Dissertationen zum Thema „Queen Silvia“

The Silver Queen polymetallic vein system south of Houston, B.C., can be treated as a 2-dimensional problem for purposes of reserve/resource estimation. Complexities in obtaining reserve/resource estimates arise from (i) uncertainties in geological interpolation and extrapolation of the vein system, (ii) uncertainties in the distinction between vein and highly altered wallrock in some old drill logs, (iii) complex and multivariable geological character of the vein, (iv) a limited number of exploration drill holes and (v) a different support for drift and drill hole data. Each of these problems has been considered in detail. The study comprises geological analysis, data analysis, point kriging (analysis of thickness and metal distribution) block kriging and comparison of reserve/resource estimation by various procedures including ordinary kriging, inverse squared distance weighting, and polygonal methods. A novel component of the investigation is the use of correlograms (in reality, 1 minus the correlogram) as a substitute for the variogram in geostatistical estimates. This procedure was tested as a means of defining continuity of DDH and Drift assay data of differing support. Ordinary kriging of large polygonal blocks provides metal contents more or less comparable to but locally more conservative than polygonal results reported in a recent feasibility study. Differences are in part due to the use of somewhat different data for the two procedures. The effect of the volume of the selective mining unit on the recovered tonnage and grade is described and limitations of the indirect lognormal method are presented.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of
Graduate

This paper, on the identities shown in one of the cameos in Empress Josephine’s pearl and cameo diadem, has first of all focused on the mythological characters, and thereafter raised the question if these are to be seen as an allegory for people from the time. The process of identi-fication has followed the three levels in Panofsky’s method for analysing art, where the first and second levels consist of already known material from the Bernadotte Library, Royal Palace in Stockholm and the jeweller house of Chaumet (former Nitot et Fils) in Paris.                      To decipher both the mythological individuals and the possible allegories, that is the third level, the iconology itself, the thoughts and methods of  Göran Hermerén on the rise and fall of allegories along with Leora Auslander’s solutions using visuals comparisons, when no written material is available, have provided the academic framework for the study.                                When comparing the cameo with pieces of art from the time, the subject fits the description of the Roman mythology’s love goddess Venus and her son Cupid, the lovechild fathered by Mars. Moving on to allegories, well-known material shows that Emperor Napoleon was keen to be portrayed as the god of war Mars and Empress Josephine as Venus.  A portrait of special interest to the study, a rather private painting by Parent from 1807, which is probably still unknown to most people, shows how Josephine is depicted with a recently deceased grandchild, a young boy how was also the nephew of Napoleon’s, a close relative to them both, and in the line of  succession to the throne, while Napoleon still was Emperor. This picture has an expression which is close to the one of Venus and Cupid, and it is also made to look like a cameo. These portraits were known at the time when Napoleon gave the diadem to Josephine in 1809.                                                       Among portraits from the Napoleonic era, there has earlier only been one known painting, even if in two examples, where the diadem is shown. It is a miniature of Empress Josephine, a work from her final period at Malmaison, 1814. However, another miniature picturing the daughter Hortense in the very same piece of jewellery, from 1812, has now become known. In both these examples, the depicted cameo has a hight measuring only millimetres, why a discussion on the execution and the rendering has to be done with restraint. But in the daughter´s portrait there is a certain attempt to show the outlines of the central cameo that differs from the later painting of the Empress. This may be an indication of how much more important it was for the daughter to relay the picture of her mother and the memory of her son, in 1812, than it was for Josephine in 1814, after the divorce, probably after the fall of Napoleon too, when she was no longer his Venus, and there was no longer a throne for any of her grandsons to inherit.         Therefore, in short, the chosen methods give the answer that the mythology depicted is a scene of Venus and her son Cupid, and the allegorical interpretation of Venus is the Empress herself. The child in shape of Cupid here, may well be read as one of her daughter’s sons, at the time a much longed-for heir to the throne of Napoleon I.

This study looks at representations of the bakla in Philippine cinema from 1954 to 2015. I argue that the bakla, a local gender category that incorporates ideas of male homosexuality, effeminacy, cross-dressing, and transgenderism, has become a central figure in Philippine cinema. I examine the films of Dolphy, the actor who was the first to popularize bakla roles in mainstream cinema, and I outline several tropes that create the bakla image in movies: “classical” kabaklaan (being bakla), which involves crossdressing, effeminacy, and being woman-hearted; the conversion trope, where the bakla stubbornly resists being forcibly masculinized by the men that surround him; and women’s enabling of the bakla to perform femininity despite his male body. The bakla also becomes trapped in the dialectic between the genres of comedy and melodrama – the bakla then becomes either a comic relief character or a tragic character, someone who should be both pitied and admired for enduring tragic circumstances. Since the word bakla colloquially means both the gay man and the transgender woman, I also look at the intersections between the bakla and global transgender rights discourse in Philippine cinema. I argue that the bakla’s male body and his female heart mirror contemporary thinking about transgenderism, where a person’s birth-assigned sex does not match their gender identity. I look at films in the science fiction/fantasy adventure genre and examine how the male body is transformed into a female body – whether through medical or magical means – but the bakla gender category remains pervasive. I next look at independent films and how the camera constructs bakla sexuality in cinema by framing the male body as an object of desire. I also examine how the bakla have shifted their sexuality from the desiring the otherness of the macho lalake (masculine man) to desiring sameness in the form of other bakla (masculine gay men). Incidentally, this shift in the object of sexuality coincides with the shift in gender performance from “traditional” kabaklaan, with its elements of effeminacy and crossdressing, to a more homonormative image, mirroring the “modern” discourse of gay globality. Finally, I examine the contemporary Philippine celebrity star system and the popularity of bakla films within the last decade. I argue that Vice Ganda becomes representative of the ideal bakla, one who is affluent but still ‘reachable’; opinionated and politically engaged with LGBT rights; and finally, funny and comic in a way that is empowering for himself, but also in manners that are abrasive and offensive.

The main purpose of this study of a pearl and cameo diadem, given by Napoleon to his first wife Josephine in 1809, is to follow its representation in portraiture from Paris in 1812 to Stockholm in 2010, and explore how the iconography develops during these 200 years. From the earlier years, the diadem is found only in miniatures, then after coming to the new royal family in Sweden, the Bernadottes, it is given a role of an heirloom representing history and families in grand paintings, arriving to the present well-known wedding hairpiece, covered by modern media, where the diadem is more of a crown than the open, forehead-covering piece of fashion jewellery it was during the Napoleonic era in France. The portraits from 1812, 1814, 1836, 1837, 1877, 1976, 2000/2003 and 2010 also portray a development of the female role model of its time. Just like the hair piece attains an iconography which comprises not only the highest dress codes but also a possibility of status transformation for the people involved in ceremony, the role of the country’s First Lady is about to change into a higher, more egalitarian position of present days.

