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1
Aaronson, Scott, Edward Farhi, David Gosset, Avinatan Hassidim, Jonathan Kelner und Andrew Lutomirski. „Quantum money“. Communications of the ACM 55, Nr. 8 (August 2012): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2240236.2240258.
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2
Mullins, Justin. „Quantum money: note perfect“. New Scientist 206, Nr. 2756 (April 2010): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60953-0.
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Horodecki, Karol, und Maciej Stankiewicz. „Semi-device-independent quantum money“. New Journal of Physics 22, Nr. 2 (05.02.2020): 023007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab6872.
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4
Nagaj, Daniel, Or Sattath, Aharon Brodutch und Dominique Unruh. „An adaptive attack on Wiesner's quantum money“. Quantum Information and Computation 16, Nr. 11&12 (September 2016): 1048–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic16.11-12-7.
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Unlike classical money, which is hard to forge for practical reasons (e.g. producing paper with a certain property), quantum money is attractive because its security might be based on the no-cloning theorem. The first quantum money scheme was introduced by Wiesner circa 1970. Although more sophisticated quantum money schemes were proposed, Wiesner’s scheme remained appealing because it is both conceptually clean as well as relatively easy to implement. We show efficient adaptive attacks on Wiesner’s quantum money scheme [1] (and its variant by Bennett et al. [2]), when valid money is accepted and passed on, while invalid money is destroyed. We propose two attacks, the first is inspired by the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb testing problem [3, 4], while the second is based on the idea of protective measurements [5]. It allows us to break Wiesner’s scheme with 4 possible states per qubit, and generalizations which use more than 4 states per qubit. The attack shows that Wiesner’s scheme can only be safe if the bank replaces valid notes after validation.
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Crease, Robert P. „Quantum investment“. Physics World 36, Nr. 10 (01.10.2023): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/10/22.
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Orrell, David. „The value of value: A quantum approach to economics, security and international relations“. Security Dialogue 51, Nr. 5 (27.02.2020): 482–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010620901910.
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Money objects, from coins to bitcoins, are used in economic exchange as a way of putting a number on the fuzzy concept of worth or value. They are inherently dualistic in that they combine the properties of abstract numbers with the properties of owned objects. As a result of this duality at its core, the money system exhibits the properties of a macroscopic quantum system, including entanglement, indeterminacy and interference, with money objects playing a special role as a measurement device. This article argues that, by virtue of its dualistic nature, money acts as a vector of transmission that scales up the properties of quantum mind to the global level. By bringing money back into the picture and providing an alternative to the mechanistic vision of mainstream economics, quantum social science promises to change the way we see and treat the economy, with implications for international relations and security.
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Coladangelo, Andrea, und Or Sattath. „A Quantum Money Solution to the Blockchain Scalability Problem“. Quantum 4 (16.07.2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-07-16-297.
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We put forward the idea that classical blockchains and smart contracts are potentially useful primitives not only for classical cryptography, but for quantum cryptography as well. Abstractly, a smart contract is a functionality that allows parties to deposit funds, and release them upon fulfillment of algorithmically checkable conditions, and can thus be employed as a formal tool to enforce monetary incentives. In this work, we give the first example of the use of smart contracts in a quantum setting. We describe a simple hybrid classical-quantum payment system whose main ingredients are a classical blockchain capable of handling stateful smart contracts, and quantum lightning, a strengthening of public-key quantum money introduced by Zhandry [55]. Our hybrid payment system employs quantum states as banknotes and a classical blockchain to settle disputes and to keep track of the valid serial numbers. It has several desirable properties: it is decentralized, requiring no trust in any single entity; payments are as quick as quantum communication, regardless of the total number of users; when a quantum banknote is damaged or lost, the rightful owner can recover the lost value.
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Hayes, J. „Quantum on the money [quantum computing in financial services sector]“. Engineering & Technology 14, Nr. 4 (01.05.2019): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0401.
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Selby, John H., und Jamie Sikora. „How to make unforgeable money in generalised probabilistic theories“. Quantum 2 (02.11.2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-11-02-103.
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We discuss the possibility of creating money that is physically impossible to counterfeit. Of course, "physically impossible" is dependent on the theory that is a faithful description of nature. Currently there are several proposals for quantum money which have their security based on the validity of quantum mechanics. In this work, we examine Wiesner's money scheme in the framework of generalised probabilistic theories. This framework is broad enough to allow for essentially any potential theory of nature, provided that it admits an operational description. We prove that under a quantifiable version of the no-cloning theorem, one can create physical money which has an exponentially small chance of being counterfeited. Our proof relies on cone programming, a natural generalisation of semidefinite programming. Moreover, we discuss some of the difficulties that arise when considering non-quantum theories.
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Hirawan, Fajar Bambang. „EFEKTIVITAS QUANTUM CHANNEL DALAM MEKANISME TRANSMIS! KEBIJAKAN MONETER: STUDI KASUS INDONESIA TAHUN 1993 -2005“. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 7, Nr. 2 (01.01.2007): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v7i2.162.
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In the year 2002, Y. V Reddy introduced a new thought in monetary economics theory, especially about transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Reddy classified the channeIs of transmission mechanism into three types, there are quantum channel, interest rate channel, and asset price channel. Quantum channel consists of two channels, there are money channel and credit channel. This research will examine the differences between money channel and credit channeI, the factors which affect volume of money supply (M2) and credit, the stability of quantum channel, and also effectiveness of quantum channel, especially related on its role to push the economic growth. This research uses a monthly data from the year 1993 until 2005. The analysis of this research divided into three parts of period, pre-crisis period (1993-1996), crisis period (19972OO1), and post-crisis period (2002-2005). In the precrisis period, credit channel more stable in transmission mechanism of monetary policy and more effective to push the economic growth. In the crisis, quantum channel did not effective to push economic growth. In the post-crisis period quantum channel also did not effective to push the economic growth.
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Kumar, Niraj. „Practically Feasible Robust Quantum Money with Classical Verification“. Cryptography 3, Nr. 4 (20.11.2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3040026.
