Dissertationen zum Thema „Rayleigh charge“
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Cantegril, Thomas. „Étude de l’électrisation de gouttes de carburant aéronautique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESMA0031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aviation sector must address major environmental challenges in the coming decades. To reduce its environmental impact, ambitious targets have been set by organizations such as ACARE, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050. These goals include a 90% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to 2000, a 55% decrease in CO₂ emissions by 2030 relative to 1990, as well as a reduction in fine particulate matter and contrail formation. Achieving these objectives requires improvements in combustion within engines, location of the main source of these emissions. One key optimization lever is atomization, which could controls the distribution of kerosene in the combustion chamber. Effective atomization minimizes fuel-rich zones, thereby reducing the formation of fine particles. Currently, aerodynamic systems generate fine droplets using air jets and calibrated orifices. A promising alternative is electro-atomization, which utilizes strong electric fields to produce droplets.This thesis explores electro-atomization and its potential for the aviation industry. The electrical properties of two fuels—a kerosene and a substitute mixture of dodecane and ethanol—are analyzed at different temperatures, focusing on their electrical conductivity and permittivity. These properties provide insights into the charging behavior of dielectric liquids.A dedicated experimental setup has been developped to study droplet production at low flow rates under high voltage. The influence of flow rate and voltage on droplet size and charge is analyzed, with the objective to approach the Rayleigh charge limit, a threshold at which a droplet explodes into finer droplets, potentially enhancing combustion. This analysis also examines the balance between electric forces and surface tension in droplet formation
Santos, Leandra Pereira dos 1985. „Eletrização de líquidos e sólidos : excessos de carga e efeito sobre as propriedades de superfície“. [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250321.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Nesta tese, investigou-se a eletrização e os mecanismos de acúmulo de carga em gotas de água e filmes de polietileno, bem como, avaliou-se o efeito das cargas elétricas em algumas propriedades desses materiais. A eletrização de água foi realizada de duas formas: pelo contato com uma superfície metálica polarizada ou expondo as gotas de água a um potencial eletrostático criado através do ar por um eletrodo sem contato. Em ambos os casos, observou-se que a água adquire excesso de cargas e que o valor detectado excede o limite de Rayleigh em algumas dezenas. Verificou-se que a presença de cargas em gotas de água leva à diminuição de sua tensão superficial e ao aumento espontâneo de sua área, por outro lado, não foi observada mudança na sua densidade. O reconhecimento desses fatos deve contribuir para uma maior compreensão de vários fenômenos eletrostáticos que ocorrem na presença de água em estado líquido ou adsorvida. A superfície superior e inferior de filmes de polietileno expostos à descarga corona adquire potencias elevados e opostos formando um filme dipolar. No entanto, a molhabilidade, a composição química e a rugosidade das duas superfícies são bastante diferentes. Enquanto a superfície superior é modificada pelo tratamento corona, a superfície inferior, apesar de se tornar eletrizada, permanece inalterada após o tratamento. Estes resultados mostram que a eletrização da superfície voltada para o eletrodo corona ocorre por um processo diferente da superfície oposta. A eletrização da superfície inferior durante o processo corona abre possibilidades para aplicações onde seja desejável ter um filme eletrizado, porém sem modificar as características originais da superfície
Abstract: In this thesis, we investigated charging process and the mechanism of charge build-up in water droplets and polyethylene films as well. We evaluated the effect of electrical charges on some properties of these materials. Charging of water drops was done using two different methods by: contacting an electrified metal or exposing water to the electrostatic potential created through air by a noncontacting biased electrode. In both cases, water drops acquire net electric charge and its value exceeds the Rayleigh limit in a few tens. It was verified that the presence of charges in water droplets leads to reduced surface tension and increased spontaneous its area, but there was no change in density. Recognition of these facts should contribute to further understanding of various electrostatic phenomena taking place in the presence of liquid or adsorbed water. Top and bottom surfaces of polyethylene (PE) films exposed to corona discharge display large and opposite electrostatic potentials, forming an electric bilayer. However, water wetting, chemical composition and roughness of the two surfaces are quite different. While the top surface is modified by corona treatment, the bottom surface is charged but remains unchanged after treatment. These results show that poling the surface closer to the corona electrode triggers another but different charge build-up process at the opposite surface. Charging of the bottom surface during corona opens possibilities for applications where it is desirable to have a polymer film charged, but without modifying the original characteristics of the surface
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutora em Ciências
