Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Randall's plaque“

La lithiase urinaire est un problème de santé publique majeur en particulier dans les pays développés occidentaux. Des populations de plus en jeunes sont touchées. En France les dépenses annuelles reliées aux traitements médicamenteux, aux actes chirurgicaux et aux éventuels traitements sous dialyse approchent les 800 millions d’euros. Les calcifications pathologiques de type calculs rénaux sont des composés extrêmement complexes à caractériser et à l’heure actuelle, leur formation in situ au sein du corps humain reste encore entourée de mystères, et ce, malgré de très nombreuses études cliniques in vivo et ex vivo. La complexité est avant tout de nature chimique, la composition de chaque calcul rénal étant particulière. Un calcul rénal est généralement composé de phases minérales et organiques constituant ainsi un dérivé hybride organique inorganique (à plusieurs échelles de taille). Deux phases d’oxalates de calcium hydraté sont surreprésentées, à savoir la whewellite, CaC2O4.H2O, et la weddellite, CaC2O4.2H2O. La deuxième famille la plus représentée correspond aux phosphates de calcium dont l’hydroxyapatite (HAp) carbonatée est un représentant majeur. La complexité des calculs rénaux est de nature structurale également. A l’heure actuelle, il est particulièrement difficile de caractériser l’interpénétration des réseaux organique et inorganique et surtout, à quelle échelle de taille. De plus, les phases présentes peuvent subir des transformations au cours du temps, qui rendent encore plus compliqué l’analyse des pathologies associées. La formation in vivo des calculs rénaux est un sujet passionnant mais difficile. La lithogénèse correspond globalement à une association (de type agglomération) d’un ou de plusieurs cristaux inorganiques au sein d’une matrice de nature organique (pouvant contenir des protéines, des lipides, des acides gras insaturés ou encore des triglycérides). On considère que la formation d’un calcul provient de la succession dans le temps de plusieurs évènements : la sursaturation des urines (qui est évidemment pH dépendante), la germination, la croissance et l’agrégation des cristaux, la rétention des cristaux via des processus d’adhésion dans une cavité des néphrons par exemple, et enfin la croissance finale pouvant conduire à un acte chirurgical. Un certain consensus existe sur les premières étapes de formation des calculs rénaux. Suite à des observations faites post-mortem par le chirurgien Randall, il a été proposé que le premier nucleus à se former soit de nature apatitique (carbonatée). C’est ce que l’on nomme désormais la plaque de Randall. A partir de la plaque de Randall, les calculs rénaux sont alors supposés croître, leur composition chimique finale dépendant des apports anioniques et cationiques, du métabolisme et de la prise éventuelle de traitements médicamenteux de longue durée. Enfin, de nombreuses techniques de caractérisation ont été mises en œuvre pour l’étude détaillée de la structure des calcifications pathologiques, tant en imagerie, diffraction et spectroscopie. Curieusement, la RMN en phase solide n’a été que peu mise en œuvre. De façon générale, l’IRM standard telle que pratiquée en milieu hospitalier n’est presque jamais mise en œuvre pour l’étude des calculs rénaux. Dans une revue de 2016 faisant un état de l’art des méthodes d’analyse des calculs, Brisbane ne consacre qu’un court paragraphe en toute fin d’article à l’IRM et parle d’un « non-specific void » à propos de l’image d’un calcul.Le coeur de ce travail de recherche s’attache à la caractérisation par DNP (Dynamic Nuclear Polarization) et imagerie en rotation à l’angle magique (IRM MAS) de la plaque de Randall, et plus généralement des phases d’oxalates/phosphates de calcium et des calculs rénaux. Le but est de proposer in fine des pistes intéressantes pour les praticiens hospitaliers quant au diagnostic des néphropathologies
Urolithiasis is a major public health problem especially in Western developed countries. Increasingly young populations are affected. In France, the annual expenses related to drug treatments, surgical procedures and possible dialysis treatments approach 800 million euros. Pathological calcifications like the kidney stones are extremely complex compounds to characterize and at present, their formation in situ within the human body is still shrouded in mystery, despite numerous in vivo and ex vivo clinical studies. The complexity is above all of a chemical nature, the composition of each kidney stone being particular. A kidney stone is generally composed of mineral and organic phases thus constituting an inorganic organic hybrid derivative (on several scales of size). Two phases of hydrated calcium oxalates are overrepresented, namely whewellite, CaC2O4.H2O, and weddellite, CaC2O4.2H2O. The second most represented family corresponds to calcium phosphates, of which carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a major representative. The complexity of kidney stones is also structural. At present, it is particularly difficult to characterize the interpenetration of organic and inorganic networks and above all, at what size scale. In addition, the phases present can undergo transformations over time, which make the analysis of associated pathologies even more complicated. Kidney stone formation in vivo is an exciting but challenging subject. Lithogenesis generally corresponds to an association (of the agglomeration type) of one or more inorganic crystals within an organic matrix (which may contain proteins, lipids, unsaturated fatty acids or even triglycerides). It is considered that the formation of a stone comes from the succession over time of several events: the supersaturation of the urine (which is obviously pH dependent), the germination, the growth and the aggregation of the crystals, the retention of the crystals via the process of adhesion in a cavity of the nephrons for example, and finally the final growth which can lead to a surgical act. Some consensus exists on the early stages of kidney stone formation. Following observations made post-mortem by the surgeon Randall, it has been proposed that the first nucleus to form is of an apatitic (carbonated) nature. This is what is now called the Randall’s plaque. From Randall's plaque, the kidney stones are then supposed to grow, their final chemical composition depending on the anionic and cationic contributions, the metabolism and the possible taking of long-term drug treatments. Finally, many characterization techniques have been implemented for the detailed study of the structure of pathological calcifications, both in imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy. Curiously, solid-phase NMR has been little implemented. In general, standard MRI as practiced in hospitals is almost never implemented for the study of kidney stones. In a 2016 review reviewing the state of the art of stone analysis methods, Brisbane devotes only a short paragraph at the very end of the article to MRI and speaks of a "non-specific void" about of the image of a calculation. The heart of this research work focuses on the characterization by DNP (Dynamic Nuclear Polarization) and magic angle spinning imaging (MAS MRI) of the Randall’s plaque, and more generally of the calcium oxalate/phosphate phases and kidney stones. The goal is to ultimately propose interesting avenues for hospital practitioners regarding the diagnosis of nephropathologies