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We introduce a private quantum money scheme with the note verification procedure based on sampling matching, a problem in a one-way communication complexity model. Our scheme involves a bank who produces and distributes quantum notes, noteholders who are untrusted, and trusted local verifiers of the bank to whom the holders send their notes in order to carry out transactions. The key aspects of our money scheme include: note verification procedure requiring a single round classical interaction between the local verifier and bank; fixed verification circuit that uses only passive linear optical components; re-usability of each note in our scheme which grows linearly with the size of note; and an unconditional security against any adversary trying to forge the banknote while tolerating the noise of up to 21.4%. We further describe a practical implementation technique of our money scheme using weak coherent states of light and the verification circuit involving a single 50/50 beam splitter and two single-photon threshold detectors. Previous best-known matching based money scheme proposal involves a verification circuit where the number of optical components increase proportional to the increase in desired noise tolerance (robustness). In contrast, we achieve any desired noise tolerance (up to a maximal threshold value) with only a fixed number of optical components. This considerable reduction of components in our scheme enables us to reach the robustness values that is not feasible for any existing money scheme with the current technology.
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Ben-David, Shalev, und Or Sattath. „Quantum Tokens for Digital Signatures“. Quantum 7 (19.01.2023): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-01-19-901.
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The fisherman caught a quantum fish. "Fisherman, please let me go", begged the fish, "and I will grant you three wishes". The fisherman agreed. The fish gave the fisherman a quantum computer, three quantum signing tokens and his classical public key. The fish explained: "to sign your three wishes, use the tokenized signature scheme on this quantum computer, then show your valid signature to the king, who owes me a favor". The fisherman used one of the signing tokens to sign the document "give me a castle!" and rushed to the palace. The king executed the classical verification algorithm using the fish's public key, and since it was valid, the king complied. The fisherman's wife wanted to sign ten wishes using their two remaining signing tokens. The fisherman did not want to cheat, and secretly sailed to meet the fish. "Fish, my wife wants to sign ten more wishes". But the fish was not worried: "I have learned quantum cryptography following the previous story (The Fisherman and His Wife by the brothers Grimm). The quantum tokens are consumed during the signing. Your polynomial wife cannot even sign four wishes using the three signing tokens I gave you". "How does it work?" wondered the fisherman. "Have you heard of quantum money? These are quantum states which can be easily verified but are hard to copy. This tokenized quantum signature scheme extends Aaronson and Christiano's quantum money scheme, which is why the signing tokens cannot be copied". "Does your scheme have additional fancy properties?" the fisherman asked. "Yes, the scheme has other security guarantees: revocability, testability and everlasting security. Furthermore, if you're at sea and your quantum phone has only classical reception, you can use this scheme to transfer the value of the quantum money to shore", said the fish, and swam away.
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Deprez, Johan, und Alvaro Cencini. „Money, Income and Time--A Quantum-Theoretical Approach.“ Economic Journal 99, Nr. 394 (März 1989): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234218.
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Kent, Adrian. „S-money: virtual tokens for a relativistic economy“. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, Nr. 2225 (Mai 2019): 20190170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0170.
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We propose definitions and implementations of ‘S-money’—virtual tokens designed for high-value fast transactions on networks with relativistic or other trusted signalling constraints, defined by inputs that in general are made at many network points, some or all of which may be space-like separated. We argue that one significant way of characterizing types of money in space–time is via the ‘summoning’ tasks they can solve: that is, how flexibly the money can be propagated to a desired space–time point in response to relevant information received at various space–time points. We show that S-money is more flexible than standard quantum or classical money in the sense that it can solve deterministic summoning tasks that they cannot. It requires the issuer and user to have networks of agents with classical data storage and communication, but no long-term quantum state storage, and is feasible with current technology. User privacy can be incorporated by secure bit commitment and zero-knowledge proof protocols. The level of privacy feasible in given scenarios depends on efficiency and composable security questions that remain to be systematically addressed.
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Orrell, David. „The Color of Money: Threshold Effects in Quantum Economics“. Quantum Reports 3, Nr. 2 (14.05.2021): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum3020020.
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Many cognitive phenomena of the sort studied by behavioral psychologists show evidence of a threshold effect, where a certain minimum impulse is required in order to produce a change. An example is the phenomenon of preference reversal, where a change in context affects a decision, but only if the effect on perceived utility is sufficiently large. Similar threshold effects play a role in the endowment effect, where the change of context from owning to buying something induces a step change in its perceived value, or the ultimatum game, where people demand a certain minimum threshold amount before a deal can be accepted. The situation is similar to the photoelectric experiment in physics, where a minimum threshold of energy from a photon is required in order to dislodge an electron from an atom. In physics, this quantum of energy is written as the product of Planck’s constant and frequency. This paper uses the concept of entropic force to derive a similar expression for quantum economics. The theory is applied to a range of cognitive and economic phenomena exhibiting a threshold effect.
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Conde Pena, Marta, Raul Durán Díaz, Jean-Charles Faugère, Luis Hernández Encinas und Ludovic Perret. „Non-quantum cryptanalysis of the noisy version of Aaronson–Christiano's quantum money scheme“. IET Information Security 13, Nr. 4 (01.07.2019): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ifs.2018.5307.
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Ryabinin, Vladimir. „Vision of Sustainable Ocean Economy Transcends Money Matters“. Marine Technology Society Journal 56, Nr. 1 (25.02.2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.1.16.
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Abstract The emerging concept of sustainable ocean planning offers humankind a possibility to reverse the decline in ocean health and create an equitable and sustainable ocean economy. This ocean-based quantum leap towards sustainability is enabled by a number of important interconnected initiatives, including the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, inclusion of the ocean in national economic accounting, and guided expansion of science-based ocean policies and management mechanisms.
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Tudorache, Alexandru-Gabriel. „Design of an Exchange Protocol for the Quantum Blockchain“. Mathematics 10, Nr. 21 (27.10.2022): 3986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10213986.
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This paper explores the idea of a quantum exchange protocol between two entities, validated by (at least) a third one. Two entities, part of a greater system, decide they want to trade quantum goods: their exchange is configurable, and allows them to select the type of good, from a selected preset, and the desired quantity, up to a maximum value (one of the quantum goods can be interpreted as quantum money/a form of quantum currency). Certain qubits should also be used as a way of storing the details of the transfer, after it has been validated (acting in a similar way to a quantum ledger). The quantum circuits of the proposed design are implemented using the Python programming language with the help of Qiskit, IBM’s open-source quantum framework.
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Nurlaili, Nurlaili. „Tingkatkan Penggunaan Model Quantum Teaching Dan Snowball Throwing Dalam Pembelajaran Ips Dapat Meningkatkan Belajar Siswa Kelas Iii Sd Negeri No.39 Pasar Gompong Kec.Lengayang Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017“. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic 1, Nr. 2 (27.10.2018): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jips.v1i2.250.
