study of the present state and future trajectory of the subject. Arranged thematically and focussed primarily on the archaeological evidence, the volume challenges more traditional narrative approaches and explores new theoretical perspectives in order to better understand the archaeology of the province and its place within the wider context of the Roman Empire.

This study uses the material transmission history of Dante’s innovative first book, the Vita nuova (New Life), to intervene in recent debates about literary history, reconceiving the relationship between the work and its reception, and investigating how different material manifestations and transformations in manuscripts, printed books, translations, and adaptations participate in the work. Just as Dante frames his collection of thirty-one poems surrounded by prose narrative and commentary as an attempt to understand his own experiences through the experimental form of the book, so later scribes, editors, and translators use different material forms to embody their own interpretations of it. Traveling from Boccaccio’s Florence to contemporary Hollywood with stops in Emerson’s Cambridge, Rossetti’s London, Nerval’s Paris, Mandelstam’s Russia, De Campos’s Brazil, and Pamuk’s Istanbul, this study builds on extensive archival research to show how Dante’s strange poetic forms continue to challenge readers. In contrast to a conventional reception history’s chronological march, each chapter analyzes how one of these distinctive features has been treated over time, offering new perspectives on topics such as Dante’s love of Beatrice, his relationship with Guido Cavalcanti, and his attraction to another woman, while highlighting Dante’s concern with the future, as he experiments with new ways to keep Beatrice alive for later readers. Deploying numerous illustrations to show the entanglement of the work’s poetic form and its material survival, Dante’s New Life of the Book offers a fresh reading of Dante’s innovations, demonstrating the value of this philological analysis of the work’s survival in the world.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Civilian control over the military is widely hailed as among the biggest successes of India’s democracy. This is a rarity, especially among postcolonial states, and is rightfully celebrated. But has this come at a cost? The Absent Dialogue argues that the pattern of civil–military relations in India has hampered its military effectiveness. Indian politicians and bureaucrats have long been content with the formal and ritualistic exercise of civilian control, while the military continues to operate in institutional silos, with little substantive engagement between the two. In making this claim, the book closely examines the variables most associated with military effectiveness—weapons procurement, jointness (the ability of separate military services to operate together), officer education, promotion policies, and defense planning. India’s pattern of civil–military relations—best characterized as an absent dialogue—adversely affects each of these processes. Theoretically, the book adopts the “unequal dialogue” framework proposed by Eliot Cohen but also argues that, under some conditions, patterns of civil–military relations may more closely resemble an “absent dialogue.” Informed by more than a hundred and fifty interviews and recently available archival material, the book represents a deep dive into understanding the power and the limitations of the Indian military. It sheds new light on India’s military history and is essential reading for understanding contemporary civil–military relations and recurring problems therein. While the book focuses on India, it also highlights the importance of civilian expertise and institutional design in enhancing civilian control and military effectiveness in other democracies.

This chapter explores the place of genre in modern Chinese fiction through a reading of Xiang Kairan’s martial arts novelRighteous Heroes of Modern Times, considered one of the foundational works of modern martial arts fiction. The novel’s narrative centers on the question of the transmission of China’s martial arts. In a self-reflexive turn, it establishes connections between the transmission of the martial arts and of narrative—both the transitivity of the narrative act and the transmission of particular bodies of narrative material. The tale involves a modernization of the mode of transmission, thus probing the tension between continuity and change inherent in the logic of transmission—of martial arts traditions as well as of the generic structures of martial arts fiction. This allows for a reflection on the laws of genre itself, since a genre work succeeds in part by varying or violating the material that it inherits.

Dyslexia and other learning difficulties: The Facts addresses problems many intelligent children face who, while having normal IQ levels, still struggle to learn in the classroom setting. A short attention span, restlessness, an inability to write clearly, and reading comprehension well below age level are all indicators of learning disabilities, and this book offers a clear and sympathetic guide to the difficulties that parents and teachers face when working with a child with these sorts of obstacles to learning. The book deals with difficulties in traditional academic areas such as reading, spelling, and arithmetic, but also looks into lesser known conditions like clumsiness, social unease, and hyperactivity. Providing practical advice to parents to help understand their children's difficulties and to help them overcome problems and improve their self-esteem, Dyslexia and other learning difficulties: The Facts also offers a number of suggestions for managing difficult behaviour. This new edition has been fully updated and draws on the most recent research on learning difficulties and some associated disorders and their treatments. It also provides information about electronic and computer aids that are now available to help individuals with learning difficulties. This encouraging approach and easy-to-read style will appeal to parents as well as to professionals who work with children with learning disabilities.