Saidi, Mohamed. „Mesure et analyse de l'état de déformation et d'endommagement interne dans les composites à matrice cimentaire utilisés pour le renforcement des structures de génie civil“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1092.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to their mechanical, environmental and aesthetic compatibility, textile reinforced cementitious matrix composites are used on a large scale for rehabilitation and reinforcement of the built heritage and civil engineering structures. Under the effect of mechanical or environmental loads, the phenomena of interaction and damage between the textile reinforcement and the cementitious matrix are more complex than in the case of polymer matrix composites. These are mainly related to the cracking behaviour of the composite, the fragile nature of the matrix and the behaviour of the reinforcement/matrix bond. In particular, knowledge and understanding of the load transfer mechanisms at the reinforcement/matrix interface and crack initiation remain a major scientific challenge.Conventional measurement techniques used to characterise the mechanical behaviour of cementitious matrix composites (mechanical extensometers, digital image correlation, etc.) are able to provide information on the strain and stress state at the surface of a tested specimen. The different mechanisms of internal forces and degradation of the components (reinforcement, matrix, interface) are deduced using approaches of continuum and fracture mechanics.In this context, this work aims at implementing and adapting a measurement system that can be integrated into the core of composites: distributed optical fibre sensors. In order to check its reliability, this measurement technique is coupled with classical extensometer technics such as strain gauges implemented on the surface of the composites and digital image correlation. The main objective is to analyse more precisely the mechanical parameters at the micro scale and the load transfer mechanisms, crack initiation and propagation as well as damage mechanisms. On the basis of uni-axial tensile tests, coupled with the chosen instrumentation, a methodology for identifying local laws of reinforcement/matrix interaction is implemented. The aim of the thesis work is, using these local laws, to determine the micro-mechanical parameters of the composite (load transfer length, shear stress at the reinforcement/matrix interface, etc.) and to establish parameters characteristic of the local and global behaviour (cracking pattern and crack opening, damage indicators, constitutive equations, etc.). Nine configurations are tested and analysed in this work: two types of matrix, two types of textile reinforcement and three reinforcement ratios. The adaptation of the experimental protocol and the reliability of the results obtained are validated. The global and local behaviour of the composite, matrix, textile and their interface are measured and analysed. Load transfer length, shear stress at the textile/matrix interface, interface damage and crack opening are quantified and discussed. The effects of reinforcement ratio, matrix and textile type, mechanical and geometrical parameters of the composite on its mechanical tensile response are identified and evaluated. These results are used for the refinement and/or development of mechanical models of the stiffness and fracture behaviour of textile and cement-matrix reinforced composites
Baigl, Damien. „Etude expérimentale de polyélectrolytes hydrophobes modèles“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003620.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlghamdi, Amani Saeed. „Study of Generalized Lomax Distribution and Change Point Problem“. Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1526387579759835.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBruneton, Marianne. „Etude de la structure lithosphérique 3D du bouclier balte par l'analyse des ondes de Rayleigh“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719966.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNoël, Justine. „Étude de la convection naturelle dans les matériaux à changement de phase“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for thermal energy storage. However, the energy storage/release time can be important. Natural convection within the liquid PCM can reduce this time and improve melting. This thesis proposes the experimental study of the effects of convection on PCMs. As PCM are generally opaque, optical measurements are difficult to make. To address this issue, experiments are carried out using MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) measurements. MRI allows to obtain phase, temperature and velocity maps and thus to understand locally the thermal and hydrodynamic mechanisms involved.Two PCMs are studied: a alkane with a single melting point, the hexadecane, and a polymer with a range of melting temperatures, the polyethylene glycol. The dispersion of the chain lengths of this polymer induces the presence of a mushy zone during the solid-liquid transition.The first part of the thesis focuses on the characterization of these PCMs in order to obtain their properties in liquid phase, in solid phase and during phase change. Many methodologies have been developed and used to obtain thermal properties (i.e. thermal conductivity, heat capacity, latent heat and density). The flow behavior is studied by rheometry for the liquid phase and during the phase change. These PCMs show a hysteresis between the melting and solidification temperatures. The latter is highly dependent on the thermal and kinetic conditions applied during the phase change.In a second part, the effect of convection is investigated. It is shown that convection starts from a critical Rayleigh number close to 1430 for hexadecane, in agreement with the theoretical results in the literature. Convection improves the liquid height by a factor of four compared to the conductive regime and increases the velocity of the melt front. Heat transfer at the wall is significantly increased when convection in present. The thermo-convective flow affects the melt interface. From velocity maps, we observed that the upward flow increases locally the liquid height, while the downward flow decreases it. In the conductive regime, the melt front is flat and parallel to the heated wall. In the presence of a mushy zone, its interface with the solid phase remains parallel to the top wall and no velocity higher than our detection limit (5*10^-5m/s) is observed within it. The heights of the mushy zone and solid phase decrease in proportion to their thermal conductivities. The development of convection in the liquid phase is coupled with the formation of convection patterns corresponding to (imperfect) hexagons. As the average liquid height increases, the wavelength of patterns also increases. This results in the wavelength divided by the liquid height remaining constant. These results are similar to those obtained at the primary bifurcation for the classical Rayleigh-Bénard convection
