Dissertationen zum Thema „Rape script“

Accompanying the high prevalence of rape among college women is a high prevalence of unacknowledged rape, or women who have been raped who do not label it as such. The current studies explore one theory which may help account for unacknowledged rape, script theory. Specifically, it may be that individuals have scripts for rape and seduction which overlap on a number dimensions, which may lead certain incidents of rape to be labeled seduction. Three studies were conducted to test the possible role of scripts in labeling an incident rape or not. In study 1, unique and overlapping elements of undergraduates' rape and seduction scripts were identified using a free-writing task and a questionnaire. In study 2, an ambiguous sexual scenario was developed. In study 3, script salience was manipulated by labeling the ambiguous scenario as either rape or seduction. This manipulation had little effect on participants' characterization of the scenario. However, results of internal analyses suggested that what script was activated affected participants' beliefs about the outcome of the scenario for the woman as well as their recall for the elements of the scenario. Implications of the results for the phenomenon of unacknowledged rape are discussed.
Master of Science

This thesis examines a neglected area in studies of both criminal justice and gender relations in Japan: judicial decision-making in Japanese cases involving sexual violence. The silence surrounding sexual violence has been reinforced by a lack of official attention to this area. Sexual violence was placed on the political agenda in Japan only in the last few years. An examination of judicial decision-making in cases of sexual violence is critical to the process of formulating effective legal strategies in such cases. This study also contributes to feminist analyses of gender relations in Japan by making visible common sense and often unarticulated assumptions about the 'nature' of sex, gender and sexuality. The purpose of this thesis is to account for the patterning of judicial decision-making in cases of sexual violence in Japan. It focuses on a sample of judgments of rape cases in particular and asks why the judges made the sorts of decisions that they did. To understand the process of judicial decision-making in Japan I argue that three extra- legal factors need to be considered. First, the culture of eroticised violence in Japan sustains and perpetuates a 'rape script' or dominant narrative of rape which frames judicial perceptions of sexual violence. I argue that judicial decisions are shaped by and reinforce the biological understanding of sex, sexuality and gender which are constituted in the 'rape script'. Second, the 'rape script' inscribes the feminine body as culpable and as such facilitates the notion of victim precipitation in cases that do not conform to dominant narratives of rape. Third, the legal culture in Japan structures the judicial community in such a way that encourages a high degree of homogeneity and conformity in decision-making within the judiciary. I argue that in 'ambiguous' cases these three elements serve to disqualify, exclude or silence women's alternative narratives of rape. In this thesis I demonstrate that judges separate cases into two categories: those that conform to common sense understandings of rape and those that do not. This process of separation structures the ways in which rape is interpreted and clarifies the legal question of whether force is central to the determination of rape. I argue that the necessity to prove force was used is mitigated in cases that correspond to perceptions of 'normal' rape situations'. In cases that do not conform to the dominant 'rape script' the focus of the trial shifts to an examination of the woman's character and behaviour and the question of force becomes central in defining rape. By focusing on how judge's decide 'ambiguous' cases this thesis highlights judicial constructions of heterosexual and gender relations in Japan. Exposing these common sense understandings and the contradictions and gaps they contain provides a space in which to explore the possibilities for resistance and the articulation of alternative narratives.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

This thesis investigates the continuance of the MeToo movement in the Swedish context via the digitalplatform Instagram, collective action and feminist organizations that are engaged to end sexual violence.It illuminates how the sisterhood impacted by the practice of challenging the rape script a conceptused to describe the discourse on how sexual violence should be like, and how victim-survivors should behave, how the engagement is made among the activists that engage to challenge the rape script and lastly, how since the MeToo movement started a discourse of rightlessness have been exposed through the sharing of experiences that the MeToo movement initiated. The ethnographic study is based on participant observation of feminist actions in real life and on Instagram as well as interviews with 13 activists from feminist organizations and with background as organisers of collective actions. It is found that the MeToo movement in Sweden is commonly practiced through an engagement in Feminist organizations that serve to keep the movement alive through continuous work to keep sexual violence on the agenda by keeping it visible, and that the engagement is driven by an experience of anger towards the societal discourse that sets the discourse on rape which affects the possibility to be recognized by the legal system. The thesis will overall suggest that there is a sisterhood built on a collective identity, and that the shared identity and oppression between non-men with an aspiration to support one another in the experience of oppression as well as organize safety nets for those who are sentenced for defamation as a consequence of speaking out.

