Thematische Bibliographien / Quite India movement

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Quite India movement“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Quite India movement"

Rayaprol, Aparna, und Sawmya Ray. „Understanding Gender Justice“. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 17, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2010): 335–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152151001700302.

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The Indian Constitution is a woman-friendly document but institutionalised patriarchy in society at large has made it quite difficult to practice gender equality in courts. The women’s movements in India have been battling with the courts for more than three decades on issues related to various forms of violence against women in both public and private spheres. In this article, the focus is on understanding the perceptions of the lawyers who have been fighting cases related to gender justice as well as working towards changing the law itself. Feminist lawyers have been an integral part of the women’s movement in India and have helped achieve the passage of new laws. The study highlights the problems faced by lawyers and their sense of the challenges involved.

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Shukla, Shivam, Asha Ram Tripathi, Sudhir Kumar Shukla und Akshita Shukla. „ATMANIRBHAR BHARAT: AN EXPLORATION OF THE PURSUIT OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT TO FULFIL MAHATMA GANDHIS VISION“. International Journal of Advanced Research 10, Nr. 04 (30.04.2022): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14546.

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The greatest quality of a person is self-reliance. A self-reliant person can become a support for himself. If a person is self-sufficient, then he definitely does not need the help of anyone else. Our country of India has been one of the ancient cultures of the world and seeing the culture, colour and style of this country, we can say that India is already quite self-sufficient. The true meaning of self-reliance is to develop oneself with ones own skills. Every person wants that he should become self-reliant, whether it is through his lifestyle or his manner. The inspiration for India to become self-reliant came from Mahatma Gandhis civil disobedience movement. Under this movement people stopped wearing foreign clothes and wore their own hand woven clothes. Now at present this campaign of India will fulfil that dream and India will become self-reliant. With the aim of making India self-reliant, the Prime Minister of the country, Shri Narendra Modi, had announced this campaign on 12 May 2020, in which he addressed the country and said that this is a good initiative to improve Indias economy. Under this campaign, most of the items will be manufactured in India in the coming few years. For this reason, the name of this campaign has been kept as self-reliant. Under this campaign, all those foreign dependencies are to be reduced, due to which most of Indias trade is dependent on other neighbouring countries. In this, without relying on outside items, it is involved in this campaign to prepare good quality products at our own level outside in our country itself.

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Jiten, Shah, Joshi Gaurang, Parida Purnima und Arkatkar Shriniwas. „Impact of Train Schedule on Pedestrian Movement on Stairway at Suburban Rail Transit Station in Mumbai, India“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297807.

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Pedestrian flow takes place in confined environment on stairways under the influence of composition, direction of movement, and schedule of trains. During peak-period, alighting and boarding rate is quite high resulting in very high pedestrian movement from one platform to the other to catch the next train at interchange stations. The transfer of passengers from railway platforms through common undivided stairways becomes difficult, uncomfortable, and unsafe at times when pedestrian flow reaches the capacity level. Understanding of criteria defining quality of flow that affect the effectiveness of facilities like stairways in handling the pedestrian traffic is vital for planning and designing of such facilities to ensure the desired level of service as well as safety in case of emergency. The present paper is based on the study of pedestrian movement on stairways at busy suburban rail transit interchange station at Dadar in Mumbai, India. Pedestrian movements are captured through videography at two stairways and the effect of bidirectional movement on average walking speed is analyzed. The ascending flow in small proportion is found to be more influential in causing speed reduction on undivided stairways. The outcome of the study is useful for capacity and level of service analysis while planning and designing the transit station stairways.

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Watt, Carey A. „Education for National Efficiency: Constructive Nationalism in North India, 1909–1916“. Modern Asian Studies 31, Nr. 2 (Mai 1997): 339–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014335.