En France, environ 9,8% de la population souffre de lithiase urinaire. Nous proposons, ici, une nouvelle approche afin de caractériser ces matériaux et d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension de leur formation. Les médecins utilisent principalement des techniques FTIR pour déterminer les principales phases présentes dans une calcification pathologique donnée. Les méthodes de RMN semblent appropriées pour déterminer plus précisément la composition de ces calcifications pathologiques. Très peu d'analyses RMN de calculs rénaux et d'analogues synthétiques ont été réalisées à ce jour.Premièrement, les trois phases d'oxalate de calcium ont été synthétisées (CaC2O4?nH2O avec n = 1, 2, 3) en mettant en ¿uvre des protocoles originaux. L'analyse des spectres 1H, 13C CPMAS et 43Ca MAS à ultra-haut champ magnétique en abondance naturelle permet une identification précise des différentes phases et peut être interprétée en tenant compte du nombre d'inéquivalents des sites cristallographiques. L'hydroxyapatite a été étudiée en parallèle car pouvant également apparaître lors de lithiase urinaire.Enfin, nous montrons les résultats obtenus à partir de DNP MAS à 100 K sur les échantillons synthétiques. L'affinité de la combinaison biradical/solvant reste un facteur limitant pour les matériaux hétérogènes tels que ceux qui sont analysés dans cette étude. Nous devons être en mesure de trouver une combinaison appropriée pour les matériaux multi-composants complexes afin d'obtenir un gain équivalent sur tous les signaux. Finalement, il est démontré qu'il est possible de transposer l'approche méthodologique présentée ci-dessus à l'étude des calculs rénaux
In France, about 9.8% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. The treatment of kidney stones, composed of 72% of hydrated calcium oxalates (CaC2O4∙nH2O) with n = 1, 2, 3, represents almost 900 million euros in annual spending and it is therefore necessary to understand the in vivo formation of these stones. Here we propose a new approach in order to characterize kidney stones and have a greater understanding of their formation. Physicians primarily use FTIR techniques to determine the major phases present in a given pathological calcification. NMR methods appears suitable to determine more accurately the composition of these pathological calcifications. Very few NMR analyzes of kidney stones and synthetic analogues were conducted to date. In a first step, the three phases of calcium oxalate were synthesized by implementing original protocols. Analysis of the 1H, 13C CP MAS and MAS 43Ca ultra-high magnetic field spectra at natural abundance allow precise identification of the different phases and can be interpreted by taking into account the number of inequivalent crystallographic sites. The hydroxyapatite was studied in parallel as it may also appear in urolithiase. Finally, we show results obtained from DNP MAS at 100 K on the synthetic samples. The affinity of the biradical/solvent combination remains a limiting factor for heterogeneous materials such as those analyzed in this study. We have to be able to find a suitable combination for complex multi-component materials and to obtain an equivalent gain on all signals. In a last step, it is demonstrated that it is possible to transpose the methodological approach presented above to the study of kidney stones