This essay discusses rape and silence in J.M. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace, with focus on how and why the characters Melanie and Lucy are silenced after being raped. Paying special attention to gender and race, as well as the novel’s South African context, an attempt is made to consider how rape is represented in Disgrace, and how this representation is related to the silence of Melanie and Lucy. The discussion’s theoretical framework is based on feminist theories on sexual violence and rape, as well as theory on cultural scripts, sexual scripts, and rape myths. This essay finds that the rapes in J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace are representations of South Africa’s inverted racial power structures, and its traditional gender structures; structures that contribute to silencing Melanie and Lucy. This essay argues that Coetzee has deliberately activated South African cultural scripts in the text in an attempt to expose problematic viewpoints regarding gender and race in society, as well as in the reader.

The rare earth elements are a group of 17 elements consisting of the lantahnide series, scandium and yttrium. The application with the largest rare earth consumption is the permanent rare earth magnets. The neodymium-iron-boron magnets are the strongest permanent magnetic material known and are widely used. There is a concern that there will be a shortage in Nd-Fe-B magnets in short time. This has lead to an increased interest in the recycling of the rare earth magnets in the world.This project gives a very brief introduction to the Nd-Fe-B magnets, their uses and recycling. Two types of experiments that aims at recovery of neodymium from Nd-Fe-B magnets have been performed; extraction of neodymium by the use of molten silver and extraction of neodymium by direct oxidation. In the liquid silver experiments, extraction was obtained, but the analysis gave equivocal results. In the direct oxidation experiment, the separation of an iron phase and a neodymium oxide phase failed, and the experiment was not seen as successful.Magnetic waste from WEEE Recycling was also performed, and it turned out to contain small amounts of rare earth elements.

Previous authors have suggested that reducing rape and sexual assault will require dismantling the rape culture that exists in the U.S. that supports and condones sexual violence against women (e.g., Brownmiller, 1975; Burt, 1980). Sexual media maintain rape culture by frequently portraying rape myths and sexual stereotypes (e.g., Cuklanz, 1999; Ward, 1995), like traditional heterosexual scripts. These portrayals then increase acceptance of these myths and stereotypes in viewers (e.g., Emmers-Sommer, Pauley, Hanzal,& Triplett, 2006; Kahlor & Eastin, 2011). A two-month longitudinal panel survey was conducted to better understand the theoretical mechanisms that may explain how college students' sexual media use may indirectly influence their propensity for engaging in unwanted hookups through their endorsement of traditional heterosexual scripts, sexual self-efficacy, and perceived peer norms. The results were different for men and women. For women, the results suggested that their sexual media diet at Time 1 increased their endorsement of traditional heterosexual scripts at Time 2, their endorsement of traditional heterosexual scripts at Time 1 increased their propensity for engaging in unwanted hookups at Time 2, and their propensity for engaging in unwanted hookups at Time 1 decreased their sexual self-efficacy at Time 2. For men, the results suggested that their sexual media diet at Time 1 decreased their sexual self-efficacy at Time 2 and their perceived peer norms regarding hookups at Time 1 increased their propensity for engaging in unwanted hookups at Time 2. Together the results suggest sexual media may be negatively impacting college students' sexual attitudes and beliefs and their sexual self-efficacy, which may lead them to be more likely to engage in unwanted hookups. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), an electrokinetic force, is the motion of a polarizable particle in a non-uniform electric field. Contactless DEP (cDEP) is a recently developed cell sorting and isolation technique that uses the DEP force by capacitavely coupling the electrodes across the channel. The cDEP platform sorts cells based on intrinsic biophysical properties, is inexpensive, maintains a sterile environment by using disposable chips, is a rapid process with minimal sample preparation, and allows for immediate downstream recovery. This platform is highly competitive compared to other cell sorting techniques and is one of the only platforms to sort cells based on phenotype, allowing for the isolation of unique cell populations not possible in other systems. The original purpose of this work was to determine differences in the bioelectrical fingerprint between several critical cancer types. Results demonstrate a difference between Tumor Initiating Cells, Multiple Drug Resistant Cells, and their bulk populations for experiments conducted on three prostate cancer cell lines and treated and untreated MOSE cells. However, three significant issues confounded these experiments and challenged the use of the cDEP platform. The purpose of this work then became the development of solutions to these barriers and presenting a more commercializable cDEP platform. An improved analysis script was first developed that performs whole cell detection and cell tracking with an accuracy of 93.5%. Second, a loading system for doing smart sample handling, specifically cell focusing, was developed using a new in-house system and validated. Experimental results validated the model and showed that cells were successfully focused into a tight band in the middle of the channel. Finally, a proof of concept for an on-chip micropump is presented and achieved 4.5% in-plane deformation. When bonded over a microchannel, fluid flow was induced and measured. These solutions present a stronger, more versatile cDEP platform and make for a more competitive commercial product. However, these solutions are not just limited to the cDEP platform and may be applicable to multitudes of other microfluidic devices and applications.
Master of Science

