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Herberhold, Max, Yan-Xiang Cheng, Guo-Xin Jin und Wolfgang Milius. „1,1′-Di(tert-butyl)metallocenium Cations. The X-Ray Crystal Structures of [M(C5H4tBu)2]PF6 (M = Fe, Co) and [Co (C5H4t Bu)2]2CoCl4“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 55, Nr. 9 (01.09.2000): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2000-0905.
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The hexafluorophosphate salts [Fe(C5H4tBu)2]PF6 (1) and [Co(C5 H4 tBu)2]PF6 (2) crystallize in isotypic structures with centrosymmetric cations which have a staggered (transoid) conformation of the exactly parallel ring ligands (conformational angle τ = 180°). The tetrachlorocobaltate salt, [Co(C5H4tBu)2 ]2 CoCl4 (3), contains one almost eclipsed (τ = 140.4°) and one almost staggered (τ = 101.4°) cobaltocenium cation; in both cases, the cyclopentadienyl ring planes are slightly inclined (by α = 5.4° and 4.1°, respectively) to give more room to the tert-butyl substituents which are bent away from the metal in all three complexes 1 - 3
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Ito, T., H. Shinohara und S. Nishimoto. „Conformational Effects on Photophysical Characteristics of C5–C5′-linked Dihydrothymine Dimers in Solution¶“. Photochemistry and Photobiology 72, Nr. 6 (2000): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0719:ceopco>2.0.co;2.
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Costa, Edílson, und Paulo A. M. Leal. „Produção de alface hidropônica em três ambientes de cultivo“. Engenharia Agrícola 29, Nr. 3 (September 2009): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162009000300003.
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Propôs-se avaliar a produção hidropônica de alface-crespa, variedade "Vera", em bancadas inclinadas com canais de 100 mm, utilizando a técnica de filme de solução nutritiva, em resposta à aplicação de dióxido de carbono e ao resfriamento evaporativo. Realizaram-se cinco ciclos de cultivo nos períodos de 20-3 a 17-4-2000 (C1); 25-5 a 29-6-2000 (C2); 13-7 a 21-8-2000 (C3); 27-8 a 2-10-2000 (C4) e 12-12-2000 a 10-1-2001 (C5). Avaliaram-se três casas de vegetação, sendo casa de vegetação sem sistema de resfriamento evaporativo do ar e sem injeção aérea de CO2 (A1); casa de vegetação com injeção aérea de CO2 e sem sistema de resfriamento evaporativo do ar (A2), e casa de vegetação com injeção aérea de CO2 e com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo do ar do tipo meio poroso-exaustor (A3). Avaliaram-se as massas frescas e secas em gramas, o número de folhas e a área foliar em mm². Utilizou-se do delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que, no ciclo C1, utilizaram-se 48 repetições por ambiente; para os ciclos C2, C3 e C5, foram 64 repetições, e para o ciclo C4, foram 24 repetições. O ambiente climatizado com incremento de dióxido de carbono promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das plantas, com maior número de folhas comercializáveis. Em ambientes não climatizados, o incremento de CO2 não resultou em aumento de produtividade da alface para a maioria dos ciclos. Em épocas de temperaturas mais elevadas, obtiveram-se plantas maiores, com maior número de folhas.
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Mira, Jose L., und Guang Fan. „Leiomyoma of the Male Urethra“. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, Nr. 2 (01.02.2000): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0302-lotmu.
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Abstract We describe the case of a 48-year-old quadriplegic black man with history of C4-C5 cervical spine and cord injury secondary to a fall, who presented to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center Urology Service with obstructive symptoms at urination. A bulbous urethral stricture was diagnosed and subsequently resected with primary urethral reanastomosis. On pathologic examination, the surgical specimen contained an epithelioid leiomyoma at the site of the urethral stricture. Although leiomyomas of the female urethra are relatively common, we identified only 2 previously reported cases of leiomyomas of the male urethra in the English-language medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the third case of leiomyoma of the male urethra, the first of the epithelioid type.
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Xu, Fushen, Luis E. De Las Casas und Larry J. Dobbs. „Primary Meningeal Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Child With Hypomelanosis of Ito“. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, Nr. 5 (01.05.2000): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-0762-pmriac.
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Abstract Intracranial rhabdomyosarcomas are rare neoplasms, and those thought to be primary meningeal tumors are even more rare. Hypomelanosis of Ito is a neurocutaneous disorder believed to involve a defect in cells of neural crest origin. We report the case of a 15-month-old boy with hypomelanosis of Ito who developed a primary meningeal rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient initially presented with hydrocephalus and 2 months later developed neurologic signs localizing to the spinal cord. Radiologic studies revealed widespread leptomeningeal enhancement with compression of the spinal cord at C5-C7. A brain biopsy revealed a tumor diffusely involving the meninges. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of rhabdomyoblasts, many of which showed prominent cross-striations on routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of meningeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a patient with hypomelanosis of Ito and the fourth reported case of a primary meningeal rhabdomyosarcoma reported in the world literature.
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Park, Min S., Henry E. Aryan, Burak M. Ozgur, Rahul Jandial und William R. Taylor. „Stabilization of Anterior Cervical Spine with Bioabsorbable Polymer in One- and Two-level Fusions“. Neurosurgery 54, Nr. 3 (01.03.2004): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000108942.07872.2a.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE We present our experience using a bioabsorbable polymer in the surgical management of one- and two-level degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Twenty-six patients were treated at the University of California, San Diego Medical Center or the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in San Diego, CA. All cases were performed under the direction of a single neurosurgeon (WRT). METHODS A retrospective review of patients' charts and imaging was performed to determine outcomes after anterior cervical spine operations. Specifically, we looked at the need for additional surgery, local reaction to the bioabsorbable polymer, fusion rate, and complications. Procedures involved the C3–C4, C4–C5, C5–C6, and/or C6–C7 levels, and fibular allograft was used in all but one case. The anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures with internal fixation were performed in 26 patients between March 2000 and November 2001. The patients were followed for up to 2 years after surgery (average, 14 mo). RESULTS Radiographic fusion was achieved in 25 (96.2%) of 26 patients. Only one instance of treatment failure was encountered that required additional surgery and the placement of a titanium plate. There were no clinical signs or symptoms of reaction to the bioabsorbable material. CONCLUSION The rates of fusion after single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with internal fixation using bioabsorbable polymer and screws in this study match those using metallic implants, as previously reported in the literature, and are superior to those achieved with noninstrumented fusions. Preliminary results suggest that this newly available technology for anterior fusion is as effective in single-level disease as traditional titanium plating systems. The bioabsorbable material seems to be tolerated well by patients. A larger, randomized, controlled study is necessary to bring the results to statistical significance.
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Helmig, D., V. Petrenko, P. Martinerie, E. Witrant, T. Röckmann, A. Zuiderweg, R. Holzinger et al. „Reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere 1950–2010 atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, Nr. 5 (15.05.2013): 12991–3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-12991-2013.