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Nationalist activity in India between the years 1909 and 1916 has generally received an inadequate treatment from historians. It seems, quite simply, that this period is not sensational enough and historical accounts tend to skip from the excitement of the Swadeshi movement, the ‘Moderate’—‘Extremist’ split, the so-called ‘Extremist’ movement in general, and the Morley—Minto reforms of 1909 only to stop at the emergence of the Home Rule leagues or, even more likely, the serious political emergence of Gandhi after 1917. For example, despite writing of ‘continuities’ from 1885 to 1947, even Sumit Sarkar sees the nationalist movement expanding ‘in a succession of waves and troughs, the obvious high-points being 1905–1908, 1919–1922, 1928–1934, 1942 and 1945–46.’ Effectively, he is saying that the years from 1908 to 1919 were characterized by a ‘trough’ or lull.

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Sikand, Yoginder. „The Emergence and Development of the Jama‘at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990)“. Modern Asian Studies 36, Nr. 3 (Juli 2002): 705–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x02003062.

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IntroductionThe Jama‘at-i-Islami is, by far, one of the most influential Islamic movements in the world today, particularly strong in the countries of South Asia. Its influence extends far beyond the confines of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, and the writings of its chief ideologues have exercised a powerful impact on contemporary Muslim thinking all over the world. Much has been written about the movement, both by its leaders and followers as well as by its critics. Most of these writings have focused either on the Jama‘at's ideology or on its historical development in India and Pakistan. Hardly any literature is available on the evolution and history of the Jama‘at in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is unfortunate, because here the Jama'at has had a long history of its own, which has followed a path quite distinct from the branches of the movement in both India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Jama‘at has played a crucial role in the politics of Kashmir right since its inception in the late 1940s, a role that has gained particular salience in the course of the armed struggle in the region that began in the late 1980s and still shows no sign of abating.

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Bodhanwala, Shernaz, Harsh Purohit und Nidhi Choudhary. „The Causal Dynamics in Indian Agriculture Commodity Prices and Macro-Economic Variables in the Presence of a Structural Break“. Global Business Review 21, Nr. 1 (25.10.2018): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918800561.

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Agriculture commodity prices have been quite volatile in India. The proposed study explores the effect of structural change on the flow of information between the spot and futures market of agriculture commodities and select macro-economic factors. The volatility in agriculture commodity prices is studied with respect to three dominant macro-economic factors—movement in crude price which serves as an input to agriculture sector, movement in INR/USD exchange rate and movement in Sensex which is considered as a barometer of investment in India. The study uses non-linear cointegration and causality test to understand the direction of causality in volatility of commodities and impact of macro-economic factors. The study observed the agriculture commodities spot and futures prices to be co-integrated with crude, forex and Sensex for majority of the break periods. We find robust evidence that futures market played a leading role in the price discovery function and information processing. Breaks in agriculture commodity prices are attributed to fundamentals of demand and supply in the market and global financial turmoil of 2007. We observed mixed results of influence of the exchange rate, Sensex and crude on agriculture prices in different sub-periods.

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Thorat, Chandrakant A., und Satish Pawar. „Competing with Traditional Business Model: Zero Budget Natural Farming Against Chemical Farming“. ECS Transactions 107, Nr. 1 (24.04.2022): 3091–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.3091ecst.

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Zero Budget Natural Farming or ZBNF is a set of farming methods, and also is a grassroots peasant movement, which has spread to various states of India. Padma shri Subhash Palekar is founder of this technique of faming ZBNF. It has attained wide achievement in south India, especially the south Indian state of Karnataka where it first evolved. A research was undertaken to study understand Zero Budget Natural Farming with reference to Pune District, Solapur District, and Ahmednagar District in Maharashtra State. 435 farmers were surveyed. The awareness about ZBNF is quite high with the farmers. No marketing strategy is used by ZBNF producers. However, the farmers are in favor of implementing a sound marketing strategy for the ZBNF products. 4Ps of the classic marketing mix can be identified with the ZBNF products like vegetables and fruits. ZBNF implementation can be a game-changer in the field of agriculture. Few farmers were found using ZBNF technique since last 25 years. It is a highly efficient and effective farming model as compared to be the traditional chemical farming.

