Zeitschriftenartikel: „Reactor performance“

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Han, Mei, Arto Laari und Tuomas Koiranen. „Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Performance of Annulus-Rising Airlift Reactor — The Effect of Reactor Scale“. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, Nr. 1 (Februar 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.1.629.

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Ni, Xiong-Wei. „Another Critical Look at Three-Phase Catalysis“. Pharmaceutical Fronts 02, Nr. 03 (September 2020): e117-e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722219.

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AbstractThree-phase catalysis, for example, hydrogenation, is a special branch of chemical reactions involving a hydrogen reactant (gas) and a solvent (liquid) in the presence of a metal porous catalyst (solid) to produce a liquid product. Currently, many reactors are being used for three-phase catalysis from packed bed to slurry vessel; the uniqueness for this type of reaction in countless processes is the requirement of transferring gas into liquid, as yet there is not a unified system of quantifying and comparing reactor performances. This article reviews current methodologies in carrying out such heterogeneous catalysis in different reactors and focuses on how to enhance reactor performance from gas transfer perspectives. This article also suggests that the mass transfer rate over energy dissipation may represent a fairer method for comparison of reactor performance accounting for different types/designs of reactors and catalyst structures as well as operating conditions.

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Borovinskaya, Ekaterina, Valentin Khaydarov, Nicole Strehle, Alexander Musaev und Wladimir Reschetilowski. „Experimental Studies of Ethyl Acetate Saponification Using Different Reactor Systems: The Effect of Volume Flow Rate on Reactor Performance and Pressure Drop“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (04.02.2019): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030532.

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Microreactors intensify chemical processes due to improved flow regimes, mass and heat transfer. In the present study, the effect of the volume flow rate on reactor performance in different reactors (the T-shaped reactor, the interdigital microreactor and the chicane microreactor) was investigated. For this purpose, the saponification reaction in these reactor systems was considered. Experimental results were verified using the obtained kinetic model. The reactor system with a T-shaped reactor shows good performance only at high flow rates, while the experimental setups with the interdigital and the chicane microreactors yield good performance throughout the whole range of volume flow rates. However, microreactors exhibit a higher pressure drop, indicating higher mechanical flow energy consumption than seen using a T-shaped reactor.

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Parlina, Iin, und Lestari Widodo. „APLIKASI REAKTOR HIGH RATE PERFORMANCE PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI KECIL TAHU = Application of High Rate Performance Rector for Wastewater Treatment in Tofu Small Scale Industries“. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 14, Nr. 1 (01.12.2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v14i1.1432.

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Along with the development of biogas and its utilization, biogas reactors also evolved from conventional reactor types to high rate performance reactors, adapts to the needs of increased efficiency and also the characteristics of organic waste that is difficult if processed using ordinary reactor. However, this type of reactor basically has 3 types, namely fixed bed (packed-bed, anaerobic filters, fixed-film), fluidized bed reactor, and UASB/ Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor. From these high rate performance reactors, fixed bed reactor is the type that is pretty much developed and implemented in Indonesia, especially for treating organic wastewater from small industries, for example tofu, tapioca and slaughterhouses. Implementation of fixed bed reactor for the tofu industry until today has reached as much as 5 units that serve the needs of about 132 households in Banyumas District, Central Java Province. The fixed bed reactor’s performance is quite high if it is evaluated from biogas yield and the efficiency of the organic content in tofu industry’s wastewater. Implementation, dissemination, and replication of this reactor for treatment of other types of organic waste or other areas have the potential to support government programs in GHG mitigation actions, renewable energy sources provision, environmental protection and the development of energy self-sufficient villages.Keywords : biogas reactor - performance high - rate, fixed bed reactors, tofu industryAbstrakSeiring dengan perkembangan biogas beserta pemanfaatannya, reaktor biogas juga berkembang dari jenis reaktor konvensional hingga reaktor berunjuk kerja tinggi (high rate performance) menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan peningkatan efisiensi dan juga karakteristik limbah organik yang sulit jika diolah dengan menggunakan reaktor biogas biasa. Namun, pada dasarnya reaktor ini memiliki 3 jenis, yaitu reaktor unggun tetap (fixed bed, packed-bed, anaerobic filter, fixed-film), reaktor unggun terfluidisasi (fluidized bed reactor), dan reaktor UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). Dari ketiga jenis reaktor berunjuk kerja tinggi tersebut, reaktor jenis unggun tetap adalah jenis yang cukup banyak dikembangkan dan diimplementasikan di Indonesia, terutama untuk mengolah limbah cair organik yang berasal dari industri kecil, misalnya tahu, tapioka dan rumah potong hewan. Implementasi reaktor unggun tetap untuk industri tahu hingga saat ini telah mencapai jumlah 5 unit reaktor yang melayani kebutuhan sekitar 132 Rumah tangga di Kabupaten Banyumas secara berkelanjutan. Kinerja reaktor unggun tetap ini dapat dikatakan cukup tinggi jika dinilai dari perolehan biogas dan efisiensi penurunan kandungan organic dalam limbah cair tahu. Program implementasi, diseminasi, dan replikasi reaktor ini untuk pengolahan jenis limbah organik yang lain atau daerah lain memiliki potensi dalam mendukung program pemerintah dalam aksi mitigasi Gas Rumah Kaca, penyediaan sumber energi terbarukan, perlindungan lingkungan dan pengembangan desa mandiri energi.Kata kunci : biogas, reaktor high-rate-performance, reaktor fixed bed, industri tahu

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Chaedir, Benitta A., Jundika C. Kurnia, Lianjun Chen, Lishuai Jiang und Agus P. Sasmito. „Numerical Investigation of Ventilation Air Methane Catalytic Combustion in Circular Straight and Helical Coil Channels with Twisted Tape Insert in Catalytic-Monolith Reactors“. Catalysts 10, Nr. 7 (17.07.2020): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070797.

