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1
Bodmer, Richard E., Robert J. Mather und David J. Chivers. „Rain forests of central Borneo—threatened by modern development“. Oryx 25, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034025.
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Rain forests in Central Kalimantan, Borneo, are under increasing pressure from commercial industry, agricultural projects and transmigration programmes. Our knowledge of the hill forests in central Borneo is virtually non-existent, yet they may disappear before we realize their true value as intact forests. These rapid developments prompted the FFPS to launch the Red Alert Project, which, together with Project Barito Ulu, is investigating ways to promote rain-forest conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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BRÜHL, CARSTEN A., GUNIK GUNSALAM und K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR. „Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, Nr. 3 (Mai 1998): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000224.
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The ant fauna of a rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia was sampled by using different collecting methods in three strata. In total, 524 morphospecies of ants could be distinguished. They belong to seven subfamilies and 73 genera. So far, the ant community described is the most species rich published for a primary tropical rain forest. Regarding the stratification in the forest, the leaf litter community comprised as many ant species as the lower vegetation or canopy. Furthermore the litter stratum had the highest generic diversity. The stratification of ants in rain forests seems to be a very strict one with the majority of species (75%) being related to only one stratum. This is in contrast to findings on the stratification of beetles in rain forests. The stratification and a radiation of some groups into vegetation and canopy, where a broad spectrum of permanent habitats exist, is responsible for the high diversity of ants in tropical rain forests.
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Te Wong, Siew, Christopher Servheen, Laurentius Ambu und Ahmad Norhayati. „Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, Nr. 6 (19.10.2005): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002622.
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We observed a period of famine in the lowland tropical rain forest of Sabah, Malaysia from August 1999 to September 2000. All six Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) that were captured and radio-collared were in poor physical condition, and two were later found dead. The physical condition of bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) that were captured, observed or photographed by camera traps also revealed that the pigs were in various stages of emaciation and starvation. We surmise that the famine resulted from prolonged scarcity of fruit during an intermast interval in the study area. These phenomena of emaciated animals and fruit scarcity have also been reported from other areas of Borneo. Lowland tropical rain-forest trees of Borneo display supra-annual synchronized general fruiting. We believe that the starvation we observed and the generally low density of large animals in Borneo forests is a consequence of a history of prolonged food scarcity during non-general-fruiting years, but may be accentuated by anthropogenic factors such as forest fragmentation, selective logging, and reduced density of fig trees in logged forests.
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Delissio, Lisa J., Richard B. Primack, Pamela Hall und H. S. Lee. „A decade of canopy-tree seedling survival and growth in two Bornean rain forests: persistence and recovery from suppression“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, Nr. 5 (21.08.2002): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002420.
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The population dynamics of 8500 shade-tolerant tree seedlings of 13 tree species were followed for 10 years at rain forests in Lambir Hills National Park and Bako National Park, Malaysian Borneo. Since these dipterocarp forests have lower rates of canopy gap formation than do rain forests elsewhere, tree seedling biology was predicted to differ. Approximately 50% of seedlings present in 1986 were still alive in 1996. Seven out of thirteen had seedling populations composed predominantly of individuals that were at least 10 years old. These seedlings can undergo alternating periods of relatively rapid and slow growth. Many seedlings that grew rapidly in the first census interval survived through a period of suppression in the second census interval, and conversely many seedlings with a history of suppression had exceptionally high growth in the final census interval. Seedlings of South-East Asian forest tree species are long-lived and appear to be adapted to long periods of suppression in the understorey.
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Jaafar, Salwana Md, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Faizah Metali und David F. R. P. Burslem. „Litterfall Production and Litter Decomposition Experiments: In Situ Datasets of Nutrient Fluxes in Two Bornean Lowland Rain Forests Associated with Acacia Invasion“. Data 8, Nr. 2 (29.01.2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data8020030.
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It is increasingly recognized that invasion by alien plant species such as Acacia spp. can impact tropical forest ecosystems, although quantifications of nutrient fluxes for invaded lowland tropical rain forests in aseasonal climates remain understudied. This paper describes the methodology and presents data collected during a year-long study of litterfall production and leaf litter decomposition rates in two distinct tropical lowland forests in Borneo affected by Acacia invasion. The study is the first to present a comprehensive dataset on the impacts of invasive Acacia species on Bornean forests and can be further used for future research to assess the long-term impact of Acacia invasion in these forest ecosystems. Extensive studies of nutrient cycling processes in aseasonal tropical lowland rainforests occurring on different soil types remain limited. Therefore, this dataset improves understanding of nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes in tropical forests and can be utilized by the wider scientific community to examine ecosystem responses in tropical forests.
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Iwata, Tomoya, Mikio Inoue, Shigeru Nakano, Hitoshi Miyasaka, Atsushi Doi und Alan P. Covich. „Shrimp abundance and habitat relationships in tropical rain-forest streams, Sarawak, Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, Nr. 4 (Juli 2003): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003432.
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Microhabitat use and habitat-abundance relationships of four freshwater shrimps, Atyopsis moluccensis, Macrobrachium pilimanus, Macrobrachium trompii and Macrobrachium neglectum, were surveyed in tropical streams running through primary and secondary forests in Borneo, East Malaysia. Underwater observations revealed that A. moluccensis preferred relatively high water velocity and a boulder substrate. Macrobrachium pilimanus also preferred high water velocity and a cobble substrate, whereas M. trompii occupied stream margins with slow current and fine substrates (from POM (particulate organic matter) to pebbles). In contrast, M. neglectum was distributed relatively evenly through the stream channel. The abundance of A. moluccensis, M. pilimanus and M. trompii in the stream reaches was best explained by the abundance of boulders, cobbles and POM, respectively, suggesting that the amount of preferred microhabitat is an important factor affecting shrimp abundances in the tropical rain-forest streams. The primary-forest reaches were dominated by coarse substrates, such as cobbles and boulders, while a great proportion of the streambeds in the secondary-forest reaches were covered with sand. Owing probably to such habitat differences, the abundance of both A. moluccensis and M. pilimanus, which preferred coarse substrates, was less in the secondary- than in the primary-forest reaches. These suggested that loss of preferred habitat, namely decreased coarse substrate availability, by sedimentation resulting from riparian deforestation had altered the shrimp assemblage structures.
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Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, und Kanehiro Kitayama. „Effects of the 1997–98 El Niño drought on rain forests of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, Nr. 2 (März 2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002146.
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We examined the effects of the 1997–98 El Niño drought on nine rain forests of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, at four altitudes (700, 1700, 2700 and 3100 m) on contrasting geological substrata (ultrabasic versus non-ultrabasic). Measurements of rainfall and atmospheric aridity indicated that the departure from normal conditions during the drought became greater with increasing altitude. During 1997–99 (drought period) compared to 1995–97 (pre-drought period), median growth rates of stem diameter of trees decreased for both smaller (4.8–10 cm) and larger (≥ 10 cm) diameter classes in the six upland forests (≥ 2700 m on ultrabasic substrata and ≥ 1700 m on non-ultrabasic substrata), but for neither diameter class in the other forests. The majority of species decreased or did not change growth rates during 1997–99, whereas some did increase. Tree mortality increased during 1997–99, at the larger diameter class in the two lowland forests (700 m) on both substrata, and at least at the smaller diameter class in the four upland forests (≥ 1700 m) on non-ultrabasic substrata. In two of these upland forests, mortality was restricted to particular understorey species. Mortality did not significantly increase in the three upland forests (≥ 1700 m) on ultrabasic substrata; this suggests that the adaptation to nutrient-poor soils might have provided the resistance to drought.