This study examines how African American gender scripts influence condom use for disease and pregnancy prevention. One-hundred African American California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) students were selected to participate in this study. Fifty African American males and fifty African American females were surveyed for this study to be representative of the African American community on campus.

The pervasiveness of sexual violence on college campuses poses a significant problem for students and administrations that seek to promote healthy, safe, and equitable access to higher education. Although federal legislation under Title IX prohibits sexual violence as a form of gender discrimination, cultural climates that promote sexual violence—or rape cultures - continue to inform student experiences on college campuses. This thesis roots the discourse on campus sexual violence in the specific localized context at Scripps College. As a women’s college situated in a small, interconnected consortium of co-ed liberal arts colleges, the case of Scripps College raises critical questions about the ways in which gender and sexism play out on women’s bodies, and influence students’ experiences with embodiment on campus. In this thesis, I present a feminist analysis of the current institutional policies that address sexual violence on campus, in addition to the perspectives of eight student activists currently involved in gender justice work at Scripps College. Due to the fact that each of the Claremont Colleges, including Scripps, is currently in the process of re-evaluating their policies and grievance procedures that address sexual violence on campus, now is a key time to reflect on the past, present, and future of the Claremont Colleges and the role that these institutions play in either deconstructing or reinforcing patriarchal structures of power.

The results from this study show that it is possible to obtain data series on the steel scrap collection based on mass balance model on the crude steel production figures by steelmaking reactor type and additional knowledge on process metallurgy as well as information on inputs and outputs into the reactors with an area correlation coefficient of 0,91 compared to data obtained from trade statistics. Furthermore, the study shows that based on a new method it is possible to calculate the time duration of mass flows on a continuous basis. Furthermore, two complementary statistical dynamic material flow models that can be used to calculate the societal recycling rates of steel was constructed. These statistical models contribute to a standardized way of obtaining consistent results. The new models are able to segregate the non-recirculated amounts of steel into the hibernating steel stock available for future collection from the amounts of losses based on statistics. The results show that it is possible to calculate the amounts of steel scrap available for steelmaking at a given point in time. In addition, based on the new models it is possible to calculate recycling trends in society. Also, the models are able to calculate robust forecasts on the long-term availability of steel scrap, and test if forecast demand of steel scrap exceeds a full recovery. This due to that the steel scrap generation is a function of the collection rate of steel scrap. Also, a method for obtaining representative samplings on the alloy content in steel scrap called random sampling analysis (RSA) was developed. The results from the RSA show that it is possible to optimize the recovery of valuable elements in the production process of steelmaking based on the information on the composition of steel scrap.