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In a catalytic combustion of ventilation air methane, one of the key factors determining the reactor performance is the geometry of the reactor. It should be designed to provide maximum energy conversion at minimum catalyst usage and operating cost. This numerical study is conducted to investigate the catalytic combustion of ventilation air methane from a gassy underground mine in a circular straight and helical reactor channel with twisted tape insert. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model which considers conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species together with chemical reactions, and constitutive relations for species properties and reactions kinetics was developed and validated against the previously published data. The effect of several key factors affecting the catalytic combustion performance such as inlet Reynolds number, twisted tape ratio, and reactor length are evaluated to obtain the optimum reactor parameters. For evaluation purpose, the reaction performance of the studied reactors will be compared to the straight reactor without twisted tape which is set as a baseline. The results give a firm confirmation on the superior performance of the reactors with twisted tape insert as compared to those without. In addition, it is found that helical reactors generate higher net power as compared to their respective straight reactor counterpart despite having lower FoM due to larger catalyst area. Interestingly, the higher twisting ratio offers better performance in terms of net power as well as FoM. Overall, the results highlight the potential of twisted tape insert application in catalytic combustion.

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Khanitchaidecha, W., T. Nakamura, T. Sumino und F. Kazama. „Performance of intermittent aeration reactor on NH4-N removal from groundwater resources“. Water Science and Technology 61, Nr. 12 (01.06.2010): 3061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.247.

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To study the effect of intermittent aeration period on ammonium–nitrogen (NH4-N) removal from groundwater resources, synthetic groundwater was prepared and three reactors were operated under different conditions – “reactor A” under continuous aeration, “reactor B” under 6 h intermittent aeration, and “reactor C” under 2 h intermittent aeration. To facilitate denitrification simultaneously with nitrification, “acetate” was added as an external carbon source with step-wise increase from 0.5 to 1.5 C/N ratio, where C stands for total carbon content in the system, and N for NH4-N concentration in the synthetic groundwater. Results show that complete NH4-N removal was obtained in “reactor B” and “reactor C” at 1.3 and 1.5 C/N ratio respectively; and partial NH4-N removal in “reactor A”. These results suggest that intermittent aeration at longer interval could enhance the reactor performance on NH4-N removal in terms of efficiency and low external carbon requirement. Because of consumption of internal carbon by the process, less amount of external carbon is required. Further increase in carbon in a form of acetate (1.5 to 2.5 C/N ratios) increases removal rate (represented by reaction rate coefficient (k) of kinetic equation) as well as occurrence of free cells. It suggests that the operating condition at reactor B with 1.3 C/N ratio is more appropriate for long-term operation at a pilot-scale.

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Szűcs, B. Rózsáné, G. L. Szántó, M. Simon und Gy Füleky. „Process performance of dry, batch anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: methanogenic seed mixtures“. Water Science and Technology 66, Nr. 2 (01.07.2012): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.223.

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A dry, batch anaerobic digestion (DBAD) process was tested on two sewage sludge types with different methanogenic seed fractions under laboratory conditions. The aim was to indicate optimal sludge:seed mixing ratios and analyse process performance based on degradation rate and reactor-specific methane production. The attained results were compared with the performance of a liquid-state, laboratory-scale stirred reactor (SR). A mixing ratio of at least 1:1.25 (sludge:seed) yielded processes free from significant inhibitions. Further seeding increments resulted in slightly better performances, but much lower sludge fractions treated in the reactors. Compared with the SR process, the DBAD reactors produced comparable degradation rates albeit in a significantly longer process and with somewhat lower reactor-specific methane production rates. These findings indicate that the DBAD method may provide a viable alternative to liquid-state processes if sludge drying is already applied and reactor volume requirements are of importance.

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Wang, Boyan, Zhiyuan Wang, Yan Ma und Yijing Liang. „Heat Transfer Enhancement of Indirect Heat Transfer Reactors for Ca(OH)2/CaO Thermochemical Energy Storage System“. Processes 9, Nr. 7 (30.06.2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071136.

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The efficiency of a thermochemical energy storage system can be improved by optimizing the structure of the thermochemical energy storage reactor. We proposed two modified structures for indirect heat transfer thermochemical energy storage reactors for a Ca(OH)2/CaO system to improve their heat transfer performance. Our results showed that improving convective heat transfer offered varying effects on heat transfer performance in different reaction processes. For a half-plate pin fin sinks (HPPFHS) reactor and a plate pin fin sinks (PPFHS) reactor, enhancing the convective heat transfer process could improve the heat transfer performance in the dehydration process for a porosity of 0.5, and the time needed to complete reaction was reduced by around 33% compared with plate fin sinks (PFHS) reactor. As for the hydration process, because heat conduction along the bed dominated heat transfer performance, this method had little effect. Furthermore, we found that enhancing heat conduction along the bed and convective heat transfer had different effects on reaction process at different reaction areas. The HPPFHS reactor had a lower pressure drop along the HTF channel and exorbitant velocity of heat transfer fluid (HTF) was unnecessary. Under the condition of the bed porosity of 0.8, due to the lower thermal conductivity of material, both modified reactor structures had little effect on dehydration. However, because the temperature difference between bed and HFT was bigger, the PPFHS reactor could reduce the time of completing the hydration reaction by 20%. Above all, when planning to modify the reactor structure to improve the heat transfer performance to enhance the reaction process, the heat conditions along the bed, convective heat transfer between HTF and the bed and material parameters should be considered totally.