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Wells, Konstans, Lesley R. Smales, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko und Martin Pfeiffer. „Impact of rain-forest logging on helminth assemblages in small mammals (Muridae, Tupaiidae) from Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003804.
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Parasites are ubiquitous in wild animals, with host-specific life histories considered as major determinants of prevalence and parasite assemblage patterns. It is predicted that habitat differences in logged rain forests influence population performances of small mammals and consequently may change the infection patterns of local animal populations with regard to endo- and ectoparasites. We investigated patterns of helminth species assemblages (Nematoda, Platyhelminthes) in two rat species (Leopoldamys sabanus, Niviventer cremoriventer) and two tree shrew species (Tupaia tana, T. longipes) in three logged and three unlogged rain forests in Borneo by examining 337 faecal samples with non-invasive faecal egg count (FEC). Nematode eggs prevailed in 95% of all samples with up to five (mean 1.9 ± 1.1) morphotypes. Whereas members of Strongylida were most prevalent in L. sabanus, T. tana and T. longipes, Spirurida dominated in N. cremoriventer that revealed at the same time the lowest average nematode prevalence and FEC. Cestode eggs were only found in L. sabanus and T. tana. Composition and abundance patterns of the parasitic helminth assemblages were influenced by logging. As hypothesized, species richness of nematode morphotypes and mean number of infections per host of T. longipes were larger in logged than in unlogged forest. In contrast, L. sabanus was more heavily infected with cestodes in unlogged than in logged forest and also revealed larger egg counts for strongylids and spirurids in unlogged forest. Our results suggest that forest degradation and altered environmental conditions influence helminth diversity and infection patterns of small mammals with contrasting trends among host species. The inconsistent logging-induced changes in helminth assemblages from different hosts indicate that specific sets of habitat-host-parasite interactions are uniquely influenced by the effects of logging. Consequently, predictions on changes of parasite diversity and prevalence with regard to habitat disturbance need to be based on the individual life histories of the hosts (and the parasites).
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Bebber, Dan, Nick Brown und Martin Speight. „Drought and root herbivory in understorey Parashorea Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings in Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, Nr. 5 (21.08.2002): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002511.
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The influence of herbivory on dipterocarp seedling growth and survival in Bornean primary lowland forest understorey during and after the 1997–8 El Niño-Southern Oscillation was investigated. During the drought, a coleopteran (Scolytidae) root borer attacked dipterocarp seedlings, primarily of the genus Parashorea. Infestation was spatially heterogeneous on a large (c. 100 m) scale. Attack rate decreased with plant vigour within infested areas. Experiments showed that root damage was fatal under drought conditions, but not after rain. Defoliation and apical meristem removal did not increase mortality. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of herbivore outbreaks and difficulties involved in experimenting with root herbivores limit the power of such short-term investigations. However, the study shows that herbivores can cause differential mortality between species, and can therefore influence dipterocarp regeneration dynamics. The effect of herbivory depends on the plant organ attacked and interactions with other stresses such as drought. El Niño-related droughts are increasing in frequency in South-East Asian rain forests, which may lead to increased numbers of herbivore outbreaks and greater seedling mortality due to these factors.
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Siregar, Chairani. „Exploration and Inventory of Native Orchid Germplasm in West Borneo, Indonesia“. HortScience 43, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.554.
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Borneo (Kalimantan) is the third largest island in the world. It is rich with various indigenous orchid species that grow epiphytically, terrestrially, or saprophytically in the forests. Its rain forests are also home to some rare species such as some Aërides sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium sp., Dendrobium sp., Dimorphorchis sp., Grammatophyllum sp., Paphiopedilum sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Paraphalaenopsis sp., and Vanda sp., all of which have a very high economic value. These species are endangered and some of them may have not yet been found or discovered, because of the loss of habitat resulting from fire, forest damage, illegal logging, and orchid hunting either by domestic or foreign collectors. Until recently, there are only a few records on the orchid native to West Borneo. For this reason, a research was conducted to identify and create an inventory of all orchid species that exist in West Borneo before they become extinct along with their habitat and to conserve them ex situ. This research was conducted in 10 counties and one municipal city in West Borneo, and inventory was done through exploration. Orchids found were recorded and identified into their genera and their species by visual examination of vegetative and floral characteristics, respectively. A total of 197 species of orchids from 66 genera were identified, and among those, 27 species live as terrestrials, 169 species live as epiphytes, and one species lives as both an epiphyte and terrestrial.
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Yusah, Kalsum M., William A. Foster, Glen Reynolds und Tom M. Fayle. „Ant mosaics in Bornean primary rain forest high canopy depend on spatial scale, time of day, and sampling method“. PeerJ 6 (30.01.2018): e4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4231.
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Background Competitive interactions in biological communities can be thought of as giving rise to “assembly rules” that dictate the species that are able to co-exist. Ant communities in tropical canopies often display a particular pattern, an “ant mosaic”, in which competition between dominant ant species results in a patchwork of mutually exclusive territories. Although ant mosaics have been well-documented in plantation landscapes, their presence in pristine tropical forests remained contentious until recently. Here we assess presence of ant mosaics in a hitherto under-investigated forest stratum, the emergent trees of the high canopy in primary tropical rain forest, and explore how the strength of any ant mosaics is affected by spatial scale, time of day, and sampling method. Methods To test whether these factors might impact the detection of ant mosaics in pristine habitats, we sampled ant communities from emergent trees, which rise above the highest canopy layers in lowland dipterocarp rain forests in North Borneo (38.8–60.2 m), using both baiting and insecticide fogging. Critically, we restricted sampling to only the canopy of each focal tree. For baiting, we carried out sampling during both the day and the night. We used null models of species co-occurrence to assess patterns of segregation at within-tree and between-tree scales. Results The numerically dominant ant species on the emergent trees sampled formed a diverse community, with differences in the identity of dominant species between times of day and sampling methods. Between trees, we found patterns of ant species segregation consistent with the existence of ant mosaics using both methods. Within trees, fogged ants were segregated, while baited ants were segregated only at night. Discussion We conclude that ant mosaics are present within the emergent trees of the high canopy of tropical rain forest in Malaysian Borneo, and that sampling technique, spatial scale, and time of day interact to determine observed patterns of segregation. Restricting sampling to only emergent trees reveals segregatory patterns not observed in ground-based studies, confirming previous observations of stronger segregation with increasing height in the canopy.
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Srivastava, R., und Norico Kagemori. „Fossil wood of Dryobalanops from Pliocene deposits of Indonesia“. Journal of Palaeosciences 50, Nr. (1-3) (31.12.2001): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2001.1835.
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The present paper gives a detailed account of anatomical features of petrified wood showing affinities with the modern genus Dryobalanops Gaertn.f. of the family Dipterocarpaceae. The fossil wood was found as a big tree trunk in volcanic sediments near Bogor, West Java (Indonesia). The distribution of extant Dryobalanops is restricted to tropical evergreen rain forests of Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra & Borneo). Today it is absent in the natural forests of Java, although the broad climatic setting has not changed much since Pliocene times. Reasons for its absence in the island are discussed.