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Ruegg, D. Seyfort. „A New Publication on the Date and Historiography of the Buddha's Decease (nirvāṉa): a Review Article“. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00017572.

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The date of the demise, or (Mahapāri)Nirvāṉa, of the historical Buddha Śākyamuni is one of the key chronological markers in early Indian history, one which has therefore been of pivotal importance to modern scholarship on ancient India. Whilst the dates of the conquest of Gandhāara and Sindh by the Achaemenid empire and the dates of Alexander's campaigns in the subcontinent are among the very oldest established for the history of north-western India, that of the Nirvāna of the Buddha has long been regarded as the oldest more or less fixed chronological value in the history of north-eastern India. The dating of the Buddha has a crucial significance for the dates of certain ancient Indian kings-Bimbisara of Magadha and Prasenajit (Pasenadi) of Kosala -and for that of the Jain Tīrthaṅkara Mahāvīra, for the development of Jainism and the Śramaṉa movement, and for the earlier history of the Brahmanical religion and the oldest Indian philosophy, including the thought of the Upaniṣads. Moreover, quite apart from its importance for South Asia alone, the consensus (apparently) obtaining among scholars about the time of the Buddha contributed to the elaboration by Karl Jaspers, in his book of 1955 entitled Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte, of the concept of an Axial Age (‘Achsenzeit’) around 500 B.C. when a number of epoch-making events are thought to have taken place in the ancient Eurasian world.

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Elakkiya, R., Mikhail Grif, Alexey Prikhodko und Maxim Bakaev. „Recognition of Russian and Indian sign languages used by the deaf people“. Science Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State Technical University, Nr. 2-3 (13.11.2020): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1814-1196-2020-2-3-57-76.

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In our paper, we consider approaches towards the recognition of sign languages used by the deaf people in Russia and India. The structure of the recognition system for individual gestures is proposed based on the identification of its five components: configuration, orientation, localization, movement and non-manual markers. We overview the methods applied for the recognition of both individual gestures and continuous Indian and Russian sign languages. In particular we consider the problem of building corpuses of sign languages, as well as sets of training data (datasets). We note the similarity of certain individual gestures in Russian and Indian sign languages and specify the structure of the local dataset for static gestures of the Russian sign language. For the dataset, 927 video files with static one-handed gestures were collected and converted to JSON using the OpenPose library. After analyzing 21 points of the skeletal model of the right hand, the obtained reliability for the choice of points equal to 0.61, which was found insufficient. It is noted that the recognition of individual gestures and sign speech in general is complicated by the need for accurate tracking of various components of the gestures, which are performed quite quickly and are complicated by overlapping hands and faces. To solve this problem, we further propose an approach related to the development of a biosimilar neural network, which is to process visual information similarly to the human cerebral cortex: identification of lines, construction of edges, detection of movements, identification of geometric shapes, determination of the direction and speed of the objects movement. We are currently testing a biologically similar neural network proposed by A.V. Kugaevskikh on video files from the Russian sign language dataset.

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Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. „Between Eastern Africa and Western India, 1500–1650: Slavery, Commerce, and Elite Formation“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, Nr. 04 (Oktober 2019): 805–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000276.

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AbstractThis essay examines relations between eastern Africa and western India in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in respect to two related sets of problems: the changing regimes of commercial circulation, and more particularly the evolution of patterns of human movement, notably via the slave trade from Ethiopia and the Swahili coast to Gujarat and the Deccan. It argues that over the course of the sixteenth century, commercial relations between Deccan ports such as Goa and Chaul, and the Swahili coast, came to be strengthened through the intervention of the Portuguese and their military-commercial system. At the same time, large numbers of African slaves reached the Muslim states in India, especially in the period after 1530, where they played a significant role as military specialists, and eventually as elite political and cultural actors. The shifting geographical dimensions of the African presence in India are emphasized, beginning in western Gujarat and winding up in the Deccan Sultanates. This contrasts markedly with the African experience elsewhere, where the meaning and institutional context of slavery were quite different.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Quite India movement"

Chattopadhyay, Indranil. „Quite India movement in northern Bengal : a study of socio-economic perspective“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1497.

