Zeitschriftenartikel: „Racial dissimilarity“

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Cole, Brooklyn, Raymond J. Jones und Lisa M. Russell. „Racial dissimilarity and diversity climate effect organizational identification“. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, Nr. 5/6 (20.06.2016): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-09-2015-0072.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between psychological diversity climate (PDC) and organizational identification (OID) when influenced by racial dissimilarity between the subordinate and supervisor. Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least squares hierarchical regression analysis was run for hypotheses testing. Findings Three of the four hypothesized relationships were supported. Support was found for the direct relationship between PDC and OID. The moderator race was significant thus also supported. The moderator of dissimilarity was not supported. Finally the three-way interaction with race and dissimilarity was supported. Practical implications OID is an important variable for overall organizational success. OID influences a wealth of organizationally relevant outcomes including turnover intentions. Considering higher turnover exists for minority employees, understanding how diversity climate perceptions vary by employee race and therefore impact OID differently, helps managers when making decisions about various initiatives. Originality/value This study is the first the authors know of to investigate the impact of dissimilarity on the PDC-OID relationship.

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Cunningham, George B., Jin Ho Choi und Michael Sagas. „Personal identity and perceived racial dissimilarity among college athletes.“ Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 12, Nr. 2 (2008): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.12.2.167.

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Austin, Andrea M., Donald Q. Carmichael, Julie P. W. Bynum und Jonathan S. Skinner. „Measuring racial segregation in health system networks using the dissimilarity index“. Social Science & Medicine 240 (November 2019): 112570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112570.

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Mawene, Dian, und Aydin Bal. „Spatial othering: Examining residential areas, school attendance zones, and school discipline in an urbanizing school district“. education policy analysis archives 28 (15.06.2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4676.

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Drawn from interdisciplinary perspectives of special education, critical geography, and education policy, in this study, we examined the spatial patterns of residential areas, school attendance zones, and school discipline rates of an urbanizing school district in Wisconsin to understand the construction of spatial “Other.” We measured the city’s dissimilarity index to examine racial and economic segregation between neighborhoods and elementary schools. We also measured the school district suspension rates to examine racial disproportionality in school discipline. We then analyzed to what extent the redrawing of elementary school attendance zones in the 2007-2008 school year was able to reduce the spatial concentration of racially and economically minoritized students in one elementary public school. We found that despite the well-intentioned efforts of the rezoning committee to lower the percentage of students from low-income families, spatial othering at the neighborhood level continued to funnel students from racially and minoritized backgrounds into the school, due to the concentration of low-income housing in the neighborhood of the school.

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Garcia, Randi L., Hilary B. Bergsieker und J. Nicole Shelton. „Racial attitude (dis)similarity and liking in same-race minority interactions“. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, Nr. 4 (03.12.2015): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215612224.

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Two studies investigate the relationship between racial attitude (dis)similarity and interpersonal liking for racial minorities and Whites in same-race and cross-race pairs. In nationally representative and local samples, minorities report personally caring about racial issues more than Whites do (Pilot Study), which we theorize makes racial attitude divergence with ingroup members especially disruptive. Both established friendships (Study 1) and face-to-face interactions among strangers (Study 2) provided evidence for the dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis in same-race interactions for minorities but not Whites. For minorities, disagreeing with a minority partner or friend about racial attitudes decreased their positivity toward that person. Because minorities typically report caring about race more than Whites, same-race friendships involving shared racial attitudes may be particularly critical sources of social support for them, particularly in predominately White contexts. Understanding challenges that arise in same-race interactions, not just cross-race interactions, can help create environments in which same-race minority friendships flourish.

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Jones, Doug. „Looks and Living Kinds: Varieties of Racial Cognition in Bahia, Brazil“. Journal of Cognition and Culture 9, Nr. 3-4 (2009): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156770909x12489459066309.