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“Jack” Putz, F. E. „Science-to-conservation disconnections in Borneo and British Columbia“. Forestry Chronicle 96, Nr. 01 (Mai 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2020-004.
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Borneo differs fundamentally from Canada, but reflections on the struggles to improve the fates of its tropical rain forests may resonate with people engaged in the same struggles on the other side of the Pacific. I frame these reflections around the question of why my efforts as a researcher in Borneo failed to cause a change from predatory logging of old growth to conservation through improved forest management. Perhaps my most fundamental mistake was unwillingness to recognize the immense profitability of forest liquidation through multiple-premature re-entry logging, especially when followed by conversion to plantations of African oil palm or Australian acacias. Superimposed on the high opportunity costs of conservation were governance failures that diminished the effectiveness of policies set by government as well as those set by certifiers of responsible management. Conservation of the mostly remote, flooded, and steep hinterlands still covered by forest will benefit from acknowledgment of the internationally recognized intrinsic land rights of Borneo’s indigenous peoples combined with full economic cost accounting of the consequences of forest degradation and conversion. Given the global importance of old growth in Borneo, Canada, and elsewhere, global funding for conservation should be made available with safeguards such as UNESCO Biosphere designations.
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Oshima, Chiaki, Yuji Tokumoto und Michiko Nakagawa. „Biotic and abiotic drivers of dipterocarp seedling survival following mast fruiting in Malaysian Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, Nr. 2 (16.12.2014): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741400073x.
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Abstract:South-East Asian tropical rain forests experience sporadic, but profuse, seed production after general flowering, leading to the synchronous emergence of various seedlings and subsequent seedling dynamics, which play a crucial role in determining species distribution and coexistence. We examined the relative importance of both biotic (initial height, conspecific seedling density) and abiotic (canopy openness, per cent sand, soil water content) drivers using survival data for 1842 seedlings of 12 dipterocarp species for 1.5 y following mast fruiting in an old-growth Bornean tropical rain forest. More than 30% of all dipterocarp seedlings survived 1.5 y after mast fruiting. When all species were analysed together, we found that initial seedling height, canopy openness and conspecific seedling density affected dipterocarp seedling survival. Negative density dependence indicated that predators were not satiated, but dipterocarp seedlings rather suffered from host-specific natural enemies or intraspecific competition. Species-level analyses of seven dipterocarp species showed large variation in response to biotic and abiotic factors. These results suggest that interspecific differences in the relative importance of biotic and abiotic effects on seedling survival might contribute to species coexistence.
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Yeong, Kok Loong, Glen Reynolds und Jane K. Hill. „Leaf litter decomposition rates in degraded and fragmented tropical rain forests of Borneo“. Biotropica 48, Nr. 4 (10.03.2016): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12319.
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Harrison, Rhett D., und Jean-Yves Rasplus. „Dispersal of fig pollinators in Asian tropical rain forests“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, Nr. 6 (20.10.2006): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003488.
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Fig pollinators (Agaonidae, Chalcioidea) lay their eggs in fig inflorescences (Ficus, Moraceae). Reproductive success for both partners is thus largely dependent on the dispersal of these tiny wasps. Some are known to cover substantial distances (> 10 km) using wind above the canopy. However, fig ecology is extremely varied, and hence one might also expect a diversity of pollinator dispersal strategies. We studied fig pollinator dispersal in Sarawak (2001 and 2004) and Peninsular Malaysia (2003). The results indicate substantial differences in dispersal ecology between the pollinators of monoecious and dioecious figs. Monoecious-fig pollinators were common, and species composition and rank abundances were similar between years despite short sampling periods. Substantial temporal and spatial variation in their production is thus smoothed out by long-distance dispersal. Some species whose hosts do not occur at our Sarawak site and are rare throughout Borneo were caught, suggesting exceptionally long-distance dispersal in these species. Conversely, few dioecious-fig pollinators were caught and species overlap between years was low. Dispersal range in many dioecious-fig pollinators may be more restricted. At a finer scale, among genera pollinating monoecious figs we found marked differences in flight behaviour (height and time-of-dispersal). We relate these findings to the ecology of their hosts, and discuss the implications for fig–fig-pollinator coevolution.
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Almeida, Maria, Supriatno Salam, Agung Rahmadani, Helmi Helmi, Angga Cipta Narsa, Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma und Sriwidodo Sriwidodo. „The Potency of the Genus Uncaria from East Borneo for Herbal Medicine Purposes: A Mini-review“. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 6, Nr. 2 (31.10.2022): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v6i2.457.
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Uncaria is a genus of plants that are widely distributed in the tropics. There are about 5 of the 38 species of this genus growing in the tropical rain forests of East Borneo, Indonesia. For a long time, Uncaria is commonly used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases by the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan, traditional people believe that Uncaria may be cured cancer, tumors, mioms, and cycts. Based on previous studies, the activity of the genus Uncaria has been widely reported such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and thrombolytic activities. This article aims to summarize the potential of the Uncaria genus, focusing on 5 species from East Borneo, namely Uncaria nervosa, Uncaria longiflora, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria cordata. The method used in this article is a literature study by collecting previous research articles related to the Uncaria genus. The results of the literature study show that the Uncaria genus in East Borneo has many secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures that show good biological potential so that they can be used as broad and promising insights for drug discovery and development. This paper is also expected to provide input for the policy of conservation of medicinal plants in the forests of East Borneo.
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Russo, Sabrina E., Lin Zhang und Sylvester Tan. „Covariation between understorey light environments and soil resources in Bornean mixed dipterocarp rain forest“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, Nr. 1 (08.12.2011): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000538.
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Abstract:Variation in understorey irradiance is both a cause and consequence of the structure and dynamics of closed-canopy forests, which are also influenced by soil nutrients and water availability. We tested the hypothesis that understorey light regimes differ among four mixed dipterocarp forest types that share the same rainfall, but grow on different soils along an edaphic gradient at one site in Borneo. Based on data from photosynthetically active radiation sensors deployed at 1-m height at 36 locations for 351 sensor-days, we found significant soil-related variation in irradiance. The more productive forest types on clay and fine loam had lower daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) than those on the more nutrient-depleted and better-drained sandy loam and loam. They also had fewer moderate to high-intensity sunflecks, and a greater proportion of their daily PPFD came from low-intensity light. Understorey irradiance did not, however, monotonically decline with increasing soil resources. Forests on intermediate soils had greater irradiance than those with more and less soil resources, due to steeper slopes. Plant communities arrayed on resource gradients are commonly used to test hypotheses of environmental factors driving their assembly. Our results indicate that consideration of multiple resource dimensions in such tests is critical.
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Köhler, Peter, Thomas Ditzer und Andreas Huth. „Concepts for the aggregation of tropical tree species into functional types and the application to Sabah's lowland rain forests“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, Nr. 4 (Juli 2000): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001590.