QC 20151020

In this thesis, I trace my personal journey and the precursors of unlearning and conversation necessary to start to move towards anti-racism. With a focused look on specific aspects of feminist history, Scripps College as a place was historically contextualized. This allowed for an exploration of its student body, a look at the ways in which traditional gender meanings and expectations necessarily operate within that space. White students who claim the label feminist add complexity to that space, though their reactions to conversations of race can be traced back to the historic and gender over-determined systems of domination and victimhood that produce caustic white feminist tears. Finally, different ways of having difficult conversations are discussed, along with detailed understandings of why those conversations are necessary. In conclusion, I try to envision a kind of feminism that I would like myself and my peers to continue to work for, and emphasize again the sort of education that one must undergo in order to continue their awareness and work.

This 11-month study examined rates of encountering dung pellet groups, dung piles and ungulates in gallery forests and non-gallery forests during diurnal surveys in the Loma Mountains Non-Hunting Forest Reserve (LMNHFR) in Sierra Leone, West Africa. These indices of relative abundance were then used to infer relative habitat use by the seven ungulate species on which data were collected. This study also examined the differences in rates of encountering duikers during nocturnal surveys with rates of encountering duikers during diurnal surveys to determine which time of day produces higher rates of encounter, and thereby a more accurate estimate of duiker abundance. The dung of four of the seven species, namely Cephalophus niger, Philantomba maxwelli, Tragelaphus scriptus, and Potamochoerus porcus is encountered at a higher rate in gallery forest than in non-gallery forest. Rates of encountering the dung of three species, C. silvicultor, C. dorsalis and Syncerus caffer nanus, do not differ between forest types. Rates of encountering four species, namely C. niger, P. maxwelli, T. scriptus, and C. silvicultor are higher in gallery forest than in non-gallery forest. Rates of encountering three species, namely C. dorsalis, S. caffer nanus, and P. porcus do not differ between forest types. Rates of encountering duikers ranged from three to six times higher during nocturnal surveys than during diurnal surveys for C. niger and P. maxwelli and 20 times higher for C. dorsalis. Survey timing did not affect the rate of encounter for C. silvicultor. Forest ungulates in the LMNHFR utilize gallery forests regularly. Possible reasons for the higher rates of encounter for six of the species in gallery forests compared with non-gallery forests are access to water, readily available browse resulting from annual fire damage on the periphery and interior of gallery forests, and easy access to cover for ungulates when foraging in adjacent grassland. Given the current rate of forest loss in West Africa, studies examining how forest mammals are able to persist in small forest fragments should be high priority for both government and conservation groups. The findings here give evidence that forest ungulates can and do use small areas of forest. Most importantly, the findings from this study show the global value of the LMNHFR for the conservation of large mammals endemic to the Upper Guinea Forests.