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Abstract. The short-chain non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) are mostly emitted into the atmosphere by anthropogenic processes. Recent studies have pointed out a tight linkage between the atmospheric mole fractions of the NMHC ethane to the atmospheric growth rate of methane. Consequently, atmospheric NMHC are valuable indicators for tracking changes in anthropogenic emissions, photochemical ozone production, and greenhouse gases. This study investigates the 1950–2010 Northern Hemisphere atmospheric C2-C5 NMHC ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane, and n-pentane. Atmospheric mole fractions of these trace gases were constructed from (a) air samples of these trace gases from air samples extracted from three firn boreholes in 2008 and 2009 at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site using state of the art models of trace gas transport in firn, and by (b) considering eight years of ambient NMHC monitoring data from five Arctic sites within the NOAA Global Monitoring Division (GMD) Cooperative Air Sampling Network. Results indicate that these NMHC increased by ~ 40–120% after 1950, peaked around 1980 (with the exception of ethane, which peaked approximately 10 years earlier), and have since dramatically decreased to be now back close to 1950 levels. The earlier peak time of ethane versus the C3-C5 NMHC suggests that different processes and emissions mitigation measures contributed to the decline in these NMHC. The 60 yr record also illustrates notable increases in the ratios of the isomeric iso-/n-butane and iso-/n-pentane ratios. Comparison of the reconstructed NMHC histories with 1950–2000 volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions data and with other recently published ethane trend analyses from ambient air Pacific transect data showed (a) better agreement with North America and Western Europe emissions than with total Northern Hemisphere emissions data, and (b) better agreement with other Greenland firn air data NMHC history reconstructions than with the Pacific region trends. These analyses emphasize that for NMHC, having atmospheric lifetimes on the order of < 2 months, the Greenland firn air records are primarily a representation of Western Europe and North America emission histories.
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Helmig, D., V. Petrenko, P. Martinerie, E. Witrant, T. Röckmann, A. Zuiderweg, R. Holzinger et al. „Reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere 1950–2010 atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, Nr. 3 (10.02.2014): 1463–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1463-2014.
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Abstract. The short-chain non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) are mostly emitted into the atmosphere by anthropogenic processes. Recent studies have pointed out a tight linkage between the atmospheric mole fractions of the NMHC ethane and the atmospheric growth rate of methane. Consequently, atmospheric NMHC are valuable indicators for tracking changes in anthropogenic emissions, photochemical ozone production, and greenhouse gases. This study investigates the 1950–2010 Northern Hemisphere atmospheric C2–C5 NMHC ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane, and n-pentane by (a) reconstructing atmospheric mole fractions of these trace gases using firn air extracted from three boreholes in 2008 and 2009 at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site and applying state-of-the-art models of trace gas transport in firn, and by (b) considering eight years of ambient NMHC monitoring data from five Arctic sites within the NOAA Global Monitoring Division (GMD) Cooperative Air Sampling Network. Results indicate that these NMHC increased by ~40–120% after 1950, peaked around 1980 (with the exception of ethane, which peaked approximately 10 yr earlier), and have since dramatically decreased to be now back close to 1950 levels. The earlier peak time of ethane vs. the C3–C5 NMHC suggests that different processes and emissions mitigation measures contributed to the decline in these NMHC. The 60 yr record also illustrates notable increases in the ratios of the isomeric iso-/n-butane and iso-/n-pentane ratios. Comparison of the reconstructed NMHC histories with 1950–2000 volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions data and with other recently published ethane trend analyses from ambient air Pacific transect data showed (a) better agreement with North America and Western Europe emissions than with total Northern Hemisphere emissions data, and (b) better agreement with other Greenland firn air data NMHC history reconstructions than with the Pacific region trends. These analyses emphasize that for NMHC, having atmospheric lifetimes on the order of < 2 months, the Greenland firn air records are primarily a representation of Western Europe and North America emission histories.
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Coquet, Sandrina, und Parisa A. Ariya. „Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of Cl atom with selected C2-C5 unsaturated hydrocarbons at 283“. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 32, Nr. 8 (2000): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4601(2000)32:8<478::aid-kin5>3.0.co;2-s.
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Martins, Daniela Ribeiro, Otávio Antonio de Camargo und Ondino Cleante Bataclia. „Qualidade do grão e da bebida em cafeeiros tratados com lodo de esgoto“. Bragantia 64, Nr. 1 (2005): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052005000100013.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto (LE) em plantação comercial de café, sobre a qualidade de bebida, avaliada pela atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase (PFO) e por análise sensorial. O trabalho foi realizado em condições de campo, na Fazenda Santa Elisa, localizada no município de Patrocínio Paulista (SP), em 2001 e 2002. A variedade de café usada em todos os talhões foi Acaiá. O plano de trabalho constou da análise de talhões comerciais em seis agrupamentos, conforme as doses e freqüências de aplicação de lodo de esgoto, denominados tratamentos. Todos os talhões receberam adubação mineral, conforme a análise de solo, e assim foram definidos os diferentes tratamentos. Tratamento 1: talhões B2, B3, B4 e B5, sem aplicação de lodo de esgoto; tratamento 2: talhões C5 e C6, 9,0 T ha-1 de LE (1998), 4,8 t ha-1 (1999) ,11,8 t ha-1 (2000) e 4,2 t ha-1 (2002); tratamento 3: talhões D5 e D6, 9,0 t ha-1 de LE (1998), 4,8 t ha-1 (1999), 11,8 t ha-1 (2000) e 4,2 t ha-1 (2002); tratamento 4: talhões E1 e E2, 9,0 t ha-1 de LE (1998) e 4,2 t ha-1 (2002); tratamento 5: talhões E3 e E4, 9,0 t ha-1 de LE (1998), 4,8 t ha-1 (1999) e 4,2 t ha-1 (2002); tratamento 6: talhões H1, H2, H3, H4 e H5, 22,4 t ha-1 (1999). Foi realizada análise visual dos grãos quanto ao tamanho, e a qualidade da bebida, avaliada pela prova de xícara e atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto não afetou a qualidade da bebida nas condições deste experimento. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações obtidas pela atividade da polifenoloxidase e pela prova de xícara, para os dois anos analisados.
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Levy, R. C., S. Mattoo, L. A. Munchak, L. A. Remer, A. M. Sayer, F. Patadia und N. C. Hsu. „The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, Nr. 11 (06.11.2013): 2989–3034. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2989-2013.