The Silver Queen mine, southeast of Houston, B.C., consists of a series of epithermal base- and precious-metal bearing veins hosted by Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Tip Top Hill formation. Mineralogically, the veins are complex, displaying several discrete mineralizing stages characterized by the presence of certain sulfide and gangue species. The complexity of the vein mineralogy has presented a problem in assessing the systemic evolution of the hydrothermal system. This study describes in detail the nature of the mineralogy, dividing the assemblages present into four distinct paragenetic stages. Particular attention was paid to the occurrence of potentially economic phases (e.g. electrum). Sulfide phases which were compositionally sensitive to trace element variations were examined by electron microprobe to determine variations on single grain and deposit scales. Microbeam analysis also assisted in the identification of several sulfosalt species. Evaluation of the mineralogy and paragenesis allowed for the assessment of the evolution of the deposit. Paragenetically, the mineralization is divided into four distinct stages. The first stage is characterized by fine grained pyrite and quartz mineralization, with hematite abundant in the assemblage in the central segment of the most extensive (Number Three) vein. Barite, svanbergite, and hinsdalite become abundant towards the south end of the Number Three vein, with marcasite more abundant towards the north. Stage II is dominated by the presence of massive sphalerite and layered carbonate (calcite in the south, manganoan carbonates in the north). Stage III, however, is more complex. Mineralization consists of chalcopyrite, galena, fahlores (tetrahedrite-tennantite), electrum, quartz, and sulfosalts. Included in the sulfosalt assemblage are the unusual Pb-Bi-Cu-Ag species berryite, matildite, gustavite, and aikinite. The final stage of mineralization is volumetrically minor and is dominated by fine-grained quartz, pyrobitumen, and calcite. Minor element trends in tetrahedrites and sphalerites reveal a mineralizing fluid with a high degree of compositional variability. Tetrahedrite grains show well developed oscillatory compositional zoning in Sb, As, Bi, Ag, and Cu, while sphalerites are commonly visually well layered. The latter was found to be the main repository for the unusual metals Ga, Ge, and In, which are found in anomalous levels in Silver Queen ore. The Silver Queen veins are proposed to have evolved from fluids originating at depth to the south of the Number Three vein. Pulses of metal-bearing fluids interacted with cooler groundwaters, producing the observed distribution of assemblages. The presence of Ga, Ge, and In may have been sourced in an organic-rich layer exposed in several locales in the Silver Queen mine area.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aquatic ecosystems may be constantly receiving metals from industrial discharges and agriculture generated by anthropogenic activities. Thus, the organisms in the aquatic environment may be the target of these contaminants. The aim of this study was verify cadmium effects on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) metabolism. First was verified the lethal concentration (LC50) 96 hours of cadmium for silver catfish and was obtained the value of 1.7 mg/L. Then juvenile of R. quelen were exposed for seven and 14 days to 10% and 20% of LC50. At the end of exposure periods the fish were subjected to recovery periods of seven and 14 days. The parameters analyzed were the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (brain and muscle), oxidative stress through parameters such as protein carbonyl (liver), TBARS (brain, liver, kidney, gills) and the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase (liver, kidney and gills). Furthermore, general parameters related to metabolism as glycogen, glucose, lactate, protein, amino acids and ammonia (liver, muscle and plasma) and metal accumulation were verified. The activity of brain AChE was not changed after seven days of exposure but significant inhibition was observed after 14 days of exposure and recovery. After the exposure periods, the muscle AChE was increased (seven days) and inhibited (14 days). Increase in protein carbonyl occurred after seven days of exposure and reduction was found after seven days of recovery. The same exposure period caused an increase in TBARS in the brain and gills and reduction in kidney. Following the recovery for seven days, an increase of TBARS occurred in the liver and reduction in the gills. After the exposure for 14 days TBARS increase was observed in all tissues tested. In the kidney values return to the control levels after the recovery of 14 days. The activity of liver catalase increased and reduced in gills after the exposure periods and the recovery for seven days caused reduction of the enzyme in the two tissues. In the kidney no change was observed in the activity of this enzyme. The activity of liver glutathione S-transferase increased after exposure for seven days and reduced after the same recovery period. In the gills a significant decrease occurred after exposure (seven and 14 days) and activity only returned to the control values after 14 days of recovery. The liver superoxide dismutase activity reduced after exposure periods and was recovered only after 14 days. The metabolic parameters presented changes according to tissue and time of exposure. In the liver occurred increase of lactate, protein and amino acids and reduction of glucose after exposure to cadmium for seven days. In the recovery period of seven days, the glycogen levels increased and the other parameters returned to the control values. Following 14 days of exposure the liver protein concentration reduced however, the amino acids and ammonia levels increased. After the recovery of 14 days, amino acids and ammonia remained increased, lactate also increased and reduced glycogen in this period. In the muscular tissue protein reduction and increase of amino acids, ammonia, glycogen and glucose were observed after exposure (seven days). In seven days of recovery, glucose remained increased and protein reduced. After 14 days of exposure also was observed reduction of protein, but there was an increase of glucose. In the recovery of 14 days only the ammonia levels had increased. In plasma, glucose, lactate and protein were altered after exposure to cadmium. Lactate increased after seven days and silver catfish showed glucose, lactate and protein reduced after 14 days. Lactate reduced after seven days in recovery and the protein levels remained low after the recovery for 14 days. In general the cadmium accumulation was higher in kidney, liver and gills as compared to the brain and muscle. Thus, the changes observed indicate that cadmium affects the silver catfish metabolism. The parameters analyzed can be good indicators of cadmium toxicity.
Os ecossistemas aquáticos podem estar recebendo constantemente metais provenientes de descargas industriais e da agricultura geradas por atividades humanas. Desta forma, os organismos presentes no meio aquático podem ser alvo destes contaminantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do cádmio sobre o metabolismo de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Neste trabalho primeiramente verificou-se a concentração letal média (CL50) do cádmio para o jundiá, obtendo-se o valor de 1,7 mg/L. Em seguida juvenis de R. quelen foram expostos por sete e 14 dias à 10% e 20% do valor da CL50. Ao final da exposição, os peixes foram submetidos a períodos de recuperação de sete e 14 dias. Os parâmetros analisados foram a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) (cérebro e músculo), ocorrência de estresse oxidativo através de parâmetros como proteína carbonil (fígado), formação de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) (cérebro, fígado, rim, brânquias) e as enzimas antioxidantes catalase, glutationa S-transferase e superóxido dismutase (fígado, rim e brânquias). Além disso, parâmetros gerais relacionados ao metabolismo como glicogênio, glicose, lactato, proteína, aminoácidos e amônia (fígado, músculo e plasma) e acumulação de metais (cérebro, músculo, fígado, rim e brânquias) foram determinados. A atividade da AChE cerebral não foi alterada após sete dias de exposição mas foi observada significante inibição após 14 dias de exposição e recuperação. Após os períodos de exposição, a AChE muscular foi aumentada (sete dias) e reduzida (14 dias). Ocorreu aumento de proteína carbonil após sete dias de exposição e redução após sete dias de recuperação. O mesmo período de exposição provocou aumento de TBARS no cérebro e brânquias e redução no rim. Seguindo a recuperação por sete dias ocorreu aumento de TBARS no fígado e redução nas brânquias. Após a exposição de 14 dias foi observado aumento de TBARS em todos os tecidos analisados, e somente no rim os valores retornam aos níveis do controle após a recuperação de 14 dias. A atividade da catalase aumentou no fígado e reduziu nas brânquias após os períodos de exposição. Na recuperação (sete dias) ocorreu redução da atividade da enzima nos dois tecidos. No rim nenhuma alteração foi observada na atividade desta enzima. A atividade da glutationa S-transferase aumentou no fígado após a exposição por sete dias e reduziu após o mesmo período de recuperação. Nas brânquias ocorreu um decréscimo significante após exposição (sete e 14 dias) e a atividade só retornou aos valores do controle depois de 14 dias de recuperação. A atividade da superóxido dismutase, analisada no fígado, reduziu após os períodos de exposição e foi recuperada somente após 14 dias em água sem adição de cádmio. Os parâmetros relacionados ao metabolismo apresentaram alterações de acordo com o tecido considerado e tempo de exposição. No fígado ocorreu aumento de lactato, proteína e aminoácidos e redução de glicose na exposição ao cádmio por sete dias. Na recuperação por sete dias, os níveis de glicogênio aumentaram e os demais parâmetros retornaram aos valores do controle. Seguindo 14 dias de exposição, a concentração de proteína hepática reduziu enquanto os níveis de aminoácidos e amônia aumentaram. Após a recuperação de 14 dias, aminoácidos e amônia permaneceram aumentados, lactato também aumentou e glicogênio reduziu neste período. No tecido muscular ocorreu redução de proteína e aumento de aminoácidos, amônia, glicogênio e glicose após exposição (sete dias). Na recuperação por sete dias, glicose permaneceu aumentada e proteína reduzida. Após 14 dias de exposição também foi verificada redução de proteína, mas ocorreu aumento de glicose e neste período de recuperação somente os níveis de amônia apresentaram aumento. No plasma, glicose, lactato e proteína foram alterados após exposição ao cádmio. Lactato aumentou após sete dias e depois de 14 dias expostos, jundiás demonstraram redução de glicose, lactato e proteína. Lactato reduziu após sete dias em recuperação e os níveis de proteína continuaram reduzidos após a recuperação por 14 dias. De maneira geral a acumulação de cádmio foi maior no rim, fígado e brânquias em comparação com o cérebro e músculo. Desta forma, as alterações observadas indicam que o cádmio afeta o metabolismo de jundiás. Os parâmetros analisados podem ser bons indicadores de toxicidade para cádmio.