En France, environ 9,8% de la population souffre de lithiase urinaire. Nous proposons, ici, une nouvelle approche afin de caractériser ces matériaux et d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension de leur formation. Les médecins utilisent principalement des techniques FTIR pour déterminer les principales phases présentes dans une calcification pathologique donnée. Les méthodes de RMN semblent appropriées pour déterminer plus précisément la composition de ces calcifications pathologiques. Très peu d'analyses RMN de calculs rénaux et d'analogues synthétiques ont été réalisées à ce jour.Premièrement, les trois phases d'oxalate de calcium ont été synthétisées (CaC2O4?nH2O avec n = 1, 2, 3) en mettant en ¿uvre des protocoles originaux. L'analyse des spectres 1H, 13C CPMAS et 43Ca MAS à ultra-haut champ magnétique en abondance naturelle permet une identification précise des différentes phases et peut être interprétée en tenant compte du nombre d'inéquivalents des sites cristallographiques. L'hydroxyapatite a été étudiée en parallèle car pouvant également apparaître lors de lithiase urinaire.Enfin, nous montrons les résultats obtenus à partir de DNP MAS à 100 K sur les échantillons synthétiques. L'affinité de la combinaison biradical/solvant reste un facteur limitant pour les matériaux hétérogènes tels que ceux qui sont analysés dans cette étude. Nous devons être en mesure de trouver une combinaison appropriée pour les matériaux multi-composants complexes afin d'obtenir un gain équivalent sur tous les signaux. Finalement, il est démontré qu'il est possible de transposer l'approche méthodologique présentée ci-dessus à l'étude des calculs rénaux
In France, about 9.8% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. The treatment of kidney stones, composed of 72% of hydrated calcium oxalates (CaC2O4∙nH2O) with n = 1, 2, 3, represents almost 900 million euros in annual spending and it is therefore necessary to understand the in vivo formation of these stones. Here we propose a new approach in order to characterize kidney stones and have a greater understanding of their formation. Physicians primarily use FTIR techniques to determine the major phases present in a given pathological calcification. NMR methods appears suitable to determine more accurately the composition of these pathological calcifications. Very few NMR analyzes of kidney stones and synthetic analogues were conducted to date. In a first step, the three phases of calcium oxalate were synthesized by implementing original protocols. Analysis of the 1H, 13C CP MAS and MAS 43Ca ultra-high magnetic field spectra at natural abundance allow precise identification of the different phases and can be interpreted by taking into account the number of inequivalent crystallographic sites. The hydroxyapatite was studied in parallel as it may also appear in urolithiase. Finally, we show results obtained from DNP MAS at 100 K on the synthetic samples. The affinity of the biradical/solvent combination remains a limiting factor for heterogeneous materials such as those analyzed in this study. We have to be able to find a suitable combination for complex multi-component materials and to obtain an equivalent gain on all signals. In a last step, it is demonstrated that it is possible to transpose the methodological approach presented above to the study of kidney stones