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Activities and student learning outcomes Class III Elementary School No. 39 Market Gompong , District Lengayang district, South Coastal , in the school year 201 6 /201 7 in learning about social studies teaching material Know the use of money according to need, less reach expectations, which are caused by the use of the learning model is less varied. To resolve the issue used collaborative learning model Quantum Teaching and Snowball Throwing . To test the effectiveness of the learning model in order to improve the activity and student learning outcomes, the procedures of classroom action research, which was conducted over two cycles.Each cycle taking the following four steps: (1) planning, (2) implementation, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. Through a variety of instruments and techniques of data collection, the result of research. To then be discussed by the techniques that have been set. Finally obtained a conclusion in order to address the subject matter of the study. The conclusions were as follows: (1) measures the use of collaborative models of Quantum Teaching and Snowball Throwing to increase the activity and student learning outcomes Class III Elementary School No. 39 Market Gompong in learning about social studies teaching material to know the use of money as needed, including: (1) plan in accordance with the regulations, (2) carry out teaching in accordance with the plan,(3) evaluate the student's ability to meet any demands of learning, and (4) follow up on the results carefully. (2) Increased activity and student learning outcomes in social studies learning about teaching materials Getting to know the use of money in accordance with the requirements after use collaborative use of models Quantum Teaching and Snowball Throwing, occurs gradually. Improved student learning activities gradually are shown in several ways, such as participation, interest, and ability to make presentations. So even with improved learning outcomes, gradually able to shown students to meet any demands of learning. (3) The use of collaborative models of Quantum Teaching and Snowball Throwing in learning about social studies teaching material to know the use of money in accordance with the requirements shown to increase the activity and student learning outcomes Class III Elementary School No. 39 Market Gompong .
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Oladejo, N. K., A. Abolarinwa und S. O. Salawu. „Linear Programming and Its Application Techniques in Optimizing Portfolio Selection of a Firm“. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2020 (11.12.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8817909.
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Optimization techniques have been used in this paper to obtain an optimal investment in a selected portfolio that gives maximum returns with minimal inputs based on the secondary data supplied by a particular firm that is examined. Sensitivity analysis is done to ascertain the robustness of the resulting model towards the changes in input parameters to determine a redundant constraint using linear programming. The challenge of determining the available funds and allocating each component of the portfolio to maximize returns and minimize inputs by portfolio holders and managers who are the major decision-makers in allocating their resources cannot be quantified. This optimization technique is used to obtain an optimal investment portfolio including financial risks of a firm with disposable of $15,000,000.00 invested in crude oil, mortgage securities, cash crop, certificate of deposit, fixed deposit, treasury bills, and construction loans. The model is a single-objective model that maximizes the return on the portfolio as the interests on the original data reduces by 5%; then, the return on investments also reduced by almost 15%, with the quantum of money on treasury bills and construction loans posing a significant reduction for the maximum return. The investment in the other options saw a slight decrease. Also, as the interest rates of the original data increase by 5%, the return on investments also grows by almost 17% while the quantum of money on the treasury bills and construction loans increases, and the quantum of money on the other options experienced a decrease except for mortgage securities which recorded a slight increase.
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Ingber, Lester. „Hybrid classical-quantum computing: Applications to statistical mechanics of financial markets“. E3S Web of Conferences 307 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130704001.
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Hybrid Classical-Quantum computing is now offered by several commercial quantum computers. In this project, a model of financial options, Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets (SMFM), uses this approach. However, only Classical (super-)computers are used to include the quantum features of these models. Since 1989, Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), an optimization code using importance-sampling, has fit parameters in such models. Since 2015, PATHINT, a path-integral numerical agorithm, has been used to describe several systems in several disciplines. PATHINT has been generalized from 1 dimension to N dimensions, and from classical to quantum systems into qPATHINT. Published papers have described the use of qPATHINT to neocortical interactions and financial options. The classical space modeled by SMFM fits parameters in conditional short-time probability distributions of nonlinear nonequilibrium multivariate statistical mechanics, while the quantum space modeled by qPATHINT describes quantum money. This project demonstrates how some hybrid classical-quantum systems may be calculated using only classical (super-)computers.
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Galanis, Ilias, Ilias Savvas, Andrey Chernov und Maria Butakova. „Reliability testing, noise and error correction of real quantum computing devices“. Telfor Journal 13, Nr. 1 (2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/telfor2101041g.
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From Pharmacology to Cryptography and from Geology to Astronomy are some of the scientific fields in which Quantum Computing potentially will take off and fly high. Big Quantum Computing vendors invest a large amount of money in improving the hardware and they claim that soon enough a quantum program will be hundreds of thousands of times faster than a typical one we know nowadays. But still the reliability of such systems is the main obstacle. In this work, the reliability of real quantum devices is tested and techniques of noise and error correction are presented while measurement error mitigation is explored. In addition, a well-known string matching algorithm (Bernstein-Vazirani) was applied to the real quantum computing device in order to measure its accuracy and reliability. Simulated environments were also used in order to evaluate the results. The results obtained, even if these were not 100% accurate, are very promising which proves that even these days a quantum computer working side by side with a typical one is reliable and especially when error mitigation techniques are applied.
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Anand Singh Rajawat, Piyush Pant und S B Goyal. „Utilization of Renewable energy for Industrial Applications using Quantum Computing“. Global Journal of Novel Research in Applied Sciences (NRAS) [ISSN: 2583-4487] 1, Nr. 1 (20.06.2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.58260/j.nras.2202.0102.
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Even though the energy and utilities industry have trouble integrating new technologies for a long time, the benefits of quantum computing make it worth the trouble. In the past, it has been hard for the utilities industry to use new technology to drive strategic initiatives. But those who do see big improvements in how well they run their businesses. For example, utilities that put a lot of money into digital transformation have the chance to cut their operating costs by about 25%. Quantum computing is a new field of technology that is not as well developed as digital projects, but it is still something that modern renewable energy and utility companies should look into. Quantum computing will give utilities a lot more computing power, which will let them solve business problems that were too hard to try before.
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Broadbent, Anne, Sevag Gharibian und Hong-Sheng Zhou. „Towards Quantum One-Time Memories from Stateless Hardware“. Quantum 5 (08.04.2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-04-08-429.