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AbstractPsychological research in the USA and elsewhere suggests that race is regarded as an underlying, inherited “essential” trait, like membership in a biological species. Yet Brazil has often been regarded as very different from the USA: as a country in which racial variation is seen as more continuous than categorical, more a matter of appearance than descent. This study tests alternative theories of racial cognition in Bahia, Brazil. Data include racial classification of drawings and photographs, judgments of similarity – dissimilarity between racial categories, ideas about expected and possible race of offspring from inter-racial unions, heritability of racial and non-racial traits, and conservation of race through changes in appearance. The research demonstrates consensus over time in appearance-based classification, yet race is also thought of as an “essential” trait. However, racial essences can be mixed, with a person containing the hereditary potential of multiple races, so that race in Bahia does not define clear-cut groups or discrete “living kinds.” If essentialism is the shared core of folk theories of race, there may be more variability and room for social construction in the categorization of mixed-race individuals.

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Dumas, Tracy L., Katherine W. Phillips und Nancy P. Rothbard. „Getting Closer at the Company Party: Integration Experiences, Racial Dissimilarity, and Workplace Relationships“. Organization Science 24, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2013): 1377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0808.

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Yu, Chia-Yuan, Ayoung Woo, Christopher Hawkins und Sara Iman. „The Impacts of Residential Segregation on Obesity“. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, Nr. 11 (01.11.2018): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0352.

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Background: This study examined the association between residential segregation and obesity for Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. This study considered 3 dimensions of residential segregation, isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration. Methods: By combining individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and county-level data from the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, the total sample size was 204,610 respondents (160,213 Whites, 21,865 African Americans, 18,027 Hispanics, and 4505 Asians) from 205 counties in the United States. Two-level logistic regression models were performed. Results: African Americans and Hispanics in counties with high levels of isolation, dissimilarity, and concentration were more likely to be obese; these relationships did not hold true for Whites and Asians. Counties with a higher percentage of populations with the income below the poverty line and a higher percentage of fast food restaurants in the county were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity for all racial/ethnic groups. African Americans and Hispanics with low levels of education and income were more likely to be obese. Conclusions: Residential segregation had a contextual influence on weight status, and the context of counties influenced racial/ethnic groups differently. Obesity reduction programs should consider the contextual influence on minority populations and target subgroups living in highly segregated areas.

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Swize, Jennifer. „Transracial Adoption and the Unblinkable Difference: Racial Dissimilarity Serving the Interests of Adopted Children“. Virginia Law Review 88, Nr. 5 (September 2002): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073997.

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Threlfall, Jennifer M. „Parenting in the Shadow of Ferguson: Racial Socialization Practices in Context“. Youth & Society 50, Nr. 2 (25.09.2016): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16670280.

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Black parents have long faced the task of explaining the meaning of race to their children and preparing them for racist experiences. This qualitative study examines racial socialization practices in the context of a specific racialized event: the shooting of Michael Brown, an unarmed Black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri. Data were gathered from 18 Black parents and adolescents living in the St. Louis region in the weeks immediately following the event. Four types of practices were identified: Parents taught their children about the racial context from which the events emerged; they taught their sons strategies to avoid danger and that their lives are valued; they emphasized dissimilarity between their children and those engaging in violent protest; and they encouraged their children to overcome discrimination through individual achievement.

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Moss, Tayo, Stephen Samendinger, Norbert L. Kerr, Joseph Cesario, Alan L. Smith, Deborah J. Johnson und Deborah L. Feltz. „Attenuation of the Köhler Effect in Racially Dissimilar Partnered Exercise Reversed Using Team Identity Strategy“. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 43, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0085.

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The authors describe two research experiments exploring the influence of race on the Köhler motivation gain effect with exercise tasks. Experiment 1 tested whether partner racial dissimilarity affects individual performance. Experiment 2 created a team identity recategorization intervention to potentially counter the influence on performance observed in Experiment 1. White male participants were partnered with either a Black or Asian partner (Experiment 1) or with a Black partner utilizing team names and shirt colors as a team identity recategorization strategy (Experiment 2). Racially dissimilar dyads completed two sets of abdominal plank exercises with a Köhler conjunctive task paradigm (stronger partner; team performance outcome dependent upon the weaker-ability participant’s performance). The results of Experiment 1 suggest attenuation of the previously successful group motivation gain effect in the racially dissimilar condition. The simple recategorization strategy utilized in Experiment 2 appeared to reverse motivation losses under conjunctive-task conditions in racially dissimilar exercise dyads.