What do we mean when we say that a novel's conclusion “feels right”? How did feeling, form, and the sense of right and wrong get mixed up, during the nineteenth century, in the experience of reading a novel? This book argues that Victorian readers associated the feeling of narrative form—of being pulled forward to a satisfying conclusion—with inner moral experience. Reclaiming the work of a generation of Victorian “intuitionist” philosophers who insisted that true morality consisted in being able to feel or intuit the morally good, this book shows that when Victorians discussed the moral dimensions of reading novels, they were also subtly discussing the genre's formal properties. For most, Victorian moralizing is one of the period's least attractive and interesting qualities. But this book argues that the moral interpretation of novel experience was essential in the development of the novel form—and that this moral approach is still a fundamental, if unrecognized, part of how we understand novels. Bringing together ideas from philosophy, literary history, and narrative theory, the book shows that we cannot understand the formal principles of the novel that we have inherited from the nineteenth century without also understanding the moral principles that have come with them. The book helps us to understand the way Victorians read, but it also helps us to understand the way we read now.

After a brief survey of the evolution of interdisciplinary historical work on the English Renaissance since the 1980s, this introduction comments upon the material covered by the collection and how individual chapters reflect recent and current historiographical trends. The decline of older master narratives of Elizabethan and early Stuart history is examined, along with the emergence of increasingly complex views of politics, religion, society and culture during the period. Particular attention is paid to issues and methodologies that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. It is argued that rather than providing scholars of literature with a stable framework of established facts and interpretations, historical research is best appreciated as an ongoing enterprise that can stimulate and inform literary analysis by suggesting fresh questions and furnishing insights and information that complement the work of close reading.

This book offers a new material history of the Jesus tradition. It shows that the introduction of manuscripts to the transmission of the Jesus tradition played an underappreciated but crucial role in the reception history of the tradition that eventuated. It focuses particularly on the competitive textualization of the Jesus tradition, whereby Gospel authors drew attention to the written nature of their tradition, sometimes in attempts to assert superiority to predecessors, and the public reading of the Jesus tradition. Both these processes reveal efforts on the part of early followers of Jesus to place the gospel-as-manuscript on display, whether in the literary tradition or in the assembly. Building upon interdisciplinary work on ancient book cultures, this book traces an early history of the gospel as artifact from the textualization of Mark in the first century until the eventual usage of liturgical reading as a marker of authoritative status in the second and third centuries and beyond. Overall, it reveals a vibrant period of the development of the Jesus tradition, wherein the material status of the tradition frequently played as important a role as the ideas about Jesus that it contained.

This chapter explores how experimental filmmaker Lis Rhodes subverts the hegemonic relationship between sound and image across her body of moving image work in order to highlight and address inequitable power structures and the absence of the female voice in music and society. This is achieved on a material level by translating the optical soundtrack into visual presentations in her direct animation Dresden Dynamo (1971–72) and within an expanded, performative context in her audiovisual composition Light Music (1975). Further to this, Rhodes’s later films, Light Reading (1978) and A Cold Draft (1988), continue to rebalance the audiovisual relationship by giving countenance to the female voice, acousmatised from the images presented on screen.

Paradise Lost has never received a substantial, book-length reading by a philosopher. This should surprise no one. Milton associated philosophy with deceit in his theological writings, and made philosophizing one of the activities of fallen angels in hell. This book argues that Milton’s disdain for philosophers’ vocation should not prevent them from turning an inquisitive eye to Milton’s greatest poem. Because it examines puzzles that intrigue philosophers, instead of neatly breaking from philosophy, it maintains a penetrating rapport with it. Paradise Lost sets forth bold claims regarding the meaning of genuine knowledge, regarding what counts as acting meaningfully, or as taking in the world fully, or as withdrawing from inner deadness. Other topics touched upon by Milton involve some of the most central issues within the philosophy of religion: the relationship between reason and belief, the uniqueness of religious poetry, the meaning of gratitude, and the special role of the imagination in faith. This tension—disparaging philosophy on the one hand, but taking up much of what philosophers hope to understand on the other—turns Milton’s poem into an exceptionally potent work for a philosopher of literature. Ascent is a philosophical reading of the poem that attempts to keep audible Milton’s antiphilosophy stance. The picture of interdisciplinarity that will emerge is, accordingly, neither one of a happy percolation among fields (“philosophy,” “literature”), nor one of rigid boundaries. Overlap and partial agreement clash against contestation and rivalry. It is these conflicting currents that this book aims to capture, not to reconcile.