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Bücher zum Thema "Quite India movement"

1941-, Sengupta Syamalendu, Chatterjee Gautam 1958- und National Archives of India, Hrsg. Secret Congress broadcasts and storming railway tracks during Quit India movement. New Delhi: Navrang, 1988.

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Rath, Bijay Chandra. Quit India movement in Orissa. Cuttack: Arya Prakashan, 1994.

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Kāmāt, Sūryanātha. Quit India movement in Karnataka. Bangalore: Lipi Prakashana, 1988.

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Kāmat, Sūryanātha. Quit India movement in Karnataka. Bangalore: Lipi Prakashana, 1988.

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Quit India movement, a study. Delhi: New Century Publications, 2002.

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Shukla, Vivekananda. Rebellion of 1942: Quit India movement. Delhi: H.K. Publishers & Distributors, 1989.

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Devi, M. G. Indira. Kerala and the Quit India movement. Alappuzha: Mullasseril Publishers, 2005.

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Green, Jen. Gandhi and the Quit India movement. Chicago, Illinois: Capstone Heinemann Library, 2014.

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Nath, Chopra Pran, und Bakshi S. R. 1935-, Hrsg. Quit India Movement: British secret documents. New Delhi, India: Interprint, 1986.

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Chatterji, Prashanto K. The quit India movement several problems reviewed. Kolkata: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, 2002.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Quite India movement"

Singh, Uma Shanker. „Quit India Movement“. In A History of Colonial India, 166–84. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003246510-10.

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Valiani, Arafaat A. „Militant Peacekeeping and Subterfugic Violence of the Quit India Movement (1942)“. In Militant Publics in India, 107–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230370630_4.

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Mallick, Krishna. „Chipko (Hug the Trees) Movement“. In Environmental Movements of India. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984431_ch02.

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This chapter examines the iconic Chipko movement of the 1970s that protested against deforestation in the Himalayan region using the nonviolent gesture of hugging the trees, thereby showing the interconnectedness of the poor women’s livelihood with natural resources. The movement had three strands: one led by Chandi Prasad Bhatt, the second led by Sunderlal Bahuguna which applied the Gandhian method of satyagraha and was embraced mostly by poor women of the region, and the third being the Marxist and radical strand which was later dissolved. The chapter explores how the Chipko movement emerged initially as a peasants’ movement but later became quite complex and attracted great public support within India and outside. This was the first time that the environmental aspect was introduced into the development discourse.

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Balasubramaniam, Dr R., und M. N. Venkatachaliah. „Citizen engagement and the fight against corruption“. In I, the Citizen. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713514.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the civil society movement against corruption in India. India's post-independence history is dotted with many civil society movements — for rights, for justice, for inclusion and for civil liberties, and quite notably the resistance against imposition of Emergency Rule in the mid-seventies. Though these movements found support from students, activists and others, they were built on the participation of people who were directly affected or leaders with distinct political leanings. The year 2011 was a momentous one in that a section of the society, hitherto reticent about participation in public action took to the streets in a popular movement against corruption. At its peak, the campaign had a singular focus of having a legislation against corruption passed by the Parliament of India. Despite its flaws, the movement against corruption has undeniably changed the political landscape of India in its wake and aftermath.

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„Quit India Movement“. In Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies, 219–20. New York University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479848690.003.0089.