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London, Andrew S., und S. Philip Morgan. „Racial Differences in First Names in 1910“. Journal of Family History 19, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900304.

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This research examines concentration and similarity in the first name distributions of African Americans and whites resident in Mississippi in 1910. Data are drawn from the Public Use Sample of the 1910 Census, with names added from microfilm copies of original Census manuscripts. We find little difference in the degree of concentration of the name distributions and only modest dissimilarity in name choice. Multivariate analysis using age as a proxy for period of name assignment (birth cohort) indicates that racial differentiation in name choice increased over the period 1870 to 1910 primarily as a result of changes in the name choices of whites. We discuss these results in conjunction with the recent work of Lieberson and Bell (1992) on contemporary racial differences in naming patterns. Lieberson and Bell (1992) argue that African Americans in the contemporary period emphasize group differences by choosing “African” or “African sounding” names. In Mississippi in the period between the abolition of slavery and 1910, we argue that whites distanced themselves from African Americans by choosing increasingly the “whitest” names (e.g., those disproportionately chosen by whites). Changing naming patterns are not orchestrated group responses. Instead, they reflect emergent cultural responses to fundamental social change.

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Michalikova, Nina, und Philip Q. Yang. „Social Distances of Whites to Racial or Ethnic Minorities“. Ethnic Studies Review 34, Nr. 1 (01.01.2011): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2011.34.1.21.

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Prior research on social distance between racial or ethnic groups in the United States has focused mainly on attitudes of white Americans toward African Americans. Extending previous research, this study analyzes social distances of whites to racial or ethnic minority groups by investigating how whites feel about blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. The main hypothesis is that whites feel coolest toward blacks, warmest toward Asians, and somewhat in between toward Hispanics. The 2002 General Social Survey and ordinary least squares regression are used to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that contrary to our hypothesis, whites feel coolest toward Asians, warmest toward Hispanics, and somewhat in between toward blacks. Nativity, religious similarity/dissimilarity, racial hierarchy and tension, proximity of the country of origin, and group diversity may offer plausible explanations for the unexpected result. This study also examines which types of whites are more likely to maintain a greater or smaller social distance with the three minority groups. Implications of the findings for race and ethnic relations today are addressed.

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Mack, Deborah S., Bill M. Jesdale, Christine M. Ulbricht, Sarah N. Forrester, Pryce S. Michener und Kate L. Lapane. „Racial Segregation Across U.S. Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review of Measurement and Outcomes“. Gerontologist 60, Nr. 3 (29.05.2019): e218-e231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz056.

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Abstract Background and Objectives Nursing homes remain subjected to institutional racial segregation in the United States. However, a standardized approach to measure segregation in nursing homes does not appear to be established. A systematic review was conducted to identify all formal measurement approaches to evaluate racial segregation among nursing home facilities, and to then identify the association between segregation and quality of care in this context. Research Design and Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched (January 2018) for publications relating to nursing home segregation. Following the PRISMA guidelines, studies were included that formally measured racial segregation of nursing homes residents across facilities with regional-level data. Results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Formal segregation measures included the Dissimilarity Index, Disparities Quality Index, Modified Thiel’s Entropy Index, Gini coefficient, and adapted models. The most common data sources were the Minimum Data Set (MDS; resident-level), the Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting data (CASPER; facility-level), and the Area Resource File/ U.S. Census Data (regional-level). Most studies showed evidence of racial segregation among U.S. nursing home facilities and documented a negative impact of segregation on racial minorities and facility-level quality outcomes. Discussion and Implications The measurement of racial segregation among nursing homes is heterogeneous. While there are limitations to each methodology, this review can be used as a reference when trying to determine the best approach to measure racial segregation in future studies. Moreover, racial segregation among nursing homes remains a problem and should be further evaluated.

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Timberlake, Jeffrey M., und John Iceland. „Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000“. City & Community 6, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2007): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00231.x.