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Abstract. The twin Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have been flying on Terra since 2000 and Aqua since 2002, creating an extensive data set of global Earth observations. Here, we introduce the Collection 6 (C6) algorithm to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol size parameters from MODIS-observed spectral reflectance. While not a major overhaul from the previous Collection 5 (C5) version, there are enough changes that there are significant impacts to the products and their interpretation. The C6 aerosol data set will be created from three separate retrieval algorithms that operate over different surface types. These are the two "Dark Target" (DT) algorithms for retrieving (1) over ocean (dark in visible and longer wavelengths) and (2) over vegetated/dark-soiled land (dark in the visible), plus the "Deep Blue" (DB) algorithm developed originally for retrieving (3) over desert/arid land (bright in the visible). Here, we focus on DT-ocean and DT-land (#1 and #2). We have updated assumptions for central wavelengths, Rayleigh optical depths and gas (H2O, O3, CO2, etc.) absorption corrections, while relaxing the solar zenith angle limit (up to ≤ 84°) to increase poleward coverage. For DT-land, we have updated the cloud mask to allow heavy smoke retrievals, fine-tuned the assignments for aerosol type as function of season/location, corrected bugs in the Quality Assurance (QA) logic, and added diagnostic parameters such topographic altitude. For DT-ocean, improvements include a revised cloud mask for thin-cirrus detection, inclusion of wind speed dependence on the surface reflectance, updates to logic of QA Confidence flag (QAC) assignment, and additions of important diagnostic information. At the same time, we quantified how "upstream" changes to instrument calibration, land/sea masking and cloud masking will also impact the statistics of global AOD, and affect Terra and Aqua differently. For Aqua, all changes will result in reduced global AOD (by 0.02) over ocean and increased AOD (by 0.02) over land, along with changes in spatial coverage. We compared preliminary data to surface-based sun photometer data, and show that C6 should improve upon C5. C6 will include a merged DT/DB product over semi-arid land surfaces for reduced-gap coverage and better visualization, and new information about clouds in the aerosol field. Responding to the needs of the air quality community, in addition to the standard 10 km product, C6 will include a global (DT-land and DT-ocean) aerosol product at 3 km resolution.
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Khandelwal, Sanjay, Lubica Rauova, Ayiesha Barnes, Ann Rux, Serge Yarovoi, Sooho S. Myoung, Alexandra Johnson et al. „Complement Regulates the Procoagulant Effects of HIT Immune Complexes“. Blood 136, Supplement 1 (05.11.2020): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138631.
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Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic disorder mediated by ultra-large immune complexes (ULICs) containing IgG antibodies bound to multivalent complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin (H). HIT ULICs activate cellular FcγIIA receptors that initiate diverse cellular effector functions including neutrophil degranulation and monocyte expression of tissue factor (TF). Previous studies have shown that HIT ULICs also potently activate complement through the classical pathway (Cines et al., 1980). Whether complement activation contributes to FcγRIIA-dependent prothrombotic pathways has not been addressed in detail. In studies that follow, we describe: 1) robust complement activation by HIT ULICs in plasma and whole blood (WB), 2) cell-surface deposition of complement and IgG triggered by HIT ULICs, 3) complement-dependent neutrophil degranulation and monocyte TF expression, 4) efficacy of proximal, but not terminal, pathway inhibition in regulating monocyte TF expression, and 5) deposition of complement in thrombi formed in "HIT mice" that generate ULICs containing KKO, a HIT-like monoclonal antibody (Arepally et al., 2000). Consistent with prior studies showing involvement of the classical pathway in HIT (Cines et al., 1980), we observed that binding of C1q induced marked enlargement of HIT ULICs in buffer assessed by dynamic light scattering as well as in plasma using confocal microscopy (data not shown). To assess complement activation by HIT ULICs, we incubated WB and plasma with PF4 (25 µg/mL) ± heparin (1 U/mL) in the presence of KKO (or isotype, "ISO"; 50 µg/mL) or HIT IgG (or control IgG, "CON"; 500 µg/mL) and measured C3c with a capture immunoassay as previously described (Khandelwal et al., 2018). KKO (Figure 1A) or HIT ULICs (n=3; HIT1-3, Figure 1B), showed robust generation of C3c in the presence of PF4/heparin, but not antigens alone or with control IgG (ISO/CON). Complement activation by HIT ULICs leads to downstream generation of C5a and formation of sC5b-9 (data not shown). Pre-incubation of plasma or WB with a variety of classical pathway inhibitors, including a C1r inhibitor derived from Borrelia burgdorferi (BBK 32), C1 esterase inhibitor (Berinert, CSL Behring) and anti-C1q antibody (α-C1q Ab; Annexon Biosciences) inhibited C3c generation by KKO ULICs (p <0.001), whereas inhibitors of the alternative pathway (anti-properdin antibody) or C5 inhibitor (α-C5 Ab; Eculizumab, Alexion Pharmaceuticals) did not (data not shown). Incubation of WB with KKO or HIT ULICs, but not ISO or CON IgG, markedly increased deposition of C3 and IgG on neutrophils, monocytes and B cells (data not shown) and lead to cell activation assessed by neutrophil degranulation (MMP9 release) and monocyte TF expression (data not shown). To examine the contribution of complement activation in monocyte TF expression, WB was pre-incubated with α-C1q, α-C5 or IV.3 (a monoclonal antibody to FcγRIIA) or isotype controls prior to addition of HIT ULICs. As shown in Figure 2, the classical pathway inhibitor, α-C1q Ab markedly diminished TF expression (about 70% reduction; p<0.001 vPF4/H/ KKO), as did IV.3 (about 85% reduction; p<0.001 vPF4/H/ KKO) but not α-C5 Ab or ISO antibodies, demonstrating: 1) FcγRIIA independent mechanism of monocyte TF expression and 2) a requirement for proximal rather than terminal complement pathway components in the induction of monocyte TF. We next asked if complement activation facilitates binding of ULICs and promotes subsequent ULIC engagement of FcγRIIA. To examine complement dependent binding of HIT ULICs, we incubated WB with α-C1q Ab prior to addition of KKO ULICs and measured ULIC binding to monocytes and TF expression. As shown in Figure 3, classical pathway inhibition markedly reduced cell-surface IgG (Figure 3A) and monocyte TF expression (Figure 3B). The effects of complement inhibition could not be overcome with increasing amounts of KKO IgG (2-4 fold excess). We observed significant co-localization of complement with KKO ULICs in a cremaster-laser injury model in "HIT mice" and in in situ thrombi formed in uninjured vessels (data not shown). Together, these studies demonstrate an independent role for complement activation in regulating the binding and procoagulant effects of HIT ULICs and identify new non-anticoagulant therapeutic targets that could improve clinical outcomes in this otherwise potentially devastating thrombotic disorder. Disclosures Arepally: Novartis: Consultancy; Alexion: Other; Annexon Biosciences: Consultancy, Other; Veralox Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Biokit: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties; Apotex: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Aluha, James, Stéphane Gutierrez, François Gitzhofer und Nicolas Abatzoglou. „Use of Plasma-Synthesized Nano-Catalysts for CO Hydrogenation in Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Effect of Catalyst Pre-Treatment“. Nanomaterials 8, Nr. 10 (12.10.2018): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100822.
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A study was done on the effect of temperature and catalyst pre-treatment on CO hydrogenation over plasma-synthesized catalysts during the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). Nanometric Co/C, Fe/C, and 50%Co-50%Fe/C catalysts with BET specific surface area of ~80 m2 g–1 were tested at a 2 MPa pressure and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 2000 cm3 h−1 g−1 of a catalyst (at STP) in hydrogen-rich FTS feed gas (H2:CO = 2.2). After pre-treatment in both H2 and CO, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the used catalysts shifted from a mono-modal particle-size distribution (mean ~11 nm) to a multi-modal distribution with a substantial increase in the smaller nanoparticles (~5 nm), which was statistically significant. Further characterization was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM with EDX elemental mapping), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average CO conversion at 500 K was 18% (Co/C), 17% (Fe/C), and 16% (Co-Fe/C); 46%, 37%, and 57% at 520 K; and 85%, 86% and 71% at 540 K respectively. The selectivity of Co/C for C5+ was ~98% with 8% gasoline, 61%, diesel and 28% wax (fractions) at 500 K; 22% gasoline, 50% diesel, and 19% wax at 520 K; and 24% gasoline, 34% diesel, and 11% wax at 540 K, besides CO2 and CH4 as by-products. Fe-containing catalysts manifested similar trends, with a poor conformity to the Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) product distribution.