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For analysing field data as well as for modelling purposes it is useful to classify tree species into a few functional types. In this paper a new aggregation of tree species of the dipterocarp rain forests in Sabah (Borneo), Malaysia, is developed. The aggregation is based on the two criteria successional status and potential maximum height. Three classes of successional status (early, mid and late successional species) and five classes of potential maximum heights (≥ 5 m, 5–15, 15–25, 25–36, > 36 m) lead to a combination of 15 functional types. The criteria of the developed classification are chosen to suit for applications with process-based models, such as FORMIX3 and FORMIND, which are based on photosynthesis production as the main process determining tree growth. The concept is universal and can easily be applied to other areas. With this new method of grouping a more realistic parametrization of process-based rain forest growth models seems to be possible.
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Davies, Stuart J., und Hardy Semui. „Competitive dominance in a secondary successional rain-forest community in Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, Nr. 1 (21.12.2005): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002944.
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Competitive interactions among pioneer species may have a significant impact on the course of secondary succession in tropical rain forests. We predicted that the outcome of competitive interactions in early succession would vary with soil nutrient availability. To test this hypothesis we grew seven pioneer tree species alone and in dense competitive mixtures, with four nutrient treatments: no nutrient addition, and N, P, and N plus P addition. Performance of plants grown alone and in mixtures was strongly nutrient limited. However, contrary to expectation, the competitive hierarchy among the seven species was almost identical among the four nutrient treatments. The dominant species, Melastoma malabathricum, accounted for > 70% of total stand biomass in all nutrient treatments. Seedlings of this species had higher rates of gas exchange and initial growth, and lower root allocation than the other species. Profiles of light availability within the competitive stands indicated that light levels at ground level were well above levels at which pioneer species can successfully survive and grow, yet seedlings of species other than Melastoma remained stunted. Leaf N concentrations in all stands were 25–55% reduced by competitive interactions, and N addition increased relative competitive performance in only Melastoma suggesting that Melastoma was particularly effective at N acquisition, limiting nutrient uptake by the other species. Toward the end of the experiment individuals of Melastoma began to reproduce, suggesting that the competitive hierarchy would have changed in a longer-duration experiment.
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Potts, Matthew D., Peter S. Ashton, Les S. Kaufman und Joshua B. Plotkin. „HABITAT PATTERNS IN TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS: A COMPARISON OF 105 PLOTS IN NORTHWEST BORNEO“. Ecology 83, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2002): 2782–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2782:hpitrf]2.0.co;2.
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Kaul, Robert B., Ernst C. Abbe und Lucy B. Abbe. „Reproductive Phenology of the Oak Family (Fagaceae) in the Lowland Rain Forests of Borneo“. Biotropica 18, Nr. 1 (März 1986): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388362.
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PROCTOR, J., F. Q. BREARLEY, H. DUNLOP, K. PROCTOR, SUPRAMONO und D. TAYLOR. „Local wind damage in Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan: a rare but essential event in a lowland dipterocarp forest?“ Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, Nr. 3 (26.04.2001): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740100133x.
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The importance of disturbances for the dynamics of tropical forests has been described by Whitmore & Burslem (1998). Among the phenomena which they classify as large scale disturbances are those caused by wind. The most extensive of these occur within the hurricane (cyclone) belt (10-20° from the equator) but outside this belt large blowdowns of trees are known to occur, perhaps most spectacularly in the Brazilian Amazon (Nelson et al. 1994). There is evidence that rare wind storms influence the dipterocarp rain forests of Peninsular Malaysia, 2-6°N. One famous storm in November 1880 which devastated hundreds of square kilometres of forests in Kelantan, north-east Malaya, was probably an aberrant cyclone (Wyatt-Smith 1954). Smaller windstorms which have blown down several hectares of forests have been reported from Malaysia including Borneo (Ashton 1993) but their frequency and extent have not been well documented (Whitmore & Burslem 1998). At Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, one such storm occurred recently and the fortuitous combination of a well patrolled trail system and the localization of the storm has allowed a detailed assessment of the forest damage.
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Tsujii, Yuki, und Kanehiro Kitayama. „Relationships of phosphorus concentration in reproductive organs with soil phosphorus availability for tropical rain-forest trees on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, Nr. 6 (24.10.2018): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000329.
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Abstract:Bornean rain forests on phosphorus (P)-poor soils exhibit a high P-use efficiency in the production of reproductive organs (i.e. the inverse of P concentration in reproductive-organ litter). The mechanism underpinning this high P-use efficiency is not known, but is hypothesized to result from dilution of P in a given type of reproductive organ and/or a shift of the community composition of flower/fruit types with decreasing P availability. These hypotheses were tested using eight forests with different soil P availabilities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Mean P concentration per forest by genus in inflorescences was significantly positively correlated with P availability, while that in seeds or pericarps was not significantly correlated. This trend was consistent across 21 genera that we analysed, suggesting that P concentration in seeds is maintained in exchange with the dilution of P in inflorescences. The composition of fruit types in tree community was estimated based on the relative abundances of genera in each forest. The relative abundance of capsulate species, which required less P in pericarps, tended to increase in tree community with decreasing P availability. Therefore, both mechanisms were involved in P-use efficiency. This work provides an insight into the reproductive adaptation of trees to P deficiency.
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Kanamori, Hironari, Tomo’omi Kumagai, Hatsuki Fujinami, Tetsuya Hiyama und Tetsuzo Yasunari. „Effects of Long- and Short-Term Atmospheric Water Cycles on the Water Balance over the Maritime Continent“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, Nr. 9 (01.09.2018): 1413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0052.1.
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Abstract This study investigated atmospheric water cycles over several time scales to understand the maintenance processes that control heavy precipitation over the islands of the Maritime Continent. Large island regions can be divided into land, coastal, and ocean areas based on the characteristics of both the hydrologic cycle and the diurnal variation in precipitation. Within the Maritime Continent, the major islands of Borneo and New Guinea exhibit different hydrologic cycles. Large-scale circulation variations, such as the seasonal cycle and the Madden–Julian oscillation, have a lesser effect on the hydrologic cycle over Borneo than over New Guinea because the effects depend on their shapes and locations. The impact of diurnal variations on both regional-scale circulation and water exchange between land and coastal regions is pronounced over both islands. The recycling ratio of precipitation, which can be related to stronger diurnal variation in the atmospheric water cycle that results from enhanced evapotranspiration over tropical rain forests, is higher over Borneo than over New Guinea.
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Sprick, Peter, und Andreas Floren. „Diversity of Curculionoidea in Humid Rain Forest Canopies of Borneo: A Taxonomic Blank Spot“. Diversity 10, Nr. 4 (23.10.2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10040116.
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From 1992 to 2009, 334 trees were sampled by insecticidal knockdown on Borneo, Malaysia. Here, we describe the taxonomic composition of the 9671 specimens and 1589 species Curculionoidea collected (with additional notes on Cerambycidae). We found a largely unknown fauna with an assumed proportion of over 80% of species new to science, including all 33 Apionidae and 26 Ceutorhynchinae species. Specialists could usually identify only a few specimens leaving the remaining beetles for further investigation. The samples contain numerous genera, two tribes (Egriini, Viticiini), one subfamily (Mesoptiliinae) and one family (Belidae) new to Borneo and several genera not recorded west of the Wallace line before. These data show how little is known about canopy diversity. The lack of taxonomic knowledge implies a respective lack of autecological knowledge and is alarming. Some taxa differed conspicuously between primary and disturbed forests. In contrast to common literature, our results let us conclude that current efforts to narrow down the extent of tropical diversity and its ecological importance must consider the enormous species diversity of the canopy.
