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1
Gold, Steven J. „Qualitative Methods in Migration Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective“. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 42, Nr. 3 (12.04.2013): 396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306113484702l.
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Vathi, Zana. „Qualitative Methods in Migration Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, Nr. 5 (Mai 2013): 864–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2013.772784.
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Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, und Evren Yalaz. „Qualitative migration research ethics: a roadmap for migration scholars“. Qualitative Research Journal 20, Nr. 3 (23.06.2020): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-02-2020-0013.
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PurposeThis article aims to set a roadmap for an ethical programme, which we call “qualitative migration research ethics” (QMRE). It is a scoping review that maps current ethical challenges that migration scholars often face and provide guidance, while acknowledging the fact that many researchers deal with ethical issues on a case-by-case basis.Design/methodology/approachBy connecting three lines of debates – ethics in social sciences, in qualitative research and in migration studies – this article addresses the following core questions: What are the particular ethical dilemmas in qualitative migration research (QMR)? How do migration researchers deal with these ethical dilemmas? What is the role of universal ethical codes of conduct and case-by-case ethical considerations in dealing with particular situations?FindingsThis review demonstrates that special aspects of migration research context, e.g. participants' mobility, potential vulnerability and migration as a politicized issue as well as the flexible and exploratory nature of qualitative research require particular ethical awareness that cannot be sufficiently addressed by standardized guidelines.Originality/valueIt proposes that efforts to raise ethical awareness must go beyond researchers' ethical confessions or blind adherence to pre-fixed guidance. Researchers must have critical “ethical radar” before, during and after their fieldwork; not only while working on extreme and vulnerable cases but also while doing all kind of research regardless of the level of vulnerability. Last but not least, this article claims the need for including critical ethical consciousness substantially in higher education programmes at the very beginning of the research career.
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Pesic, Jelena. „Gender perspective in migration studies“. Sociologija 55, Nr. 2 (2013): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302317p.
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Research field of migration has been developing for a long time parallel to and outside mainstream institutional academic sociology and its theoretical foundation. In the last two decades, within the field of migration studies, one specific aspect of the phenomena came to the research focus: gender, as significant factor that influences on motivation for migration, shaping, at the same time, its characteristics and specific experiences. With decisive breakthrough of qualitative methods in social sciences and humanities, as well as with gradual development of postmodern philosophy and feminist theory, gender migration studies have been established as research sub-discipline, with its own theoretical and categorical scientific apparatus (as well as institutional-academic grounding), managing more or less successfully to explain and understand multidimensional character of migration processes. This text represents an attempt to make relatively concise overview of disciplines? historical, theoretical and research field development, as a first step in its broader affirmation within Serbian institutional sociology.
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Kubal, Agnieszka. „Theodoros Iosifides,Qualitative Methods in Migration Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective“. Journal of Critical Realism 11, Nr. 3 (10.07.2012): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jcr.v11i3.401.
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Aquino, Clemen C. „Book Review: Qualitative Methods in Migration Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective“. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 21, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2012): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719681202100405.
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Gregurović, Margareta. „Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Evren Yalaz (eds), Qualitative Research in European Migration Studies“. Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 35, Nr. 3 (2019): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.35.3.4.
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Ichinokawa, Momoko, Atilio L. Coan, und Yukio Takeuchi. „Transoceanic migration rates of young North Pacific albacore, Thunnus alalunga, from conventional tagging data“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, Nr. 8 (August 2008): 1681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-095.
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This study summarizes US and Japanese historical North Pacific albacore ( Thunnus alalunga) tagging data and uses maximum likelihood methods to estimate seasonal migration rates of young North Pacific albacore. Previous studies related to North Pacific albacore migration have found that the frequency of albacore migrations is difficult to quantify because of inadequate amounts of tags released by the US tagging program in the western Pacific. Use of the combined Japan and US tagging data solves this problem. This study also incorporates specific seasonal migration routes, hypothesized in past qualitative analyses, to avoid overparameterization problems. The estimated migration patterns qualitatively correspond to those from previous studies and suggest the possibility of frequent westward movements and infrequent eastward movements in the North Pacific. This frequent westward movement of young albacore in the North Pacific would correspond to a part of albacore life history in which immature fish recruit into fisheries in the western and eastern Pacific and then gradually move near to their spawning grounds in the central and western Pacific before maturing.
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Hussain, Yasmin. „‘I was professor in India and here I am a taxi driver’: Middle class Indian migrants to New Zealand“. Migration Studies 7, Nr. 4 (16.07.2018): 496–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny025.
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AbstractThis paper examines the experiences of middle class Indian migrants to New Zealand. Using qualitative data from interviews with this under-researched group the paper analyses their migratory strategies, labour market experiences and reasons for choosing New Zealand over other potential destinations. In the New Zealand labour market they experience an under valuation of their Indian qualifications, and interviewees reported taking low level service employment, and only sometimes progressing to middle class forms of employment. In addition, data from the interviews suggests that there is evidence of a ‘brain drain’ from India to New Zealand rather than a circulation of talent that has been the focus of recent theories. Unlike other studies of migration of highly qualified Indian labour this study finds that they are attracted by the environment and family friendly lifestyle of New Zealand as marketed by the New Zealand government to potential immigrants. Contrary to many previous studies, the findings suggest that migration is a family rather than an individual strategy.
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Sharma, Shailja. „Book review: Theodoros Iosifides, Qualitative Methods in Migration Studies: A Critical Realist Perspective“. Qualitative Research 13, Nr. 4 (22.07.2013): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794113475414.
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Tynewydd, Iona, Sophie North und Imogen Rushworth. „The Experiences of Mental Health Professionals Supporting Forced Migrants: A Qualitative Systematic Review“. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 36, Nr. 1 (25.04.2020): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40774.