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Rodgers, D. K., C. E. Coleman, M. Griffiths, G. A. Bickel, J. R. Theaker, I. Muir, A. A. Bahurmuz, S. St Lawrence und M. Resta Levi. „In-reactor performance of pressure tubes in CANDU reactors“. Journal of Nuclear Materials 383, Nr. 1-2 (Dezember 2008): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.08.037.

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Kotake, Shoji, Yoshihiko Sakamoto und Yutaka Sagayama. „Commercialized fast reactor cycle systems and reactor core performance of the promising fast reactors“. Progress in Nuclear Energy 47, Nr. 1-4 (Januar 2005): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2005.05.029.

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Xie, Tianchao, Shaojun Xia und Chao Wang. „Multi-objective performance optimization of ammonia decomposition thermal storage reactor“. E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702073.

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Heat storage technology plays an essential role in the stable operation of solar thermal power generation. In this paper, a one-dimensional model of a tubular filled bed heat absorption reactor for ammonia decomposition is established by applying finite time thermodynamics. Taking the inlet temperature, the outside diameter and the length of the reactor as optimization variables, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization is used to perform multi-objective optimization considering the maximum heat absorption rate and the minimum total entropy generation rate, and the Pareto Fronts are determined under different reactor outer wall temperatures. Finally, three optimized reactors’ design parameters and performance indicators are obtained by LINMAP, TOPSIS and Shannon Entropy decision methods, and the cross-sectional comparisonof the optimal reactors at different outer wall temperatures. Compared to the reference reactor, the three optimized reactors improve heat absorption rate by 58%-143%, while the total entropy generate rate is reduced by 26.4%-38.8%. The obtained results have some guidance for optimal designs of ammonia decomposition reactor in real engineering.

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Iracane, Daniel, Pascal Chaix und Ana Alamo. „Jules Horowitz Reactor: a high performance material testing reactor“. Comptes Rendus Physique 9, Nr. 3-4 (April 2008): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2007.11.003.

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Selvamony, Subash Chandra Bose. „Kinetics and Product Selectivity (Yield) of Second Order Competitive Consecutive Reactions in Fed-Batch Reactor and Plug Flow Reactor“. ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (12.09.2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/591546.

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This literature compares the performance of second order competitive consecutive reaction in Fed-Batch Reactor with that in continuous Plug Flow Reactor. In a kinetic sense, this simulation study aims to develop a case for continuous Plug Flow Reactor in pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and related other chemical industries. MATLAB is used to find solutions for the differential equations. The simulation results show that, for certain cases of nonelementary scenario, product selectivity is higher in Plug Flow Reactor than Fed-Batch Reactor despite the fact that it is the same in both the reactors for elementary reaction. The effect of temperature and concentration gradients is beyond the scope of this literature.

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Squarer, D., T. Schulenberg, D. Struwe, Y. Oka, D. Bittermann, N. Aksan, C. Maraczy, R. Kyrki-Rajamäki, A. Souyri und P. Dumaz. „High performance light water reactor“. Nuclear Engineering and Design 221, Nr. 1-3 (April 2003): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(02)00331-x.

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Chen, Tingting, Ping Zheng, Chongjian Tang, Sheng Wang und Shuang Ding. „Performance of ANAMMOX-EGSB reactor“. Desalination 278, Nr. 1-3 (September 2011): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.038.

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Yan, Yunfei, Hongliang Guo, Li Zhang, Junchen Zhu, Zhongqing Yang, Qiang Tang und Xin Ji. „Effect of Catalytic Cylinders on Autothermal Reforming of Methane for Hydrogen Production in a Microchamber Reactor“. Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/451919.

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A new multicylinder microchamber reactor is designed on autothermal reforming of methane for hydrogen production, and its performance and thermal behavior, that is, based on the reaction mechanism, is numerically investigated by varying the cylinder radius, cylinder spacing, and cylinder layout. The results show that larger cylinder radius can promote reforming reaction; the mass fraction of methane decreased from 26% to 21% with cylinder radius from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm; compact cylinder spacing corresponds to more catalytic surface and the time to steady state is decreased from 40 s to 20 s; alteration of staggered and aligned cylinder layout at constant inlet flow rates does not result in significant difference in reactor performance and it can be neglected. The results provide an indication and optimize performance of reactor; it achieves higher conversion compared with other reforming reactors.

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Grau, M. D., J. M. Nougués und L. Puigjaner. „Batch and semibatch reactor performance for an exothermic reaction“. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 39, Nr. 2 (März 2000): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(99)00015-x.

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Arvin, E., und P. Harremoës. „Concepts and Models for Biofilm Reactor Performance“. Water Science and Technology 22, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1990): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0145.