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Levy, R. C., S. Mattoo, L. A. Munchak, L. A. Remer, A. M. Sayer und N. C. Hsu. „The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, Nr. 1 (04.01.2013): 159–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-159-2013.
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Abstract. The twin Moderate Imaging resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have been flying on Terra since 2000 and Aqua since 2002, creating an incredible dataset of global Earth observations. Here, we introduce the Collection 6 (C6) algorithm to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol size parameters from MODIS-observed spectral reflectance. While not a major overhaul from the previous Collection 5 (C5) version, there are enough changes that there is significant impact on the products and their interpretation. The C6 algorithm is comprised of three sub-algorithms for retrieving aerosol properties (1) over ocean (dark in visible and near-IR wavelengths), (2) over vegetated/dark-soiled land (dark in the visible) and (3) over desert/arid land (bright in the visible). Here, we focus on the changes to both "dark target" algorithms (#1 and #2; DT-ocean and DT-land). Affecting both DT algorithms, we have updated assumptions for central wavelengths, Rayleigh optical depths and gas (H2O, O3, CO2, etc.) absorption corrections, and relaxed the solar zenith angle limit (up to ≤ 84°) to increase pole-ward coverage. For DT-land, we have updated the cloud mask to allow heavy smoke retrievals, fine-tuned the assignments for aerosol type as function of season/location, corrected bugs in the Quality Assurance (QA) logic, and added diagnostic parameters such topographic altitude. For DT-ocean, improvements include a revised cloud mask for thin-cirrus detection, inclusion of wind speed dependence in the retrieval, updates to logic of QA Confidence flag (QAC) assignment, and additions of important diagnostic information. All together, the changes to the DT algorithms result in reduced global AOD (by 0.02) over ocean and increased AOD (by 0.01) over land, along with some changes in spatial coverage. Preliminary validation shows that compared to surface-based sunphotometer data, the C6 DT-products should compare at least as well as those from C5. However, at the same time as we have introduced algorithm changes, we have also been accounting for such "upstream" changes including new instrument calibration, revised land/sea masking and changed cloud masking that has resulted in changes to the coverage and global statistics of the retrieved AOD. To satisfy users' desires for more complete global aerosol coverage, C6 will include a merged DT/DB product over semi-arid land surfaces. In addition to changes to aerosol retrieval, C6 will include diagnostic information about clouds in the aerosol field, such as an aerosol "cloud mask" at 500 m resolution, and products that describe the "distance to the nearest cloud" from clear pixels. Finally, responding to the needs of the air quality community, in addition to the standard 10 km product, C6 will include a global (DT-land and DT-ocean) aerosol product at 3 km resolution.
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Dong, Jiarui, Mike Ek, Dorothy Hall, Christa Peters-Lidard, Brian Cosgrove, Jeff Miller, George Riggs und Youlong Xia. „Using Air Temperature to Quantitatively Predict the MODIS Fractional Snow Cover Retrieval Errors over the Continental United States“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, Nr. 2 (01.04.2014): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-060.1.
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Abstract Understanding and quantifying satellite-based, remotely sensed snow cover uncertainty are critical for its successful utilization. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover errors have been previously recognized to be associated with factors such as cloud contamination, snowpack grain sizes, vegetation cover, and topography; however, the quantitative relationship between the retrieval errors and these factors remains elusive. Joint analysis of the MODIS fractional snow cover (FSC) from Collection 6 (C6) and in situ air temperature and snow water equivalent measurements provides a unique look at the error structure of the MODIS C6 FSC products. Analysis of the MODIS FSC dataset over the period from 2000 to 2005 was undertaken over the continental United States (CONUS) with an extensive observational network. When compared to MODIS Collection 5 (C5) snow cover area, the MODIS C6 FSC product demonstrates a substantial improvement in detecting the presence of snow cover in Nevada [30% increase in probability of detection (POD)], especially in the early and late snow seasons; some improvement over California (10% POD increase); and a relatively small improvement over Colorado (2% POD increase). However, significant spatial and temporal variations in accuracy still exist, and a proxy is required to adequately predict the expected errors in MODIS C6 FSC retrievals. A relationship is demonstrated between the MODIS FSC retrieval errors and temperature over the CONUS domain, captured by a cumulative double exponential distribution function. This relationship is shown to hold for both in situ and modeled daily mean air temperature. Both of them are useful indices in filtering out the misclassification of MODIS snow cover pixels and in quantifying the errors in the MODIS C6 product for various hydrological applications.
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Pimenta, Luiz Henrique Mattos, Fernando Manuel Rana Filipe und Jair Alves Alvim. „Foraminotomia videoendoscópica para coluna cervical“. JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA 12, Nr. 1 (03.04.2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v12i1.1525.
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Entre 1998 e 2000, foi estudada a possibilidade técnica, os resultados clínicos, a taxa de reoperação, o alívio da dor e as complicações em 36 pacientes submetidos à foraminotomia microendoscópica cervical posterior. A indicação do procedimento foi radiculopatia unilateral com déficit neurol´ógico progressivo e imagem da compressão unilateral na RM. O paciente era colocado em posição semi-sentada, com a cabeça fixa e fletida. Uma incisão de 1,8 cm é feita, 1,5 cm lateral ao processo espinhal, guiada por radioscopia. Após a fáscia muscular ser aberta, as fibras musculares são divulsionadas por uma sequência de dilatadores que terminam com a colocação de um tubo retrator sobre o recesso triangular, na qual podemos ver as lâminas e a faceta. Então o drill é usado para a abertura da lâmina, até obter-se uma janela de 1 cm, necessária para a descompressão da raiz. Após, 1ml de corticosteróide é instilado no espaço, sendo a pele fehada com a cola de fibrina. Os 36 pacientes operados são retrospectivamente analisados com um follow-up entre 1 e 2 anos (média: 1 ano e 3 meses). Foram 19 homens e 17 mulheres, com idade entre 31 e 67 anos (média de 44). O nível mais comum acometido foi C5-C6 em 63,4%, seguido por C6-C7 em 19,5%. O quadro clínico predominante foi de radiculopatia unilateral em 52,8% dos casos, e 60% dos pacientes usavam analgésicos regularmente. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 25 minutos, tendo todos recebido alta 6 horas após o procedimento. Com relação às complicações, registramos 2 casos de infecção superficial e outros 4 casos em que o sangramento epidural prejudicou a visão na cirurgia. A avaliação da dor pelo critério de Odom mostrou 68% de excelentes a bons resultados. Concluimos que a foraminotomia microendoscópica cervical posterior é uma técnica rápida, segura, fácil, e que, em casos bem selecionados, evita a remoção do disco e procdimentos de fusão.