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Many forced migrants experience trauma in pre-migration, journeying, and post-migration phases of flight. Therefore appropriate mental health provision is required. Whilst previous reviews have explored the experiences of health-care staff in supporting forced migrants, no review was found that focused solely on the experiences of mental health professionals. This qualitative thematic synthesis integrates the findings from ten qualitative studies and identifies analytical constructs that encompass the challenges and facilitators for mental health professionals. Findings will inform how services can be developed to best support staff and enable the provision of high-quality mental health care for this potentially vulnerable population.
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Schewel, Kerilyn. „Understanding Immobility: Moving Beyond the Mobility Bias in Migration Studies“. International Migration Review 54, Nr. 2 (31.03.2019): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319831952.
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This article suggests that there is a mobility bias in migration research: by focusing on the “drivers” of migration — the forces that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of migration flows — migration theories neglect the countervailing structural and personal forces that restrict or resist these drivers and lead to different immobility outcomes. To advance a research agenda on immobility, it offers a definition of immobility, further develops the aspiration-capability framework as an analytical tool for exploring the determinants of different forms of (im)mobility, synthesizes decades of interdisciplinary research to help explain why people do not migrate or desire to migrate, and considers future directions for further qualitative and quantitative research on immobility.
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Bell, Justyna, Agnieszka Trąbka und Paula Pustulka. „Ethics of relational and representational disclosures in qualitative migration research“. Qualitative Research Journal 20, Nr. 3 (25.06.2020): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-01-2020-0003.
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PurposeThis article engages with the framework of performativity to unpack ethical challenges of interviewing migrants in the setting of shared ethnic background of researchers and participants. From a temporal perspective of shifting contexts from a shared space of the research process, to the post-research reciprocity management, it focusses on the particular aspect of disclosure.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on several qualitative studies performed by the authors as Polish migrant researchers with Polish migrant communities in Norway, Germany and the United Kingdom, the article documents the ethical challenges that come from a shifting “audience” of the research performance.FindingsSpecifically, it discusses how the researchers perform their roles in the field with the focus on rapport building (relational disclosure), to then addressing how this performance changes when the dissemination of findings (representational disclosure) begins and continues over time.Practical implicationsThis article contributes to the long-standing anthropological debate on self-reflection in the field. Also, demythologizing the relations between a researcher and participants, as well as cautioning research by reporting difficulties at different stages of the research process, will likely make it easier for future researchers who may now be better prepared and anticipate the complexities of doing fieldwork. From a temporal perspective, it can also help a broader scientific community avoid pitfalls from presenting unfavourable results prematurely. Thus, the authors hope that this paper may sensitize migration scholars to the possible predicaments in the process of interviewing their co-ethnics.Originality/valueA methodological innovation lies in a clear focus on the cluster of ethical disclosure dilemmas and the article contributes to a lively debate on ethics of “insider research” in migration studies.
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Poleti-Cosic, Dunja. „Biographical method and its use in the field of migration studies“. Sociologija 62, Nr. 1 (2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2001024p.
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Even though the migration is a very important phenomenon in contemporary society, the theoretical and methodological backgrounds used by scholars in examining this field are still in the process of consolidation. In order to contribute to the development of migration studies in Serbia, but also methodological discussions in general, the purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the biographical method that is most often defined as qualitative research approach and has obtained great importunacy within migration studies. The paper first gives an overview of the development of methodology used in the exploration of migration, after which it focuses on the characteristics of biographical method. The benefits of usage of this approach are presented on the material collected by author of this paper during her research with economically active female emigrants from Serbia, who lived in France and Germany.
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Silvestre, Javier. „Temporary Internal Migrations in Spain, 1860–1930“. Social Science History 31, Nr. 4 (2007): 539–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013857.
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Nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century industrialization provoked quantitative and qualitative changes in traditional European migratory patterns. Most of the economic and social history literature concerning the study of European internal migration during the industrializing period has emphasized permanent migration. This article shows, however, that temporary internal migration was common not only in preindustrial societies but in industrializing ones too. The article also examines the causes and the consequences of the persistence of temporary internal migrations in Spain from the mid-nineteenth century to the period leading up to the outbreak of the Spanish civil war (1936–39). Aggregate data sources are used in depth for this purpose. The information derived from aggregate sources is supplemented by reference to secondary sources, mainly comprising local and regional studies.
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Vasquez, Jessica M. „MEXICAN MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT“. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 7, Nr. 1 (2010): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x10000226.
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Literature on international migration, assimilation, and transnationalism continues to be concerned with questions about ties that migrants and their descendents have with their homelands, coethnics, and the native-born population. Tomás R. Jiménez's Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Immigration, and Identity and Joanna Dreby's Divided by Borders: Mexican Migrants and their Children provide important perspectives on different aspects of the larger phenomenon of international migration from Mexico to the United States that is a consequence of labor demand in the United States, economic need and job scarcity in Mexico, and a global economy. Both books deal with social life that takes place across ethnic boundaries, within ethnic groups, and across national borders. Taking qualitative approaches and dealing with the perennial tension between inclusion and exclusion, these books analyze the experiences and perspectives of Mexican migrants, Mexican children, and Mexican Americans.
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Tzeng, Rueyling. „International Labor Migration through Multinational Enterprises“. International Migration Review 29, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900107.
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This research studies international migration of company transferees. The main purposes are to address how their individual characteristics have influences on their overseas assignment and what kinds of migration patterns are created by the multinational business enterprises. U.S. firms in Taiwan are the primary study focus. By using both quantitative and qualitative data, the results show that although an overseas appointment is mainly based on individual competence, nationality, ethnicity and gender also play crucial roles. And multinationals are important channels for sustainable, return and circular migration.