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This paper reviews the state of knowledge of the basic mechanisms governing transformation of pollutants and the present approaches with which to predict the performance of biofilm reactors. The design of biofilm reactors is based mainly on empirical loading criteria or empirical design formulae. Introduction of more stringent effluent requirements, new types of biofilm reactors, as well as application of biofilm reactors to more untraditional types of waste materials, calls for new design procedures with higher degrees of confidence. Most new attempts to model biofilm reactors are based on fundamental principles for mass transport to and through biofilms coupled with kinetic expressions for pollutant transformations in the biofilms. A simple simulation model based on half order kinetics is able to describe the removal of soluble substrates, mineralisation of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification. A simple first order kinetics is able to predict degradation of some xenobiotics. Advanced simulation models appearing in the past few years show a strong promise for detailed analysis of the effect of variation in influent waste characteristics, population dynamics, reactor configuration, etc. However, none of the models are able to predict properly the removal of particulate matter and mixtures of several groups of industrial organic chemicals. Again, insight in the basic removal mechanisms is required.

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Ghahremani, Milad, Kamran Ghasemzadeh, Elham Jalilnejad und Adolfo Iulianelli. „A Theoretical Analysis on a Multi-Bed Pervaporation Membrane Reactor during Levulinic Acid Esterification Using the Computational Fluid Dynamic Method“. Membranes 11, Nr. 8 (17.08.2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080635.

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Pervaporation is a peculiar membrane separation process, which is considered for integration with a variety of reactions in promising new applications. Pervaporation membrane reactors have some specific uses in sustainable chemistry, such as the esterification processes. This theoretical study based on the computational fluid dynamics method aims to evaluate the performance of a multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor (including poly (vinyl alcohol) membrane) to produce ethyl levulinate as a significant fuel additive, coming from the esterification of levulinic acid. For comparison, an equivalent multi-bed traditional reactor is also studied at the same operating conditions of the aforementioned pervaporation membrane reactor. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed and validated by experimental literature data. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, feed molar ratio, and feed flow rate on the reactor’s performance in terms of levulinic acid conversion and water removal were hence studied. The simulations indicated that the multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor results to be the best solution over the multi-bed traditional reactor, presenting the best simulation results at 343 K, 2 bar, catalyst loading 8.6 g, feed flow rate 7 mm3/s, and feed molar ratio 3 with levulinic acid conversion equal to 95.3% and 91.1% water removal.

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Erwin, S., K. Schulz, H. U. Moritz, C. Schwede und H. Kerber. „Increased Reactor Performance versus Reactor Safety Aspects in Acrylate Copolymerization“. Chemical Engineering & Technology 24, Nr. 3 (März 2001): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4125(200103)24:3<305::aid-ceat305>3.0.co;2-o.

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Lee, J. G., J. M. Hur, D. Chang und T. H. Chung. „Performance characterization of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor process for digestion of night soil“. Water Science and Technology 43, Nr. 1 (01.01.2001): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0007.

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Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) process for night soil treatment. Performances of the reactors were evaluated at an equivalent hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days with an equivalent loading rate of 2.6 kgVS/m3/d (3.1 kgCOD/m3/day) at 35°C. Digestion of a night soil was possible using the ASBR at an HRT of 10 days in spite of high concentration of ammonia nitrogen and settleable solids. Solids were accumulated rapidly in the ASBRs, and their concentrations were 2.3∼2.4 times higher than that in a completely mixed control reactor. Remarkable increases in gas production were observed in the ASBRs compared with the control reactor. Average increases in equivalent daily gas production from the ASBRs were 205∼220% compared with that from the control run. The ASBR with reaction period/thickening period ratio (R/T ratio) of 1 showed a little higher gas production and organic removal efficiency than that with R/T ratio of 3. Volatile solids removals based on supernatant of the ASBRs were 12∼14% higher than that of the control reactor. Thus, the ASBR was a stable and effective process for the treatment of night soil having high concentration of settleable organics and ammonia nitrogen.

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Fang, Herbert H. P., und Ivan W. C. Lau. „Startup of thermophilic (55°C) UASB reactors using different mesophilic seed sludges“. Water Science and Technology 34, Nr. 5-6 (01.09.1996): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0581.

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Performances during startup of three 2.8-litre UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors operated under thermophilic condition were investigated. All reactors were seeded with mesophilic sludges: one with flocculent digester sludge (Reactor-F), another with UASB granules (Reactor-G), and the third with disintegrated granules (Reactor-D). The reactors were operated in parallel at 55°C and 24 hours of retention time, using sucrose and milk as substrate at COD (chemical oxygen demand) loadings up to 10 g-COD/l·day. Immediately after temperature was step-increased from 37°C to 55°C, all reactors encountered sludge washout and deterioration of COD removal efficiency; however, the impact of temperature increase was more severe on Reactor-F. Sludge granulation took place in all reactors; first granules became noticeable after 45 days in Reactor-D, and after 90 days in Reactor-F. Reactor-G and Reactor-D were capable of removing 95% of soluble COD after 75 days, while Reactor-F after 110 days. Throughout this study, there was little difference in performance between Reactors G and D. The thermophilic granule were estimated to have a yield of 0.099 g-VSS/g-COD, and a methanogenic activity of 0.71-1.55 g-methane-COD/g-VSS·day, comparable to that of mesophilic granules.

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Aydin, S., B. Ince, Z. Cetecioglu, E. G. Ozbayram, A. Shahi, O. Okay, O. Arikan und O. Ince. „Performance of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole mixture“. Water Science and Technology 70, Nr. 10 (16.10.2014): 1625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.418.