Uguz, Kamuran Erdem. „Evaporative instability in binary mixtures“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112169/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study focuses on understanding the physics of the convective flow resulting from evaporative instability in binary mixtures. This problem has wide applications in spin coating, film deposition, heat pipes, etc. where phase change and convection play a very important role in the design process and also final quality of the product. The physical system of interest consists of a liquid mixture underlying its own vapor sandwiched between two conducting plates with insulated sidewalls in a closed container. The conducting plates are used to apply a vertical temperature gradient while there is no applied concentration gradient in the system. Concentration gradients are induced by the different evaporation rate of the components. In this system it is important to understand how the fluid dynamics and the heat and mass transfer interact competitively to form patterns. The main goal of this work is to identify the conditions for the system going from the conductive no-flow state to a convection state when the applied vertical temperature gradient exceeds a certain value called the critical value.In the system convection arises due to three distinct phenomena; evaporation, density gradients, and interfacial tension gradients. These convective forces are opposed by the diffusion effects that try to keep the system in the conductive no-flow state. The onset point depends upon several variables such as the dimensions of the container, thermo-physical properties of both liquid and vapor phases, mass fraction, and the characteristic of the disturbance given to the system. The effects of each of these variables on the onset point are investigated both in the presence and in the absence of gravity. To represent the physics a complete non-linear mathematical model is developed including momentum, energy, and mass balances in both phases with appropriate boundary conditions. The binary mixture is assumed to be made up of two low weight alcohols such as ethanol and sec-butanol. In the modeling equations the density and the interfacial tension are taken to be function of both temperature and concentration. To identify the onset point the non-linear equations are linearized around a known base state. In this case the base state is the conductive no-flow state. The resulting set of linear equations is solved using a spectral Chebyshev collocation method. Four major results arise from this work. First, in a multi-component system in the absence of gravity, an instability arises only when the system is heated from the vapor side as opposed to evaporation in a single-component. The implication is that evaporative processes in thin layers or in micro-gravity are best conducted with heat from the liquid side if instabilities are to be avoided.Second, in the presence of gravity, a multi-component system may become unstable no matter the direction of heating. If thermal buoyancy is negligible then it is shown in this study that heating from the vapor side is the unstable arrangement. Otherwise either heating style can produce an instability. This result means that the applied temperature difference must be kept below a threshold in order to avoid flow instabilities no matter the heating direction.Third, whenever instability occurs in the absence of gravity, patterns will not result in the case of a pure component but may result in the case of multi-components. Likewise, patterns will result when gravity is taken into account provided the aspect ratio of the container lies in a suitable range. As a result, aspect ratios can be chosen to avoid multi-cellular patterns even if convective flow instabilities arise during evaporation.Lastly, oscillations are not ordinarily predicted despite opposing effects of solutaland thermal convection in the evaporation problem
Vaněk, Stanislav. „Měření seismické činnosti pomocí optických vláknových senzorů“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376912.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDíez, Mikel. „Studies of the Mechanics and Structure of Shallow Magmatic Plumbing Systems“. Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/214.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTai, Yung-Hui, und 戴永輝. „The First Hyperpolarizability of Charge-Transfer Molecules Stuidied by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering“. Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88873995445321509825.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立中山大學
物理學系研究所
88
Abstract The first hyperpolarizability(β) of five charge-transfer molecules are determined using the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique at two excitation wavelengths : 1064nm and 1907nm. The 1064nm excitation wavelength is derived from a Nd: YAG pulsed laser, and the 1907nm excitation wavelength is obtained by shifting the 1064nm laser light by stimulated Raman scattering of pressurized H2 gas. Four of the five samples contains thiophene and thiazole are synthetized by Prof. Shu Ching-Fong at the National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) and the other sample is synthetized by Prof. Hong, Jin-Long at the National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU). The measured β values are used to calculate the intrinsic molecular hyperpolarizabilities using the two-level model previously developed by Oudar and Chemla. The results are related to molecular structure.
Pandey, Ravindra. „Probing The Equilibrium Geometry Of Weakly Interacting Systems In Solution By Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering“. Thesis, 2011. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2365.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePandey, Ravindra. „Probing The Equilibrium Geometry Of Weakly Interacting Systems In Solution By Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering“. Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2365.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHévin, Grégoire. „Utilisation des ondes de surface pour l'auscultation des structures en génie civil : application à la caractérisation des fissures de surface“. Phd thesis, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00709828.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrommhold, Philipp Erhard. „Erzeugung und Untersuchung von schnellen Mikrotropfen für Reinigungsanwendungen“. Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-6022-6.
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