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Çetin, Turhan, Bahadır Kilcan, Cennet Güneş und Osman Çepni. „Examining Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of the Concept of Migration: A Qualitative Study“. International Journal of Education 7, Nr. 3 (09.09.2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v7i3.8025.
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<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of the eighth grade students<br />regarding the concept of migration covered in the 6th and 7th grades social studies curriculum.<br />To this end, the metaphors produced by the students in regard to this concept and the<br />pictures/cartoons drawn by them about it were examined. Survey model was used in this<br />study. Qualitative research techniques considered suitable for triangulation (collecting data<br />via metaphors and document analysis) were used together. The study group consisted of 334<br />eight grade students (176 males and 158 females) attending secondary schools located in the<br />central districts of Ankara, Kilis, and Gaziantep provinces in the fall semester of the<br />2014-2015 academic year. The participants were randomly selected through purposeful<br />sampling. The data obtained from the participants were analyzed and interpreted through<br />content analysis. Results indicated that most of the participants, whether or not they had been<br />exposed to migration, perceived migration as “compulsion”, “continuity”, and “cause of<br />separation”. Another result of this study was that especially the participants exposed to<br />migration perceived migration as “time-dependent differentiation” and “unhappiness” and<br />thought that migration is an undesirable temporary event that occurs at certain times and<br />disappears after a while.</p>
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Budnik, Maria, Katrin Grossmann und Christoph Hedtke. „Migration-Related Conflicts as Drivers of Institutional Change?“ Urban Planning 6, Nr. 2 (27.04.2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3800.
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This article examines the role of social conflicts in the context of migration and discusses the relation between such conflicts and institutional change. We understand conflicts as tensions that evoke contradiction between different social groups or institutional actors. Varied urban contexts together with dynamic immigration of heterogeneous population groups can induce negotiation processes that affect institutional settings and actors. Conflicts have therefore been an integral part of urban coexistence, and cities have always been places where these conflicts play out. We assume that conflicts are social phenomena, which have multiple causes and effects. Public assumptions about conflicts in connection with migration often have a negative or destructive impetus, while conflict theory ascribes to conflicts potential positive effects on societal change. Conflicts can represent forms of socialization and the possibility of adapting or changing social conditions. This article discusses the extent to which migration-related conflicts induce institutional change. Using qualitative empirical results from the BMBF-funded research project MigraChance, we present a case study that reconstructs the emergence and course of a conflict surrounding the construction of a Syriac-Orthodox church in Bebra (Hesse) in the 1990s. Analyzing this conflict both in depth and in relation to its local context, we show that migration is only one part of what we refer to as migration-related conflicts, and we shed light on the complexity of factors that can result in institutional change. Change can also occur indirectly, in small steps, and with ambivalent normative implications.
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Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Halina, und Maria Kanal. „Research on forced migration from the perspective of the psychology of religion: Opportunities and challenges“. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 41, Nr. 3 (November 2019): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0084672419894673.
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The goal of our article is to present the subject of forced migration as a very interesting and socially relevant research field that could contribute to further development of the psychology of religion. We focus on further development of the toolbox of the psychology of religion, seeking further application of Sunden’s role theory and introducing new approaches originating from indigenous and environmental psychology. After a short review of existing research, new theoretical approaches, and methodologies are presented, along with suggestions for improving the validity of qualitative research pertaining to the role of religion at all stages of the migration process.
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Cook Heffron, Laurie. „“Salía de uno y me metí en otro”: Exploring the Migration-Violence Nexus Among Central American Women“. Violence Against Women 25, Nr. 6 (21.09.2018): 677–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801218797473.
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Increasing numbers of Central American women cross the U.S.–Mexico border, prompting social service providers, advocates, and policy makers to investigate motivations and appropriate responses. Drawing from a constructivist grounded theory study and in-depth qualitative interviews, this article explores women’s experiences of domestic and sexual violence in relation to migration. Findings reveal interconnections across multiple and interconnecting categories of violence as precipitating factors for migration, during border-crossing, and following arrival in the United States. This study fills gaps in our understanding of the violence-migration nexus and provides direction for policy, practice, and advocacy, in the context of shifting political landscapes and migration trends.
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Teodorowski, Piotr, Ruth Woods und Catriona Kennedy. „The Mental Health and Wellbeing of EU Citizens in the UK: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature“. Border Crossing 10, Nr. 1 (04.06.2020): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v10i1.976.
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Moving to a new country impacts on migrants’ mental health and wellbeing. There are over 3.6 million European Union citizens living in the United Kingdom. We conducted a systematic review of the qualitative literature to explore what is known about their mental health and wellbeing at the post-migration stage in pre-Brexit period. We searched five databases from 1st January 2009 to 19th February 2019; Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SocIndex and Scopus for studies. Ten papers reporting nine studies were included in this review. Two themes were constructed; a narrative of adjustment and of employment realities. The former focuses on the process of settling in and the role of social connectedness. The latter concerns employment realities with included studies exploring the financial position and employment experiences of migrants. Findings indicate that we still know relatively little about the range of post-migration experiences among EU citizens and their implications for mental health
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Tanyas, Bahar. „Gendering migration narratives: a qualitative inquiry on language use and agency in adaptation stories“. Gender and Language 10, Nr. 1 (20.01.2015): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i1.17495.
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Palau-Sampio, Dolors. „Reframing Central American Migration From Narrative Journalism“. Journal of Communication Inquiry 43, Nr. 1 (24.10.2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918806676.
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Over the past decade, some journalists and media have addressed Central American migration to the United States from an investigative and narrative reporting perspective, providing a more reliable and accurate portrait of the main characters and their underlying reasons for making the move. This article examines how an ethnographic and analytical approach in combination with narrative techniques can improve the coverage of complex issues such as migration, providing more detailed and complete information than conventional media presents. The qualitative analysis focuses on five projects, including the crossmedia On the Road—with a long-form reportage, a book of photographs, and a documentary—and four multimedia documents released by Central American platforms, in some cases in partnership with U.S. media and foundations. The results emphasize that new reporting techniques and coverage inspired in slow journalism can help to reframe migration in a radically different way.