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Wesołek, Angelika, Przemysław Daroszewski und Juliusz Huber. „Neurophysiological Evaluation of the Functional State of Muscular and Nervous Systems in High-Maneuvering Jet Fighters“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 2 (13.01.2023): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021120.
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The present study aimed to assess the function of muscular and nervous systems in high-maneuvering jet fighters with the chosen method of clinical neurophysiology, which methodologically has not yet been presented in detail. Fifteen pilots with the experience of more than 1700 flying hours at 7G overloading on average and fifteen healthy subjects for the comparison of health status declared to participate in this study. The dermatomal perception from C4 to S1 was examined using von Frey’s filaments tactile method. Surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings examined the activity of proximal and distal muscles in the upper and lower extremities, the transmission of motor nerve impulses peripherally was diagnosed by electroneurography (ENG), the efferent transmission from C5–C7 and L4–L5 spinal centers to muscles was entirely verified with recordings of motor-evoked potentials induced oververtebrally with the magnetic field (MEP). The pilots estimated more lumbosacral than cervical pain at about 2 on the 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). Sensory perception studies did not reveal abnormal symptoms in the C2–S1 dermatomes innervation. Clinical neurophysiology studies indicated, in general, the lack of pathology during sEMG tests in comparison to healthy subjects or even better muscle motor unit contractile properties in pilots, both in the upper and lower extremities. In pilots, the parameters of ENG and MEP examinations show a statistically significant sensitivity for detecting the slight changes and their consequences in the transmission of neural impulses within L4–L5 ventral root fibers. The research results enable specifying the algorithm of future preventing rehabilitative treatment in high-maneuvering jet fighters with an average flight experience of 2000 h and working conditions at 7G on average. This study, for the first time, describes the application of a set of diagnostic neurophysiological methods with the particular importance of MEPs in the clinical evaluation of the jet fighters’ health status.
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Schoedel, Karen, Tanya Heim, Anette Duensing, Ines Lohse, Laura Presutti, Rebekah Belayneh, Sumail Bhogal et al. „Grade 2, 3 and Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcomas: A Comparative Study of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Mutant and Wild-Type Tumors with Implications for Prognosis and Therapy“. Cancers 16, Nr. 2 (05.01.2024): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020247.
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Background: Grade 2 and 3 and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (CS) are frequently associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and often exhibit a poor clinical outcome. Treatment is limited mainly to surgery. Defining IDH status (wild type (WT) and mutant) and the associated transcriptome may prove useful in determining other therapeutic options in these neoplasms. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from 69 primary and recurrent grade 2, 3 and dedifferentiated CS was obtained. DNA sequencing for IDH1 and IDH2 mutations (n = 47) and RNA sequencing via Nextseq 2000 (n = 14) were performed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and used to predict aberrant biological pathways with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Qiagen). Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) using subsets C3, C5 and C7 were performed. Differentially expressed genes were validated by immunohistochemistry. Outcome analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: A set of 69 CS (28 females, 41 males), average age 65, distributed among femur, pelvis, humerus, and chest wall were identified from available clinical material. After further selection based on available IDH status, we evaluated 15 IDH WT and 32 IDH mutant tumors as part of this dataset. Out of 15 IDH WT tumors, 7 involved the chest wall/scapula, while 1 of 32 mutants arose in the scapula. There were far more genes overexpressed in IDH WT tumors compared to IDH mutant tumors. Furthermore, IDH WT and IDH mutant tumors were transcriptomically distinct in the IPA and GSEA, with IDH mutant tumors showing increased activity in methylation pathways and endochondral ossification, while IDH WT tumors showed more activity in normal matrix development pathways. Validation immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of WT1 and AR in IDH WT tumors, but not in IDH mutants. SATB2 was expressed in IDH mutant tumors and not in WT tumors. Outcome analysis revealed differences in overall survival between mutant and WT tumors (p = 0.04), dedifferentiated mutant and higher-grade (2, 3) mutant tumors (p = 0.03), and dedifferentiated mutant and higher-grade (2, 3) WT tumors (p = 0.03). The longest survival times were observed in patients with higher-grade WT tumors, while patients with dedifferentiated mutant tumors showed the lowest survival. Generally, patients with IDH WT tumors displayed longer survival in both the higher-grade and dedifferentiated groups. Conclusions: Grade 2, 3 and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are further characterized by IDH status, which in turn informs transcriptomic phenotype and overall survival. The transcriptome is distinct depending on IDH status, and implies different treatment targets.
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BADU-APRAKU, B., M. A. B. FAKOREDE, B. ANNOR und A. O. TALABI. „IMPROVEMENT IN GRAIN YIELD AND LOW-NITROGEN TOLERANCE IN MAIZE CULTIVARS OF THREE ERAS“. Experimental Agriculture 54, Nr. 6 (31.07.2017): 805–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000394.
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SUMMARYMaize (Zea mays L.) is the most important staple crop in West and Central Africa (WCA), but its production is severely constrained by low soil nitrogen (low N). Fifty-six extra-early open-pollinated maize cultivars developed during three breeding eras, 1995–2000, 2001–2006 and 2007–2012, were evaluated under low N and high soil nitrogen (high N) at two locations in Nigeria in 2013 and 2014, to investigate the genetic gains in grain yield and identify outstanding cultivars. During the first breeding era, the emphasis of the programme was on breeding for resistance to the maize streak virus (MSV) and high yield potential, while the major breeding emphasis during the second era was on recurrent selection for improved grain yield and Striga resistance in two extra-early-maturing source populations, TZEE-W Pop STR (white) and TZEE-Y Pop STR (yellow). Starting from the third era, the source populations were subjected to improvement for tolerance to drought, low N and resistance to Striga. A randomized incomplete block design with two replications was used for the field evaluations. Results revealed genetic gains in grain yield of 0.314 Mg ha−1 (13.29%) and 0.493 Mg ha−1 (16.84%) per era under low N and high N, respectively. The annual genetic gains in grain yield was 0.054 Mg ha–1 (2.14%) under low N and 0.081 Mg ha–1 (2.56%) under high N environments. The cultivar 2009 TZEE-OR2 STR of era 3 was the most stable, with competitive yield across environments, while 2004 TZEE-W Pop STR C4 from era 2, and TZEE-W STR 104, TZEE-W STR 108 and 2012 TZEE-W DT STR C5 from era 3 were high yielding but less stable. These cultivars should be further tested on-farm and commercialized in WCA. Substantial progress has been made in breeding for high grain yield and low-N tolerance in the sub-region.
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Hall, Dorothy K., George A. Riggs, Nicolo E. DiGirolamo und Miguel O. Román. „Evaluation of MODIS and VIIRS cloud-gap-filled snow-cover products for production of an Earth science data record“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, Nr. 12 (20.12.2019): 5227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5227-2019.