Hiphop è il nome di un movimento giovanile che nasce negli anni settanta nei quartieri del Bronx, del Queens e di Harlem a New York City. Negli anni ottanta la musica e la cultura hiphop si diffondono in Italia e si sviluppano in tre diverse generazioni: la prima negli anni 1987-1999, la seconda negli anni 2000-2007, la terza negli anni 2008-2017. Queste generazioni condividono caratteristiche identitarie e valori come il rispetto, la pace, l'uguaglianza. Il lavoro presenta un’analisi linguistica dei testi italiani delle canzoni rap prodotte nel terzo periodo. A tale scopo la tesi è organizzata in sei capitoli. Il primo (La cultura hiphop) inquadra la nascita della cultura hiphop, le sue invenzioni artistiche, la sua globalizzazione e la sua ricezione in Italia. Sono presentati in particolare i/le pionieri/e della scena hiphop italiana e le tendenze che emergono nelle diverse scene locali. Il secondo capitolo (Ricerche sull’hiphop) presenta un quadro generale relativo alle ricerche sull’hiphop compiute negli ultimi trent’anni nell'ambito di più discipline tra cui la filosofia, la pedagogia, la storia dell’arte, l’economia e la sociologia. Uno spazio particolare è dedicato agli studi linguistici sul rap italiano, distinti in tre filoni caratterizzati da una diversa prospettiva di analisi: il rap come varietà linguistica e il rap come discorso. Gli studi sul rap come varietà si concentrano sulle influenze linguistiche di varietà globali, locali, scritte, orali e diafasiche, quelli focalizzati sul rap come codice analizzano invece le scelte linguistiche dei testi come espressioni di identità. Infine gli studi sul rap come genere mettono a confronto tipologie testuali e tipologie discorsive. Il terzo capitolo (Progettazione del corpus) illustra il metodo impiegato per la raccolta e la selezione dei testi, che si basa sui network e sulle piattaforme digitali con riconoscimento nella cultura hiphop italiana. Il riferimento presente negli articoli, nei commenti, nelle interviste e nelle recensioni di network e piattaforme digitali a “artisti riconosciuti nella scena”, “recensioni positive di album o canzoni singole”, “stile stimolante” e “influenza sulla scena rap italiana” ha portato a una selezione di 1000 canzoni rap, datate tra il 2008 e il 2017. Il quarto capitolo (Caratteristiche lessicali e stilistiche) presenta l'analisi di caratteristiche lessicali, di strutture ritmiche e metriche, di figure retoriche e di aspetti testuali che hanno particolare rilievo nel corpus. Dopo una prima riflessione sulla “Frequenza lessicale” nel primo paragrafo viene analizzata la ricorrenza di determinate parole e singoli fenomeni lessicali. Il secondo paragrafo “Struttura ritmica e metrica” affronta poi il tema del cosiddetto flow, che consiste nell'elaborazione delle rime verso schemi complessi e nella loro accentuazione/non-accentuazione a tempo (on-beat vs. off-beat) come mezzo stilistico. Nel paragrafo “Aspetti retorici” viene evidenziato, tramite diversi esempi, l'uso di alcune tendenze stilistiche (addizione, omissione, trasposizione, sostituzione) e forme retoriche tramandante oralmente come il Signifyin(g), caratteristica cruciale dell’African American Vernacular English. Nel paragrafo “Tipologia dei testi” si illustrano alcune modalità discorsive dei testi rap (self-referential speech, listener-directed speech, boasting, dissing, localizing e representing), presenti nelle canzoni del corpus. Nel quinto capitolo viene affrontata la relazione tra aspetti linguistici globali e locali (Un linguaggio “glocale”? – «Quello che siamo è solo spazio, parole»), in cui è adottata la prospettiva del rap e delle varietà linguistiche nei paragrafi “HipHop Speech Community”, “Artistic Code-Mixing – Repertorio di una comunità linguistica hip hop italiano?” e “Oralità e scrittura”. Il mistilinguismo e il code-switching tra dialetti, altri sistemi linguistici e diverse varietà dell’italiano sono degli strumenti fondamentali e distintivi per la struttura dei testi rap italiani e possiedono sia caratteristiche espressive, sia identitarie. Partendo dalla composizione scritta dei testi vengono aggiunti appositamente tipici elementi dell’oralità per dare un’impostazione spontanea, discorsiva e dialogica alla canzone. Questa relazione tra scrittura e oralità si può trovare anche nella tradizione della canzone popolare italiana. Nel sesto e ultimo capitolo del lavoro (Resistance Vernacular – «Ma io penso diverso, ostinato e contrario») vengono esaminati i ricorrenti elementi linguistici che nei testi svolgono una funzione di critica e autocritica, provocazione, espressione identitaria e che permettono di riconoscere i testi delle canzoni rap come parte del genere comunicativo della resistance vernacular. Inoltre vengono analizzati tratti discorsivi e dialogici dei testi studiati e il coinvolgimento del destinatario, variabile a seconda dell’uso e della frequenza di questi tratti. Il primo paragrafo, “Formazione del contesto”, prende in esame sia forme deittiche sia riferimenti intra-testuali e extra-testuali, i quali sono elementi chiave per la comprensione del contesto da parte del destinatario. Nel paragrafo “Dialogicità” sono analizzati gli elementi che marcano un carattere interazionale, come allocuzioni ai destinatari e segnali discorsivi con funzioni interazionali. Nell'ultimo paragrafo, infine, viene descritta il Resistance Vernacular come genere comunicativo del rap italiano. Vengono analizzate quindi le strategie verbali usate per contrastare e contraddire, attraverso la presa di distanza da riflessioni ironiche, esempi provocatori di confronto verbale, suggerimenti di circostanza e per mezzo anche dell’ esplicitazione di possibili identificazioni. Il lavoro fornisce dunque un ampio panorama della produzione di testi rap in Italia nell'ultimo decennio che si inseriscono nell'ambito di due note tradizioni narrative, una locale (la canzone popolare italiana) e l'altra non locale (l'Afro American Vernacular English). L’analisi condotta su un corpus testuale selezionato ed esaminato secondo criteri quantitativi e qualitativi si concentra su aspetti semantici, pragmatici, testuali e infine sull'impiego di diverse varietà linguistiche, che diventano veicolo fondamentale per l'espressione identitaria sia di autori sia di destinatari. Vengono analizzati perciò i principali tratti distintivi che caratterizzano il neo-plurilinguismo, che è forma performativa e comunicativa di un Resistance Vernacular.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-25).