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Salamońska, Justyna, und Aleksandra Winiarska. „New Horizons? Comparisons and Frames of Reference of Polish Multiple Migrants Worldwide“. Social Inclusion 9, Nr. 1 (18.02.2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3677.
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Building on the literature on transnational social fields (Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004) and the research agenda on pluri-local transnational studies (Pries, 2001), in this article we examine the processes of Polish migrants’ social positioning. Nowadays many migrant trajectories are more complex than moving just from one place to another, involving repeated migration spells, returns, and onward mobility. In particular, multiple migration routes involving more than one destination expand the horizons lived by migrants and hence the frames in which they can position themselves. We adopt an actor-centred approach to better understand how highly mobile individuals negotiate social comparisons concerning the contexts they have engaged in during their multiple migration spells. This article draws on qualitative data from the MULTIMIG project that examines Polish migration worldwide. The analysis is based on a qualitative panel study with 70 Poles living abroad, who have the experience of multiple migration (who have lived in two countries outside of Poland for at least three months in each). The interviews shed light on how Polish migrants make social comparisons, and in particular, which frames of reference they adopt.
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Rachmawati, Laksmi, und Ade Latifa. „LINTASAN PENGHIDUPAN (LIVELIHOOD TRAJECTORIES) DAN MIGRASI LINGKUNGAN DI DELTA MAHAKAM“. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 15, Nr. 1 (08.10.2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v15i1.475.
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The studies of environmental migration are still limited in Indonesia. Within the limited literature in the Indonesian context, Research Center for Population LIPI has conducted studies on environmental migration in 2015-2016 and the abandonment of shrimp pond due to migration in 2013 in Delta Mahakam, East Kalimantan. Using Livelihood Trajectories (LT) approach, this paper aims to examine the people’s adaptation in Delta Mahakam related to environmental migration. The LT approach gives more understanding of the adaptation process that leads to migration decision-making. By applying a qualitative approach using interviews and focus group discussion (FGD), data are collected related to the changes of landscape livelihood and the adaptation to respond to it. The interviews and FGD conducted with farmers, fishers, aquaculture farmers who move or stay and with formal/informal leaders and patron. In the case of Delta Mahakam, migration becomes a strategy for adaptation. The decision to migrate is not an instant decision-making process but as a part of trajectories to sustain their livelihood.
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Scheibelhofer, Elisabeth. „Potential of qualitative network analysis in migration studies- Reflections based on an empirical analysis of young researchers’ mobility aspirations“. MIGRATION LETTERS 8, Nr. 2 (28.01.2014): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v8i2.159.
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Based on the example of an empirical research study, the paper examines the strengths and limitations of a qualitative network approach to migration and mobility. The method of graphic drawings produced by the respondents within an interview setting was applied. With this method, we argue to be able to analyse migrants’ specific social embeddedness and its influence on future mobility aspirations. Likewise, connections between the migratory biography and the individuals’ various social relations are investigated.
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Rašević, Mirjana. „Migration as a Catalyst of Serbia’s Development“. Southeastern Europe 43, Nr. 3 (10.12.2019): 277–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04303004.
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This article examines the link between Serbia’s demographic and socioeconomic momentum on the one hand, and the migration phenomenon on the other. This is done both to determine the restrictions for development and to identify the potential scope for using migration as a catalyst of Serbia’s development as an emigration country. The revised push and pull model by Fassmann and Musil (2013) and the migration transition model (from emigration to immigration countries), developed by Fassmann and Reeger (2012) have been chosen as the article’s theoretical frame of reference. The emphasis in the article is on qualitative consideration of these topics, but one that is based on various types of records. To that end, the author has used statistics and the findings of various national studies conducted in the recent years.
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Montero-Sieburth, Martha. „Ethical dilemmas and challenges in ethnographic migration research“. Qualitative Research Journal 20, Nr. 3 (01.07.2020): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-12-2019-0100.
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PurposeArgued is the need for: (1) a clearer interpretation of procedural ethics guidelines; (2) the identification and development of ethical field case study models which can be incorporated into university ethics teaching; (3) an understanding of the vulnerabilities of researchers and participants as reflected in the researchers' positionality and reflexivity and (4) ethnographic monitoring as a participant-friendly and participatory ethics methodology.Design/methodology/approachThis article, drawn from the author's four-decade trajectory of collective ethnographic research, addresses the ethical challenges and dilemmas encountered by researchers when conducting ethnographic research, particularly with vulnerable migrant women and youth.FindingsThe author addresses dilemmas in field research resulting from different interpretations of ethics and emphasizes the need for researchers to be critically aware of their own vulnerabilities and those of migrants to avoid unethical practices in validating the context(s), language(s), culture and political landscape of their study.Research limitations/implicationsThe author presents case studies from the US and the Netherlands, underlining her positionality and reflexivity and revisits Dell Hymes' ethnographic monitoring approach as a participant-friendly, bottom-up methodology which enables researchers to co-construct knowledge with participants and leads to participatory ethics.Practical implicationsShe presents case studies from the US and the Netherlands underlining her positionality and reflexivity and revisits Dell Hymes’ ethnographic monitoring approach as a participant-friendly, bottom up methodology which enables researchers to co-construct knowledge with participants and engage in participatory ethics.Social implicationsFinally, she proposes guidelines for the ethical conduct of research with migrant populations that contribute to the broader methodological debates currently taking place in qualitative migration research.Originality/valueExpected from this reading is the legacy that as a qualitative migration researcher one can after 4 decades of research leave behind as caveats and considerations in working with vulnerable migrants and the ethical dilemmas and challenges that need to be overcome.