This thesis aims to present, discuss, and analyze issues relating to queer representations in film and television. The thesis focuses on existing tropes, such as queer coding, queerbaiting, and the “Bury Your Gays” trope that are prevalent in contemporary media, and applies the analysis of these tropes to a case study based on the television series Black Sails (2014-2017). The analysis explores the main research question: in what way does Black Sails subvert or reproduce existing queer tropes in film and television? This then leads to the discussion of three aspects: the way queer sexual identities are represented overall, what representational strategies are employed by the series in a number of episodes, and whether or not these representations reproduce or subvert media tropes.

The aim of this study was to determine the mean lethal concentration (96 h) for waterborne copper (LC50), as well as the effect of the exposure to copper on growth, metabolic parameters (glycogen, glucose, lactate, and protein) in some tissues, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (brain and muscle), amylase and maltase (intestine) in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The LC50 for copper was 0.4 mg/L. On growth experiments fish were exposed to 10 and 20% LC50, i.e., 0.04 and 0.08 mg/L respectively. Exposure to copper did not change growth parameters (weight, length and biomass). In the liver, lactate levels increased in juveniles exposed to 0.04 mg/L and decreased in those maintained at 0.08 mg/L, while protein levels decreased in those exposed to both concentrations compared to unexposed specimens. Glycogen levels in the muscle were lower in fish exposed to both concentrations, glucose and lactate were higher in those exposed to 0.04 mg/L and decreased in juveniles maintained at 0.08 mg/L, while protein was higher in those exposed to 0.08 mg/L. Glucose and lactate plasma levels were higher in juveniles exposed to 0.04 mg/L, but protein levels were lower in those maintained at both copper concentrations. Amylase activity was lower in juveniles exposed to both concentrations, but maltase was higher in those exposed to 0.04 mg/L than control group. Brain AChE activity was lower in fish exposed to both concentrations while muscle AChE activity was not affected after 45 days of exposure. It can be concluded that copper can change several metabolic parameters and enzymes of toxicological and feeding interest even at sublethal concentrations.
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concentração letal média em 96 h (CL50) para o cobre, bem como o efeito da exposição ao cobre sobre o crescimento, parâmetros metabólicos (glicogênio, glicose, lactato e proteína) em alguns tecidos (fígado, músculo e cérebro) e a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) (cérebro e músculo), amilase e maltase (intestino) em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen.). A CL50 para o cobre foi 0,4 mg/L. Nos experimentos de crescimento os peixes foram expostos durante 45 dias a 10 e 20% da CL50, ou seja, 0,04 e 0,08 mg/L respectivamente. A adição de cobre não alterou os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados (peso, comprimento e biomassa). No fígado, os níveis de lactato aumentaram nos exemplares expostos a 0,04 mg/L e diminuíram nos mantidos em 0,08 mg/L, enquanto que os níveis de proteína diminuíram em ambas as concentrações em relação ao grupo controle. No músculo houve redução na atividade do glicogênio nos exemplares mantidos nas duas concentrações testadas, a glicose e o lactato aumentaram nos expostos a 0,04 mg/L e diminuíram nos expostos a 0,08 mg/L, e a proteína aumentou nos mantidos em 0,08 mg/L. Os níveis de glicose e lactato no plasma foram maiores nos exemplares mantidos em 0,04 mg/L e diminuíram os níveis de proteína nos expostos a ambas as concentrações de cobre. A atividade da amilase foi menor nos juvenis expostos a ambas as concentrações, enquanto a da maltase foi maior em 0,04 mg/L quando comparada ao grupo controle. A atividade da AChE cerebral foi menor nos exemplares expostos a ambas concentrações, enquanto que a AChE muscular não sofreu alterações após os 45 dias de exposição. Conclui-se que o cobre mesmo em concentrações subletais pode alterar diversos parâmetros metabólicos e enzimas de interesse toxicológico e alimentar.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The advancement of agricultural techniques has enabled improvement and greater productivity, but also made the use of agrochemicals and inadequate in promoting exaggerated acute effects to non-target species. The pesticides are agents of greatest potential in degradation of aquatic environments, since, through the flood of agricultural areas, flowing organic or inorganic substances, natural or synthetic. Among the pesticides most used currently, include the non-selective herbicide glyphosate and organophosphorus compounds. To understand and prevent the damage caused to the environment, researchers have used multiple biomarkers as an effective tool for evaluation of environmental contamination. This study was divided into two studies: a manipulative experiment and other natural. The first study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects and about the system in larvae of Rhamdia quelen exposed to sublethal concentration of glyphosate. In this study it was possible to conclude that, in spite of the animals exposed to glyphosate having highest percentage of survival, there was an early induction of cholinesterase activity and antioxidant system, followed by the difficulty of maintaining the activities of antioxidant system in later times, resulting in a greater injury at the cellular level. The stress that animals suffer when they are exposed to the herbicide glyphosate causes a change in your metabolism being characteristic of elastic resistance. In the second study, the objective was to evaluate changes in antioxidant system and neurotoxic R. branneri present in streams with different levels of environmental contamination during autumn and winter. In this analysis, the response of biomarkers is related to the temporal variation, and possibly the exposure of these animals to pesticides. With the results obtained showed that the local biota responded differently in each season, signaling that the fauna is in contact with oxidizing agents and cholinesterasic in the period of autumn, when there is increased frequency of planting and use of pesticides
O avanço das técnicas agrícolas possibilitou melhoria e maior produtividade de alimentos, mas também fez com que o uso exacerbado e inadequado de agroquímicos promovesse efeitos agudos a espécies não-alvo. Os agrotóxicos são os agentes de maior potencial na degradação dos ambientes aquáticos, já que, por meio do deflúvio superficial de áreas agrícolas, escoam substâncias orgânicas ou inorgânicas, naturais ou sintéticas. Dentre os agrotóxicos mais utilizados atualmente pode-se citar o herbicida não-seletivo glifosato e compostos organofosforados. Para se compreender e prevenir os danos causados ao ambiente, pesquisadores têm utilizado múltiplos biomarcadores como uma ferramenta eficaz para avaliação de contaminação ambiental. O presente estudo foi dividido em dois estudos: um experimento manipulativo e outro natural. O primeiro estudo teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos neurotóxicos e sobre o sistema em larvas de Rhamdia quelen expostas a concentração subletal de glifosato. Neste estudo foi possível concluir que, apesar dos animais expostos ao glifosato terem maior porcentagem de sobrevivência, ocorreu uma indução precoce da atividade colinesterásica e do sistema antioxidante, seguido da dificuldade de manutenção das atividades do sistema antioxidante nos horários posteriores, resultando em uma maior lesão ao nível celular. O estresse que os animais sofreram ao serem expostos ao herbicida glifosato provoca uma alteração no seu metabolismo sendo característica de resistência elástica. No segundo estudo, o objetivo proposto foi avaliar alterações neurotóxicas e do sistema antioxidante em R. branneri presentes em riachos com diferentes níveis de contaminação ambiental nos períodos de outono e inverno. Nesta análise, a resposta dos biomarcadores está relacionada à variação temporal, e possivelmente à exposição desses animais à agrotóxicos. Com os resultados obtidos observou-se que, a biota local respondeu de forma diferente em cada estação, sinalizando que a fauna está em contato com agentes oxidantes e colinesterásicos no período de outono, quando há maior frequência de plantio e uso de agrotóxicos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The transport of live fish is one of the main activities developed in fish farms, causing many physiological, biochemical, and behavioral alterations that can be impairment to these animais, contributed to a reduction in the feed ingestion, growth, pathogens defense and, consequently, resulting in the higher mortality rate. In view of this, the objective was, firstly, assess the extracts of Condalia buxifolia as anesthetic in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and, also, verify the efficacy of the use of eugenol, the essential oil (EO) of Lippia alba and the methanolic extract (ME) of Condalia buxifolia during transport of silver catfish, through the following indicators: water, blood and biochemical parameters, survival and ionoregulatory balance. At the end of the experiments, it was observed that the ME of C. buxifolia in the concentration 0.5 to 120 μL L-1 range has the capacity to lightly sedate of fishes. In addition, in transport experiments, the concentrations of eugenol (1, 1.5, 2.5 or 3 μL L-1), EO of L. alba (10, 20, 30 or 40 μL L-1) and ME of C. buxifolia (5, 10, 25 or 50 μL L-1), regardless of the loading density (169.2, 186.7 or 275.1 g L-1) and transporting time (4, 12 or 6 h) were efficacy in decreasing ion loss, ammonia excretion and, also, mortality after transport. On the other hand, 30 μL L-1 of EO of L. alba caused an increase in plasma cortisol levels and, also, induced to the oxidative stress throught the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl and decrease antioxidant defenses. Therefore, two new parameters (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonilation) can be considered as indicators of oxidative stress induced by anesthetics. Moreover, is recommended the anesthetics and sedatives for silver catfish transporting, because of the consistent results showed in this thesis.
O transporte de peixes vivos é uma das principais atividades desenvolvidas em pisciculturas, ocasionando muitas vezes alterações fisiológicas, bioquímicas e comportamentais que podem ser prejudiciais a esses animais, contribuindo assim para uma redução na ingestão alimentar, no crescimento, na defesa contra patógenos e, consequentemente, levando a uma maior taxa de mortalidade. Em vista disso, objetivou-se, primeiramente, avaliar os extratos de Condalia buxifolia como anestésico em jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) e, também, verificar a eficácia da utilização do eugenol, do óleo essencial (OE) de Lippia alba e do extrato metanólico (EM) de C. buxifolia durante o transporte de jundiá, considerando-se os seguintes indicadores: parâmetros da água, do sangue e bioquímicos, sobrevivência e balanço ionorregulatório. Ao final dos experimentos para verificação da capacidade anestésica, percebeu-se que o EM de C. buxifolia na faixa de concentração entre 0,5 120 μL L-1 possui a capacidade de manter os peixes levemente sedados. Já nos experimentos de transporte, as concentrações de eugenol (1; 1,5; 2,5 ou 3 μL L-1), de OE de L. alba (10; 20; 30 ou 40 μL L-1) e de EM de C. buxifolia (5; 10; 25 ou 50 μL L-1), independentemente da densidade de carga (169,2; 186,7 ou 275,1 g L-1) e do tempo de transporte (4; 12 ou 6 h) foram eficazes na diminuição do fluxo iônico, da excreção de amônia e, também da mortalidade pós-transporte. Por outro lado, 30 μL L-1 de OE de L. alba causou uma elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de cortisol e, também induziu ao estresse oxidativo, através do aumento dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica e proteína carbonil e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes. Desta forma, dois novos parâmetros (peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação protéica) podem ser considerados como indicadores de estresse oxidativo induzido por anestésicos. Além disso, é aconselhável a utilização de anestésicos e sedativos no transporte de jundiá, em função dos consistentes resultados obtidos nesta tese.