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系專班
101
In this thesis, the semiconductor nanometer process, the shallow trench isolation, (STI) improvement of the fine dust produced defects in the thin film deposition process. The fine dust produced in this deposition process defects not readily be effectively detected and can’t perform any remedies, but found dust defects too serious, it can only be scrapped. This case adverse consequences on the of semiconductor nanometer process yield and factory production process, not only a substantial increase in production costs, and will delay the delivery time, seriously affect the competitiveness of customers in the launch of a new generation of products will also destroy themselves goodwill and trust of customers. Shallow trench isolation is critical in the semiconductor nanometer process technology, the traditional PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) unable to meet the capacity needs of high aspect ratio to fill the holes, so you must use HDPCVD (High Density Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition) to achieve this objective. This thesis is to explore and examine the semiconductor manufacturing process, the shallow trench isolation process of thin film deposition, about dust caused by defective mechanism and its improvement.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理系EMBA班
105
The average defect rate of an automatic soldering equipment is 8.84% in D company, and the improvement goal is to lower the defect rate to 1.5% and below. This study applies the five improvement stages of Six Sigma methods (Define - Measure - Analyze - Improve – Control, D-M-A-I-C) to achieve this goal. The first stage is to define the project scope, the dependent variables (Y, y), and the defects. In the “Measure” stage, MSA is firstly used to confirm the effectiveness of the measurement system, and to ensure the stability of the production process. Then, analysis methods such as the process mapping, cause and effect matrix, Plato plot, the 8020 Rule are used to find those possible factors that cause defects. Through the process failure mode effects analysis, five quick improvement measures were taken to reduce the process defect rate to an average of 2.66%. Three un-improved factors, x1: tin wire length, x2: soldering iron temperature, x3: welding time, were left for the next “Analyze” stage. By using experimental design method, it is confirmed that x1, x2 and x3 are key factors that have significant effect on Y. In the “Improvement” stage, parametric analysis and optimization were carried out by using Response Surface Methodology to obtain the best parameters of x1 = 3.0 cm, x2 = 403.0 ℃ and x3 = 4.6 sec. In the “Control” stage, the improvement achievement are monitored to ensure consistently maintaining at a defect rate of ≦1.5%. Then the x key factors, Y and y are controlled by the statistical process control to ensure the improvement result. Finally, the estimated financial savings of this improvement project is about 1,880.5 USD/month.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
工業工程與管理系
107
This study explores the optimal common cycle and delivery policy for a multi-item production system with adjustable production rate and scrap; and the optimal production cycle for a system with random breakdown, scrap and adjustable production rates. Traditional economic production quantity (EPQ) assumed a perfect production process with no breakdown occurrences and no defects, fixed production rate, and continuous delivery plan. However, the assumption of EPQ model is too simple to fit the needs of real life situations. In order to cope with the real production situations, the proposed model 1 studies the optimal common cycle for multi-item production systems with all of defective items are scrapped and considering two types of delivery plans. One is a continuous and the other is a multiple delivery. Also, with the purpose of reducing production completion time and/or machine utilization, the manufacturing firms may adjust production rate or increase the workers’ hours. Therefore, we look into the effect of variations in adjusted rates on system’s optimal policy and various cost components. The proposed model 2 explores the optimal production cycle for a fabrication system with adjusted rate, scraps, and random breakdown under the abort/resume (AR) policy and scraps. The AR policy means that the machine continues to produce unfinished batches when it has been completely repaired. Finally, numerical examples were used to show applicability and sensitivity analyses for these two models.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
96
This research considers imperfect quality product system whether rework on product policy to analyze and cost efficiency.One of the unrealistic assumptions of classic Economic Production Quantity(EPQ)model is that it assumes manufacturing facility functions perfectly at all times.However,in most practical settings,due to process deterioration or other factors,defective items are generated.The imperfect quality items can fall into two groups,the repairable and the scrap.Sometimes,the imperfect quality items can be reworked and repaired with additional repairing and holding costs. Two specific models are considered for different inventory situations in this research.They are situations where：(1)the imperfect quality system in an EPQ model with backlogging permitted, and all defective items are reworked and can be repaired;(2)the imperfect quality system in an EPQ model with backlogging permitted, and all defective items are scrap.Under the situations that have already known,this research proposes a mathematics judgment type on EPQ model with scrap and rework defective items and derived the optimal inventory product model and backordering level that minimize overall production costs.Numerical example is provided to demonstrate their practical usages.