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Muehlhausen, W., B. Byrom und B. Skerritt. „Recommendations on Cognitive Debrief and Usability Studies for Instrument Migration from Paper to Electronic Modalities Based on A Qualitative Synthesis of Validation Studies“. Value in Health 19, Nr. 7 (November 2016): A391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.09.252.
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Dennis, Cindy-Lee, Kenneth Fung, Sophie Grigoriadis, Gail Erlick Robinson, Sarah Romans und Lori Ross. „Traditional Postpartum Practices and Rituals: A Qualitative Systematic Review“. Women's Health 3, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.3.4.487.
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Many cultures around the world observe specific postpartum rituals to avoid ill health in later years. This qualitative systematic review examined the literature describing traditional postpartum practices from 51 studies in over 20 different countries. Commonalities were identified in practices across cultures. Specifically, the themes included organized support for the mother, periods of rest, prescribed food to be eaten or prohibited, hygiene practices and those related to infant care and breastfeeding, among others. These rituals allow the mother to be ‘mothered’ for a period of time after the birth. They may have beneficial health effects as well as facilitate the transition to motherhood. In today's society, with modernization, migration and globalization, individuals may be unable to carry out the rituals or, conversely, feel pressured to carry out activities in which they no longer believe. The understanding of traditional postpartum practices can inform the provision of culturally competent perinatal services.
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Sinanan, Jolynna, und Catherine Gomes. „‘Everybody needs friends’: Emotions, social networks and digital media in the friendships of international students“. International Journal of Cultural Studies 23, Nr. 5 (08.08.2020): 674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920922249.
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The importance of kin relations and neighbourhoods has received considerable attention in research on transnational migration. Further, research in transnational families and digital media highlights the strategies for maintaining family relationships By contrast, research on friendship is currently limited and, more so, the centrality of the emotional aspects of friendships as intimacy as well as networks of support has received less attention, particularly from a culturally comparative perspective. Drawing on qualitative research in Melbourne ( n = 59) and Singapore ( n = 61), this article examines the ways in which international students invest in developing friendships with other international students based on shared circumstances in the cities in which they are living and studying. The article contributes to fields of literature in transnational migration and cross-cultural perspectives towards friendship and argues that the kinds of friendship forged by the experiences of international students are significant for capturing an aspect of the diversity of migrant relationships.
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Cârlan, Alexandru, und Mălina Ciocea. „Media deliberation on intra-EU migration. A qualitative approach to framing based on rhetorical analysis“. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 16, Nr. 3 (24.04.2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2014.3.177.
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In this paper we investigate how the model of deliberation proposed by Isabela and Norman Fairclough can be used for a better clarification and understanding of the framing processes in media – especially in opinion articles. We thus aim at integrating theoretical contributions from critical discourse analysis and argumentation theory with standard approaches to framing, originating in media studies. We emphasize how a rhetorical approach to framing can provide analytical insights into framing processes and complement the typical quantitative approaches with qualitative analysis based on textual reconstruction. Starting from an issue-specific approach to framing, we discuss a particular case of framing of intra-EU migration, analyzing four opinion articles selected from a larger corpus of Romanian, British and French media. We highlight, along our analysis, various methodological options and analytical difficulties inherent to such an approach.
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Nelson, Marla, und Renia Ehrenfeucht. „Beyond the Jobs versus Amenities Debate: Understanding the Migration of Educated Workers and Implications for Planning“. Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, Nr. 1 (09.12.2017): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17745597.
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A skilled workforce is essential to regional growth and competitiveness, yet what is needed to attract and retain a talent base is a matter of long-standing debate. Through a qualitative longitudinal study of educated professionals who moved or returned to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, we identify the particular aspects of “jobs” and “amenities” respondents valued, highlight the complex and relational nature of the migration process, and examine how locational priorities shift as life circumstances change. Understanding the place-specific and institutional qualities that affect mobility and how individuals negotiate the migration process are essential to attract and retain skilled workers.
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Tegenbos, Jolien, und Karen Büscher. „Moving Onward?“ Transfers 7, Nr. 2 (01.06.2017): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070204.
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This article examines the migration-asylum nexus in the microcosm of Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya by focusing on refugees and asylum seekers who move onward from a first refuge, in Central-East Africa. By drawing on qualitative ethnographic field research in Kakuma, the article outlines how such “secondary movements” cause many anxieties, as the distinction between refugees and migrants is blurred by motivations that are not exclusively protection related. Based on a Foucauldian analysis of power and discourse, we argue that this creates a contested social and semantic space wherein all actors struggle to uphold the rigid distinction. Additionally, by combining the strengths of migration studies’ consideration for policy categories and mobility studies’ holistic perspective toward migration, the article aims to further deepen academic interaction between two literature traditions in order to enhance our understanding of how mobility is “shaped” and “lived” by people in wartime situations.
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Arokkiaraj, H., Archana Kaushik und S. Irudaya Rajan. „Effects of International Male Migration on Wives Left Behind in Rural Tamil Nadu“. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 28, Nr. 2 (15.03.2021): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521521997964.
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Emigration by skilled and semi-skilled workers from India to the Middle East is a strategy for better economic returns. Families rarely accompany migrants. Drawing insights from primary data gathered from intensive fieldwork in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, this article attempts to understand the psychological consequences on the wives left behind. A mixed sampling method was used to derive the sample size. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s chi-square tests were mainly used for quantitative analysis supplemented by qualitative methods. The results indicated that wives considered loneliness the most significant psychological problem arising from their husbands’ absence. Stress was also caused by financial problems and the necessity of taking on additional roles in the family.
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Gordano Peile, Cecilia. „Feminist birds of passage: Feminist and migrant becomings of Latin American women in Spain“. European Journal of Women's Studies 25, Nr. 2 (15.11.2017): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506817741324.