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This study evaluates the joint effects of erythromycin–sulfamethoxazole (ES) combinations on anaerobic treatment efficiency and the potential for antibiotic degradation during anaerobic sequencing batch reactor operation. The experiments involved two identical anaerobic sequencing batch reactors. One reactor, as control unit, was fed with synthetic wastewater while the other reactor (ES) was fed with a synthetic substrate mixture including ES antibiotic combinations. The influence of ES antibiotic mixtures on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, volatile fatty acid production, antibiotic degradation, biogas production, and composition were investigated. The influent antibiotic concentration was gradually increased over 10 stages, until the metabolic collapse of the reactors, which occurred at 360 days for the ES reactor. The results suggest that substrate/COD utilization and biogas/methane generation affect performance of the anaerobic reactors at higher concentration. In addition, an average of 40% erythromycin and 37% sulfamethoxazole reduction was achieved in the ES reactor. These results indicated that these antibiotics were partly biodegradable in the anaerobic reactor system.

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He, Li, Han, Cabassud und Dahhou. „Development of a Numerical Model for a Compact Intensified Heat-Exchanger/Reactor“. Processes 7, Nr. 7 (15.07.2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070454.

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A heat-exchanger/reactor (HEX reactor) is a kind of plug-flow chemical reactor which combines high heat transfer ability and chemical performance. It is a compact reactor designed under the popular trend of process intensification in chemical engineering. Previous studies have investigated its characteristics experimentally. This paper aimed to develop a general numerical model of the HEX reactor for further control and diagnostic use. To achieve this, physical structure and hydrodynamic and thermal performance were studied. A typical exothermic reaction, which was used in experiments, is modeled in detail. Some of the experimental data without reaction were used for estimating the heat transfer coefficient by genetic algorithm. Finally, a non-linear numerical model of 255 calculating modules was developed on the Matlab/Simulink platform. Simulations of this model were done under conditions with and without chemical reactions. Results were compared with reserved experimental data to show its validity and accuracy. Thus, further research such as fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of this HEX reactor could be carried out based on this model. The modeling methodology specified in this paper is not restricted, and could also be used for other reactions and other sizes of HEX reactors.

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Zhang, Zhen Guo, und Jie Xie. „The Application of New Materials in New Nuclear Reactors“. Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.197.

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This paper combines the technical features and operation condition of the new nuclear reactors, such as sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR), supercritical water cooled reactor (SCWR), very high temperature reactor (VHTR), molten salt reactor (MSR) and nuclear fusion reactor, and analyzes the performance requirements of materials, it introduces the current application and prospects of new materials in different new nuclear reactors.

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Jawed, Mohammad, und Vinod Tare. „Methanogenic activity and performance of UASB, DSFF and USFF reactors“. Water Science and Technology 34, Nr. 5-6 (01.09.1996): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0586.

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This paper presents correlation of methanogenic activity with performance of bench scale models of UASB, DSFF and USFF reactors at varying OLRs while maintaining EBHRT in the range of 0.80-1.10 d. At lower OLR, performance of the reactors appears to be similar. However, at higher OLR, the performance of DSFF and USFF reactors is fairly steady whereas UASB reactor shows poor performance in terms of methane production. This is in conformity with methanogenic activity test results. The results of AMA and TMA tests also reveal that at higher OLR, acetoclastic methanogens population decreases considerably in UASB reactor and a large fraction of methane is produced due to the activity of non-acetoclastic methanogens.

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Walsh, Sara, Jack Reynolds, Bahaa Abbas, Rachel Woods, Justin Searle, Eifion Jewell und Jonathon Elvins. „Assessing the Dynamic Performance of Thermochemical Storage Materials“. Energies 13, Nr. 9 (02.05.2020): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092202.

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Thermochemical storage provides a volumetric and cost-efficient means of collecting energy from solar/waste heat in order to utilize it for space heating in another location. Equally important to the storage density, the dynamic thermal response dictates the power available which is critical to meet the varied demands of a practical space heating application. Using a laboratory scale reactor (127 cm3), an experimental study with salt in matrix (SIM) materials found that the reactor power response is primarily governed by the flow rate of moist air through the reactor and that creating salt with a higher salt fraction had minimal impact on the thermal response. The flowrate dictates the power profile of the reactor with an optimum value which balances moisture reactant delivery and reaction rate on the SIM. A mixed particle size produced the highest power (22 W) and peak thermal uplift (32 °C). A narrow particle range reduced the peak power and peak temperature as a result of lower packing densities of the SIM in the reactor. The scaled maximum power density which could be achieved is >150 kW/m3, but achieving this would require optimization of the solid–moist air interactions.

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Juncu, Gh, O. Muntean und R. Mihail. „Influence of reactor operating conditions on gas-liquid reaction performance“. Chemical Engineering Science 43, Nr. 7 (1988): 1599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)85151-0.

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Tsuru, Toshinori. „Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Enhanced Performance“. MEMBRANE 31, Nr. 1 (2006): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.31.32.

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MAZZARINO, I., M. OCCHETTI, G. BALDI und S. SICARDI. „PERFORMANCE OF A PACKED-BED REACTOR“. Chemical Engineering Communications 75, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448908940679.

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Koukou, M. K., N. Papayannakos und N. C. Markatos. „Dispersion effects on membrane reactor performance“. AIChE Journal 42, Nr. 9 (September 1996): 2607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420921.

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Wang, Yi‐Tin, Makram T. Suidan und Bruce E. Rittmann. „Performance of Expanded‐Bed Methanogenic Reactor“. Journal of Environmental Engineering 111, Nr. 4 (August 1985): 460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1985)111:4(460).

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Bhargava, D. S., und D. J. Bhatt. „Model for Moving Media Reactor Performance“. Journal of Environmental Engineering 111, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1985): 618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1985)111:5(618).