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A central tenet of theoretical cryptography is the study of the minimal assumptions required to implement a given cryptographic primitive. One such primitive is the one-time memory (OTM), introduced by Goldwasser, Kalai, and Rothblum [CRYPTO 2008], which is a classical functionality modeled after a non-interactive 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer, and which is complete for one-time classical and quantum programs. It is known that secure OTMs do not exist in the standard model in both the classical and quantum settings. Here, we propose a scheme for using quantum information, together with the assumption of stateless (i.e., reusable) hardware tokens, to build statistically secure OTMs. Via the semidefinite programming-based quantum games framework of Gutoski and Watrous [STOC 2007], we prove security for a malicious receiver making at most 0.114n adaptive queries to the token (for n the key size), in the quantum universal composability framework, but leave open the question of security against a polynomial amount of queries. Compared to alternative schemes derived from the literature on quantum money, our scheme is technologically simple since it is of the "prepare-and-measure" type. We also give two impossibility results showing certain assumptions in our scheme cannot be relaxed.
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Ningsih, Sulistia, und Ika Rahmawati. „Quantum Learning Membangun Pendidikan Karakter Kejujuran Siswa“. Proceedings of the ICECRS 2, Nr. 1 (28.07.2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/picecrs.v2i1.2413.
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Attending education for developing the potential of domain students, affective and psychomotor. One of domains in achieving elementary school education is fundamental education to build the character of children while sitting in school. One of the values of character education is honest behavior. Honesty is a behavior that is shown to be in accordance with the real conditions without manipulating by lying. Methods of research using quantum learning methods, followed by quantitative methods with data collection techniques using open poll and supporting tools during the research voucher honesty. The study subject of elementary school students of Muhammadiyah 2 Kauman Surakarta class 4A with 30 students. The results of the study that there are positive behaviors from students in acting honestly without teacher observation in class. This is evidenced from the sale of vouchers, where the number of vouchers purchased and the amount of money received are appropriate.
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Burlachkov, V. „Economic Science and Econophysics: Main Topics of Dialogue“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 12 (20.12.2007): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-12-111-122.
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Application of methods, borrowed from physics, for economic research has not come to discovering scaling laws in economy and financial markets. The absence of such laws is conditioned by the specific character of energetic and information processes in economic system. The peculiarities of energetic and information interconnections should be the main topic of dialogue between economic science and theoretical physics. Econophysical models are based on the law of conservation of energy, whereas self-organization of economic system is provided by the effect of money multiplier. Money is simultaneously a set of interconnections and the most important resource, created by the system itself for its development. The analogue of such phenomenon can be found in quantum mechanics. The peculiarities of energetic and information interconnections in economic system determine fast crash of existing trends and formation of new ones. The economic system is objectively a poorly forecasted sphere of unstable regularities.
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Desogus, Marco. „UNDERSTANDING BANK MONEY THROUGH A QUANTUM MACROECONOMIC THEORY OF CREDIT. SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON MICROCREDIT“. Journal of International Finance and Economics 20, Nr. 3 (01.10.2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jife-20-3.1.
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Tsentseria, Oleksandra, Kateryna Hleha, Aleksandra Matiyko und Igor Samoilov. „THE STATE OF STANDARDIZATION OF POST-QUANTUM CRYPTO-ALGORITHMS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL“. Automation of technological and business processes 15, Nr. 2 (19.06.2023): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/atbp.v15i2.2527.
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Abstract. In the digital age, cryptography is widely used in various important systems such as financial, military and government ones, medical records etc.
The life of modern people is closely connected with the cryptography. We send messages via instant messengers without even considering in which way the security of communications and data is ensured. We buy things both online and transfer money with confidence in transaction security. The level of digitization of our society is constantly increasing, and the digital data needs a reliable protection, which makes cryptography a current topic.
Cryptographic systems ensure our security and the basic properties of information, such as privacy, integrity, availability.
However, with the beginning of the development of quantum computers, the field of cryptography has developed in a new direction. Quantum cryptography is a science that studies the methods of communication systems protection. It is based on the idea that patterns of quantum physics (physical properties described by the laws of quantum optics, quantum electrodynamics, or quantum field theory) are inviolable. The current state of development and usage of powerful quantum computers, as well as their mathematical and software, is strictly confidential and securely protected. Only clear-cut information about quantum computers and their usage in cryptography is provided.
NIST has announced an open competition to select quantum-resistant public-key cryptographic algorithms. After the third round, CRYSTALS-KYBER, CRYSTALS Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ were proposed to be standardized. NIST has already recommended moving from the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 80 security bits to the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 112 or 128 security bits in order to protect against classic attacks.
Post-quantum cryptography, which with its complexities still requires a more detailed study, challenge science once more. However, it is unknown when the changes will occur and when the quantum era will begin, as well as what consequences they will have. It is only possible to predict how many advantages will have quantum calculations compared to usual, and how different the new quantum models will be from classic ones.
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Drabik, Ewa. „Classical and Quantum Physics in Selected Economic Models“. Foundations of Management 3, Nr. 1 (01.01.2011): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10238-012-0032-9.
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Classical and Quantum Physics in Selected Economic ModelsA growing number of economic phenomena are nowadays described with methods known in physics. The most frequently applied physical theories by economists are: (1) the universal gravitation law and (2) the first and second law of thermodynamics. Physical principles can also be applied to the theory of financial markets. Financial markets are composed of individual participants who may be seen to interact as particles in a physical system. This approach proposes a financial market model known as a minority game model in which securities and money are allocated on the basis of price fluctuations, and where selling is best option when the vast majority of investors tend to purchase goods or services, and vice versa. The players who end up being on the minority side win.The above applications of physical methods in economics are deeply rooted in classical physics. However, this paper aims to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics to the process of economic phenomena modelling. Quantum mechanics is a theory describing the behaviour of microscopic objects and is grounded on the principle of wave-particle duality. It is assumed that quantum-scale objects at the same time exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The key role in quantum mechanics is played by: (1) the Schrödinger equation describing the probability amplitude for the particle to be found in a given position and at a given time, and as (2) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle stating that certain pairs of physical properties cannot be economic applications of the Schrödinger equation as well as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. We also try to describe the English auction by means the quantum mechanics methods.
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Holtfort, Thomas, und Andreas Horsch. „https://armgpublishing.com/journals/sec/volume-8-issue-1/article-5/“. SocioEconomic Challenges 8, Nr. 1 (02.04.2024): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(1).62-77.2024.