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Abstract. MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cryosphere products have been available since 2000 – following the 1999 launch of the Terra MODIS and the 2002 launch of the Aqua MODIS – and include global snow-cover extent (SCE) (swath, daily, and 8 d composites) at 500 m and ∼5 km spatial resolutions. These products are used extensively in hydrological modeling and climate studies. Reprocessing of the complete snow-cover data record, from Collection 5 (C5) to Collection 6 (C6) and Collection 6.1 (C6.1), has provided improvements in the MODIS product suite. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Collection 1 (C1) snow-cover products at a 375 m spatial resolution have been available since 2011 and are currently being reprocessed for Collection 2 (C2). Both the MODIS C6.1 and the VIIRS C2 products will be available for download from the National Snow and Ice Data Center beginning in early 2020 with the complete time series available in 2020. To address the need for a cloud-reduced or cloud-free daily SCE product for both MODIS and VIIRS, a daily cloud-gap-filled (CGF) snow-cover algorithm was developed for MODIS C6.1 and VIIRS C2 processing. MOD10A1F (Terra) and MYD10A1F (Aqua) are daily, 500 m resolution CGF SCE map products from MODIS. VNP10A1F is the daily, 375 m resolution CGF SCE map product from VIIRS. These CGF products include quality-assurance data such as cloud-persistence statistics showing the age of the observation in each pixel. The objective of this paper is to introduce the new MODIS and VIIRS standard CGF daily SCE products and to provide a preliminary evaluation of uncertainties in the gap-filling methodology so that the products can be used as the basis for a moderate-resolution Earth science data record (ESDR) of SCE. Time series of the MODIS and VIIRS CGF products have been developed and evaluated at selected study sites in the US and southern Canada. Observed differences, although small, are largely attributed to cloud masking and differences in the time of day of image acquisition. A nearly 3-month time-series comparison of Terra MODIS and S-NPP VIIRS CGF snow-cover maps for a large study area covering all or parts of 11 states in the western US and part of southwestern Canada reveals excellent correspondence between the Terra MODIS and S-NPP VIIRS products, with a mean difference of 11 070 km2, which is ∼0.45 % of the study area. According to our preliminary validation of the Terra and Aqua MODIS CGF SCE products in the western US study area, we found higher accuracy of the Terra product compared with the Aqua product. The MODIS CGF SCE data record beginning in 2000 has been extended into the VIIRS era, which should last at least through the early 2030s.
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Senapati, Jayastu, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Elias Jabbour, Rodrick Babakhanlou, Tapan M. Kadia, Gautam Borthakur, Marina Y. Konopleva et al. „Nelarabine (NEL), Pegylated Asparginase (PEG) and Venetoclax (VEN) Incorporated to HCVAD Chemotherapy in the Frontline Treatment of Adult Patients with T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-ALL/T-LBL)“. Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28.11.2023): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-179562.
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Background: The incorporation of novel agents such as NEL and PEG to frontline therapy has been associated with improved outcomes in pediatric patients (pts) with T-ALL/LBL, but has not been extensively studied in the adult pts. BCL-2 upregulation has been demonstrated in T-lymphoblasts, especially of the early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL and addition of VEN (BCL-2 inhibitor) may be beneficial. Methods: Pts with previously untreated or minimally pre-treated T-ALL/LBL were eligible if they had an ECOG PS ≤3, creatinine ≤ 2 mg/dL, total bilirubin ≤ 2 mg/dL and ALT/AST ≤ 4 x ULN. Pts received 8 cycles (C) of HCVAD (C 1,3, 5, 7) alternating with high dose Ara-C and methotrexate (MTX) (C 2, 4, 6, 8) at approximately 3-week intervals. Two cycles of NEL (650 mg/m 2 daily x 5) were initially administered after C8 (cohort 1). Later, after a protocol amendment, they were administered after C4 and C5 (cohort 2). Subsequently, the protocol was amended to add PEG (1500 IU/m 2 capped at 3750 IU; for pts age 60 or older, dose was 1000 IU/m 2, capped at 2000 IU) on day 5 of the NEL cycles (cohort 3) and more recently, VEN 400 mg daily was added on the first 7 days of each of 8 cycles of therapy (cohort 4); this was later modified to be given for 7 days during the induction cycle to all pts and reduced to 3 days per post-induction cycle only in pts with ETP-ALL or those with persistent measurable residual disease (MRD) and all other pts did not receive VEN after C1 (cohort 5). Pts with ETP-ALL were referred for allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in first complete remission (CR). After the completion of the intensive phase; pts in all cohorts received 30 cycles of maintenance therapy with monthly POMP (prednisone, vincristine, MTX, prednisone) and early intensification with NEL/PEG on C6 and 7 and late intensification with MTX/PEG in C18 and HCVAD on C19. All pts received 8 intrathecal chemotherapy with MTX alternating with Ara-C and mediastinal radiation was considered in pts with bulky mediastinal disease. Results: Between 7/2007 and 12/2022, 133 pts were enrolled in the 5 study cohorts sequentially (cohort 1= 30, 2= 49, 3=17, 4=16, 5=21) (Table 1). Eighty pts (60%) had T-ALL, 52 T-LBL (39%) and 1 pt had ETP/myeloid bi-phenotypic leukemia. The median age for the entire cohort was 35 years (yrs) (range 18-78), 102 pts were male (77%), 83 pts (62%) were white and 18 pts (14%) had PS ≥2. Overall, 24 pts (18%) had an ETP phenotype and another 19 pts (14%) had a near-ETP phenotype. Six pts (5%) had central nervous system disease at diagnosis, 72 pts (54%) had mediastinal disease, 49 of 80 (61%) T-ALL pts had extramedullary disease and 20 pts (15%) were in complete remission (CR) at trial enrollment after minimal pre-enrollment therapy. Overall response (CR+CRp+CRi+PR) on trial was attained in 109/113 (95%) pts [CR= 101 (89%), CRi/CRp= 3 (3%), PR=5 (4%)]. CR/CRi/CRp was attained in 36/41 (88%) pts with ETP/near-ETP ALL and 60/64 (94%) of confirmed near-ETP ALL pts ( p=0.31). At a median follow-up of 62 months (mos), the median overall survival (OS) was not reached (NR), 3-yr OS was 71% and 5-yr OS was 64% . The 3-yr OS for pts treated with HCVAD+NEL (cohort 1+2), HCVAD+NEL+PEG (Cohort 3) and HCVAD+NEL+PEG+VEN (Cohort 4+5) were 66%, 88% and 76% respectively (Figure 1). Median OS was not reached for both VEN cohorts, while 3-yr OS was 72% in cohort 4 compared to 88% in cohort 5 ( p=0.51), with significantly shorter follow-up for the latter (33 mos vs. 15 mos). Amongst the 124 pts who had CR/CRp/CRi, the median RFS was NR and 5-yr RFS was 68%. 24 (18%) pts underwent SCT in first remission, including 20 (83%) with ETP or near-ETP ALL. The median OS was shorter in the 44 ETP/near-ETP pts compared to the 77 pts with non-ETP phenotype (71 mos vs. NR, p=0.08). 30 and 60-day mortality was 0% and 1%. 10 pts (7.5%) died in remission (3, 5 and 2 pts in cohorts 1, 2 and 4 respectively) including 1 after SCT, 4 after developing therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and 5 from infectious complications. Conclusion: The ongoing phase 2 trial of NEL, ASP, VEN added to the HCVAD regimen shows promising long-term survival in adult pts with T-ALL/LBL with 3-yr OS of 76%-88% in pts treated with HCVAD+NEL+PEG +/- VEN. Larger prospective trials and longer follow-up are needed to demonstrate further benefit.