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The aim of this study was to obtain new fish anesthetic and sedative drugs from Brazilian medicinal plants: Ocimum gratissimum (OG), Ocimum americanum (OA) e Hyptis mutabilis (HM). Essential oils from these plants were obtained by hydrodestilation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chirality of one constituent of OA oil was also determined. Isolation process from essential oil of OA and HM was conduced and the isolated compounds were analyzed by spectroscopic methods. To determine the point at which anesthesia was induced and the length of the recovery period, juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were placed in aquaria containing essential oil or isolated compounds. The mechanism of action of the essential oil of OG and (-)-globulol was evaluated through association with diazepam (150 μM) and reversion with flumazenil (5μM). The evaluation of tolerance development was performed to OG oil using re-exposure after 30 days or at week intervals. The effects of OA oil (300 and 500 mg L-1) exposure on stress parameters (plasma cortisol, glucose and sodium levels) after handling were also assayed. The major compounds of the essential oils were eugenol (73.6%) in OG, 1,8-cineol (21% in the leaf) and linalool (20.2% in the leaf; 46.6% in the inflorescence) in OA, globulol (26.6% in the leaf) and germacrene D (15% in the inflorescence) in HM. Anesthetic effects were detected to all samples in silver catfish in concentration ranges of 30-300 mg L-1 of OG, 200- 500 mg L-1 of OA and 344 mg L-1 of HM. Fractionation of the essential oil of HM furnished (+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol, which demonstrated sedative effect at 10 mg L-1. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg L-1 of (-)-globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Benzodiazepinic-like action on receptor GABAA was detected to the essential oil of OG, as well as tolerance development. The same pattern could not be observed to (-)-globulol. The R-(-)-linalool detected in essential oil of OA demonstrated higher anesthetic effect in silver catfish in relation to the S- (+)-form isolated from the essential oil of Lippia alba, which was the only active against Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro. Regarding to the stress parameters, previous exposure to the essential oil of OA was able to prevent handling-induced stress.
Este trabalho visou obter anestésicos e sedativos para peixes a partir de plantas medicinais brasileiras, nomeadamente Ocimum gratissimum (OG), Ocimum americanum (OA) e Hyptis mutabilis (HM). Os óleos essenciais destas espécies foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). A quiralidade de um dos componentes do óleo de OA também foi determinada. Os óleos de OA e HM foram submetidos ao processo de isolamento de seus constituintes, os quais foram caracterizados por métodos espectroscópicos. A determinação do tempo de indução aos estágios de anestesia e de recuperação foi realizada em jundiás juvenis (Rhamdia quelen) por meio de banhos contendo os óleos essenciais ou constituintes isolados. Para o óleo de OG e o (-)-globulol também foram avaliados o mecanismo de ação via sítio benzodiazepínico do receptor gabaérgico por meio de associação com diazepam (150 μM) e reversão com flumazenil (5μM). O desenvolvimento de tolerância foi avaliado para o óleo de OG através de re-exposição sucessiva após 30 dias ou com intervalos semanais. Os efeitos da exposição ao óleo de OA (300 e 500 mg L-1) em parâmetros de estresse (níveis plasmáticos de cortisol, glicose e sódio) após manuseio também foram testados. Os constituintes majoritários dos óleos essenciais corresponderam ao eugenol (73,6%) em OG, 1,8-cineol (21% nas folhas) e linalol (20,2% nas folhas e 46,6% nas inflorescências) em OA, globulol (26,6% nas folhas) e germacreno D (15% nas inflorescências) em HM. Todos os óleos apresentaram atividade anestésica em jundiás juvenis em concentrações entre 30-300 mg L-1 de OG, 200-500 mg L-1 de OA e 344 mg L-1 de HM. O fracionamento do óleo essencial de HM forneceu os compostos (+)-1-terpinen-4-ol e (-)-globulol, os quais demonstraram ação sedativa em 10 mg L-1. (-)-Globulol foi capaz de induzir anestesia entre 83-190 mg L-1, contudo perda de muco e mortalidade foram observados nos peixes expostos. Ação similar aos benzodiazepínicos no receptor GABA foi detectada para o óleo de OG, inclusive no que se refere ao desenvolvimento de tolerância. Para o (-)-globulol o mesmo não pode ser observado. A avaliação da quiralidade do linalol presente no óleo de OA demonstrou a presença do isômero R-(-), o qual demonstrou maior efeito anestésico que o S-(+)-linalol isolado do óleo de Lippia alba em jundiás. Os isômeros também apresentaram diferenças em relação à ação bactericida frente a Aeromonas hydrophila, sendo apenas o S-(+)-linalol ativo. Em relação aos efeitos sobre parâmetros de estresse, a exposição prévia ao óleo essencial de OA preveniu o estresse induzido pelo manuseio.