This study focuses on the representation of masculine imagos in the South African novelist Eben Venter’s novel oeuvre and more specifically on the multifaceted nature of Venter’s delineation of masculinity. His novels Foxtrot van die Vleiseters (1993), Ek stamel ek sterwe (1996) (translated into English as My beautiful death ((2004)) and Santa Gamka (2009) were selected to represent Venter’s novel oeuvre. The male protagonist in each novel may be viewed as typical representations of masculine imagos in his novels. The workability of cognitive narratology as a literary approach to analyse and interpret novels is tested by identifying the frames and scripts within the selected novels. Cognitive frames in narratives are those backdrops against which the events take place, while the actions executed by the characters are read as cognitive scripts. These scripts create the projected masculinity imagos of the male protagonists. When reading the novels, the reader is confronted with various cognitive choices of which three are especially important. The first is the choice to discard existing ideas and perceptions in order to make room for new ideas and perceptions. The second choice is to modify existing ideas and adjust them by means of the cognitive processing of information in the novels. The last choice entails the total rejection of the new ideas. Irrespective of the cognitive processes that occur during the reading process, the representation of masculinity in the novels will inevitably have an effect on the way in which the reader will experience masculinity in future. In the characters of Petrus Steenekamp (Foxtrot van die Vleiseters), Konstant Wasserman (Ek stamel ek sterwe) and Lucky Marais (Santa Gamka) Venter illustrates the complexity of the masculinity issue due to the cultural, social and political frames with which people are encoded. This encoding is also reflected in the scripts that are determined by the characters’ behaviour and actions. Venter demonstrates sensitivity and compassion for all the characters in his novels and his representation of masculinity instils sensitivity and compassion in readers. This instilment will most probably create a better understanding of masculinity, as well as humanity, within the cognition of the reader. The most important finding is that it is indeed possible to use cognitive narratology as literary approach to analyse and interpret the chosen novels in order to make valid conclusions – in this case with regard to the complex delineation of multifaceted masculine imagos within Eben Venter’s novel oeuvre. Further deductions include those made about the appearance of different images of masculinity within Venter’s novel oeuvre and especially how the farm frame and the father/son relationship frame manifest prominently in Venter’s novels.
MA (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014