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Salles, Gilles Andre, Franck Morschhauser, Guillaume Cartron, Thierry Lamy, Noel-Jean Milpied, Catherine Thieblemont, Hervé Tilly, Joe Birkett und Mike Burgess. „A Phase I/II Study of RO5072759 (GA101) in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory CD20+ Malignant Disease“. Blood 112, Nr. 11 (16.11.2008): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.234.234.
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Abstract RO5072759 (GA101) is the first humanized and glycoengineered monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody to enter clinical trials. Glycoengineeering results in a significantly increased antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared to rituximab as shown in in vitro models. Additionally, RO5072759 binds with high affinity to a type II epitope on CD20 and is characterized by reduced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and strongly enhanced direct cell death compared to type I antibodies. In preclinical in vivo lymphoma models RO5072759 has shown superior efficacy compared to rituximab. In this Phase I/IIa study RO5072759 was administered as a single agent to patients with CD20+ malignant disease for whom no therapy of higher priority was available. The aim of which was to determine the safety and tolerability of RO5072759, any dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), its pharmacokinetics and to establish the recommended phase II dose. Patients were treated with RO5072759 by intravenous infusion (premedication with acetaminophen and anti-histamines) administered as a flat dose on days 1, 8 and 22 and subsequently every 3 weeks for a total of 9 infusions. The dose of the first infusion was 50% that of subsequent infusions. The dose was escalated based on the safety in a 3+3 design. Since September 2007 twenty four patients have been treated with RO5072759 at doses from 50 mg to 2000 mg. Complete data, presented herein, is available on the first 12 patients, median age 59 yrs (39–83), from the first 4 cohorts (50 mg–800 mg). Most patients had follicular NHL (9) others include DLBCL (1) CLL (1) Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (1). All were previously exposed to rituximab and had received a median of 4 (range 1–7) prior regimens. RO5072759 was well tolerated with no DLTs observed. The most common adverse events are Grade 1 or 2 (CTCAE V3.0) infusion related reactions, characterized by fever, chills, hypo/hypertension, nausea and vomiting limited in the main, to the first infusion. These responded well to slowing or interruption (5 pts) of the infusion and steroids (1 pt). No tumor lysis syndrome has been observed. Only 6 minor infections (4 upper respiratory track, 1 urinary track and 1 oral herpes) were observed to-date. Measurement of plasma cytokines and complement during and immediately after the first infusion showed an increase in IL6 and IL8 with a smaller increase in IL10 and TNFα. No change in complement fractions (C3, C3a, C4a, C5, C5a, Bb) was observed. Concurrent to cytokine increase was apparent a decrease in T-cell subsets (CD3, CD4 and CD8 subsets) and NK cell counts in the peripheral blood. This decrease, as with the cytokine increase, was transient and levels were at or near baseline by day 8. No similar changes, for the majority of patients, were seen with subsequent infusions. Circulating B-cell (CD19) depletion occurs rapidly and is sustained. The pharmacokinetics of RO5072759 are broadly similar to those of rituximab and show a dose-dependent increase in exposure, but with significant inter- and intra-patient variability. Time dependent clearance was noted which is consistent with a reduction in target-mediated antibody clearance with increasing duration of treatment. To-date 7 of 12 patients have responded by day 85 to treatment [3 CR (25%), 4 PR (33%) ORR (58%)], 1 patient has SD at 8 months, 3 patients have PD (2 have since died) and 1 patient died from an event unrelated to treatment (cerebrovascular accident). Responses have occurred at all dose levels. In conclusion, RO5072759 is a novel ADCC-enhanced type II anti-CD20 antibody that has shown a similar safety profile to rituximab and promising efficacy in this difficult-to-treat patient population. Dose finding is continuing and data from all 24 patients will be presented.
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Salles, Gilles, Franck Morschhauser, Thierry Lamy, Noel Milpied, Catherine Thieblemont, Herve Tilly, Gabi Bieska, David Carlile und Guillaume Cartron. „Phase I Study of RO5072759 (GA101) in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory CD20+ Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).“ Blood 114, Nr. 22 (20.11.2009): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1704.1704.
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Abstract Abstract 1704 Poster Board I-730 Background RO5072759 (GA101) is the first humanized and glycoengineered type II monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody to enter clinical trials. In vitro data show GA101 exhibits increased antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and strongly enhanced direct cell death compared to rituximab. Methods In this first Phase I study, GA101 was administered i.v., as a single agent to patients with CD20+ NHL for whom no therapy of higher priority was available. On days 1, 8 and 22 and subsequently every 3 weeks for a total of 9 infusions, flat doses between 50 mg to 2000 mg were given in a safety-driven, dose escalation, 3 × 3 design. The aim was to determine the safety, tolerability, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and the pharmacokinetics of GA101. Preliminary phase I data were reported on the first 12 NHL patients (Salles et al, ASH 2008). Here, we present the definitive results of this phase I on 21 NHL patients. Their median age was 64 yrs (39-83) with the following histologies: follicular (n = 13), mantle cell (n = 4), and diffuse large B-cell, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, small lymphocytic, lymphoplasmocytoid (1 each). Patients had previously received a median of 4 (range 1-7) prior regimens [time from last treatment to study entry 12 months], with 95% of patients exposed to prior rituximab and 10/21 (48%) of patients with prior stem cell transplantation. Results GA101 was well tolerated with no DLTs, no dose reductions and no GA101-related Grade 4 toxicities (CTCAE V3.0). Four patients experienced at least one SAE. The most common adverse events were Grade 1 or 2 infusion related reactions essentially limited to the first infusion. Tumor lysis syndrome (Grade 3) was observed in 1 patient. Related Grade 3 hematological toxicities were neutropenia (n = 2; no G-CSF required), anemia (1) and thrombocytopenia (1) and 11/21 patients reported Grade 1-2 infections. No significant change in complement fractions (C3, C3a, C4a, C5, C5a, Bb) was observed. Measurement of plasma cytokines during and immediately after the 1st infusion showed an increase in IL6 and IL8 with a smaller increase in IL10, TNFa and IFN-γ, with recovery by Day 8. Median T-cell (CD3, CD4 and CD8) sub-sets and NK counts were low in all patients prior to therapy. Concurrent to cytokine increase, a further decrease in these lymphocyte sub-sets was observed after the first infusion, recovering thereafter, with median values returning to baseline values by end of treatment. In contrast, B-cell (CD19+) depletion was rapid and sustained in the majority of patients \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(1921\) \end{document}. End of treatment B-cell recovery has been observed in 3 of the responding patients [recovery ranging from 410-532 days after first dose]. No significant changes from baseline immunoglobulin levels were observed. GA101 pharmacokinetics were characterized by two clearance components, one linear component and one time-dependent saturable component consistent with target-mediated disposition, also observed with rituximab. Whilst the plasma concentrations demonstrate a dose-dependent increase, there was significant inter- and intra-patient variability. The time-dependent clearance component is consistent with a reduction in target-mediated antibody clearance with increasing duration of treatment. Responses occurred at all dose levels, and across all FcγIIIRA (158F/V polymorphism) genotypes, with best overall response of 5 CR/CRu, 4 PR (ORR=43%) (all responding patients had histology of fNHL, their median measurable baseline lesions=3295mm2, and 6 patients had prior ASCT), 5 SD, 6 PD & and 1 non-evaluable (premature death unrelated to GA101). Of those 9 responses, 8 responses occurred during the treatment phase. One of the responding patients progressed during the treatment phase and in the follow-up phase one patient with a CR progressed after responding for 5.5 months. Six patients have an ongoing response [4 CR, 2 PR] [response duration ranging from 7.5+ to 17+ months] and in addition, one patient with SD has converted to PR in the follow-up phase [SD for 17 months and PR for 4+ months]. Conclusion GA101 is a next generation anti-CD20 antibody that has shown promising efficacy in this difficult-to-treat patient population. GA101 is currently being explored as a single agent in phase II in relapsed/refractory indolent/aggressive NHL and B-CLL and in combination with chemotherapy in a phase Ib study. Disclosures Salles: Roche: Honoraria. Morschhauser:Roche: Honoraria. Bieska:Roche: Employment. Carlile:Roche: Employment. Cartron:Roche: Honoraria.