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In the 21st century, various socio-economic crises have revealed that traditional economic science and (neo)classical thinking are unable to explain all the complexity of current economic problems, therefore the application of more complex and non-trivial economic concepts is gaining relevance. In addition to behavioral and evolutionary economic thinking, models of quantum economics have been developed in recent years, which allow solving economic problems, using mainly quantum thinking and the principles of quantum physics, in particular particle-wave dualism, the principle of uncertainty, the absence of a subject-object distinction, superposition and confusion. The article addresses 3 research questions (RQ). According to RQ1, the paper finds that quantum economics research is dominated by the following topics: quantum economics, quantum finance, quantum decision making, and quantum game theory. According to these four thematic descriptors, the article carries out a systematic modern review of scientific works in the period from 1978 to 2022 (if only 50 works were published in 1978-1999, then in 2000-2022 already 3430), with an emphasis on the most cited (Google Scholar) English-language journal articles. The analysis showed that articles on this topic are published mainly in journals of a non-economic profile, that the peaks of publication activity occur at times of powerful socio-economic upheavals (for example, the dot.com bubble, the substandard/financial crisis, the European debt crisis, the coronavirus pandemic, etc.). In accordance with RQ2, the article defines the key characteristics of the quantum economic model: in contrast to neoclassical economics (based on mechanistic classical physics, is rational and deterministic, with the help of the invisible hand of the market it leads to a stable equilibrium), the quantum approach, on the contrary, considers the economy as more complex, empirically oriented, uncertain, probabilistic, superpositional, as an archetypal example of a quantum social system that has its own versions of duality, measurement, and entanglement. According to RQ 3, the article determines to what extent quantum economics can update (neo)classical economics (integration of new ontological premises into economic thinking, more experimental and practical approach, connection between the concept of entanglement and sustainable development, management of financial risks based on the concept of quantum probability, rethinking the concept of randomness by quantum probability, introduction of quantum money, equilibrium using quantum games, etc.).
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Drabik, Ewa. „On Certain Analogies Between the Laws of Quantum Mechanics and Rules of an English Auction“. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 10, Nr. 2 (01.01.2012): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10031-011-0038-6.
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On Certain Analogies Between the Laws of Quantum Mechanics and Rules of an English Auction It is a self-evident truth that nowadays a growing number of economic phenomena is described by means of physics methods. The most frequent theories derived from physics and applied to economy are: (1) the universal gravitation law and (2) the first as well as the second law of thermodynamics. The methods of static physics are applicable also to the theory of financial markets. In this case it is assumed that the financial market is composed of single participants interacting as a system of particles. Such approach is associated with a model of financial market otherwise known as a minority game. It is postulated that the process of securities and money allocation is performed on the basis of prices fluctuation, where - if a vast majority of investors tend to purchase goods or services - the sale constitutes a more profitable option, and vice versa. The players who end up on minority side win. At the end of the XX century the economy commenced to apply the laws of quantum mechanics. These laws proved to be useful, in particular when attempting to generalize game theory, which resulted in quantum games. The aim of the paper is to compare the rules and auction mechanisms with selected laws of quantum mechanics. This paper aims also to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics to the process of economic phenomena modeling. Quantum mechanics is a theory describing a behaviour of microscopic objects and is grounded on the principle of wave-particle duality. It is assumed that quantum-scale objects at the same time exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The key role in quantum mechanics is played by: (1) the Schrödinger equation describing the probability amplitude for the particle to be found at a given position and at a given time, as well as (2) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle stating that a certain pair of physical properties may not be simultaneously measured to arbitrarily high precision.
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Zhu, Shihao, Yuanyuan Huang, Linglong Huang, Siyu Li und Peilin He. „URL Detection Based on Quantum Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network“. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, Nr. 05 (04.05.2024): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2024.v12i05.001.
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In today's era, with the continuous development of the internet, surfing the internet has become an inseparable part of our lives. For those who frequently roam the internet, URLs are information that we are constantly exposed to. And YRL is also divided into malicious and normal. Clicking on malicious URLs can cause certain losses to our internet tools, and in severe cases, it can even lead to money theft. Malicious URL detection is an important task in the field of network security, aimed at identifying and preventing potential network attacks and malicious activities. Traditional malicious URL detection methods, such as Blacklist based detection and Machine learning based on feature extraction, have achieved certain results, but face challenges in real-time, accuracy, and data requirements. Therefore, this article proposes the use of Quantum Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (QLSTM) to solve this problem. By observing the accuracy, recall, and F1 values obtained from training a large amount of data on the QLSTM network, it is shown that this method is feasible.
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Abdul-Jabbar, Mariam Duraid, und Yousra Abdul Alsahib S. Aldeen. „State-of-the-Art in Data Integrity and Privacy-Preserving in Cloud Computing“. Journal of Engineering 29, Nr. 1 (01.01.2023): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.01.03.
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Cloud computing (CC) is a fast-growing technology that offers computers, networking, and storage services that can be accessed and used over the internet. Cloud services save users money because they are pay-per-use, and they save time because they are on-demand and elastic, a unique aspect of cloud computing. However, several security issues must be addressed before users store data in the cloud. Because the user will have no direct control over the data that has been outsourced to the cloud, particularly personal and sensitive data (health, finance, military, etc.), and will not know where the data is stored, the user must ensure that the cloud stores and maintains the outsourced data appropriately. The study's primary goals are to make the cloud and data security challenges more understandable, to briefly explain the techniques used to achieve privacy and data integrity, to compare various recent studies in both pre-quantum and post-quantum, and to focus on current gaps in solving privacy and data integrity issues.
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WILCZEK, Frank. „THE ORIGIN OF MASS“. Periódico Tchê Química 01, Nr. 1 (20.01.2004): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v1.n01.2004.janeiro/4_pgs_17_28.pdf.
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Everyday work at the frontiers of modern physics usually involves complex concepts and extreme conditions. We speak of quantum fields, entanglement, or supersymmetry, and analyze the ridiculously small or conceptualize the incomprehensibly large. Just as Willie Sutton famously explained that he robbed banks because “that’s where the money is,” so we do these things because “that’s where the Unknown is.” It is an amazing and delightful fact, however, that occasionally this sophisticated work gives answers to childlike questions about familiar things. Here I’d like to describe how myown work on subnuclear forces, the world of quarks and gluons, casts brilliant new light on one such child-like question: What is the origin of mass?
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WILCZEK, Frank. „THE ORIGEN OF THE MASS“. Periódico Tchê Química 02, Nr. 1 (20.08.2004): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v1.n02.2004.agosto/3_pgs_12_22.pdf.