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Dogra, Ajay Kumar, und Pooja Dogra. „The Medical Tourism Industry in the BRIC Nations“. In Opportunities and Challenges for Tourism and Hospitality in the BRIC Nations, 320–36. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0708-6.ch020.

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Despite BRIC's roaring economic growth over the past decade, and its citizens' growing belief that it is finally ready to join the league of global superpowers by the end of 2020. With the progress of the IT revolution, advances in transportation and communication technology, the evolution of financial techniques, and the easing of restrictions on trade and investment, there has been a geometric increase in the international movement of people, products, money and information in the BRIC nations. The economic dynamism has led the emerging economies (BRIC countries) to diversify their business activities from a global perspective, and attempt to create optimal global value chains. Demand for tourism in Brazil, Russia, India and China is expected to grow in tandem with rapid economic growth. These nations are rich in natural and manmade resources and should cope quite well and have tremendous opportunities for the growth of tourism especially medical tourism between these nations. This chapter will explore BRIC member countries, on how they can cooperate to further promote the BRIC Vision and establish a viable healthcare initiative focusing on Indian medical tourism that will serve as a blueprint and model for other economies.

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Narang, Gopi Chand. „The Progressives“. In The Urdu Ghazal, übersetzt von Surinder Deol, 278–343. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120795.003.0007.

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Several Urdu poets drew their inspiration from revolutions in Russia and China and advocated similar transformation in India. The Progressive Writers’ Movement, established by Mulk Raj Anand and Sajjad Zaheer, held its first conference in 1936. The ghazal had been marginalized for quite some time due to a misconception by some progressives that the ghazal was anti-progressive. Thankfully, poets like Faiz Ahmed Faiz kept writing ghazals using love and Sufi phraseology with new revolutionary import. Faiz reframed concepts of love and beauty to be in tune with the needs of changing times. This chapter makes the point that literature and fine arts are social acts, and if creativity is impeded and freedom of the mind is compromised, poetry will lack freshness and spontaneity. Thus, in spite of the harsh criticism of some mistaken people, the ghazal reappeared in a decade or two and thrived together with the wave of rising social consciousness and revolutionary zeal.

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Dejung, Christof. „From Global Civilizing Missions to Racial Warfare“. In The Global Bourgeoisie, 251–72. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177342.003.0012.

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This chapter describes civilizing missions which were organized by philanthropic societies that were established by bourgeois circles in both the European and non-European worlds. The emerging middle classes in the Middle East or in India, for instance, became engaged in civilizing missions in quite a similar manner to the European home missionary movement. In addition, journalists, scholars, and members of philanthropic societies time and again compared the European underclasses to colonial subjects and used their alleged “primitiveness” in order to claim the modernity of the European bourgeoisie. This may be evidence of the fact that the European middle classes did not consider social developments in European and non-European regions as distinct phenomena but rather as shared aspects of worldwide modernization—without, however, taking into account the emergence of colonial middle classes in that very period. The chapter further demonstrates that the belief that social problems could be solved by social modernization under bourgeois hegemony was ever more challenged after the mid-nineteenth century.

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Adya, Monica. „Government and Corporate Initiatives for Indian Women and IT“. In IT Outsourcing, 1593–600. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch100.

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Education of women severely lags behind that of men in many developing nations. Fewer girls go to school, tend to drop out earlier than boys, do not receive the same level of education as their male counterparts, and often choose careers that are female predominant (Kelly, 1987). Without exception, India is quite representative of these gender-biased phenomena in education. However, the recent explosion of offshore outsourcing market in India has created a new recognition regarding the role of women in technological careers. The Indian IT sector has seen a trend contrary to what most western nations are experiencing—predominance of women in IT, particularly in IT-enabled services (ITES). India has acknowledged that extensive and intensive use of information and communications technologies (ICT) alone can help the nation develop its neglected human resources, emerge as a knowledge-based society, and participate competitively in the global trade and services. Consequently, the development of ICT has become a national issue with strong impetus from the union government in New Delhi (Choudhary, 1999). Explicit in this initiative is the recognition that to progress as an information society, women must be empowered as key players the IT sector. In parallel, two other trends have focused attention on women in the information society—a nationwide movement for women’s rights spearheaded by many non-government organizations (NGOs) and an increased awareness of corporate social responsibility. Consequently, over the last decade, there has been an increased emphasis on education and reskilling India’s female workforce. While many government efforts are targeted toward the overall upliftment of women, many grassroots level initiatives led by NGO’s and corporations emphasize technological training. This article highlights how the intertwining of grassroots and policy level efforts can increase the pace at which a nation’s female workforce can be reskilled and prepared for a technological world. The article also addresses concerns about such rapid development and potentially challenging outcomes while making recommendations for improvement.