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The use of herbicides has increased in agriculture and pisciculture for controlling plant weeds, but the indiscriminate use can cause contamination to organisms such as fish. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects to commercial formulations of glyphosate and clomazone affects oxidative stress parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Silver catfish were exposed to: 0 (control), 0.45 or 0.95 mg/L of glyphosate (480 g/L) and 0 (control), 0.45 or 0.91 mg/L of clomazone for eight days and after transferred to water without the herbicide to equal period. The parameters analyzed were lipid peroxidation estimated by a TBARS levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive species), protein carbonyl and the antioxidants activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), ascorbic acid and non-protein thiols. The results showed that fish exposed to glyphosate presented increased of TBARS levels in liver and muscle at the higher concentration, whereas in brain this increase was observed in the two concentrations used. When exposed to clomazone caused an enhanced in TBARS levels in muscle at both concentrations, in liver in the higher concentration, while in the brain showed no alterations. The protein carbonyl increased in the liver of silver catfish after exposure to both concentrations of two herbicides. In silver catfish exposed to glyphosate activities of CAT and SOD did not change, while GST reduced at the concentrations of 0.45 and 0.95 mg/L. The ascorbic acid levels in the liver did not change after exposure to the herbicide and the non-protein thiols levels reduced the concentration of 0.95 mg/L. In fish exposed to clomazone the CAT activity did not change and the SOD increased in the liver at the concentration 0.91 mg/L. The GST activity, ascorbic acid and non-protein thiols increased in the liver at the concentrations of 0.45 and 0.91 mg/L. In the recovery period most of the altered parameters recovered to both herbicides, after eight days in water without herbicide, except for the GST enzyme and ascorbic acid levels after exposure to clomazone. The results obtained in this study may suggest that in a short period of time the herbicides glyphosate and clomazone are able of inducing oxidative stress in the silver catfish, being these changes transient and reversible.
O uso de herbicidas tem aumentado na agricultura e na piscicultura para o controle de plantas daninhas, porém o uso indiscriminado pode causar contaminação a organismos, como os peixes. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das formulações comerciais de glifosato e clomazone sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Jundiás foram expostos à: 0 (controle), 0,45 e 0,95 mg/L de glifosato (480 g/L) e 0 (controle), 0,45 e 0,91 mg/L de clomazone (500 g/L) por oito dias e após, transferidos para água sem o herbicida por igual período. Os parâmetros analisados foram peroxidação lipídica através dos níveis de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico), carbonilação de proteínas e a atividade de antioxidantes como a catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), ácido ascórbico e tióis não protéicos. Os resultados mostraram que os peixes expostos ao glifosato apresentaram aumento nos níveis de TBARS em fígado e músculo na maior concentração, enquanto que no cérebro este aumento foi observado nas duas concentrações usadas. Quando expostos ao clomazone ocorreu aumento nos níveis de TBARS em músculo em ambas as concentrações, em fígado na maior concentração, enquanto que no cérebro não foram observadas alterações. A proteína carbonil aumentou no fígado dos jundiás após a exposição a ambas as concentrações dos dois herbicidas. Nos jundiás expostos ao glifosato, as atividades das enzimas CAT e SOD não alteraram, enquanto que a GST diminuiu nas concentrações de 0,45 e 0,95 mg/L. Os níveis de ácido ascórbico no fígado não alteraram após a exposição ao herbicida e os níveis de tióis não protéicos reduziram na concentração de 0,95 mg/L. Nos peixes expostos ao clomazone, a atividade da CAT não alterou e a SOD aumentou no fígado na concentração de 0,91 mg/L. A atividade da GST, ácido ascórbico e tióis não protéicos aumentaram no fígado nas concentrações de 0,45 e 0,91 mg/L. No período de recuperação a maioria dos parâmetros alterados foi recuperada para ambos os herbicidas, após oito dias em água sem o herbicida, com exceção da enzima GST e dos níveis de ácido ascórbico após exposição ao clomazone. Com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, pode-se sugerir que em curto período de tempo os herbicidas glifosato e clomazone são capazes de induzir estresse oxidativo nos jundiás, sendo essas alterações transitórias e reversíveis.

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2,4-Diamin (2,4-D), or 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a systemic herbicide widely used in the world to control of broadleaf weeds. Agrochemicals of various classes are considered essential to agricultural development, but owing to toxic effects some of them can affect ecosystems through environmental contamination of soil and water. The presence of herbicides in aquatic system can contaminate fish and consequently, others animals, which feed on fish, causing indirectly contamination. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of commercial formulation of herbicide 2,4-D concentrations of 400, 600 and 700 mg L−1, on metabolic parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and liver histological evaluation of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed for 96 h. AChE activity increased in brain (600 and 700 mg L−1) and decreased in all concentrations tested in muscle tissue. Hepatic glycogen was reduced after 2,4-D exposure ranging from 47.7% (400 mg L−1) and 59.3% (700 mg L−1). Hepatic tissue showed lactate reduction at all 2,4-D concentrations tested and glucose was reduced only at 700 mg L−1. In the highest concentration tested hepatic glycogen, glucose reduced and plasma glucose levels increased. White muscle tissue showed glycogen reduction in fingerlings exposed to all herbicide concentrations and glucose reduction at 700 mg L−1. Muscle lactate levels increase at all 2,4-D concentrations tested. Vacuolation of hepatocytes and changes in their arrangement cords were observed by histologic al analysis in the group treated with 700 mg L−1 2,4-D. These results suggest that silver catfish exposed to 2,4-D concentrations near CL50 showed metabolic and histological responses to compensate some stress caused by herbicide exposure. Taken together parameters measured can be used as biomarkers to monitor fish contaminating by 2,4-D.
2,4-diamin (2,4-D), ou ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético é um herbicida sistêmico amplamente utilizado no mundo para controle de plantas daninhas broadleaf. Agroquímicos de diversas classes são considerados essenciais para o desenvolvimento agrícola, mas podem afetar os ecossistemas através da contaminação ambiental do solo e da água, devido. A presença de herbicidas no sistema aquático pode contaminar os peixes e, consequentemente, outros animais, que se alimentam de peixes, causando indiretamente uma maior contaminação contaminação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da formulação comercial do herbicida 2,4-D nas concentrações de 400, 600 e 700 mg L-1 sobre parâmetros metabólicos, atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e avaliação histológica do fígado de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) expostos por um período de 96 h. Como resultados observamos que a atividade da AChE mostrou-se aumentada no cérebro (600 e 700 mg L-1) e diminuída no tecido muscular em todas as concentrações testadas. O glicogênio hepático foi reduzido, após exposição ao 2,4- D variando entre 47,7% (400 mg L-1) e 59,3% (700 mg L-1). Já no tecido hepático houve reduções do lactato em todas as concentrações testadas e da glicose apenas na concentração de 700 mg L-1 2,4-D. Na maior concentração testada o glicogênio hepático e a glicose apareceram reduzidos, ao contrário da glicose plasmática que estava com níveis aumentados. O glicogênio do tecido muscular mostrou-se reduzido nos alevinos expostos a todas as concentrações testadas do herbicida e na concentração de 700 mg L-1 houve redução da glicose. O lactato muscular aumentou em todas as concentrações de 2,4-D testadas. Foi observada vacuolização de hepatócitos e alterações no arranjo dos cordões hepáticos através da analise histológica no grupo tratado com 700 mg L-1 2,4-D. Estes resultados sugerem que os jundiás expostos a concentrações de 2,4-D perto da CL50 mostraram resposta metabólica e histológica compensatória ao estresse causado pelo herbicida. Assim, este conjunto de parâmetros medidos pode ser utilizado como biomarcador para acompanhar a possível contaminação dos peixes pelo herbicida 2,4-D.