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We complement and extend research on change in racial and ethnic residential segregation by estimating determinants of change from 1970 to 2000 in four measures of residential inequality—dissimilarity, entropy, isolation, and net difference—between American Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Latinos. Because we use a longer time horizon and multiple measures, our findings clearly demonstrate some convergence in residential location patterns across groups, indicating gradual spatial assimilation in U.S. metropolitan areas. Although Blacks continue to be more segregated than either Asians or Latinos, residential inequality has declined more rapidly for Blacks than for the other two groups, particularly in terms of neighborhood socioeconomic status. We also find that all three groups, but particularly Asians, have been converting income gains relative to Whites into improved neighborhood socioeconomic status more than into increased residential integration with Whites.

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Cunningham, George B., Kathi Miner und Jennifer McDonald. „Being different and suffering the consequences: The influence of head coach–player racial dissimilarity on experienced incivility“. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 48, Nr. 6 (12.06.2012): 689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690212446382.

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Ryabov, Igor. „The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity“. Youth & Society 50, Nr. 4 (23.09.2015): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15607165.

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The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease.

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Thomas, Melvin E., Richard Moye, Loren Henderson und Hayward Derrick Horton. „Separate and Unequal: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and the Great Recession on Racial Disparities in Housing Values“. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, Nr. 2 (13.06.2017): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649217711457.

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The effects of race, class, and residential segregation on housing values continue to be a major focus of sociological research. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that places these factors in the context of the great recession of 2008 and 2009. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is to assess the extent to which the great recession affected housing values for African Americans and whites relative to the joint effects of race, class, and residential segregation. The following research questions are addressed: (1) How do segregation and socioeconomic status (SES) affect racial differences in housing values? (2) What were the levels of racial disparity in housing values before, during, and after the great recession? and (3) Were the housing values of higher status African Americans insulated from the negative impact of segregation and the great recession compared with their lower status counterparts? Using the Integrated Public Use Micro-data Series, the 2010 metropolitan area dissimilarity and population density scores, and hierarchical linear modeling, the findings revealed that the great recession exacerbated racial differences in housing values most in the higher SES categories. Higher status African Americans were more disadvantaged relative to comparable whites than lower status African Americans compared with similar whites in terms of housing values. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings.

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Tikkanen, Roosa Sofia, Steffie Woolhandler, David U. Himmelstein, Nancy R. Kressin, Amresh Hanchate, Meng-Yun Lin, Danny McCormick und Karen E. Lasser. „Hospital Payer and Racial/Ethnic Mix at Private Academic Medical Centers in Boston and New York City“. International Journal of Health Services 47, Nr. 3 (02.02.2017): 460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731416689549.

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Academic medical centers (AMCs) are widely perceived as providing the highest-quality medical care. To investigate disparities in access to such care, we studied the racial/ethnic and payer mixes at private AMCs of New York City (NYC) and Boston, two cities where these prestigious institutions play a dominant role in the health care system. We used individual-level inpatient discharge data for acute care hospitals to examine the degree of hospital racial/ethnic and insurance segregation in both cities using the Index of Dissimilarity, together with recent changes in patterns of care in NYC. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, black patients in NYC were two to three times less likely than whites, and uninsured patients approximately five times less likely than privately insured patients, to be discharged from AMCs. In Boston, minorities were overrepresented at AMCs relative to other hospitals. NYC hospitals were more segregated overall according to race/ethnicity and insurance than Boston hospitals, and insurance segregation became more pronounced in NYC after the Affordable Care Act. Although health reform improved access to insurance, access to AMCs remains limited for disadvantaged populations, which may undermine the quality of care available to these groups.

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Faber, Jacob W. „We Built This: Consequences of New Deal Era Intervention in America’s Racial Geography“. American Sociological Review 85, Nr. 5 (21.08.2020): 739–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420948464.

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The contemporary practice of homeownership in the United States was born out of government programs adopted during the New Deal. The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)—and later the Federal Housing Administration and GI Bill—expanded home buying opportunity, although in segregationist fashion. Through mechanisms such as redlining, these policies fueled white suburbanization and black ghettoization, while laying the foundation for the racial wealth gap. This is the first article to investigate the long-term consequences of these policies on the segregation of cities. I combine a full century of census data with archival data to show that cities HOLC appraised became more segregated than those it ignored. The gap emerged between 1930 and 1950 and remains significant: in 2010, the black-white dissimilarity, black isolation, and white-black information theory indices are 12, 16, and 8 points higher in appraised cities, respectively. Results are consistent across a range of robustness checks, including exploitation of imperfect implementation of appraisal guidelines and geographic spillover. These results contribute to current theoretical discussions about the persistence of segregation. The long-term impact of these policies is a reminder of the intentionality that shaped racial geography in the United States, and the scale of intervention that will be required to disrupt the persistence of segregation.