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Singh, Gajendra. „The Place of Revolutionary Violence in India, 1905–1947“. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Colonial Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies, 275–90. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198866787.013.31.

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Abstract The ordering principle in the historiography of the nationalist movement(s) in colonial India—the longest and most sustained of anti-colonial nationalist movements from the early years of the First World War to the aftermath of the Second—has been to consider them in relation to the normative nationalism of Gandhi and Gandhism. Non-violence is assumed to have been its natural character, and political violence its failure, its limits, and the expression of sub-, semi-, or aberrant nationalisms. If these movements are considered on their own terms, however, a different history can be constructed. They were central to the imaginary that justified the violence excesses of the colonial state (both in judicial and extra-judicial violence), developed a logic or legitimate violence and proportionate response that endured throughout the early twentieth century, and defined the nationalist mainstream in the 1940s, through the Quit India Movement and the mass insurgencies and genocides of that decade. This paper will offer an overview of these movements; of their logics, consciousnesses, and violent excess.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Quite India movement"

Yadav, Udaivir, und Pawan Negi. „Free Span Rectifications in Submarine Pipeline Projects: A Case Study“. In ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2429.

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Seabed features along a subsea pipeline route are highly stochastic. Free spans may be created in the pipelines due to seabed irregularities, subsequent scouring, and horizontal movements of pipeline during operation. It is quite common to encounter free spanning sections along the pipeline route from the very start till the end. Spanning of subsea pipelines is a primary area of concern not only in the detailed design and installation stage but also during the operation stage. For ensuring the pipeline safety during operation, underwater surveys must be conducted at suitable intervals. The frequency of such pipeline free spanning surveys depends on the operators’ interest and the statutory requirements. The static and dynamic characteristic of the pipeline spans should be investigated to ensure that the pipeline can be operated within acceptable safety levels. The unsupported spans that incur static as well as dynamic loads on the pipeline, may lead to vortex-induced vibrations and ultimately fatigue, and thus affecting the pipeline serviceability and design life. Vortex induced vibrations are not allowed to occur in the operation life as far as the conventional design is considered but DNV - RP - F105 allows the onset of vortex induced vibrations provided that the fatigue damage due to vortex induced vibrations doesn’t exceed the allowable values. Pipe soil interaction has a huge impact on the pipeline design as well as the pipeline service life. Analysis of the existing conditions and stress levels based on the site-specific surveys and environmental data needs to be carefully carried out for determining the acceptability of spans and the effective intervention works if required. Hydrological studies and numerical modeling may also need to be carried out for sediment transportation analysis and for proper assessment & quantification of sea bed erosion, trenching and backfilling requirements. In the present work, the acceptable criteria in terms of static and dynamic stresses and fatigue damage limits due to vortex induced vibrations as per DNV - RP - F105 have been discussed. Further comprehensive analysis philosophy and the criticalities in the design analysis for free spanning of subsea pipeline are presented. A case study based on an offshore project in western India has been presented involving the major project issues. The main areas of concerns & challenges faced are examined in detail. Further study has been conducted for the other available strategic solutions in the VIV mitigation and rectification of free spanning sections.

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