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Mezger, Dirk, und Martin Pfeiffer. „Is nest temperature an important factor for niche partitioning by leaf-litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Bornean rain forests?“ Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, Nr. 4 (28.05.2010): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000209.
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Abstract:We tested the hypothesis that species of a diverse leaf-litter ant community are separated by the temperature preferences of their broods along a thermal gradient. Therefore, temperature preferences of brood-tending workers from 41 ant species co-occurring in four types (alluvial, limestone, kerangas and dipterocarp forest) of primary rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia were measured in an experimental set-up. Preferred temperatures of species ranged from 16.0 °C to 31.7 °C, with the median at 25.8 °C. The ten commonest species (n ≥ 4) showed significantly different temperature preferences. In particular, species of the genus Pheidole differed clearly in their preferences over a broad range of temperatures. Temperature preferences varied significantly among ant assemblages from different forest types and nest sites. Experimentally obtained temperature preferences of species correlated significantly with vegetation density in the plots inhabited by the respective species, but not with plot canopy cover. When we tested the temperature preferences of all ant species with null models for niche overlap, we found a significant niche separation only among the tested species from the kerangas. Our results suggest that nest temperature is an important ecological factor for leaf-litter ants in rain forests on Borneo, but other factors may override its influence during community assembly.
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BECK, JAN, CHRISTIAN H. SCHULZE, K. EDUARD LINSENMAIR und KONRAD FIEDLER. „From forest to farmland: diversity of geometrid moths along two habitat gradients on Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200202x.
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Geometrid moths were collected on Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah, Malaysia) along two habitat gradients, ranging from primary rain forest to cultivated areas. During 135 nights' trapping in 1997, 4585 individuals representing 500 species were attracted by light. Primary forest samples and those from old-grown regenerated forest exhibited high diversity (Fisher's α = 75–128), while agricultural areas as well as most secondary forests had a significantly lower diversity (α = 34–61). One 15-y-old secondary forest with a rich undergrowth vegetation also housed a diverse geometrid community (α = 89). In three paired samples, diversity of geometrid moths in the canopy was equal to or lower than in the understorey. Of six habitat variables tested, only undergrowth plant species diversity emerged as a significant predictor of geometrid diversity. The NESS index, in combination with multi-dimensional scaling, was used to investigate patterns of between-habitat diversity. Of two dimensions extracted, one represented the degree of habitat disturbance, while the other separated the two study areas. Geometrid samples of strongly disturbed habitats did not converge between sites, indicating that apart from the degree of human interference the regional species pool was also important in determining similarity among local communities.
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Pryke, James S., Sven M. Vrdoljak, Paul B. C. Grant und Michael J. Samways. „Butterfly behavioural responses to natural Bornean tropical rain-forest canopy gaps“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, Nr. 1 (08.12.2011): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000502.
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Abstract:Natural tree canopy gaps allow sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor, a major environmental component and resource for many tropical rain-forest species. We compare here how butterflies use sunny areas created by the natural gaps in canopies in comparison with adjacent closed-canopy areas. We chose butterflies as our focal organisms as they are taxonomically tractable and mobile, yet habitat sensitive. Previous studies have shown that butterfly diversity in tropical forests responds to varying degrees of canopy openness. Here we assess butterfly behavioural responses to gaps and equivalent sized closed-canopy patches. Butterfly occupancy time and behaviour were simultaneously observed 61 times in gaps and 61 times in equivalent sized closed-canopy patches across four sites in a tropical rain forest in northern Borneo. Out of the 20 most frequently recorded species, 12 were more frequently recorded or spent more time in gaps, four occurred more frequently in closed-canopy areas, and four showed no significant differences. Overall agonistic, basking, patrolling and resting were more common in gaps compared with the closed canopy. Many butterfly species have complex behavioural requirements for both gaps and closed canopies, with some species using these different areas for different behaviours. Each butterfly species had particular habitat requirements, and needed both canopy gaps and closed canopy areas for ecological and behavioural reasons, emphasizing the need for natural light heterogeneity within these systems.
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Suzuki, Shizuo, Kanehiro Kitayama, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Masaaki Takyu und Kihachiro Kikuzawa. „Annual leaf loss caused by folivorous insects in tropical rain forests on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo“. Journal of Forest Research 18, Nr. 4 (August 2013): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-012-0356-z.
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Brosius, J. Peter. „Foraging in tropical rain forests: The case of the penan of Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo)“. Human Ecology 19, Nr. 2 (Juni 1991): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00888743.
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McConkey, Kim R. „Primary seed shadow generated by gibbons in the rain forests of Barito Ulu, central Borneo“. American Journal of Primatology 52, Nr. 1 (2000): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2345(200009)52:1<13::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-y.
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Pfeiffer, Martin, Jamili Nais und K. Eduard Linsenmair. „Myrmecochory in the Zingiberaceae: seed removal of Globba franciscii and G. propinqua by ants (Hymenoptera – Formicidae) in rain forests on Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, Nr. 6 (14.10.2004): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001695.
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The Old-World tropics encompass one of the floristically richest zones of the world and some of the hot spots of ant diversity. This results in a large variety of ecological interactions between both groups. One of them is the phenomenon of myrmecochory, seed dispersal by ants, which is also well known from temperate forests (Gorb & Gorb 2003, Ulbrich 1919), and which is most prominent in sclerophyll shrublands of Australia and southern Africa (Andersen 1988). Beattie (1983), who reviewed the distribution of ant-dispersed plants (at least 80 plant families worldwide) proposed that species richness and abundance of myrmecochores and diaspore-dispersing ants increases with decreasing latitude and thus predicted a greater variety of ant-dispersal systems in the tropics. However, up to now, few tropical myrmecochores have been described (Horvitz 1981, Horvitz & Schemske 1986), especially in the palaeotropics (Kaufmann et al. 2001). Here we report myrmecochory in two species of rain-forest herb of the Zingiberaceae, give the first evidence for seed dispersal by ants in this plant family and present a list of seed-dispersing ant species. An important benefit of myrmecochory is the dispersal distance of the ant-transported seeds (Andersen 1988), that has been found to be positively correlated with ant size (Gomez & Espadaler 1998a, Pudlo et al. 1980). In this study, we checked whether this correlation is also true for the conditions of the tropical rain forest, where Globba plants occur.
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Kurokawa, Hiroko, Toshiya Yoshida, Toshio Nakamura, Julaihi Lai und Tohru Nakashizuka. „The age of tropical rain-forest canopy species, Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), determined by 14C dating“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003018.
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Using 14C dating, the life span and growth rate of Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri, Lauraceae), which is a canopy tree species with extremely durable and decay-resistant wood distributed in tropical rain forests of South-East Asia, were studied. Timber segments collected from 15 logged stumps in Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, were analysed by accelerator mass spectrometry and the obtained data were calibrated to determine the age of individuals. The 14C dating turned out to be an effective method for estimating ages of long-lived trees, such as E. zwageri, in the aseasonal tropics because the estimated error was small compared with estimated age. We found that E. zwageri can live more than 1000 y and that the growth rate of this species was very slow, with a mean radial growth rate of 0·058 cm y-1. The life span was much greater and the growth rate was much slower than those observed or estimated for trees of Dipterocarpaceae, the dominant family in this tropical forest. The long life span of this species may be caused by wood durability with a high specific gravity and abundant defensive compounds. Given equal carbon allocation, the high density and carbon-based defensive compounds may result in a reduced growth rate.