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This article focuses on the articulations of migration and gender, from the vantage point of women whose feminist experiences have been both enriched and challenged by migration and vice versa. It presents the results of a qualitative research study of five Latin American women who migrated to Barcelona and felt close to feminisms. The author draws on feminist and postcolonial approaches to migration studies that highlight the active role women play in migratory processes as well as how intersectional variables of ethnic origin, socioeconomic class, education and family contexts are articulated, configuring different power relations and resources in specific sociohistorical contexts. The results challenge widespread stereotypes about migrant women by revealing a rich diversity of profiles, motivations and migratory pathways, as well as how informants’ experiences of social activism across national borders have transformed their subject formation processes and re-positioned them as active subjects of political action.
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Gough, Katherine V., Paul WK Yankson und James Esson. „Migration, housing and attachment in urban gold mining settlements“. Urban Studies 56, Nr. 13 (28.11.2018): 2670–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018798536.
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Mining settlements are typically portrayed as either consisting of purpose-built housing constructed by mining companies to house their workers, or as temporary makeshift shelters built by miners working informally and inhabited by male migrants who live dangerously and develop little attachment to these places. This paper contributes to these debates on the social and material dynamics occurring in mining settlements, focusing on those with urban rather than rural characteristics, by highlighting how misconceived these archetypal portrayals are in the Ghanaian context. Drawing on qualitative data collected in three mining settlements, we explore who is moving to and living in the mining towns, who is building houses, and how attachments to place develop socio-temporally. Through doing so, the paper provides original insights on the heterogeneous nature of mining settlements, which are found to be home to a wide range of people engaged in diverse activities. Mining settlements and their attendant social dynamics are shown to evolve in differing ways, depending on the type of mining taking place and the length of time the mines have been in operation. Significantly, we illustrate how, contrary to popular understandings of incomers to mining settlements as nomadic opportunists, migrants often aspire to build their own houses and establish a family, which promotes their attachment to these settlements and their desire to remain. These insights further scholarship on the social and material configuration of mining settlements and feed into the revival of interest in small and intermediate urban settlements.
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Colgan, S. P., C. A. Parkos, C. Delp, M. A. Arnaout und J. L. Madara. „Neutrophil migration across cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers is modulated by epithelial exposure to IFN-gamma in a highly polarized fashion.“ Journal of Cell Biology 120, Nr. 3 (01.02.1993): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.3.785.
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Neutrophil, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), migration across intestinal epithelial barriers, such as occurs in many disease states, appears to result in modifications of epithelial barrier and ion transport functions (Nash, S., J. Stafford, and J. L. Madara. 1987. J. Clin. Invest. 80:1104-1113; Madara, J. L., C. A. Parkos, S. P. Colgan, R. J. MacLeod, S. Nash, J. B. Matthews, C. Delp, and W. I. Lencer. 1992. J. Clin. Invest. 89:1938-1944). Here we investigate the effects of epithelial exposure to IFN-gamma on PMN migration across cultured monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cell line T84. Transepithelial migration of PMN was initially assessed in the apical-to-basolateral direction, since previous studies indicate general qualitative similarities between PMN migration in the apical-to-basolateral and in the basolateral-to-apical directions. In the apical-to-basolateral direction, epithelial exposure to IFN-gamma markedly upregulated transepithelial migration of PMN in a dose- and time-dependent fashion as measured by both electrical and myeloperoxidase assays. This IFN-gamma-elicited effect on transmigration was specifically due to a IFN-gamma effect on epithelial cells and was not secondary to IFN-gamma effects on epithelial tight junction permeability. Moreover, this IFN-gamma effect was dependent on epithelial protein synthesis, and involved a pathway in which CD11b/18, but not ICAM-1 or CD11a/18, appeared to play a crucial role in PMN-epithelial adhesion. IFN-gamma also substantially modified PMN transepithelial migration in the natural, basolateral-to-apical direction. The IFN-gamma effect on naturally directed transmigration was also specifically due to an IFN-gamma effect on epithelial cells, showed comparable time and dose dependency to that of oppositely directed migration, was CD11b/18 dependent, and required epithelial protein synthesis. Additionally, however, important qualitative differences existed in how IFN-gamma affected transmigration in the two directions. In contrast to apical-to-basolateral directed migration, IFN-gamma markedly downregulated transepithelial migration of PMN in the natural direction. This downregulation of PMN migration in the natural direction, however, was not due to failure of PMN to move across filters and into monolayers. Indeed, IFN-gamma exposure to epithelia increased the number of PMN which had moved into the basolateral space of the epithelium in naturally directed transmigration. These results represent the first detailed report of influences on PMN transepithelial migration by a cytokine, define conditions under which a qualitative difference in PMN transepithelial migration exists, and suggest that migration of PMN across epithelia in the natural direction may involve multiple steps which can be differentially regulated by cytokines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Akombi-Inyang, Blessing, Md Nazmul Huda, Aletta E. Schutte, Rona Macniven, Sophia Lin, Patrick Rawstorne, Xiaoyue Xu und Andre Renzaho. „The Association between Post-Migration Nutrition and Lifestyle Transition and the Risk of Developing Chronic Diseases among Sub-Saharan African Migrants: A Mixed Method Systematic Review Protocol“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 9 (28.04.2021): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094706.