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Working today on the frontier of modern physics often involves extreme concepts and conditions. We speak of quantum fields, entanglement, or supersymmetry, we analyze the ridiculously small, or we conceptualize the incomprehensibly large. Just like Willie Sutton popularly explained that, he robbed banks because "that's where the money is", we do these things because "that's where the Stranger is". However, it is indeed incredible and charming that, occasionally, this sophisticated work answers naive questions about familiar things. Here, I would like to describe how my own work on subnuclear forces, the world of quarks and gluons, sheds new and brilliant light on this almost naive question: What is the origin of the mass?
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Lang, Jonas, Sebastian Zielinski und Sebastian Feld. „Strategic Portfolio Optimization Using Simulated, Digital, and Quantum Annealing“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 23 (01.12.2022): 12288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312288.
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In this work, we introduce a new workflow to solve portfolio optimization problems on annealing platforms. We combine a classical preprocessing step with a modified unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model and evaluate it using simulated annealing (classical computer), digital annealing (Fujitsu’s Digital Annealing Unit), and quantum annealing (D-Wave Advantage). Starting from Markowitz’s theory on portfolio optimization, our classical preprocessing step finds the most promising assets within a set of possible assets to choose from. We then modify existing QUBO models for portfolio optimization, such that there are no limitations on the number of assets that can be invested in. Furthermore, our QUBO model enables an investor to also place an arbitrary amount of money into each asset. We apply this modified QUBO to the set of promising asset candidates we generated previously via classical preprocessing. A solution to our QUBO model contains information about what percentage of the whole available capital should be invested into which asset. For the evaluation, we have used publicly available real-world data sets of stocks of the New York Stock Exchange as well as common ETFs. Finally, we have compared the respective annealing results with randomly generated portfolios by using the return, variance, and diversification of the created portfolios as measures. The results show that our QUBO formulation is capable of creating well-diversified portfolios that respect certain criteria given by an investor, such as maximizing return, minimizing risk, or sticking to a certain budget.
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Norliah Ibrahim, Zuhairah Ariff Abdul Ghadas und Roslina Che Soh. „“MONEY MATTERS”; DIVIDING BUSINESS INTERESTS ON DIVORCE OR DISSOLUTION: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BUSINESS ENTITIES“. IIUM Law Journal 29, (S1) (12.05.2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i(s1).636.
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In Malaysia, the contribution test is applied by both the Civil and Shariah courts to determine claims in business interest as matrimonial property. However, it is observed that different from claims on interest in personal property, the courts have to apply additional test other than the contribution test in determining claims of matrimonial property in business interest. This is because the ownership structure in business are different from ownership of personal property and highly dependents on types of the business entities. Apart from analyzing the approaches adopted in the Malaysian courts in dividing business interest upon divorce or dissolution of marriage, this research also highlights the arising legal issues which may arise in respect of different business entities in which the business interest exists. This study was conducted primarily through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and the decision from the relevant case laws which was decided in both the Civil and Shariah courts. This research found that other than types of business entities, the interest of parties in business is also determined by the quantum of shareholding or contribution in the business.
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Turner, P. G. „THE NEW FUNDAMENTAL NORM OF RECOVERY FOR LOSSES TO EXPRESS TRUSTS“. Cambridge Law Journal 74, Nr. 2 (Juli 2015): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819731500046x.
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THE principles for recovering monetary relief for losses to express trusts have recently been uncertain, especially in “commercial” situations. Where trustees undertook to hold money on trust for a lender and to advance the money to a borrower after receiving security documents, the trustees no doubt breach the trust by advancing the money without first receiving the security documents. However, since Target Holdings v Redferns [1996] A.C. 421, it has been uncertain what measure of relief the lender-beneficiary can recover – and especially whether the measure differs according to (1) whether the form of relief claimed is a general accounting or “equitable compensation” for only particular defaults or (2) whether the circumstances are “commercial”. Under the accounting doctrines as traditionally applied, trustees unable to vouch for trust assets they earlier received could not reduce their liability by showing that part or all of the loss would have been suffered even had they performed the trust correctly. The trustees were responsible for the misapplied sum regardless of causal enquiries. But, in Target, the House of Lords – emphasizing the commercial nature of the case – denied a lender-beneficiary's claim to recover the full sum wrongly disbursed by trustees. The significance of the case has been contested. Did Target change a fundamental norm of monetary relief for losses suffered through breach of trust – a norm applicable regardless of whether the form of relief claimed is a general accounting or equitable compensation for only particular defaults? Did Target instead leave the traditional accounting doctrines untouched, and create a new remedy of equitable compensation for breach of trust? Or did Target establish a “commercial” exception to traditional principles of trustee accountability, an exception limiting the quantum of relief? Indeed, was Target decided per incuriam?
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Tlemsani, Issam, und Robin Matthews. „Digitalization and the prospects of cryptocurrency in Islamic finance“. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development 22, Nr. 2 (01.07.2023): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tmsd_00072_1.
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Are the principles of Islamic finance compatible with cryptocurrency? In the current age of digital transformation, to be followed perhaps by a quantum transformation in computing, plus the involvement of central banks, resource scarcity and climate change, this is the issue addressed in the article. Financial transactions are central to digitalization through fintech and other services. This conceptual article highlights the essentials of cryptocurrency, its history, structure and how it works. Different types of cryptocurrency mining will be examined and explained in detail. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which cryptocurrency structure complies with the maxims of Islamic finance. The article discusses the question in relation to sharia jurisprudence and conformity with the views of Islamic finance scholars. Our discussion extends the rapidly growing literature on cryptocurrency by examining its compatibility with the conceptions of Mal (‘money’) in sharia and Islamic scholarship and its status as fiat money. Taking the view that despite recent glitches, cryptocurrency has a future in the financial ecosystem, we sketch the challenges of facing the introduction of cryptocurrency into Islamic finance. The research has profound policy implications: for the protocols and systems adopted by Islamic financial institutions, their regulation and the role of miners. This research is particularly relevant to avoiding the pitfalls that have so often befallen conventional financial institutions.
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Njegovanović, Ana. „Financial Evolution and Interdisciplinary Research“. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 7, Nr. 1 (2023): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.7(1).71-95.2023.