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Stewart, Marcus M., und Patricia Garcia‐Prieto. „A relational demography model of workgroup identification: testing the effects of race, race dissimilarity, racial identification, and communication behavior“. Journal of Organizational Behavior 29, Nr. 5 (Juli 2008): 657–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.523.

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Adelman, Robert M. „Neighborhood Opportunities, Race, and Class: The Black Middle Class and Residential Segregation“. City & Community 3, Nr. 1 (März 2004): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00066.x.

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Racial residential segregation has received considerable attention from social scientists who, in general, have found that African Americans, particularly those in large, northeastern and midwestern metropolitan areas have been highly segregated from whites since at least the beginning of the Great Migration. This analysis combines research on racial residential segregation with research about residential segregation based on social class in order to study the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites. By using Census data that incorporate consistent geographic definitions of Census tracts in 50 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1970 to 1990, I assess change in the levels of residential segregation between middle‐class blacks and middle‐class whites. The index of dissimilarity indicates that while there was a decrease in the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites between 1970 and 1990, in many metropolitan areas this segregation remained high through 1990. The analysis also shows that middle‐class blacks lived in neighborhoods, on average, with considerably more poverty, more boarded‐up homes, more female‐headed households, and fewer college graduates than neighborhoods inhabited by middle‐class whites. Overall, the results suggest that, for the most part, these groups remain residentially separated in U.S. metropolitan areas.

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Steyn, Melissa. „As the Postcolonial Moment Deepens: A Response to Green, Sonn, and Matsebula“. South African Journal of Psychology 37, Nr. 3 (August 2007): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630703700302.

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Green, Sonn, and Matsebula's (2007) article is useful in helping to establish and develop whiteness studies in South African academia, and thus to shift the academic gaze from the margins to the centre. The article is published in the wake of three waves of international whiteness studies, which successively described whiteness as a space of taken-for-granted privilege; a series of historically different but related spaces; and, finally, as part of the global, postcolonial world order. Green, Sonn, and Matsebula's (2007) contribution could be extended by more fully capturing the dissimilarity in the texture of the experience of whiteness in Australia and South Africa. In South Africa whiteness has never had the quality of invisibility that is implied in the ‘standard’ whiteness literature, and in post-apartheid South Africa white South Africans cannot assume the same privileges, with such ease, when state power is overtly committed to breaking down racial privilege.

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Richard, Orlando C., Patrick F. McKay, Sargam Garg und Sasha Pustovit. „The impact of supervisor–subordinate racial-ethnic and gender dissimilarity on mentoring quality and turnover intentions: do positive affectivity and communal culture matter?“ International Journal of Human Resource Management 30, Nr. 22 (23.06.2017): 3138–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1344288.

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Kramer, Rory. „Testing the role of barriers in shaping segregation profiles: The importance of visualizing the local neighborhood“. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, Nr. 6 (26.03.2018): 1106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318766067.

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“Egocentric” segregation profiles allow researchers to avoid a reliance on a priori definitions of local neighborhoods that contribute an unknown amount of error to measures of segregation. To date, however, such profiles have used distance-decay techniques that rely on “as the crow flies” measures of space. Yet we know that major roads, railroads, and other physical attributes of space mean that such techniques may introduce error into the measurement and visualization of residential segregation. Here, I use a variation on standard smoothing techniques that allows the smoothing function to vary based on a second variable of interest, in this case, the location of major roads, railroads, and nonresidential land use. Using Philadelphia as a case study due to access to detailed land-use data, I show that barriers do not affect observed values of city-level racial and ethnic dissimilarity. Visualizing the impact of barriers on local neighborhoods, however, shows that while barriers may not affect city-wide indexes of segregation, they continue to powerfully shape local experiences of the city, including protecting new immigrant ethnic enclaves, wealthy white neighborhoods, and also isolating high-poverty, predominantly black neighborhoods in different parts of the city.