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Hamer, K. C., J. K. Hill, N. Mustaffa, S. Benedick, T. N. Sherratt, V. K. Chey und M. Maryati. „Temporal variation in abundance and diversity of butterflies in Bornean rain forests: opposite impacts of logging recorded in different seasons“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, Nr. 4 (27.06.2005): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002361.
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We used traps baited with fruit to examine how the temporal variation of butterflies within primary forest in Sabah, Borneo differed between species. In addition, we compared patterns of temporal variation in primary and selectively logged forest, and we tested the hypothesis that selective logging has different recorded impacts on species diversity of adults during the wet monsoon period and the drier remaining half of the year. Species of Satyrinae and Morphinae had significantly less-restricted flight periods than did species of Nymphalinae and Charaxinae, which were sampled mainly during the drier season, especially in primary forest. Species diversity of adults was significantly higher during the drier season in primary forest, but did not differ between seasons in logged forest. As a consequence, logging had opposite recorded impacts on diversity during wetter and drier seasons: primary forest had significantly higher diversity than logged forest during the drier season but significantly lower diversity than logged forest during the wetter monsoon season. The results of this study have important implications for the assessment of biodiversity in tropical rain forests, particularly in relation to habitat disturbance: short-term assessments that do not take account of seasonal variation in abundance are likely to produce misleading results, even in regions where the seasonal variation in rainfall is not that great.
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Choy, Yee Keong. „Land Ethics from the Borneo Tropical Rain Forests in Sarawak, Malaysia: An Empirical and Conceptual Analysis“. Environmental Ethics 36, Nr. 4 (2014): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201436446.
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WELLS, KONSTANS, MARTIN PFEIFFER, MAKLARIN B. LAKIM und ELISABETH K. V. KALKO. „Movement trajectories and habitat partitioning of small mammals in logged and unlogged rain forests on Borneo“. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, Nr. 5 (24.07.2006): 1212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01144.x.
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Kenzo, Tanaka, Ryo Furutani, Daisuke Hattori, Sota Tanaka, Katsutoshi Sakurai, Ikuo Ninomiya und Joseph Jawa Kendawang. „Aboveground and belowground biomass in logged-over tropical rain forests under different soil conditions in Borneo“. Journal of Forest Research 20, Nr. 1 (Februar 2015): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-014-0465-y.
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Jaafar, Salwana Md, Faizah Metali, Siti Nisa Syahzanani Nafiah, Nur E’zzati Supri, Nurhazimah Ahmad, David F. R. P. Burslem und Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri. „Differential Impacts of Acacia Invasion on Nutrient Fluxes in Two Distinct Bornean Lowland Tropical Rain Forests“. Forests 13, Nr. 12 (09.12.2022): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122101.
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Invasive Acacia species can alter nutrient cycling processes in forest ecosystems, particularly affecting total litterfall production and litter decomposition patterns. This study examined the effects of exotic Acacia mangium Willd. on total litterfall production, nutrient concentrations in leaf litterfall fractions, leaf litter decomposition, and nutrient release in lowland heath (HF) and mixed dipterocarp forests (MDF) in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. Above-ground litterfall traps were installed in HF and MDF with and without invasive Acacia present, representing four habitat types in total, and monthly collections were conducted for 12 months. Litter decomposition bags were deployed to determine the rates of decomposition and nutrient release. Habitats invaded by Acacia exhibited higher total litterfall production, increased leaf litter concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium, and increased addition of all nutrients measured in litter (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, especially in the Acacia-invaded mixed dipterocarp forest (AMDF) and nitrogen and potassium in Acacia-invaded heath forest (AHF)), reduced nitrogen and potassium use efficiencies in AHF, and reduced stand-level nitrogen and calcium use efficiencies in AMDF. Litter decomposition rates and nutrient release were lower in AMDF than in the three other habitats. The significantly higher total litterfall production coupled with higher nutrient addition in the two Acacia-invaded habitats is expected to progressively increase the abilities of these habitats to produce large quantities of nutrient-rich litter and will likely eventually lead to an enrichment of nutrients in the soil, thus facilitating further invasion by Acacia, particularly in the MDF.
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Aiba, Shin-ichiro, Yoshimi Sawada, Masaaki Takyu, Tatsuyuki Seino, Kanehiro Kitayama und Rimi Repin. „Structure, floristics and diversity of tropical montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu (Borneo) compared with those on non-ultramafic soils“. Australian Journal of Botany 63, Nr. 4 (2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14238.
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We describe here the structure, floristics and diversity of tropical montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, and compared them with those on non-ultramafic soils. We used 14 sample plots from 1580 to 3080 m elevation, six on ultramafic soils and eight on non-ultramafic soils, and identified all trees ≥4.8 cm diameter. The plot area ranged from 0.1 to 1 ha, the majority (nine plots) being 0.25 ha. Forests on ultramafic soils showed more stunted structure, especially at higher altitudes, than those on non-ultramafic soils and on ridges than on slopes. Species of Coniferae (Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) and Myrtaceae strongly dominated on ultramafic soils occupying 61–96% of basal area in each plot, compared with 22–63% on non-ultramafic soils. Among 287 species found in the 14 plots, only nine species (including four species endemic to Mount Kinabalu) were strictly restricted to ultramafic soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that elevational change in species composition was accelerated on ultramafic soils and on ridges. Tree species diversity was generally lower on ultramafic soils than on non-ultramafic soils at the comparative altitudes. Multiple regression analysis suggested that soil nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) could be the cause of vegetation differentiation between ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils, although the data on soil metals are lacking. Comparison of our results with those from other mountains with ultramafic soils in South-east Asia demonstrated the uniqueness of the montane rain forests over ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu.
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Köhler, P., und A. Huth. „Towards ground-truthing of spaceborne estimates of above-ground biomass and leaf area index in tropical rain forests“. Biogeosciences Discussions 7, Nr. 3 (05.05.2010): 3227–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-3227-2010.
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Abstract. The canopy height of forests is a key variable which can be obtained using air- or spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as radar interferometry or lidar. If new allometric relationships between canopy height and the biomass stored in the vegetation can be established this would offer the possibility for a global monitoring of the above-ground carbon content on land. In the absence of adequate field data we use simulation results of a tropical rain forest growth model to propose what degree of information might be generated from canopy height and thus to enable ground-truthing of potential future satellite observations. We here analyse the correlation between canopy height in a tropical rain forest with other structural characteristics, such as above-ground biomass (AGB) (and thus carbon content of vegetation) and leaf area index (LAI). The process-based forest growth model FORMIND2.0 was applied to simulate (a) undisturbed forest growth and (b) a wide range of possible disturbance regimes typically for local tree logging conditions for a tropical rain forest site on Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia) in South-East Asia. It is found that for undisturbed forest and a variety of disturbed forests situations AGB can be expressed as a power-law function of canopy height h (AGB=a·hb) with an r2~60% for a spatial resolution of 20 m×20 m (0.04 ha, also called plot size). The regression is becoming significant better for the hectare wide analysis of the disturbed forest sites (r2=91%). There seems to exist no functional dependency between LAI and canopy height, but there is also a linear correlation (r2~60%) between AGB and the area fraction in which the canopy is highly disturbed. A reasonable agreement of our results with observations is obtained from a comparison of the simulations with permanent sampling plot data from the same region and with the large-scale forest inventory in Lambir. We conclude that the spaceborne remote sensing techniques have the potential to quantify the carbon contained in the vegetation, although this calculation contains due to the heterogeneity of the forest landscape structural uncertainties which restrict future applications to spatial averages of about one hectare in size. The uncertainties in AGB for a given canopy height are here 20–40% (95% confidence level) corresponding to a standard deviation of less than ±10%. This uncertainty on the 1 ha-scale is much smaller than in the analysis of 0.04 ha-scale data. At this small scale (0.04 ha) AGB can only be calculated out of canopy height with an uncertainty which is at least of the magnitude of the signal itself due to the natural spatial heterogeneity of these forests.