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Darda, Pranay J., und Vivek V. Ranade. „Isophorone reactor: Modelling and performance enhancement“. Chemical Engineering Journal 207-208 (Oktober 2012): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.137.

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Sundaresan, N., und L. Philip. „Performance evaluation of various aerobic biological systems for the treatment of domestic wastewater at low temperatures“. Water Science and Technology 58, Nr. 4 (01.09.2008): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.340.

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Studies were undertaken on the performance evaluation of three different types of aerobic reactors, namely, activated sludge process, fluidized bed reactor and submerged bed reactor. Initially synthetic wastewater was used for stabilizing the system and later domestic wastewater of IIT Madras was used as the feed for the biological systems. The hydraulic retention time was maintained as 24 h. The seed sludge was collected from IIT Madras sewage treatment plant. The inlet COD to the reactors with synthetic wastewater was 1,000±20 mg/L and with real wastewater, it was 150 to 350 mg/L. The performance of the reactors was evaluated based on the soluble COD and nitrogen removal efficiency. The pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS) concentration were measured periodically. The reactors were acclimatized at 35°C in batch mode and changed to continuous mode at 30°C. After the systems attained its steady state at a particular temperature, the temperature was reduced from 35°C to 5°C stepwise, with each step of 5°C. The start-up time for submerged bed reactor was slightly more than fluidized and conventional activated sludge process. The COD removal efficiency of the three reactors was higher with synthetic wastewaters as compared to actual domestic wastewater. Submerged bed reactor was more robust and efficient as compared to activated sludge and fluidized bed reactors. The COD removal efficiency of the reactors was relatively good until the operating temperature was maintained at 15°C or above. At 10°C, submerged bed reactor was able to achieve 40% COD removal efficiency whereas; the fluidized bed and conventional ASP reactors were showing only 20% COD removal efficiency. At 5°C, almost all the systems failed. Submerged bed reactor showed around 20% COD removal efficiency. However, this reactor was able to regain its 90% of original efficiency, once the temperature was raised to 10°C. At higher temperatures, the nitrification efficiency of the reactors was above 80–90%. As the temperature reduced the nitrification efficiency has reduced drastically. In summary, submerged bed reactors seems to be a better option for treating domestic wastewaters at low temperature regions.

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Nishimura, Satoshi, Yoshihisa Nishi, Nobuyuki Ueda und Izumi Kinoshita. „ICONE15-10397 ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF REACTOR COOLABILITY FOR SODIUM COOLED SMALL FAST REACTOR (4S) : Investigation of RVACS Performance under Loss of Stacks Condition“. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_205.

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Duran, J. Esteban, Madjid Mohseni und Fariborz Taghipour. „Computational modeling of UV photocatalytic reactors: model development, evaluation, and application“. Water Quality Research Journal 50, Nr. 1 (17.11.2014): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2014.031.

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A computational model for simulating the performance of immobilized photocatalytic ultraviolet (UV) reactors used for water treatment was developed, experimentally evaluated, and applied to reactor design optimization. This model integrated hydrodynamics, species mass transport, chemical reaction kinetics, and irradiance distribution within the reactor. Among different hydrodynamic models evaluated against experimental data, the laminar, Abe–Kondoh–Nagano, and Reynolds stress turbulence models showed better performance (errors <5%, 12%, and 20%, respectively) in terms of external mass transfer and surface reaction prediction capabilities at different hydrodynamic conditions. A developed finite-volume-based UV lamp emission model was able to predict, with errors of less than 5%, near- and far-field irradiance measurements. Combining all these models, the integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based model was able to successfully predict the photocatalytic degradation rate of model pollutants (benzoic acid and 2,4-D) in various configurations of annular reactors and UV lamp sizes, over a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions (350 < Re < 11,000). In addition, the integrated model was used in combination with a Taguchi design of experiments method to perform reactor design optimization. Following this approach, a base case annular reactor design was modified to obtain a 50% more efficient design.

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Regmi, Chhabilal, Shabnam Lotfi, Jonathan Cawettiere Espíndola, Kristina Fischer, Agnes Schulze und Andrea Iris Schäfer. „Comparison of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor Types for the Degradation of an Organic Molecule by TiO2-Coated PES Membrane“. Catalysts 10, Nr. 7 (29.06.2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070725.

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Photocatalytic membrane reactors with different configurations (design, flow modes and light sources) have been widely applied for pollutant removal. A thorough understanding of the contribution of reactor design to performance is required to be able to compare photocatalytic materials. Reactors with different flow designs are implemented for process efficiency comparisons. Several figures-of-merit, namely adapted space-time yield (STY) and photocatalytic space-time yield (PSTY), specific energy consumption (SEC) and degradation rate constants, were used to assess the performance of batch, flow-along and flow-through reactors. A fair comparison of reactor performance, considering throughput together with energy efficiency and photocatalytic activity, was only possible with the modified PSTY. When comparing the three reactors at the example of methylene blue (MB) degradation under LED irradiation, flow-through proved to be the most efficient design. PSTY1/PSTY2 values were approximately 10 times higher than both the batch and flow-along processes. The highest activity of such a reactor is attributed to its unique flow design which allowed the reaction to take place not only on the outer surface of the membrane but also within its pores. The enhancement of the mass transfer when flowing in a narrow space (220 nm in flow-through) contributes to an additional MB removal.