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Yamaguchi, Kazuo. „Multigroup Segregation Analyses with Covariates“. Sociological Methodology 51, Nr. 2 (06.01.2021): 224–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081175020981120.

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The author introduces methods for the decomposition analysis of multigroup segregation measured by the index of dissimilarity, the squared coefficient of variation, and Theil’s entropy measure. Using a new causal framework, the author takes a unified approach to the decomposition analysis by specifying conditions that must be satisfied to decompose segregation into unexplained and explained components. Here, the unexplained component represents the direct effects of the group variable on the conditional probability of acquiring a social position—such as a residential district in an analysis of residential segregation or an occupation in an analysis of occupational segregation—and the explained component represents indirect effects of the group variable on the outcome through covariates. The major merit of this approach is its ability to control individual-level covariates for the decomposition analysis of segregation. Two methods, one for semiparametric outcome models with the identity link function and the other for semiparametric outcome models with the multinomial logit link function, are introduced in this unified framework. The application of these methods focuses on occupational segregation among racial/ethnic groups. Father’s occupation, subject’s educational attainment, and the region of interview are included as covariates, using data from the General Social Surveys.

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McCarthy, Anne Marie, Mirar Bristol, Susan M. Domchek, Peter W. Groeneveld, Younji Kim, U. Nkiru Motanya, Judy A. Shea und Katrina Armstrong. „Health Care Segregation, Physician Recommendation, and Racial Disparities in BRCA1/2 Testing Among Women With Breast Cancer“. Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, Nr. 22 (01.08.2016): 2610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.66.0019.

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Purpose Racial disparities in BRCA1/2 testing have been documented, but causes of these disparities are poorly understood. The study objective was to investigate whether the distribution of black and white patients across cancer providers contributes to disparities in BRCA1/2 testing. Patients and Methods We conducted a population-based study of women in Pennsylvania and Florida who were 18 to 64 years old and diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2007 and 2009, linking cancer registry data, the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, and patient and physician surveys. The study included 3,016 women (69% white, 31% black), 808 medical oncologists, and 732 surgeons. Results Black women were less likely to undergo BRCA1/2 testing than white women (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.48; P < .001). This difference was attenuated but not eliminated by adjustment for mutation risk, clinical factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and attitudes about testing (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P < .001). The care of black and white women was highly segregated across surgeons and oncologists (index of dissimilarity 64.1 and 61.9, respectively), but adjusting for clustering within physician or physician characteristics did not change the size of the testing disparity. Black women were less likely to report that they had received physician recommendation for BRCA1/2 testing even after adjusting for mutation risk (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.82; P < .001). Adjusting for physician recommendation further attenuated the testing disparity (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.02; P = .06). Conclusion Although black and white patients with breast cancer tend to see different surgeons and oncologists, this distribution does not contribute to disparities in BRCA1/2 testing. Instead, residual racial differences in testing after accounting for patient and physician characteristics are largely attributable to differences in physician recommendations. Efforts to address these disparities should focus on ensuring equity in testing recommendations.

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Easley, Janeria. „Spatial mismatch beyond black and white: Levels and determinants of job access among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations“. Urban Studies 55, Nr. 8 (16.05.2017): 1800–1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017696254.

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United States (US) based research suggests that distance between residency and employment constrains labour market outcomes for black Americans. Work on this phenomenon, termed spatial mismatch, suggests that residential segregation from whites shapes labour market outcomes among blacks by restricting access to job-dense suburbs. However, few studies examine patterns and drivers of spatial mismatch among Asian and Hispanic subpopulations. Using data on job counts from the 2010 Zip Code Business Patterns data set and on population counts from the 2010 US decennial Censuses, I estimate spatial mismatch for the largest ethnoracial groups in the USA: black, white, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Americans. To measure spatial mismatch, I create indices of dissimilarity between jobs and residency for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with available data. Estimates of spatial mismatch based on panethnic categories mask subpopulation heterogeneity. Most subgroups experience higher spatial mismatch than indicated by the panethnic category. The results also show novel racial differences: the average Vietnamese and Cuban American experience higher spatial mismatch than the average black American. Segregation from whites is a central predictor of exposure to spatial mismatch across all minority groups, though findings suggest that this relationship is not driven by suburbanisation.