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This paper (summary of the second chapter of the manuscript “quantum dance”) talks about the multidimensionality of finance through evolution, philosophy with interdisciplinary features (interweaving of neuroscience, mathematics, quantum physics, biology and artificial intelligence). The path of global financial systems that is dependent on emergency infusions, which in medical terms means that the solution is in the operation of the system itself and perhaps a new global finance, quantum finance? (“Economists aren’t trained in money: just imagine the chaos if physicists weren’t trained in gravity”) and financial decision-making. Evolutionary ideas have a long history in the social sciences dating back to Malthus, who played an inspirational role for Darwin (Hodgson, 1993). Veblen (1898) coined the term “evolutionary economics” and began the systematic use of the evolutionary approach in the social sciences (Veblen, 1904). Schumpeter (1911) laid the foundations for evolutionary economics in the 20th century. A decisive role in the creation of the economic branch was played by the works of Alchian (1950), Boulding (1981), Downie (1958), D. Friedman (1998), M. Friedman (1953), Hodgson (1993, 2004), Penrose (1952), Nelson (2018) and Nelson and Winter (1982). The intertwined journey of market outcomes through various cultural traits, trait selection and mutation pressures at different frequencies along with psychological and cognitive bias, network structure, information asymmetry, information waves and institutional environment is the way to study and understand the evolutionary process and social interactions in financial markets (Hirshleifer D ., Shiller R.J., Farmer J.D., Lo A.W., Lo A.W., ). The cultural characteristics of culture and its frequency in its dynamics increase or decrease, changing through individual and social learning. Beliefs and behaviors lead to the transfer of social interactions and observation, implying that culturally transmitted investor ideas or folk models influence trading behaviors and price outcomes. Social finance is characterized by an explicit and broader examination of social transmission processes, cultural characteristics and evolutionary dynamics.
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Ghose, Dipanjan, Sreejita Naskar, Shabbiruddin und Amit Kumar Roy. „An Open Source Software“. International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes 10, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijossp.2019010104.
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Most of the issues regarding power supply occurs due to transmission of power through long distances over diverse and unsuitable landscapes. A solar power plant, if installed within the vicinity of the diverse recipient areas, cuts short the transmission related problems by great numbers and acts like an absolute boon to hilly terrains like Sikkim. The study presented here investigates the land suitability for medium-scale solar power installations in Sikkim by using open source software - Quantum-Geographic Information System (Q-GIS) combined with Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. Six exclusion criteria are identified to avoid unsuitable areas for plant installation. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to rank the available areas according to their suitability, which have been further presented in a technology-aided suitability map. Such a study greatly reduces the feasibility related issues for investors in such projects to visit every site available for construction of the plant, saving time and money.
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BAAQUIE, BELAL E. „A COMMON MARKET MEASURE FOR LIBOR AND PRICING CAPS, FLOORS AND SWAPS IN A FIELD THEORY OF FORWARD INTEREST RATES“. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 08, Nr. 08 (Dezember 2005): 999–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024905003347.
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The main result of this paper is that a martingale evolution can be chosen for LIBOR such that, by appropriately fixing the drift, all LIBOR interest rates have a common market measure. LIBOR is described using a quantum field theory model, and a common measure is seen to emerge naturally for such models. To elaborate how the martingale for the LIBOR belongs to the general class of numeraires for the forward interest rates, two other numeraires are considered, namely the money market measure that makes the evolution of the zero coupon bonds a martingale, and the forward measure for which the forward bond price is a martingale. The price of an interest rate cap is computed for all three numeraires, and is shown to be numeraire invariant. Put-call parity is discussed in some detail and shown to emerge due to some nontrivial properties of the numeraires. Some properties of swaps, and their relation to caps and floors, are briefly discussed.
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Jakimowicz, Aleksander. „The Role of Entropy in the Development of Economics“. Entropy 22, Nr. 4 (16.04.2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040452.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the role of thermodynamics, and in particular, entropy, for the development of economics within the last 150 years. The use of entropy has not only led to a significant increase in economic knowledge, but also to the emergence of such scientific disciplines as econophysics, complexity economics and quantum economics. Nowadays, an interesting phenomenon can be observed; namely, that rapid progress in economics is being made outside the mainstream. The first significant achievement was the emergence of entropy economics in the early 1970s, which introduced the second law of thermodynamics to considerations regarding production processes. In this way, not only was ecological economics born but also an entropy-based econometric approach developed. This paper shows that non-extensive cross-entropy econometrics is a valuable complement to traditional econometrics as it explains phenomena based on power-law probability distribution and enables econometric model estimation for non-ergodic ill-behaved (troublesome) inverse problems. Furthermore, the entropy economics has accelerated the emergence of modern econophysics and complexity economics. These new directions of research have led to many interesting discoveries that usually contradict the claims of conventional economics. Econophysics has questioned the efficient market hypothesis, while complexity economics has shown that markets and economies function best near the edge of chaos. Quantum economics has already appeared on the horizon, which recognizes money as a fundamental measurement device in the economy. The development of these sciences may indicate the need to reformulate all mainstream economics from its foundations.
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Ugariogu, Sylvester Nnaemeka. „Natural Product Chemistry and Computer Aided Drug Design an Approach to Drug Discovery: A Review Article“. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 4, Nr. 3 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000207.
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Natural products have been an inherent part of sustaining acculturation because of their medicinal properties. Past discoveries of bioactive natural products have relied on serendipity and accidental experience, and these compounds serve as inspiration for the generation of analogs with desired physicochemical properties. Bioactive natural products with therapeutic potential are abundantly available in nature and some of them are beyond exploration by conventional methods. However there has been a great breakthrough in the study of computer aided drug design (CADD) as many unfruitful lab researches have been averted and money, time and energies saved through CADD. Computer-aided drug design is a stimulating, arousing and manifold discipline where various aspects of applied and basic research integrate and induce each other. The empirical basis of CADD involves quantum mechanics and molecular modeling studies like structure based drug design; ligand-based drug design; database searching and binding affinity based on the knowledge of a biological target. In this present review we present the areas where natural product chemistry and CADD tools support drug discovery processes.
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B M, Chandrakala, und S. C. Linga Reddy. „Secure and Efficient Bi-Directional Proxy Re-Encyrption Technique“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, Nr. 3 (01.12.2018): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1143-1150.
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<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The low cost availability of smart devices and broadband connection has led to rapid growth of communication over Internet. As of today the internet based communication service is widely used in various application services such as in E-Mail transaction of sensitive data (medical data), online money transaction etc. all these services requires a strong security. There has been continuous ongoing research by various cryptanalyst to enhance security of cryptography especially in semi-untrusted server. However, performance, computation time and ease of use play a significant role in using the algorithm for implementation. Proxy re-encryption plays a significant role in protecting data that are stored in semi-untrusted server. Many existing Proxy re-encryption technique induces high computation overhead due to adoption of public key cryptography such RSA (Rivet Shamir Adleman), ECC (Elliptical Curve Cryptography) etc. and it suffer from quantum attack. To address this lattice based cryptography is adopted by various approaches which is based on Learning With Error which shows resilience against quantum attacks such Chosen Cipher data attack and Chosen Plain Text attack. The drawback with existing lattice cryptography based approach is that they are unidirectional and adopts bilinear pairing which compromise security and induces high computation cost. To address this work present a Bidirectional Proxy Re-encryption scheme by adopting lattice based cryptography technique. Experiment is conducted for computation overhead by varying key and data size which attained significant performance improvement over existing Proxy Re-encryption scheme.</span><br /></span></p>
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Makendran, C., R. Murugasan und S. Velmurugan. „Performance Prediction Modelling for Flexible Pavement on Low Volume Roads Using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis“. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/192485.