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Snoeyink, V. L., C. Campos und B. J. Mariñas. „Design and performance of powdered activated carbon/ultrafiltration systems“. Water Science and Technology 42, Nr. 12 (01.12.2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0228.

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The use of powdered activated carbon in combination with ultrafiltration membranes is attracting increasing interest for the removal of organic micropollutants in drinking water treatment. The overall adsorption efficiency of this hybrid treatment process strongly depends on the reactor configuration and its operating conditions. Identification of the operating conditions yielding optimum carbon performance can be facilitated by the use of mathematical models describing the adsorption process. In this study, the effect of various design and operating parameters on the efficiency of the adsorption process is discussed using an adsorption model previously developed and verified by the authors. This discussion includes the effect of filtration time, membrane reactor volume, carbon dosing procedure, and the effect of dosing the carbon in reactors installed in series upstream of the membrane reactor.

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Odriozola, Magela, Iván López und Liliana Borzacconi. „Modeling granule development and reactor performance on anaerobic granular sludge reactors“. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 2016): 1615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.01.040.

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Bishop, Brent A., und Fernando V. Lima. „Novel Module-Based Membrane Reactor Design Approach for Improved Operability Performance“. Membranes 11, Nr. 2 (23.02.2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020157.

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This work aims to address the design and control challenges caused by the integration of phenomena and the loss of degrees of freedom (DOF) that occur in the intensification of membrane reactor units. First, a novel approach to designing membrane reactor units is proposed. This approach consists of designing smaller modules based on specific phenomena such as heat exchange, reactions, and mass transport and combining them in series to produce the final modular membrane-based unit. This approach to designing membrane reactors is then assessed using a process operability analysis for the first time to maximize the operability index, as a way of quantifying the operational performance of intensified processes. This work demonstrates that by designing membrane reactors in this way, the operability of the original membrane reactor design can be significantly improved, translating to an improvement in achievability for a potential control structure implementation.

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Shin, Chang-Ha, Dae-Yang Oh, Tae-Hoon Kim und Joo-Yang Park. „Effect of Organic Loading Rate on the Performance of Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor“. Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 26, Nr. 4 (15.08.2012): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2012.26.4.497.

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Chang, Tong-Bou, Cho-Yu Lee, Ming-Sheng Ko und Chin-Fong Lim. „CFD simulations of rotary BOF slag carbonation kiln reactor with cyclone flow“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, Nr. 1 (23.10.2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408919883082.

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Rotary kiln reactors play an important role in improving the mechanical properties and usability of basic oxygen furnace slag through a carbonation process. The performance of such reactors is critically dependent on the residence time of the CO2 gas used to promote the carbonation reaction. Accordingly, the present study proposes a rotary kiln reactor in which the residence time is increased by arranging the inlet and outlet pipes obliquely to the reactor centerline; thereby producing a cyclone flow structure within the reactor tube. The optimal geometry parameters and rotational speed of the kiln are determined using the robust Taguchi experimental method. The CO2 residence time in the optimized kiln is then evaluated by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations. It is shown that the residence time increases from 63.587 s in a standard (non-cyclone-flow) rotary kiln to 105.815 s in the optimized rotary kiln; corresponding to a performance improvement of 66.4%.

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Ghasemzadeh, Kamran, Milad Mohammad Alinejad, Milad Ghahremani, Rahman Zeynali und Amin Pourgholi. „Theoretical Study of Palladium Membrane Reactor Performance During Propane Dehydrogenation Using CFD Method“. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 17, Nr. 1 (01.04.2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.23625.

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This study presents a 2D-axisymmetric computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model to investigate the performance Pd membrane reactor (MR) during propane dehydrogenation process for hydrogen production. The proposed CFD model provided the local information of temperature and component concentration for the driving force analysis. After investigation of mesh independency of CFD model, the validation of CFD model results was carried out by other modeling data and a good agreement between CFD model results and theoretical data was achieved. Indeed, in the present model, a tubular reactor with length of 150 mm was considered, in which the Pt-Sn-K/Al2O3 as catalyst were filled in reaction zone. Hence, the effects of the important operating parameter (reaction temperature) on the performances of membrane reactor (MR) were studied in terms of propane conversion and hydrogen yield. The CFD results showed that the suggested MR system during propane dehydrogenation reaction presents higher performance with respect to once obtained in the conventional reactor (CR). In particular, by applying Pd membrane, was found that propane conversion can be increased from 41% to 49%. Moreover, the highest value of propane conversion (X = 91%) was reached in case of Pd-Ag MR. It was also established that the feed flow rate of the MR is to be the one of the most important factors defining efficiency of the propane dehydrogenation process.

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Karengin, A. G., A. A. Karengin, I. Yu Novoselov und K. G. Piunova. „Performance Evaluation of Plasma Sulphate Disposal Lignin“. Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.429.

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This article presents the review and analysis of the literature on methods of utilization of sulphate lignin. It is the product obtained after the processing of cellulose. As a result of the calculations the optimal compositions of the water, organic materials with mechanical impurities with adiabatic combustion temperature about 1200 K to spontaneous combustion were determined. With help of obtained results experimental studies in plasma catalytic reactor were carried out and the also reactor’s operation was optimized. The results can be used to build industrial plants on the basis of plasma catalytic reactor for utilization sulphate lignin.

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Harun, Hasnida, Aznah Nor Anuar, Zaini Ujang, Noor Hasyimah Rosman und Inawati Othman. „Performance of aerobic granular sludge at variable circulation rate in anaerobic–aerobic conditions“. Water Science and Technology 69, Nr. 11 (22.03.2014): 2252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.156.