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Barboza, Gia Elise. „The Geography of Child Maltreatment: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Using Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis With Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation“. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, Nr. 1 (01.04.2016): 50–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516639583.

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This study quantifies the spatiotemporal risk of child abuse and neglect in Los Angeles at the census tract level over a recent 4-year period, identifies areas of increased risk, and evaluates the role of structural disadvantage in substantiated child maltreatment referrals. Child maltreatment data on 83,379 child maltreatment cases in 1,678 census tracts spanning 2006-2009 were obtained from the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services. Substantiated referral counts were analyzed across census tracts with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models using integrated nested Laplace approximations. Results showed that the unadjusted yearly rate of child abuse and neglect held fairly steady over the study period decreasing by only 2.57%. However, the temporal term in the spatiotemporal model reflected a downward trend beginning in 2007. High rates of abuse and neglect were predicted by several neighborhood-level measures of structural burden. Every 1-unit decrease in the social vulnerability index reduced the risk of child abuse and neglect by 98.3% (95% CrI = 1.869-2.1042) while every 1-unit increase in the Black–White dissimilarity index decreased child abuse and neglect risk by 70.6%. The interaction of these variables demonstrated the protective effect of racial heterogeneity in socially vulnerable neighborhoods. No such effect was found in neighborhoods characterized by low levels of vulnerability. Population-based child abuse and neglect prevention and intervention efforts should be aided by the characteristics of neighborhoods that demonstrate strong spatial patterns even after accounting for the role of race and place.

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Vetriventhan, M., H. D. Upadhyaya, C. R. Anandakumar, S. Senthilvel, H. K. Parzies, A. Bharathi, R. K. Varshney und C. L. L. Gowda. „Assessing genetic diversity, allelic richness and genetic relationship among races in ICRISAT foxtail millet core collection“. Plant Genetic Resources 10, Nr. 3 (30.10.2012): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000287.

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Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is an ideal crop for changing climate and food habits of peoples due to its short duration, high photosynthetic efficiency, nutritional richness and fair resistance to pest and diseases. However, foxtail millet yields are low mainly due to the lack of effort for its improvement and the lack of proper utilization of existing genetic variability. To enhance the use of diverse germplasm in breeding programmes, a core collection in foxtail millet consisting of 155 accessions was established. Core collection accessions were fingerprinted using 84 markers (81 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and three Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)-SSRs). Our results showed the presence of greater molecular diversity in the foxtail millet core collection. The 84 markers detected a total of 1356 alleles with an average of 16.14 alleles (4–35) per locus. Of these, 368 were rare alleles, 906 common alleles and 82 the most frequent alleles. Sixty-one unique alleles that were specific to a particular accession and useful for germplasm identification were also detected. In this study, the genetic diversity of foxtail millet was fairly correlated well with racial classification, and the race Indica showed a greater genetic distance from the races Maxima and Moharia. The pairwise estimate of dissimilarity was >0.50 except in 123 out of 11,935 pairs which indicated a greater genetic variability. Two hundred and fifty pairs of genetically most diverse accessions were identified. This large molecular variation observed in the core collection could be utilized effectively by breeders or researchers for the selection of diverse parents for breeding cultivars and the development of mapping populations.

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Rawal, Rita, Marie Fanelli Kuczmarski, Nancy Cotugna, Benjamin C. Brewer, May A. Beydoun, Virginia C. Hughes, Alan B. Zonderman und Michele K. Evans. „Aspects of Dietary Diversity Changes across Adulthood in Racially Diverse Adults“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 8 (15.08.2020): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082455.