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Prediction models for low volume village roads in India are developed to evaluate the progression of different types of distress such as roughness, cracking, and potholes. Even though the Government of India is investing huge quantum of money on road construction every year, poor control over the quality of road construction and its subsequent maintenance is leading to the faster road deterioration. In this regard, it is essential that scientific maintenance procedures are to be evolved on the basis of performance of low volume flexible pavements. Considering the above, an attempt has been made in this research endeavor to develop prediction models to understand the progression of roughness, cracking, and potholes in flexible pavements exposed to least or nil routine maintenance. Distress data were collected from the low volume rural roads covering about 173 stretches spread across Tamil Nadu state in India. Based on the above collected data, distress prediction models have been developed using multiple linear regression analysis. Further, the models have been validated using independent field data. It can be concluded that the models developed in this study can serve as useful tools for the practicing engineers maintaining flexible pavements on low volume roads.
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Reddy, Krishna N., und Martin A. Locke. „Prediction of Soil Sorption (Koc) of Herbicides Using Semiempirical Molecular Properties“. Weed Science 42, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076761.
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Relationships between soil sorption normalized to organic carbon (Koc) and molecular properties of 71 herbicides were examined. The Koc values were obtained from the literature. Various molecular properties were calculated by quantum mechanical methods using molecular modeling software. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models based on four molecular properties, van der Waals volume (VDWv), molecular polarizability (α), dipole moment (μ), and energy of highest occupied molecular orbital (eHOMO), together accounted for 70% of the variation in Koc. Herbicides were broadly divided into six families based on structural similarities, and separate equations were established for each group. The three descriptors, VDWv, α, and μ, along with either energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (eLUMO), or electrophilic superdelocalizability (SE), or eHOMO appeared to be determinants and accounted for 82 to 99% of the variation in Koc. Applicability of these models was tested for one herbicide analogue and 10 metabolites. The QSAR models appear to be specific to structurally similar chemicals. The QSAR models could be developed to predict Koc of structurally similar compounds even before they are synthesized or for some of the metabolites of existing herbicides. Models of this type can also be developed to create priority lists for testing, so that time, money, and efforts can be focused on the potentially most hazardous chemicals.
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Thalluri, Chandrashekar, Kalpana Swain und Satyanarayan Pattnaik. „Rise of Gold Nanoparticles as Carriers of Therapeutic Agents“. Acta Chimica Slovenica 70, Nr. 4 (20.12.2023): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2023.8216.
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Nanoparticles are typically nanoscopic materials with at least one of the dimensions below 100 nm having diverse applications in many industries. The latest developments in nanotechnology provide a wide range of methods for studying and monitoring various medical and biological processes at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles can help diagnose and treat diseases, such as cancer, by carrying drugs directly to cancer cells. They can also be used to detect disease biomarkers in the body, helping to provide early diagnosis. It is plausible that nanoparticles could be used in theranostic applications and targeted drug delivery. This could significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the amount of time, effort, and money needed to diagnose and treat diseases. It could also reduce the side effects of treatments, providing more precise and effective treatments. Nanoparticles for biomedical applications include polymeric and metal nanoparticles; liposomes and micelles; dendrimers and quantum dots; etc. Among the nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery applications. GNPs are highly advantageous for drug delivery applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, stability, and tunable physical and chemical properties. The present review provides an in-depth discussion of the various approaches to GNPs synthesis and drug delivery applications.
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Maranata, Gabriella Josephine, Sandra Megantara und Aliya Nur Hasanah. „An Update in Computational Methods for Environmental Monitoring: Theoretical Evaluation of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of Natural Pigment–Metal Complexes“. Molecules 29, Nr. 7 (08.04.2024): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071680.
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Metals are beneficial to life, but the presence of these elements in excessive amounts can harm both organisms and the environment; therefore, detecting the presence of metals is essential. Currently, metal detection methods employ powerful instrumental techniques that require a lot of time and money. Hence, the development of efficient and effective metal indicators is essential. Several synthetic metal detectors have been made, but due to their risk of harm, the use of natural pigments is considered a potential alternative. Experiments are needed for their development, but they are expensive and time-consuming. This review explores various computational methods and approaches that can be used to investigate metal–pigment interactions because choosing the right methods and approaches will affect the reliability of the results. The results show that quantum mechanical methods (ab initio, density functional theory, and semiempirical approaches) and molecular dynamics simulations have been used. Among the available methods, the density functional theory approach with the B3LYP functional and the LANL2DZ ECP and basis set is the most promising combination due to its good accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Various experimental studies were also in good agreement with the results of computational methods. However, deeper analysis still needs to be carried out to find the best combination of functions and basis sets.
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Ghandhi, P. R. „Exemplary damages in the English law of tort“. Legal Studies 10, Nr. 2 (Juli 1990): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1990.tb00599.x.
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At common law, the primary remedy for a successful plaintiff in an action in tort is an award of damages. The plaintiff must be put in the position in which he was before the tort was committed so far as money can do this. In many actions the principle of restitutio in integrum is a sufficient guide to the quantum of damages. But, in other cases, for example, actions for damages for personal injuries or defamation, a highly subjective element is involved. Neither personal injury nor loss of reputation is easily convertible by the use of any yardstick into an exact monetary figure.In some cases, the damages are said to be ‘at large’. This signifies that the award is not limited to the pecuniary loss that can be precisely proved. Where damages are ‘at large’, as they are, for example, in assault, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution, trespass and defamation, they may be conveniently divided into three separate elements. First, there is the compensation for the actual harm caused to the plaintiff by the defendant; in addition to any pecuniary loss specifically proved, the assessment will involve putting a monetary value on the physical hurt in assault, on curtailment of liberty in false imprisonment or malicious prosecution, on injury to reputation in defamation and on inconvenience and disturbance in trespass.