The books examines Eighteenth Dynasty images of reading and writing with the aim of understanding how members of the elite conceptualized literacy, and how, in turn, they identified themselves with regards to it. Inspired by the approach taken by New Literacy Studies, this inquiry emphasizes the study of the social practices that involve reading and writing. This line of inquiry reveals a dynamic negotiation between various concepts of literacy among the Eighteenth Dynasty elite, who associated writing with accounting and list-making, as well as with violence and law. Building on the work of Bruno Latour and Stephen Greenblatt, the book furthermore studies the representation of literacy as a social phenomenon. This investigation suggests that in contrast most of the elite, military officials chose to represent themselves engaged in writing as a way of negotiating their place in relation to others within and without the military. Haremhab, the commander in chief who later ascended the throne is perhaps the epitome of this phenomenon, and his biography allows us to follow his path from military man to king. A close investigation of his texts and monuments reveals his unique views regarding reading and mainly writing that involve piety and historiography. Examining representations of literacy in this time period reveals, therefore, a fascinating change in the cultural history of ancient Egypt. It allows us to, moreover, to explore the relationships between art and society in ancient Egypt, between patrons and the groups they form, and the place of literacies in ancient societies.

What does it mean to feel time, to sense its passing along the sinews and nerves of the body as much as the synapses of the mind? And how do books, as material arrangements of print and paper, mediate such temporal experiences? Chronometres: Devotional Literature, Duration, and Victorian Reading is a study of the time-inflected reading practices of religious literature, the single largest market for print in Victorian Britain. It examines poetic cycles by John Keble, Alfred Tennyson, Christina Rossetti, and Frances Ridley Havergal; family prayer manuals, Sunday-reading books and periodicals; and devotional gift books and daily textbooks. Designed for diurnal and weekly reading, chronometrical literature tuned its readers’ attentions to the idea of Eternity and the everlasting peace of spiritual transcendence, but only in so far as it parcelled out reading into discrete increments that resembled the new industrial time-scales of factories and railway schedules. Chronometres thus takes up print culture, affect theory, and the religious turn in literary studies in order to explore the intersections between devotional practice and the condition of modernity. It argues that what defines Victorian devotional literature is the experience of its time signatures, those structures of feeling associated with its reading durations. For many Victorians, reading devotionally increasingly meant reading in regular portions and often according to the calendar and workday in contrast to the liturgical year. Keeping pace with the temporal measures of modernity, devotion became a routinized practice: a way of synchronizing the interior life of spirit with the exigencies of clock time. This kind of devotional observance coincided with the publication, between 1827 and 1890, of a diverse array of largely Protestant books and print that shared formal and material relationships to temporality. By dispensing devotion as daily or weekly doses of reading, chronometrical literature imagined and arranged time in relation to time’s materiality. But in so doing, it also left open temporal spaces that could be filled by readers, some of whom marked temporality through their own practices like annotation and scrapbooking, which publishers were then quick to emulate. Chronometrical literature likewise produced a host of embodied cognitions that could include moments of absorption but, equally, ones of boredom and mental drift. Such texts therefore did not necessarily discipline Victorian readers according to the demands of the clock or even of religious doctrine. For their regular yet malleable temporal arrangements also meant that readers might discover their own agencies and affects through encounters with print, such that devotional readers themselves came to participate in a reciprocal process of both reading and writing in time. Chronometres considers how the deliverances afforded through time-scaled reading are persistently materialized in the body, both that of the book and of the reader. Recognizing that literature and devotion are not timeless abstractions, it asks how the materiality of books, conceived as horological relationships through reading, might bring about the felt experience of time. Even as Victorian devotion invites us to tarry over the page, it also prompts the question: what if it is “Eternity” that keeps time with the clock?

In spite of the affinities of work by Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray, rarely are their projects productively put into dialogue. This groundbreaking volume is the first book-length work to attempt to do so. In so doing, it moves beyond the terms of a simple opposition: that Beauvoir advocates for a humanistic equality of subjects while Irigaray advocates for an exploration of the inherently sexuate specificity of bodies. Until now the strength of this oppositional reading has prevented scholars from asking what they have in common. To read Beauvoir and Irigaray together in a way that does justice to the work of both requires a continuation of efforts to read Beauvoir anew. This task of rereading Beauvoir thus constitutes the first section of the volume, essays that offer an unprecedented exploration of the place of the material and the corporeal in Beauvoir’s thought. These essays situate Beauvoir’s thought beyond the framework of a theory of gender and beyond the framework of humanism. The essays in the second section of the volume take up the challenge of articulating points of dialogue in logic, ethics, and politics. Rather than forming a consensus or polarization either between Beauvoir and Irigaray or among each other, these essays deepen our understanding of the most familiar aspects and renew critical investigation of underappreciated moments of the work of these thinkers.