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Knowledge of various aspects of dietary diversity (DD)—an essential healthful dietary component—across adulthood is limited. This study examined three DD aspects over time in racially diverse adults. Participants were from the National Institute on Aging, Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. DD measures were calculated at baseline (N = 2177), and first and second examination follow-ups (N = 2140 and N = 2066, respectively) using two 24-h recalls. The count was based on the consumption of ≥50% of an equivalent from 21 food groups. Evenness was derived using the Berry-Index adjusted by the food’s health value; dissimilarity, by Mahalanobis Distance. Mixed-effects linear regression models were conducted to test changes in DD across adulthood, adjusting for sex, race, poverty status and education as fixed effects, and adjusting for smoking, age and energy as time-dependent variables. Only dissimilarity showed significant interactions of time × race (p = 0.0005), and time × poverty status (p = 0.0325), indicating a slower rate of increase over time in dissimilarity scores among Whites compared with African–Americans and those with income >125% poverty versus <125% poverty. A significant interaction between time×energy (p < 0.0001) was noted for both evenness and dissimilarity scores. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the differential change in dissimilarity scores by race and income over time.

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Fanelli Kuczmarski, Marie, Benjamin C. Brewer, Rita Rawal, Ryan T. Pohlig, Alan B. Zonderman und Michele K. Evans. „Aspects of Dietary Diversity Differ in Their Association with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in a Racially Diverse US Adult Population“. Nutrients 11, Nr. 5 (08.05.2019): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051034.

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The study objectives were to measure dietary diversity (DD) of an urban US population and to determine if associations of 10 year atherosclerotic cardiovascular (ASCVD) risk with DD were independent of dietary quality. Participants were drawn from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, wave 4 (n = 2066, 1259 African Americans (AA), 807 Whites (W). Three DD measures were derived from 2 days of 24 h recall data collected with the USDA automated-multiple-pass-method. Count was based on consumption of at least half an equivalent of food from 21 subgroups. Evenness was calculated using Berry Index (BI) and BI-adjusted by food health values. Dissimilarity was calculated by Mahalanobis Distance. Diet quality was assessed by Mean Nutrient Adequacy (MAR) and DASH scores. Associations of DD and quality with ASCVD risk, calculated using 2013 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines, were assessed with multivariable regression. Covariates included income, education, food security, and energy/kg weight. Count and MAR were positively associated whereas dissimilarity was negatively associated with ASCVD risk. There was no evidence that evenness contributed to cardiovascular health. The findings suggest more diversity in food attributes and diets rich in micronutrients rather than increased count support cardiovascular health.

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Jang, Joy Bohyun, Margaret T. Hicken, Megan Mullins, Michael Esposito, Ketlyne Sol, Jennifer J. Manly, Suzanne Judd, Virginia Wadley und Philippa J. Clarke. „Racial Segregation and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in the United States: Findings From the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study“. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 17.06.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab107.

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Abstract Objectives Residential segregation is one of the fundamental features of health disparities in the United States. Yet little research has examined how living in segregated metropolitan areas is related to cognitive function and cognitive decline with age. We examined the association between segregation at the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level and trajectories of age-related cognitive function. Method Using data from Black and White older adults in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (n = 18,913), we employed linear growth curve models to examine how living in racially segregated MSAs at baseline, measured by the degree of non-Hispanic Black (NHB) isolation and NHB dissimilarity, was associated with trajectories of age-related cognitive function and how the associations varied by race and education. Results Living in MSAs with greater levels of isolation was associated with lower cognitive function (b = −0.093, p < .05) but was not associated with rates of change in cognitive decline with age. No effects of living in isolated MSAs were found for those with at least a high school education, but older adults with less than a high school education had lower cognitive function in MSAs with greater isolation (b = −0.274, p < .05). The degree of dissimilarity was not associated with cognitive function. The association between segregation and cognitive function did not vary by race. Discussion Metropolitan segregation was associated with lower cognitive function among older adults, especially for those with lower education living in racially isolated MSAs. This suggests complex associations between individual socioeconomic status, place, and cognitive health.

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Carrillo, Paul E., und Jonathan L. Rothbaum. „Counterfactual dissimilarity: Can changes in demographics and income explain increased racial integration in US cities?“ Journal of Regional Science, 03.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jors.12549.

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Mann, Bryan, und Annah Rogers. „Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever? Racial and Economic Isolation and Dissimilarity in Rural Black Belt Schools in Alabama*“. Rural Sociology, 21.04.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12384.

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