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Sub-Saharan African (SSA) migrants face nutrition and lifestyle changes upon arrival in a host country. The shift in diet and lifestyle reflects post-migration acculturation and could predispose migrants to nutrition- and lifestyle- related chronic diseases. A mixed-methods systematic review of published studies and the grey literature on post-migration nutrition and lifestyle transition among SSA migrants will be undertaken. Studies published in English and conducted from 2000 to 2020 using quantitative and/or qualitative methods will be included. Ten bibliographic databases will be searched: Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Informit and Web of Science. Data extraction will be informed by the Cochrane PROGRESS-Plus framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute manual. The quality of the included studies will be appraised for risk of bias using validated tools. An integrated approach to quantitative and qualitative data synthesis through data transformation will be undertaken, and a narrative synthesis of the findings will be provided. This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines and provides insight into the scope and parameters of the systematic review to be conducted. The aim of the review is to evaluate the association between post-migration nutrition and lifestyle transition and the risk of developing chronic diseases among SSA migrants in Australia. This review will provide insight into possible areas for interventions to improve the health of migrants. Systematic Review Registration: The protocol was registered with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews CRD42020206560.
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Salami, Bukola, Higinio Fernandez-Sanchez, Christa Fouche, Catrin Evans, Lindiwe Sibeko, Mia Tulli, Ashley Bulaong et al. „A Scoping Review of the Health of African Immigrant and Refugee Children“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 7 (28.03.2021): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073514.
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Migration is a growing phenomenon around the world, including within the African continent. Many migrants, especially African children, face challenges related to health and social inclusion and can face increased health risks. A systematic scoping review of available literature on the health of African migrant children across the globe was conducted to offer insight into these health risks. The review was conducted over a 15-month period from January 2019 to April 2020, yielding 6602 articles once duplicates were removed. This search included electronic databases, reference lists of articles reviewed, and searches of libraries of relevant organisations. A total of 187 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 159 were quantitative, 22 were qualitative, and 6 used mixed methods. The findings reveal decreased health in this population in areas of nutrition, infectious diseases, mental health, birth outcomes, sexual and reproductive health, physical and developmental health, parasitic infections, oral health, respiratory health, preventative health, endocrine disorders, health care services, and haematological conditions. The findings offer insights into factors influencing the health of African immigrant and refugee children. Further studies, especially qualitative studies, are needed to determine barriers to service access after migration and to investigate other underexplored and overlooked health concerns of African migrant children, including pneumonia and child maltreatment.
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Ruehs, Emily M. „Adventures in El Norte“. Men and Masculinities 20, Nr. 3 (08.03.2016): 364–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x16634796.
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Research on migration typically focuses on adults; yet, each year, thousands of children and adolescents immigrate to the United States independently. The experiences and identities of these young immigrants are complicated by a myriad of social locations, not least of all their gender identity. Based on sixteen qualitative interviews with men who immigrated to the United States as unaccompanied minors in the 1990s and 2000s, this article provides an intersectional understanding of the dynamic relationship between masculine identity and migration experience for adolescent men who migrate by themselves. In particular, this work explores how migration can serve as a “male quest story,” allows young men to take economic responsibility for their families, and provides the opportunity for men to escape local forms of violent masculinities.
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Beyan, Temesgen Tesfamariam. „Accessing Global Capital Through Remittance: A Route to the Reconfiguration of the Peasant Mode of Production in Rural Eritrea“. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, Nr. 2 (27.07.2021): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211033776.
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Migration and its resultant remittance have become the two powerful forces of peasant transformation in Eritrea in the last decade. If the former is responsible for uprooting labor from land, the latter is a replacement value to what the labor would have produced from the land. Using qualitative data gathered through an ethnographic fieldwork in the peasant region, this article argues that these two forces—migration and remittance—have resulted in gradual divorce of peasants from their means of production, land, in ways that seemingly appear productive to the peasants, rural–urban migration and a new form of relationship between peasants and state. In general, the outcome of the entire process is the emergence of quasi-peasant society which no more depends on land for survival because remittance has provided them alternative source. Therefore, migration and remittance in Eritrea have not only resulted in massive uprooting of labor from the land, but also heavily reconfigured the peasant mode of production.
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Carvalho, Alberto Rodrigues, und Francisco Catunda Martins. „A psychological perspective on immigration: the reasons and hardships of migrating to Brazil’s capital, Brasília“. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 12, Nr. 3 (12.09.2016): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-06-2015-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to seek the inner motivations present in immigrants moving from different regions of Brazil to its capital, Brasília. The goal is to find out the individuals’ stories, not only the macroeconomic aspects usually studied in migration movements. Also, the authors intend to understand how impacting the process of leaving one’s homeland and loved ones behind can be. Design/methodology/approach In this study, ten recent immigrants were interviewed about their inner motivations to migrate to Brasília and the difficulties faced. Their answers were categorized and distributed into charts showing the most relevant parts for the study. Findings Two main topics stood out: work and love. The search for a meaningful and rewarding job is a strong enough reason to migrate. Love presents itself as a different reason to migrate, especially when economic and political reasons are the most common motivators. Love has to do with wanting to be with a partner or family. Migration is a time for crisis, mourning can be present and the strangeness of the new place may affect some more than others. All interviewees mentioned the hardships of adapting, be it emotionally or psychologically. Originality/value It is a response to the lack of clinical psychology studies about migration in Brazil. The importance of having studies carried out with a more qualitative perspective in the field of migration, in which the focus are the inner motivations of the migrants and what their experiences are.
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Toma, Sorana, und María Villares-Varela. „The Role of Migration Policies in the Attraction and Retention of International Talent: The Case of Indian Researchers“. Sociology 53, Nr. 1 (05.02.2018): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038517750540.
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Governments are increasingly implementing policies aimed at attracting or retaining highly skilled migrants. While a growing number of studies examine the effectiveness of these efforts, the actual mechanisms through which migration policies may operate have not been questioned. Drawing on an aspirations-capability framework for mobility, this article explores the role of migration policies in the geographic mobility decisions of researchers, a highly skilled group that has been specifically targeted by such policies. Focusing on Indian researchers and using qualitative methodology ( N = 40), we examine their decisions to study and/or work abroad, to stay or move elsewhere. The article shows that while migration policies do not seem to be influential in the attraction of students and researchers, they do play a role in the retention and subsequent moves of international talent.