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Due to the proximity of crop and fish culture areas, some agrichemicals that could be harmful for fish could enter into fishponds by different ways, such as by leaching through rain. The contamination of the aquatic environment by pesticides is a problem of global importance because of its toxic effects on non-target organisms. These products may affect toxicological endpoints in fish. Among the effects that pesticides can cause fish is the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzyme, which may show a situation of oxidative stress. The formation of ROS may be associated with different pathological processes in fish exposed to pollutants such as pesticides. Several biochemical and physiological responses occur when a pesticide enters the body, resulting in the adaptation of the organism to the contaminant or if the body can not efficiently metabolize these products, they may induce toxicity. Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of methyl parathion (MP), a glyphosate based herbicide (Gly), and tebuconazole (Teb). The liver of R. quelen exposed to MP and Teb showed enhanced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), compared to the control fish (56% and 59%, respectively). In contrast, Gly did not alter the TBARS generation. The protein carbonyl content increased only in fish exposed to Teb. Fish exposed to the three agrichemicals showed a significant decrease of catalase activity (52%, 48%, and 67%, respectively) and increased glutathione-S-transferase (57%, 46%, and 160%, respectively) activity. Fish exposed to MP, Gly, and Teb showed higher reduced glutathione (151%, 472%, and 130%, respectively, when compared to the control levels) and ascorbic acid concentrations (121%,102%, and 184%, respectively),while the non-protein thiol content increased only in R. quelen exposed to tebuconazole. Fish exposed to MP and Teb showed several pathological changes in the liver, including hepatocyte degeneration and bile stagnation. The present work reports for the first time the toxicity of the pesticide MP and the fungicide Teb in R. quelen, and as in other works, suggests the relatively lower liver toxicity of Gly for fish. The data presented herein demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of MP and Teb cause changes in oxidative stress parameters as well as hepatic cell injuries in R. quelen, and that these parameters have the potential to be developed as bioindicators of exposure to these agrichemicals.
A contaminação do ambiente aquático por agrotóxicos é um problema de importância mundial, devido ao seu efeito tóxico em organismos não-alvo. Estes produtos podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos em peixes. Entre os efeitos que os agrotóxicos podem causar em peixes está a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e alterações em antioxidantes enzimáticos e não-enzimáticos, o que pode evidenciar uma situação de estresse oxidativo. Várias respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas ocorrem quando um pesticida entra no organismo, resultando na adaptação do organismo ao contaminante ou se o organismo não consegue metabolizar com eficiência estes produtos, os mesmos podem induzir toxicidade. Alevinos de Rhamdia quelen foram expostos a concentrações subletais de parationato metílico (MP), um herbicida a base de glifosato (GLI) e tebuconazole (TEB). O fígado de R. quelen exposto a MP e TEB mostrou um maior nível de substancias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), superior nos peixes no grupo controle (56% e 59%, respectivamente). Em contraste, GLI não alterou a produção de TBARS. Ocorreu aumento da carbonilação pretéica apenas nos peixes expostos a TEB. Os peixes expostos aos três agrotóxicos mostraram uma diminuição significativa da atividade da catalase (52%, 48%,e 67%, respectivamente) e aumento da atividade da glutationa-S-transferase (57%, 46% e 160%, respectivamente). Os peixes expostos a MP, GLI e TEB apresentaram um aumento de glutationa reduzida (151%, 472% e 130%, respectivamente, quando comparado com os níveis do grupo controle) e concentrações de ácido ascórbico (121%, 102% e 184%, respectivamente), enquanto que o conteúdo de tióis-não-proteicos aumentou apenas em R. quelen expostos a tebuconazole. Os peixes expostos a MP e TEB mostraram diversas alterações histopatológicas no fígado, incluindo a degeneração dos hepatócitos e estagnação biliar. O presente trabalho relata pela primeira vez a toxicidade dos pesticidas MP e do fungicida TEB em R. quelen, e sugere que a toxicidade de GLI é relativamente menor para os peixes. Os dados apresentados demonstram que concentrações sub-letais de MP, TEB podem causar alterações nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, bem como lesões de células hepáticas em R. quelen e que estes parâmetros têm o potencial de serem desenvolvidos como biomarcadores de exposição a esses agrotóxicos.

The objective of this study was to verify survival and growth of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fingerlings in different concentrations of dissolved oxygen, as well as its effect on glycogen, glucose, and protein in the liver, kidney, and muscle and activity of the hepatic catalase. In the first experiment 10 fingerlings were used (2.23 ± 0.13 g) in each experimental unit (2 liters) for determination of the lethal concentration (LC-50) in 96 hours for dissolved oxygen. Fingerlings were exposed to 0.40 ± 0.05, 0.76 ± 0.07, 1.04 ± 0.14, and 1.68 ± 0.32 mg/L of dissolved oxygen (three replicates per treatment). In the second experiment 10 fingerlings (4.99 ± 0.18 g) were used for experimental unit (40 liters), and were exposed to 1.96 ± 0.08, 3.10 ± 0.10, 4.14 ± 0.09, 5.20 ± 0.07, and 6.16 ± 0.03 mg/L of dissolved oxygen (three replicates per treatment) for 30 days. LC50 was 0.52 mg/L (confidence interval 0.42 - 0.61). In the growth experiment positive correlation was observed between dissolved oxygen and standard length, weight, specific growth rate, and biomass, and negative correlation for food conversion and catalase. Levels of hepatic glycogen reduced with the increase of oxygen levels. Glucose and the lactate showed variable levels. In the muscular tissue, glicogen levels decreased with the increase of oxygen concentration and glucose and lactate presented variations in the different treatments. There was no significant difference among treatments in the renal glycogen levels, either protein levels of the studied tissues. The best oxygen level for development of silver catfish is above 4.3 mg/L of dissolved oxygen.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de alevinos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) em diferentes concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, bem como o seu efeito nos níveis de glicogênio, glicose, proteína no fígado, rim, músculo e a atividade da catalase hepática. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 10 alevinos (2,23 ± 0,13 g) por unidade experimental (2 litros) para determinação da concentração letal (CL-50) em 96 horas para oxigênio dissolvido. Foram expostos a 0,40 ± 0,05; 0,76 ± 0,07; 1,04 ± 0,14 e 1,68 ±0,32 mg/L de oxigênio dissolvido (três repetições por tratamento). No segundo experimento 10 alevinos (4,99 ± 0,18 g) por unidade experimental (40 litros) foram expostos a 1,96 ± 0,08; 3,10 ± 0,10; 4,14 ± 0,09; 5,20 ± 0,07 e 6,16 ± 0,03 mg/L de oxigênio dissolvido (três repetições por tratamento) por 30 dias. A CL50 foi 0,52 mg/L (intervalo de confiança 0,42 - 0,61). No experimento de crescimento observou-se correlação positiva entre oxigênio dissolvido e comprimento padrão, peso, taxa de crescimento específico, biomassa e correlação negativa na conversão alimentar e catalase. Os níveis de glicogênio hepático apresentaram redução com o aumento da concentração de oxigênio. A glicose e o lactato apresentaram níveis variados. No tecido muscular, os níveis de glicogênio diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de oxigênio e a glicose e lactato apresentaram variações nos diferentes tratamentos. No tecido renal não foi observada diferença no conteúdo de glicogênio. As proteínas do tecido hepático, muscular e renal não apresentaram variações entre os tratamentos. A faixa ideal para o desenvolvimento de alevinos de jundiá é acima de 4,3 mg/L de oxigênio dissolvido.