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Kappes, Heike. „Genetics and morphology of the genus Tritetrabdella (Hirudinea, Haemadipsidae) from the mountainous rain forests of Sabah, Borneo, reveal a new species with two new subspecies“. Contributions to Zoology 82, Nr. 4 (20.12.2013): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08204003.
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Blood-feeding terrestrial leeches of the family Haemadipsidae are a notorious part of the invertebrate diversity in Asian and Australian rain forests. All hitherto published records of terrestrial leeches of Borneo belong to the genus Haemadipsa. Here, a second, poorly known haemadipsid genus is reported from Mount Kinabalu and Crocker Range National Park. The individuals were barcoded and compared to sequences available in GenBank. The results show that the genus Tritetrabdella has representatives in the Indochinese and the Sundaic bioregions. All six specimens from Borneo are from a single new Tritetrabdella lineage, T. kinabaluensis spec. nov. Within the Bornean lineage, two groups differing 4-5% in the COI barcoding sequence were identified. Because 1) it is probable that haemadipsid COI is subjected to base pair substitution rates of 2.5% per Ma, 2) COI protein sequences were the same within the Bornean material, 3) color can change as a response to the environment, 4) the lineages inhabit different altitudes in separate areas and 5) only six individuals were found, a conservative approach was taken and the groups were tentatively given subspecies status: T. k. kinabaluensis ssp. nov. and T. k. inobongensis ssp. nov. The ecology and the conservation status of the Bornean Tritetrabdella warrant urgent assessment because the genus Tritetrabdella is considered as mainly feeding on amphibians and probably small mammals, and thus can be predicted to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations, forest disturbances and fragmentation, and amphibian decline.
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Köhler, P., und A. Huth. „Towards ground-truthing of spaceborne estimates of above-ground life biomass and leaf area index in tropical rain forests“. Biogeosciences 7, Nr. 8 (25.08.2010): 2531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2531-2010.
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Abstract. The canopy height h of forests is a key variable which can be obtained using air- or spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as radar interferometry or LIDAR. If new allometric relationships between canopy height and the biomass stored in the vegetation can be established this would offer the possibility for a global monitoring of the above-ground carbon content on land. In the absence of adequate field data we use simulation results of a tropical rain forest growth model to propose what degree of information might be generated from canopy height and thus to enable ground-truthing of potential future satellite observations. We here analyse the correlation between canopy height in a tropical rain forest with other structural characteristics, such as above-ground life biomass (AGB) (and thus carbon content of vegetation) and leaf area index (LAI) and identify how correlation and uncertainty vary for two different spatial scales. The process-based forest growth model FORMIND2.0 was applied to simulate (a) undisturbed forest growth and (b) a wide range of possible disturbance regimes typically for local tree logging conditions for a tropical rain forest site on Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia) in South-East Asia. In both undisturbed and disturbed forests AGB can be expressed as a power-law function of canopy height h (AGB = a · hb) with an r2 ~ 60% if data are analysed in a spatial resolution of 20 m × 20 m (0.04 ha, also called plot size). The correlation coefficient of the regression is becoming significant better in the disturbed forest sites (r2 = 91%) if data are analysed hectare wide. There seems to exist no functional dependency between LAI and canopy height, but there is also a linear correlation (r2 ~ 60%) between AGB and the area fraction of gaps in which the canopy is highly disturbed. A reasonable agreement of our results with observations is obtained from a comparison of the simulations with permanent sampling plot (PSP) data from the same region and with the large-scale forest inventory in Lambir. We conclude that the spaceborne remote sensing techniques such as LIDAR and radar interferometry have the potential to quantify the carbon contained in the vegetation, although this calculation contains due to the heterogeneity of the forest landscape structural uncertainties which restrict future applications to spatial averages of about one hectare in size. The uncertainties in AGB for a given canopy height are here 20–40% (95% confidence level) corresponding to a standard deviation of less than ± 10%. This uncertainty on the 1 ha-scale is much smaller than in the analysis of 0.04 ha-scale data. At this small scale (0.04 ha) AGB can only be calculated out of canopy height with an uncertainty which is at least of the magnitude of the signal itself due to the natural spatial heterogeneity of these forests.
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Gale, Neil. „The aftermath of tree death: coarse woody debris and the topography in four tropical rain forests“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, Nr. 9 (01.09.2000): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-071.
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The relationship of coarse woody debris (CWD) was examined with respect to topography and site in four lowland tropical rain forests in northern Borneo and western Ecuador. In total, 1914 dead trees [Formula: see text]20 cm diameter at breast height were enumerated in 46 ha. The basal area per hectare of dead trees varied strongly with both site and slope position. Dead basal area and its correlate dead tree density increased moving up the topographic gradient from the valleys to the ridges. Site estimates for CWD volume ranged from 96 to 154 m3·ha-1. Mean standing CWD volume was four times higher on the ridge tops (54 m3·ha-1) compared with the valley and cross-terrain areas (both 13 m3·ha-1). In contrast, downed volume did not vary with slope position. The proportions of CWD present as standing wood were two to three times higher in the Bornean sites compared with Hoja Blanca. These topographical and site differences in CWD were linked to differences in mode of tree death as well as the distribution of live trees per hectare.
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TSUKAYA, HIROKAZU, KENJI SUETSUGU und MONICA SULEIMAN. „Thismia bryndonii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Maliau Basin, Sabah, Borneo“. Phytotaxa 312, Nr. 1 (04.07.2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.13.