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Ulusoy, Nazan, und Anja Schablon. „Discrimination in In-Patient Geriatric Care: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Employees with a Turkish Migration Background“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 7 (25.03.2020): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072205.
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In most studies, nurses with a migrant background report experiences of interpersonal discrimination. These often occur in interaction with those in need of care. However, in Germany this topic has remained largely unexplored, although a large proportion of the employees in geriatric care have a migration background. The aim of the study was to investigate whether care workers with Turkish migration background in in-patient geriatric care are exposed to discrimination from residents. Furthermore, the reasons for discrimination, handling of discrimination and recommendations for in-patient geriatric facilities to avoid/reduce discrimination were examined. In a qualitative, explorative study, 24 employees with Turkish migrant background working in in-patient geriatric care were interviewed in 2017. The semi-structured interviews were evaluated using a qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. The majority (N = 20) experienced or observed discrimination. This occurred mainly in the form of xenophobic insults and rejections. They perceived visible traits (dark hair and eye color, clothing) as potential reasons. To deal with the discrimination, most of them temporarily left the scene. They recommend that institutions should primarily make the diversity of the workforce transparent to avoid/reduce discrimination. More research is needed about discrimination against care workers with migration background because discrimination may have serious psychological effects that impact employee retention and the quality of care.
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Jones, Terry-Ann. „Migration as a Response to Internal Colonialism in Brazil“. Transfers 7, Nr. 2 (01.06.2017): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070205.
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The concept of internal colonialism h as been used to frame studies of marginalized populations exploited by the dominant or majority population. Brazil’s regional inequalities have gained notoriety, as wealth tends to be concentrated in the southern regions, while poverty is most rampant in the north and northeast. Inequality in Brazil is connected to geographic region and related to complex factors such as race, ethnicity, color, kinship, and class, and is deeply rooted in Brazil’s colonial history. Using data from in-depth, qualitative interviews with seasonal sugarcane workers, this article argues that the inequality that motivates their migration pattern is rooted in internal colonialism. These temporary labor migrants travel from northern and northeastern states to the cane fields of São Paulo, where labor demands are high and they face many of the challenges that international labor migrants encounter, including discrimination, poor wages, and inhumane working conditions.
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Pischetola, Magda, und Clio Sozzani. „The impact of digital networking on the life of asylum seekers in Italy“. Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 9, Nr. 2 (01.10.2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc.9.2.253_1.
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The article aims to investigate the relation between migration and digital technologies, in particular the way in which connectivity contributes to new forms of social inclusion. The study presented explores asylum seekers’ digital connections in relation to affective belonging, focusing on how social media enhance new forms of relationship between the homeland and host countries, as well as across migration flows. The research draws from the humanities and social sciences, proposing a qualitative methodology based on in-depth interviews with five migrants from the Middle East and Africa, who are hosted in a temporary camp for asylum seekers in Italy. It focuses on the way in which they remain connected to their home countries and how they try, at the same time, to create new relationships in the host country. The results outline how different forms of communication and digital networking impact on the migrants’ settling into new lives at the local and transnational level.
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Ngongalah, Lem, Judith Rankin, Tim Rapley, Adefisayo Odeniyi, Zainab Akhter und Nicola Heslehurst. „Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviours in African Migrant Women Living in High Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Framework Synthesis“. Nutrients 10, Nr. 8 (03.08.2018): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081017.
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Dietary and physical activity behaviours during preconception and in pregnancy are important determinants of maternal and child health. This review synthesised the available evidence on dietary and physical activity behaviours in pregnant women and women of childbearing age women who have migrated from African countries to live in high income countries. Searches were conducted on Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus, Proquest, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library. Searches were restricted to studies conducted in high income countries and published in English. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out in duplicate. Findings were synthesised using a framework approach, which included both a priori and emergent themes. Fourteen studies were identified; ten quantitative and four qualitative. Four studies included pregnant women. Data on nutrient intakes included macro- and micro-nutrients; and were suggestive of inadequacies in iron, folate, and calcium; and excessive sodium intakes. Dietary patterns were bicultural, including both Westernised and African dietary practices. Findings on physical activity behaviours were conflicting. Dietary and physical activity behaviours were influenced by post-migration environments, culture, religion, and food or physical activity-related beliefs and perceptions. Further studies are required to understand the influence of sociodemographic and other migration-related factors on behaviour changes after migration.
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Milan, A., G. Gioli und T. Afifi. „Migration and global environmental change: methodological lessons from mountain areas of the global South“. Earth System Dynamics 6, Nr. 1 (22.06.2015): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-375-2015.
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Abstract. The relationship between migration and environmental and climatic changes is a crucial yet understudied factor influencing mountain livelihoods in the global South. These livelihoods are often characterized by high prevalence of family farming, widespread dependence on natural resources, and high sensitivity to climatic changes. Except for a limited number of empirical case studies, the literature on migration and global environmental change has not yet moved beyond case study results to address and explain global patterns and specificities of migration in mountain areas of the global South. After an introduction to the topic, the authors present a new synthesis of three field studies combining household surveys, participatory research approach (PRA) tools and key informant interviews in Pakistan, Peru, and Tanzania. This article suggests that the systematic use of transdisciplinary approaches, with a combination of quantitative and qualitative empirical methods, is the key to understanding global migration patterns in rural mountain areas of the global South. The results of our synthesis suggests that survey data should be triangulated with PRA results as well as secondary data in order to build household profiles connecting vulnerability (measured through a multidimensional index) with human mobility patterns. Such profiles can be conducive to better understand the feedback processes between livelihoods and mobility patterns both within each case study and across case studies, helping researchers to draw general lessons.