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In aquaculture, eugenol have been used and recommended as anesthetics for several fish species. Moreover, this product has attracted the attention of researchers because of its chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as, its antimicrobial potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of eugenol against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila and eugenol s effect on hematological and natural immune parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). In vitro, eugenol showed weak activity against A. hydrophila, but in vivo, at a subinhibitory concentration (10 mg L-1), it promoted survival in infected silver catfish. Eugenol (50 μg mL-1) reduced the hemolytic activity of A. hydrophila supernatant in vitro in fish erythrocytes. Subjecting catfish to eugenol baths (5 and 10 mg L-1) for five days did not alter the hematological and immunological parameters studied in this work. Based on these results, eugenol can be used to treat or prevent bacterial diseases in fish.
Na aquicultura o eugenol tem sido utilizado e recomendado como anestésico para várias espécies de peixes. Além disso, este produto tem atraído a atenção de pesquisadores devido a suas propriedades quimiopreventivas, antiinflamatórias e antioxidantes, bem como, o seu potencial antimicrobiano. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade do eugenol contra o patógeno de peixes Aeromonas hydrophila e seu efeito sobre parâmetros hematológicos e de imunidade natural em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). O eugenol mostrou fraca atividade contra A. hydrophila in vitro, mas in vivo, a uma concentração subinibitória (10 mg/L) promoveu a sobrevivência de jundiás infectados. In vitro o eugenol (50 μg/mL) reduziu a atividade hemolítica do sobrenadante de A. hydrophila em eritrócitos de peixe. A exposição de jundiás ao eugenol (5 e 10 mg/L) através de banhos durante cinco dias não alterou os parâmetros hematológicos e imunológicos estudados neste trabalho. Com base nestes resultados, o eugenol pode ser usado para tratar ou prevenir infecções bacterianas em peixes.

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The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of dietary Ca2+ on growth and survival of silver catfish fingerlings (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different water pH (5.5; 7.5 and 9.0). Silver catfish fingerlings were randomly placed in a termo-regulated water re-use system with twelve 250 L tanks, two 1000 L biofilters and a 2000 L reservoir with medium flow of 3.84 L min-1 tank. Stocking density was 0.16 fingerlings L-1. To prepare the treatment diets, the control diet (0.08% Ca2+) was supplemented with CaCO3 to yield experimental diets with 0.64; 0.95 and 2.39% Ca2+. There were three replicates/treatment. Survival was higher than 93.9% in all treatments. Exposure of silver catfish fingerlings to alkaline or acid water reduced growth, and this effect was not ameliorated by dietary Ca2+ supplementation. Moreover, best dietary Ca2+ range for silver catfish fingerling growth is 0.08-0.64%, mainly when fingerlings were maintained in water with neutral pH.
A proposta deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de diferentes níveis de Ca2+ na dieta no crescimento e na sobrevivência de alevinos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) expostos a diferentes faixas de pH da água (5,5; 7,5 e 9,0). Os alevinos de jundiá foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em densidade de estocagem de 0,16 alevinos/l, num sistema de recirculação de água termo-regulada, com 12 caixas de cimento amianto impermeabilizado de 250 l, 2 biofiltros de 1000 l e 1 reservatório de água elevado de 2000 l. Para o preparo dos diferentes tratamentos, a dieta controle (0,08% Ca2+) foi suplementada com CaCO3 para formulação das demais dietas, com 0,64; 0,95; e 2,39% Ca2+, com 3 repetições por tratamento. A sobrevivência foi superior a 93,9% em todos os tratamentos, não havendo diferença significativa. A exposição de alevinos de jundiá em águas ácidas ou alcalinas reduziu o crescimento, sendo que tais efeitos não foram compensados pela adição de Ca2+ na ração. Os resultados demonstram que dietas com níveis de Ca2+ em torno de 0,08-0,64% são as mais adequadas para o crescimento de alevinos de jundiá, principalmente quando os alevinos são mantidos em água com pH neutro.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of dietary salt (NaCl) supplementation, water hardness and pH on growth, survival and ionoregulation of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles. In the first experiment, juveniles were fed with diets supplemented with 0.0; 0.5; 1.0 e 2.0 % NaCl and exposed to pH 5.5, 7.0 and 9.0 for 35 days. In the second study, fish were maintained for 30 days in three different pH (5.5; 7.0 and 9.0) and four water hardness (30, 60, 120, and 180 mg L-1 CaCO3). The third experiment investigated the effects of the 6.0-8.0 pH range at low water hardness (0, 25 and 50 mg L-1 CaCO3) for 32 days. In the experiments 1 and 2, fish samples were collected at different moments for analyses of Na+, K+ and Cl- net ion fluxes. In all three studies, growth and survival were analyzed. The water utilized was previously adjusted to the appropriate pH and water hardness using NaOH or H2SO4 0.5 M and CaCl2.2H2O, respectively. In the first experiment, fish fed with diet without NaCl supplementation and exposed to pH 7.0 presented significantly higher weight, length, SGR and biomass per tank than those exposed to pH 5.5, and the increase of dietary NaCl protected against the impact of acidic water. Dietary salt supplementation contributed to decrease the osmoregulatory disturbances in the juveniles exposed to acidic or basic pH. In the second study, exposure of juveniles to alkaline or acidic water did not affect survival, but acidic water reduced growth. And, finally, in the third study, juveniles exposed to pH 7.0 and 8.0 at zero water hardness showed significantly higher mortality than those kept at pH 6.0. Survival and growth of juveniles exposed to 25 and 50 mg L-1 CaCO3 was not affected in the 6.0-8.0 pH range. Therefore, the best water hardness for silver catfish juveniles growth and osmoregulation is 30-60 mg L-1 CaCO3 and at low water hardness (next zero) pH must be reduced. It can be concluded that the interaction of dietary salt, pH and water hardness are very important to silver catfish rearing, because they change growth and ionoregulation in this species.
A proposta deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da adição de sal na dieta, dureza da água e pH no crescimento, sobrevivência e ionorregulação de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). No primeiro experimento, juvenis foram alimentados com dietas suplementadas com 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 % NaCl e expostos aos pH 5,5; 7,0 e 9,0 por 35 dias. No segundo estudo, peixes foram mantidos por 30 dias em três pH (5,5; 7,0 e 9,0) e quatro durezas da água (30, 60, 120 e 180 mg L-1 CaCO3). O terceiro experimento investigou os efeitos do pH dentro da faixa de 6.0-8.0 em baixa dureza da água (0, 25 e 50 mg L-1 CaCO3) por 32 dias. Nos experimentos 1 e 2, exemplares foram coletados em diferentes momentos para análise dos fluxos iônicos líquidos de Na+, K+ e Cl. Em todos os três estudos, crescimento e sobrevivência foram analisados. A água utilizada foi previamente ajustada para o pH e dureza da água apropriados usando NaOH ou H2SO4 0,5 M e CaCl2.2H2O, respectivamente. No primeiro experimento, peixes alimentados com dietas sem adição de NaCl e expostos a pH 7,0 apresentaram peso, comprimento, SGR e biomassa por tanque significativamente maiores que aqueles mantidos em pH 5,5, e o aumento de NaCl na dieta protegeu contra o impacto da água ácida. A inclusão de sal na dieta reduziu os distúrbios osmorregulatórios nos juvenis expostos a pH ácido ou básico. No segundo trabalho, juvenis expostos a águas alcalinas ou ácidas não tiveram sua sobrevivência afetada, mas o crescimento foi reduzido em água ácida. E finalmente, no terceiro estudo, juvenis expostos a pH 7,0 e 8,0 em dureza zero da água apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior que aqueles mantidos em pH 6.0. Nos juvenis expostos a 25 e 50 mg L-1 CaCO3 a sobrevivência e o crescimento não foram afetados na faixa de pH 6,0-8,0. Portanto, a melhor dureza da água para crescimento e osmorregulação de juvenis de jundiá se encontra entre 30-60 mg L-1 CaCO3, e em dureza baixa (próxima de zero) deve-se reduzir o pH da água. Pode-se concluir que a interação de parâmetros como sal na dieta, pH e dureza da água são deveras importantes no cultivo do jundiá, uma vez que alteram o crescimento e a ionorregulação desta espécie.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The optimization of nutritional management is a fundamental aspect in fish production, which also consists in the evaluation of metabolic and health aspects of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Lippia alba leaf powder in silver catfish submitted to different feeding strategies. For this, we conducted an experiment lasting 63 days, in which 360 silver catfish (initial average weight = 6,25±3,18 g) were distributed in 18 tanks in a completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement (3 x 2). Three feeding strategies (7 days of feeding, 6 days of feeding / 1 day of fasting and 5 days of feeding / 2 days of fasting) were tested, without the inclusion of L. alba leaf powder and with the inclusion of 0,5% . Fish were fed 3% total biomass twice daily (9 and 17 hours). At the end of the experiment, zootechnical parameters were measured and biological material was collected to evaluate hematological, metabolic and oxidative parameters. It was observed that in the different dietary strategies the treatment with 1 day of restriction did not differ significantly from the control treatment (daily feed). There was also a decrease in fat and increase in fish body protein. There was a decrease in growth and impairing in hematological parameters of fish fed with 0.5% of L. alba leaf powder. In animals subjected to dietary restriction, undesirable metabolic alterations occurred, such as increase of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (OGT) in the plasma, indicating liver damage. Dietary deprivation and the presence of L. alba in the diets resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation in the gills, an increase in the liver, where non-protein thiols were also reduced. The 1 day fasting strategy can be used for silver catfishjuveniles. The addition of L. alba leaf powder to the level tested in this study in silver catfish juveniles is not recommended.
A otimização do manejo nutricional é um aspecto fundamental na produção de peixes, que consiste também na avaliação de aspectos metabólicos e de saúde dos animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do pó da folha de Lippia alba em jundiás submetidos a diferentes estratégias alimentares. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento com 63 dias de duração, onde foram utilizados 360 jundiás (peso médio inicial=6,25±3,18g), distribuídos em 18 tanques em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Foram testadas 3 estratégias alimentares (7 dias de alimentação, 6 dias de alimentação/1 dia de restrição e 5 dias de alimentação/2 dias de restrição), sem a inclusão de pó de folha de L. alba e com a inclusão de 0,5%. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% da biomassa total, em duas alimentações diárias (9 e 17 horas). Ao final do experimento, foram aferidos parâmetros zootécnicos e realizada a coleta de material biológico para avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos, metabólicos e oxidativos. Foi observado que nas diferentes estratégias alimentares o tratamento com 1 dia de restrição não diferiu significativamente do tratamento controle (alimentação diária).Também ocorreu diminuição da gordura e aumento de proteína corporal dos peixes. Houve diminuição no crescimento e piora nos parâmetros hematológicos dos peixes alimentados com 0,5% de pó de folha de L. alba. Nos animais submetidos a restrição alimentar, ocorreram alterações metabólicas não desejáveis, como aumento de transaminase glutâmico oxalacética (TGO) no plasma, indicando dano hepático. A privação alimentar e a presença de L. alba nas dietas resultou em diminuição da peroxidação lipídica nas brânquias,aumento no fígado, onde, também houve redução dos tióis não protéicos. A estratégia alimentar com restrição de 1 dia pode ser utilizada para juvenis de jundiá. A adição do pó da folha de L. alba para o nível testado neste estudo em juvenis de jundiá não é recomendada.