Telefantasy offers the first book length study to consider the place of fantasy, science fiction, and horror dramas in the history of British and US television. Looking at two periods (the 1950s/60s and the 1990s/2000s) when telefantasy has been particularly prevalent on television, this book provides detailed historical accounts of the production of key 'telefantasy' programmes: the Quatermass serials, The Prisoner, Star Trek, The X-Files, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). Each case study is situated in relation to the development of the British and US television industries and the regulatory and critical discourses surrounding them, offering a new understanding of the individual programmes and the historical development of television as a medium. By bringing together a range of fantasy dramas and asking what they offered to television producers, Telefantasy challenges the previous understanding of these programmes as 'unique' cultural phenomena, and asks whether telefantasy can be understood as a genre. Through this analysis, Telefantasy argues that 'the fantastic' is a particularly rich area for re-examining the central assumptions about the aesthetics of television. These tales of alien invasion, futuristic space travel, and vampire slaying challenge the dominant notion that television is an intimate medium unsuited to the display of visual style. Telefantasy engages with current debates about television history, genre, narrative, and spectator theory, while providing case studies that will be of interest to students of television and fans of telefantasy.

In 2008 a rap video by Kate McAlpine went viral (nearly eight million views at present). Not your typical rap video, it takes place in the tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider and on the grounds 100 feet above. During the performance, the computer-generated voice of Stephen Hawking chimes in as part of a periodic call and response. Throughout, the lyrics are replete with technical terms like “protons,” “lead ions,” “antimatter,” “black holes,” “dark matter,” “Higgs boson,” “Standard Model,” “graviton,” “top quark,” and acronyms like “ALICE,” “ATLAS,” and “CMS.” Here is the central refrain: . . . The LHC accelerates the protons and the lead And the things that it discovers will rock you in the head. The Higgs boson, that’s the one that everybody talks about And it’s the one sure thing that this machine will sort out. . . . McAlpine’s was a prophesy that proved right on target. In 2016, François Englert and Peter Higgs won the Nobel Prize in physics for a conjecture they had made over a half century earlier, a mathematically driven leap of faith that became a scientific fact when the Higgs boson was detected—a hitherto mysterious but absolutely central member of the particle zoo. It was a discovery that confirmed the otherwise highly confirmed Standard Model, the explanatory centerpiece of the quantum world. At five billion dollars, the detector of the Higgs, the Large Hadron Collider, is the most expensive scientific apparatus ever built. It is a Mount Everest of machines, the apotheosis of the technological sublime. This form of sublimity is near the center of Lisa Randall’s professional life, the only means by which her deepest conjectures about the universe can be demonstrated. Hers is a flight into the scientific stratosphere tethered to events that she hopes will be observed by two incarnations of the technological sublime: the Large Hadron Collider or the GAIA satellite. When the UK funding for the Large Hadron Collider was still in question, Science Minister William Waldegrave challenged British physicists, telling them “that if anyone could explain what all the fuss was about, in plain English, on one sheet of paper, then he would reward that person with a bottle of vintage champagne.”

Jeff Kanew’s cinema verité documentary, Black Rodeo, is the focus of this chapter. On September 4, 1971, at Randall’s Island Park in New York City, a bronco-busting, bull-riding rodeo, complete with a traditional Wild West show, took place. But this was not an ordinary rodeo. It was unlike most others because all the cowboys and cowgirls were Black. This chapter provides a close textual analysis of Kanew’s documentary and considers the other narrative westerns that emerged at roughly the same time, including Skin Game, The McMasters, and, shortly after, Thomasine & Bushrod. There is discussion of the intertextuality between Bonnie and Clyde and Thomasine & Bushrod.