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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been applied to treat a broad range of industrial and municipal wastewater. AGS can be developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with alternating anaerobic–aerobic conditions. To provide anaerobic conditions, the mixed liquor is allowed to circulate in the reactor without air supply. The circulation flow rate of mixed liquor in anaerobic condition is the most important parameter of operation in the anaerobic-AGS processes. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of circulation rate on the performance of the SBR with AGS. Two identical reactors namely R1 and R2 were operated using fermented soy sauce wastewater at circulation rate of 14.4 and 36.0 l/h, respectively. During the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was pumped out from the upper part of the reactor and circulated back into the bottom of the reactor for 230 min. A compact and dense AGS was observed in both reactors with a similar diameter of 2.0 mm in average, although different circulation rates were adopted. The best reactor performance was achieved in R2 with chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 89%, 90% total phosphorus removal, 79% ammonia removal, 10.1 g/l of mixed liquor suspended solids and a sludge volume index of 25 ml/g.

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Escalera, C. R., und S. Uchida. „The Performance of a Heat Exchanger Type Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor“. Water Science and Technology 24, Nr. 5 (01.09.1991): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0121.

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The performance of a heat exchanger-type anaerobic biofilm reactor(HEABR) was theoretically and experimentally studied. The treatment of a relatively low-strength artificial wastewater was experimentally feasible for a range of wall temperatures varying from 25° C to 37° C, inlet temperatures varying from 5° C to 15° C and loading rates varying from 0.2g-C/l.day to 0.8 g-C/l.day. Removal efficiencies in the range of 70–98% were obtained. It was found that the performance of the reactor is strongly dependent on the wall temperatures and the hydraulic retention times and that the inlet temperature effect is smaller. A reactor model was developed which considers that a consecutive reaction occurs both in the biofilm and the bulk liquid where the bacteria exist. The effects of temperature on the reaction and diffusion rates of the primary substrate and the intermediate product are also considered. A good fit between the experimental and calculated results showed the validity of the model.

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Ni, S. Q., und J. Meng. „Performance and inhibition recovery of anammox reactors seeded with different types of sludge“. Water Science and Technology 63, Nr. 4 (01.02.2011): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.293.

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In order to study the performance, inhibition and recovery processes of different types of anammox sludge, three up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors were inoculated with flocculent sludge, granular sludge, and cultured inactive methanogenic granules. During stable period, with nitrogen loading rates of 0.9–1.1 kg/m3/d, the total nitrogen removal efficiencies of these reactors averaged at 86.5%, 90.8% and 93.5%, respectively. The kinetics study indicated that the reactor seeded with cultured inactive methanogenic granules possessed the highest nitrogen removal potential, followed by the granular anammox reactor and the flocculent anammox reactor. The study suggested that a concentration as high as 988.3 mg NH4+-N/L and 484.4 mg NO2−-N/L could totally inhibit granular anammox bacteria and result in a inhibition of 50% flocculent anammox activity. In addition, reactors seeded with flocculent sludge and anammox granules could be fully recovered by decreasing their influent substrate concentrations. However, the decrease of influent substrate concentration for the reactor with cultured inactive methanogenic granules could only restore about 75% of its bacterial activity. In this study, anammox bacteria purity was the major factor to evaluate the recovery ability in comparison with sludge type. Free ammonia was a more appropriate indicator for the anammox recovery process compared to free nitric acid.

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Ngoenthong, Hartley, Sornchamni, Siri-nguan, Laosiripojana und Hartley. „Comparison of Packed-Bed and Micro-Channel Reactors for Hydrogen Production via Thermochemical Cycles of Water Splitting in the Presence of Ceria-Based Catalysts“. Processes 7, Nr. 10 (18.10.2019): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100767.

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Hydrogen production via two-step thermochemical cycles over fluorite-structure ceria (CeO2) and ceria-zirconia (Ce0.75Zr0.25O2) materials was studied in packed-bed and micro-channel reactors for comparison purposes. The H2-temperature program reduction (H2-TPR) results indicated that the addition of Zr4+ enhanced the material’s reducibility from 585 µmol/g to 1700 µmol/g, although the reduction temperature increased from 545 to 680 °C. Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 was found to offer higher hydrogen productivity than CeO2 regardless of the type of reactor. The micro-channel reactor showed better performance than the packed-bed reactor for this reaction.

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Jurtz, Nico, Steffen Flaischlen, Sören C. Scherf, Matthias Kraume und Gregor D. Wehinger. „Enhancing the Thermal Performance of Slender Packed Beds through Internal Heat Fins“. Processes 8, Nr. 12 (24.11.2020): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121528.

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Slender packed beds are widely used in the chemical and process industry for heterogeneous catalytic reactions in tube-bundle reactors. Under safety and reaction engineering aspects, good radial heat transfer is of outstanding importance. However, because of local wall effects, the radial heat transport in the vicinity of the reactor wall is hindered. Particle-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to investigate the impact of internal heat fins on the near wall radial heat transport in slender packed beds filled with spherical particles. The simulation results are validated against experimental measurements in terms of particle count and pressure drop. The simulation results show that internal heat fins increase the conductive portion of the radial heat transport close to the reactor wall, leading to an overall increased thermal performance of the system. In a wide flow range (100<Rep<1000), an increase of up to 35% in wall heat transfer coefficient and almost 90% in effective radial thermal conductivity is observed, respectively.

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