A procedure for determining metasomatic norms is developed in this thesis to quantitatively and objectively estimate mineral abundances from lithogeochemical data, The norm calculations use the same principles as do other norms such as CIPW, but the different mineral phases present in alteration systems are used as the normative standard minerals. Another distinctive difference between a metasomatic and a conventional norm is that the calculation procedure proposed for a metasomatic norm does not proceed along such a fixed hierarchical path as in the case of an igneous norm. A particular useful approach to the application of the norm concept to metasomatic rocks is to constrain the calculated normative mineralogy by a priori knowledge of existing minerals (i.e. to approximate the mode as closely as possible). Where an immobile component can be recognized the metasomatic norms for protoliths and altered rocks, as well as the chemical constituents lost or gained, can be further recast into the absolute amounts of minerals and chemical constituents relative to a given mass of parent rock. Known errors within lithogeochemical data studied can be propagated to the final results of all norm calculations. As a result, a chemico- mineralogical model for material exchange, including absolute losses and gains of chemical constituents, normative minerals in extensive units, as well as the corresponding propagated errors, is formulated in this work as follows: [equation diagram] Equation I is particularly useful because it is quantitative and easily applied: information that can be obtained from the equation includes the mineralogy of the initial and final rocks, absolute gains and losses of specific chemical constituents as well as the uncertainties on each estimate at a specified confidence level. The methodology for this approach is a natural extension of the use of Pearce element ratio (PER) diagrams for the study of metasomatic rocks. The metasomatic norm recovers the same quantitative information as do Pearce element ratio diagrams. The common principles are (i) correction for closure, that provides true relative lithogeochemical and mineralogical variations between parent and daughter rocks, and (ii) an effort to explain chemical variability in terms of mineralogical variability. The strategy of a PER diagram is to test whether chemical changes in different rocks can be explained purely by the variation(s) of certain mineral(s), as demonstrated by disposition of the binary plotted points along predefined trends (slopes). Metasomatic norms are displayed more effectively as equations or profiles showing the spatial distributions of normative mineral assemblage, as well as the absolute losses and gains of chemical constituents based on comprehensive mass balance relationships. The approach described in the first part of this thesis is applied to a hydrothermal alteration study of the Silver Queen mine in central British Columbia. Hydrothermal alteration at the Silver Queen mine was derived from a multiple precursor system. However, local, individual alteration profiles exhibit the attributes of a single precursor system. Six types of hydrothermal alteration at Silver Queen mine have been described: viz. propylitization, sericitization, argillization, silicification, pyritization and carbonatization. In general, the wall rock alteration in the study area is composed of a widespread regional propylitic alteration with superimposed carbonatization. Regional alteration gives way, as the vein is approached, to an outer envelope of sericitic and argillic alteration + carbonatization and an inner envelope of silicification and pyritization + sericitic or argillic alteration + carbonatization. Thus, the sequence of alteration development is (i) widespread regional propylitic alteration, (ii) sericitic and argillic outer envelope, and (iii) silicification and pyritization inner envelope. Most of the hydrothermally altered samples in alteration envelopes at the Silver Queen mine have gained mass during hydrothermal alteration. In contrast, samples from the profile of the northern segment of the No. 3 vein have lost mass. Other spatial variations of hydrothermal alteration from the southern segment to the northern segment of the No. 3 vein and from different levels (from 2600-foot level to 2880-foot level) have been recognized. In brief, the wall rock alteration is most intense in the alteration envelope at the central segment of the No. 3 vein and mildest at the northern segment of the No. 3 vein. The total mass change of each altered sample is largely the result of depletion of CaO and Na₂O, and addition of SiO₂, K₂O, H₂O and CO₂.