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Thismia Griffith (1845: 341) in Thismiaceae or Burmanniaceae (sensu APG 2016) consists of more than 60 species (Ridley 1924, Jonker 1948, Stone 1980, van Steenis 1982; Merckx 2008). Many new species in this genus have been discovered, and 12 have been described after 2010 (e.g., Dančak et al. 2013, Nuraliev et al. 2014, 2015, Chantanaorrapint & Sridith 2015, Li & Bi 2013, Hroneš et al. 2015). Considering that the majority of these species were collected only once (Jonker 1948), it is likely that many more undescribed species remain hidden in the forests, particularly in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia. Borneo is one of the most biodiverse areas for mycoheterotrophs, and our recent botanical exploration in Borneo revealed many previously undescribed mycoheterotrophic species (e.g., Tsukaya et al. 2011, 2014a,b, 2016, Tsukaya & Okada 2005, 2012a,b,c, 2013a,b, Tsukaya & Hidayat 2016, Tsukaya & Suetsugu 2014). In 2016, we conducted a botanical survey in the Malaiu Basin, Sabah, Borneo, with the permission of the Maliau Basin Management Committee (YS/MBMC/2016/184) and the Sabah Biodiversity Council [access license JKM/MBS.1000-2/2JLD.5(23)]. The Maliau Basin Conservation Area (MBCA) is a huge basin surrounded by sandstone ridges and covers approximately 39,000 ha. Few botanical explorations have previously been conducted in this area. During the survey, we encountered a specimen from the MBCA that apparently belongs to Thismia section Euthismia Schltr. subsect. Odoardoa Schlechter (1921: 31) because it has a free inner perianth, spreading, creeping and vermiform roots, perianth lobes equal in length and size, but it differs from all known species. Here, we describe this new species with a revised key to the species of this genus in Malesia.
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Takahashi, Atsuhiro, Tomo’omi Kumagai, Hironari Kanamori, Hatsuki Fujinami, Tetsuya Hiyama und Masayuki Hara. „Impact of Tropical Deforestation and Forest Degradation on Precipitation over Borneo Island“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, Nr. 11 (01.11.2017): 2907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0008.1.
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Abstract Southeast Asian tropical rain forests in the Maritime Continent are among the most important biomes in terms of global and regional water cycling. How land use and land cover change (LULCC) relating to deforestation and forest degradation alter the local hydroclimate over the island of Borneo is examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with an appropriate land surface model for describing the influence of changes in the vegetation status on the atmosphere. The model was validated against precipitation data from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite 3B42 measurements. A main novelty in this analysis is that the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the island, which is a dominant climatic characteristic of the Maritime Continent, was successfully reproduced. To clarify the impact of the LULCC on the precipitation regimes over the island, numerical experiments were performed with the model that demonstrated the following. Deforestation that generates high albedo areas, such as bare lands, would induce a reduction in precipitation because of reductions in evapotranspiration, convection, and horizontal atmospheric moisture inflow. On the other hand, a decrease in evapotranspiration efficiency without changing the surface albedo could increase precipitation due to an increase in convection and horizontal atmospheric moisture inflow in compensation for the decrease in evapotranspiration. In detail, on the Maritime Continent, through changes in the land surface heating process and land–sea breeze circulation, the LULCC would impact the amplitude of the diurnal precipitation cycle in each region as defined according to the distance from the coast, resulting in changes in the precipitation regimes over the island.
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Cleary, Daniel F. R., und Arne Ø. Mooers. „Butterfly species richness and community composition in forests affected by ENSO-induced burning and habitat isolation in Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, Nr. 4 (Juli 2004): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001312.
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Landscape-scale studies of community traits such as species richness and community composition are sorely needed to explore the impact of large-scale disturbance events such as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation)-induced burning and habitat isolation on rain-forest communities. Here we assess butterflies in continuous forest, in unburned isolates surrounded by burned forest and in burned forest, in addition to areas sampled before the most recent (1997/98) large-scale burn event in Borneo. Overall levels of species richness were significantly higher pre-ENSO and in continuous forest than in unburned isolates and burned forest. There was, however, some variation among butterfly families in these patterns, with no significant differences among habitats (continuous forest, isolates and burned forest) for the Hesperiidae and significant differences for the other butterfly families. Patterns of community composition showed that similarity was greater between distant continuous forest and isolates than between either of these and burned forest. Since the unburned isolates were surrounded by the burned forest this indicates that the habitat (burned or unburned) overrides geographical differences. Dominant species that contributed substantially to differences among habitats were often completely absent from either burned or unburned forest. The combined patterns of species richness and community structure suggest that burning affects forest ecosystems by a replacement of dominant species while habitat isolation may affect areas by leading to the local extinction of rare species.
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Yokoyama, Daiki, Taiki Mori, Rota Wagai, Syuntaro Hiradate und Kanehiro Kitayama. „Characteristics of phosphorus fractions in the soils derived from sedimentary and serpentinite rocks in lowland tropical rain forests, Borneo“. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 64, Nr. 2 (29.12.2017): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1421018.
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Pfeiffer, Martin, Jamili Nais und K. Eduard Linsenmair. „Worker size and seed size selection in ‘seed’-collecting ant ensembles (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in primary rain forests on Borneo“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, Nr. 6 (20.10.2006): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003622.
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‘Size matching’ of forager size and prey size is an ecological mechanism that should partition diets both within ant colonies and ensembles. We studied the relationship between ant body size and food size in tropical leaf-litter ant ensembles at different levels. In three plots of primary rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia, we observed altogether 50 species of 18 genera of ants (e.g. Pheidole, Recurvidris, Lophomyrmex, Paratrechina, Odontoponera) that harvested seed particles from baits of milled rice of various particle size. At colony level ‘size matching’ of individual foragers with their load was found only in one of 12 tested species, viz. Pheidole lucioccipitalis. However, ant species differed considerably with respect to ‘seed’ size used: on average, foragers of larger species transported significantly larger ‘seed’ fragments. This was highly significant in a subset of ant species with at least 12 records of size choice per species. But when we investigated resource partitioning within each of the three ant ensembles with a null model, analysis proved that there was a significant overlap in seed size selection of species at two of the sites, thus indicating that food size choice of foragers had little influence on niche patterns and community structure of ants. Ant species with workers that were not matched with their seed resources (viz. Oligomyrmex or Pheidologeton) engaged in cooperative ‘seed’ transport, mass recruitment to and in situ mastication of rice fragments. Mean ‘seed’ transport distance was 38.4 cm.
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Hamer, K. C., J. K. Hill, S. Benedick, N. Mustaffa, V. K. Chey und M. Maryati. „Diversity and ecology of carrion- and fruit-feeding butterflies in Bornean rain forest“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, Nr. 1 (21.12.2005): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002750.
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Tropical rain forests are well known as centres of insect diversity and much effort has focused on the role of larval host plant specificity in generating and maintaining this diversity, but fewer studies have examined the exploitation of different food resources by adults in this context. Tropical butterflies feed as adults on a wide range of resources and we examined the diversity and ecology of species feeding on rotting fruit and carrion in a tropical lowland rain forest in Sabah, Borneo. We found that species richness and diversity were significantly higher on carrion than on fruit, and that this pattern was repeated at genus and family level. There was little similarity in species assemblages on the two substrates and β-diversity between carrion and fruit comprised 33% of the total diversity of butterflies feeding on decaying matter. β-diversity between canopy gap and shade microhabitats comprised 21% of total species diversity on carrion but only 7% of the total on fruit, indicating greater functional diversity on carrion in terms of light preferences. Captures were strongly male-biased on carrion but not on fruit, and recapture rates were much lower on carrion than on fruit. Species from two subfamilies (Nymphalinae and Charaxinae) exploited both substrates and for Charaxinae, there was evidence from adult flight morphology that species on carrion were capable of faster more-powerful flight. These results support the notion of a distinctive carrion-feeding fauna comprising more mobile species, which may use carrion to meet additional nitrogen requirements resulting from greater musculature. However there was no relationship between flight morphology and substrate choice in the Nymphalinae, and carrion-feeding may not have a unitary explanation.