Abstract Much that characterizes Elizabeth Bishop’s writing-what Randall Jarrell called that “whole moral and physical atmosphere” - originates in her language of exteriority. Her assertive rhetoric of geographical situation encourages us to read her poems as maps, as documents that confirm the reader’s sense of place and physical presence. Two-dimensional surfaces (maps, mirrors, paintings) preoccupy her because poetry shares both their limitations and possibilities, and because their problematic relationship to the actual world challenges ordinary definitions of fiction and fact. If Bishop seems a skilled cartographer, it is because her tropes of geography convince the reader of her knowledge of the world. Her charting of contours and elevations, summits, valleys, and seas embodies and extends the language of terrain and the evocative power of specific locale.

This chapbook brings together five young writers, Chiyuma Elliott, Rachel Eliza Griffiths, Derrick Harriell, Randall Horton, and Jamaal May, in a chapbook of poems that employs an invigorating range of tonalities and moods to engage directly with Faulkner’s writings, characters, and verbal art, as well as with his historical example as a race-haunted white southerner who struggled, often unsuccessfully, with the changing racial landscape of twentieth-century America. A brief preface by Elliott and Harriell situates the group’s efforts in relation to those of precursors like Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee), who called on black writers to come to a fuller, firmer reckoning with Faulkner in their work. In the nineteen poems gathered here, Elliott, Griffiths, Harriell, Horton, and May take their place alongside the Komunyakaa of “Tobe’s Blues,” the Lucille Clifton of “My Friend Mary Stone from Oxford Mississippi,” and other black poets who have risen to Madhubuti’s challenge.

Abstract In 1937–38, Webb’s band got commercially successful with Ella Fitzgerald singing popular songs. Helen Oakley wanted to shock Webb into featuring more jazz-oriented swing numbers, like he had previously. Benny Goodman’s popularity proved that the public loved it. Oakley arranged for Webb’s band to battle the Count Basie band, now settled in New York and a big hit with dancers and jazz fans. The Webb-Basie band battle took place at the Savoy Ballroom on January 16, 1938, after Benny Goodman’s debut concert at Carnegie Hall. Oakley’s staging of both the Webb-Goodman battle of 1937 and the Webb-Basie battle of 1938 helped elevate Webb’s and his band’s visibility. Webb’s band had a few hit records and a huge radio following; their popularity went beyond Harlem. They were booked at Levaggi’s, a whites-only Boston nightclub. In Boston, Webb became friends with fellow bandleader Artie Shaw, and Ella Fitzgerald came up with a swing version of “A-Tisket, A-Tasket,” arranged by Van Alexander. Audiences adored it, and the band recorded it in May 1938. “A-Tisket, A Tasket” was on Hit Parade charts for months; this was the national breakthrough hit record Webb had worked so hard to achieve. On Sunday, May 29, 1938, Webb’s band participated in the Randall’s Island “Carnival of Swing,” the first outdoor day-long jazz festival.

Abstract Perhaps it is not out of place, in a book devoted to scientific controversies, to begin this chapter with a long-standing controversy over Galileo and his methodology. This is not so much a scientific controversy as it is one relating to the history of science, but it is instructive for the light it can shed on how scientific controversies are ultimately resolved. I refer to the Methodenstreit initiated by Ernst Cassirer (1922), developed by John Herman Randall, Jr. (1940, 1976), and contested ever since by a host of writers including Neil Gilbert (1963), William Edwards (1983), Adriano Carugo and Alistair Crombie (1983), and myself (Wallace, 1984). The point of the controversy is whether or not Galileo was influenced by the Paduan Aristotelians, in particular, Jacopo Zabarella, when developing the new sciences for which he is justly famous. My contention now is that the lengthy controversy has finally been resolved: Galileo indeed was influenced by Zabarella, but in a novel way not foreseen by any of the protagonists before Edwards and I published the Latin text of his Tractatio de demonstration (Galilei 1988; Berti 1991). The Tractatio occupies a major part of MS Gal. 27, entitled Dialletica, which had been sitting for many years in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence. It was known to Antonio Favaro, the editor of the National Edition of Galileo’s works, but he did not think it worth transcribing for his edition, and so it has remained unknown to scholars for over four centuries (GG9: 273-282).1 The designation written on the manuscript, “Dialettica,” explains the “Dialectics” in my title.