This chapter provides an overview of queer readings, identifies how queer readings of biblical texts are indebted to queer theory, feminism, and gender criticism, and examines recurring themes and arguments in queer readings of the prophetic material. Building from this, this chapter’s queer reading reclaims female embodiment and sexuality by unearthing positive valences of the prophets’ use of the threshing floor euphemism and the sexual and metaphorical potential of gardens, vineyards, and moist land. This reading demonstrates how the euphemism of the threshing floor and the sexualized fertility imagery of the garden and vineyard in prophetic materials can undermine the overriding negative message in prophetic literature that emphasizes a pejorative attitude toward female sexual activity. The prophetic metaphors work against themselves and leave open the possibility of a queered and positive reading of female sexual experience.

Despite its difference in aspiration, the Meditations preserves the basic structure of perceptual experience outlined in Descartes’s earliest works. The chapter explores Descartes’s notion of an idea and uses a developmental reading to clear up the mystery surrounding material falsity. In the third Meditation, our protagonist does not yet know enough about extension in order to be able to tell whether her idea of cold is an idea of a real feature of bodies or merely the idea of a sensation. By the time she reaches the end of her reflections, she has learned that sensible qualities are at most sensations. As in his earliest stages, Descartes believes that the real work of perceiving the geometrical qualities of bodies is done by the brain image, which he persists in calling an ‘idea,’ at least when it is the object of mental awareness.

When probability is taught as a separate unit, not as part of a statistics course, then it makes sense to include exercises and examples that are motivated from mathematics rather than from applications. This chapter illustrates one way to promote active student involvement in a more advanced class. The material is designed to accommodate various mathematical backgrounds and to challenge all students. There are essentially three basic aspects to our mathematical probability courses: we teach in an interactive seminar style; we give students many challenging problems; and we require students to work on longer projects where they derive complicated results step by step. This chapter provides examples of many different kinds of problems, such as challenging questions on Buffon’s needle and noodle, a structured project on arcsine laws, an unstructured project on random permutations, and reading research paper in probability.

This chapter outlines Wilhelm Griesinger's model of the etiology, symptomology, and treatment of mental diseases as a politically activist and scientifically empiricist reading of German Idealist traditions, combining the therapeutics of modern medical practice (including pathology, neurology, anatomy, and medical chemistry) with the kind of Left Hegelian demands on praxis that will emerge in Marx's work. Griesinger (1817-1868) is remembered today as an innovator in medicine and psychiatry who pointed the way for modern-day psychiatric clinical practice, to advances in neuropathology, and to modern strategies for the diagnostics and treatment of mental diseases. Yet his ground-breaking textbookMental Pathology and Therapeuticswas heavily influenced by idealist philosophy in the traditions of Johann Friedrich Herbart and Georg W. F. Hegel. Griesinger situates his own work at the juncture between and clinical or medical psychology and university psychology, what his translators refer to as "medico-metaphysics," a scientific metaphysics of the mind. His project documents a reception of German Idealism stressing nurture, social transformation, and somatic knowledge rather than cognitivism, and provides evidence for a scientific paradigm accommodating induction from material evidence as well as deduction from premises.

Bodies abound in Rimbaud’s poetry in a way that is nearly unprecedented in the nineteenth-century poetic canon: lazy, creative, rule-breaking bodies, queer bodies, marginalized and impoverished bodies, revolting and revolutionary, historical bodies. The question that this book seeks to answer is: what does this sheer, corporeal density mean for reading Rimbaud? What kind of sense are we to make of this omnipresence of the body in the Rimbaldian corpus from the earliest poems celebrating the simple delight of running away from wherever one is and stretching one’s legs out under a table, to the ultimate flight away from poetry itself? In response, it argues that the body appears—often literally—as a kind of gap, breach, or aperture through which Rimbaud’s poems enter into contact with history and a larger body of other texts. Simply put, the body is privileged “lyrical material” for Rimbaud: a figure for human beings in their exposed, finite creatureliness and in their unpredictable agency and interconnectedness. Its presence in the early work allows us not only to contemplate what a strange, sensuous thing it is to be embodied, to be both singular and part of a collective, it also allows the poet to diagnose, and the reader to perceive, a set of seemingly intractable, real socio-economic, political, and symbolic problems. Rimbaud’s bodies are, in other words, utopian bodies: sites where the historical and the lyrical, the ideal and the material, do not so much cancel each other out as become caught up in one another.

Canonical and non-canonical gospels are typically studied in relative isolation from each other. The book shows why this need not be the case. Early Christian authors produced a mass of gospel literature to meet the demands of a growing Christian reading public for ever more material relating to Jesus and his earthly existence, and out of that proliferating body of work a consensus formed around a fourfold gospel whose originally anonymous components were ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Yet a significant number of marginalized non-canonical texts have survived, in whole or in part, and the canonical boundary should not inhibit exploration of their relationship to their historically more successful counterparts. Thus the purpose of this book is to trace some of the many thematic similarities and differences within the field of early gospel literature, and to develop an interpretative practice that respects the integrity of that field.