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Bartolucci, Pablo, Kenneth I. Ataga, Michael U. Callaghan, Lucia De Franceschi, Caterina Minniti, Ari Alexandrou, Diane-Charlotte Imbs et al. „Trial in Progress: The Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase Ib CROSSWALK-a Trial Evaluating the Safety of Crovalimab for the Management of Acute Uncomplicated Vaso-Occlusive Episodes (VOEs) in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)“. Blood 138, Supplement 1 (05.11.2021): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147854.
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Abstract Background SCD is a group of autosomal recessive red blood cell (RBC) disorders caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin gene, resulting in the production of hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S polymerizes within RBCs under certain conditions, leading to the distortion of the RBC membrane and generation of dense and sickle RBCs. These pathologic RBCs contribute to microvascular occlusions in patients with SCD, which present as acute painful episodes called VOEs. Despite the majority of VOEs being managed at home, they remain the most common reason for emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization among patients with SCD, with > 70% of ED visits and > 90% of hospital admissions for SCD being related to VOEs (Ballas et al. Am J Hematol 2005; Lanzkron et al. Am J Hematol 2010). One of the most severe complications of VOEs is acute chest syndrome, which is a leading cause of mortality among patients with VOEs (Vichinsky et al. N Engl J Med 2000; Bartolucci et al. eBioMedicine 2016). In the absence of targeted therapies for the management of VOEs in patients with SCD, treatment is currently limited to pain management, blood exchange transfusion (with the risk of complications), and other supportive care, representing a significant unmet medical need. Activation of the complement pathway has been described in patients with SCD at baseline, in acute pain crises, and in patients with delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Accumulating nonclinical data have suggested a multimodal role for complement dysregulation in the pathophysiology of SCD including vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, inflammation, thrombogenicity, endothelial activation, and end-organ damage (Roumenina et al. Am J Hematol 2020). Crovalimab is a novel, engineered, anti-complement C5 monoclonal antibody. In a Phase I/II study (Röth et al. Blood 2020) in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a complement-mediated disorder, crovalimab demonstrated rapid and sustained complement inhibition with promising efficacy and safety. Study Design and Methods CROSSWALK-a (NCT04912869) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase Ib study evaluating the safety of crovalimab for the management of acute uncomplicated VOEs in patients with SCD. Patients aged ≥ 12 years to ≤ 55 years, weighing ≥ 40 kg, and with a confirmed diagnosis of SCD homozygous hemoglobin S (HbSS) or sickle cell β 0 thalassemia (HbSβ 0) are eligible for the study (Figure). Patients must present with an acute uncomplicated VOE, requiring hospitalization and treatment with parenteral opioid analgesics. Vaccinations against Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus influenzae type B, and Streptococcus pneumoniae must be up to date. Eligible patients will be randomized 2:1 to receive either a single intravenous weight-based tiered dose of crovalimab or placebo. Patients in both study arms will continue to undergo pain management and receive other supportive care for their VOE and may also continue to receive ongoing concurrent SCD-directed therapies. Patients will be followed during the hospitalization until discharge and will continue to be followed post-discharge during an observational period. The maximum total study duration for an individual patient will be 12 weeks, which includes the hospitalization and observational periods. The primary objective is to evaluate the incidence and severity of adverse events according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 5.0, incidence and severity of infusion-related reactions and hypersensitivity, and change from baseline in targeted vital signs and clinical laboratory test results. Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and exploratory biomarker endpoints will also be evaluated. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Bartolucci: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy; Bluebird: Consultancy, Research Funding; Emmaus: Consultancy; Hemanext: Consultancy; Jazz Pharma: Other: Lecture fees; AGIOS: Consultancy; GBT: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lecture fees, Steering committee, Research Funding; INNOVHEM: Other: Co-founder; Fabre Foundation: Research Funding; Addmedica: Consultancy, Other: Lecture fees, Research Funding. Ataga: Forma Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novo Nordisk: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Callaghan: Alnylum: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; uniQure: Consultancy; Spark: Consultancy; Biomarin: Consultancy; Kedrion: Consultancy; Hema Biologics: Consultancy; Forma: Consultancy; Chesei: Consultancy; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment. De Franceschi: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Minniti: F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Consultancy; Bluebird Bio: Other: Endpoint adjudicator; Forma: Consultancy; GBT: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Other: Endpoint adjudicator; Novartis: Consultancy; Chiesi: Consultancy. Alexandrou: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Pfizer: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Imbs: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy; Certara Inc.: Current Employment. Fox: Parexel International: Current Employment; Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment. Patel: Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment. Sostelly: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment.
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Edwards, K. A., B. Anderson und B. Reavie. „Horizontal Injectors Rejuvenate Mature Miscible Flood - South Swan Hills Field“. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 5, Nr. 02 (01.04.2002): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/77302-pa.
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Summary The South Swan Hills pool, located in northwest Alberta, Canada, is a carbonate reef with an original oil in place (OOIP) of approximately 850 million bbl. Waterflooding began in 1963, and a staged hydrocarbon miscible flood covering most of the field began in 1973. Solvent injection in the main miscible flood was terminated in 1989, and chase gas injection ceased in 1998. In 1994, however, solvent injection was reinitiated into a single pattern in the reef margin area of the field using a horizontal injector and reduced well spacing. The reef margin is an area of thick, stacked pay that experienced high gravity override during the original miscible flood. The horizontal injector was placed at the base of the reef margin to minimize the effects of gravity override and to maximize sweep efficiency. Four patterns have been developed to date. The two earliest patterns have now completed solvent injection and are on chase waterflood. Both patterns are projected to recover almost 1 million bbl of incremental oil per pattern (more than 10% of pattern OOIP) from areas that were part of the original miscibleflood project. This paper covers the development of the original miscible flood, the redevelopment of the reef margin area using horizontal miscible injectors, and the performance of the four patterns implemented to date. The geological and performance factors that made this redevelopment successful, and their impact on field production, are discussed. Finally, plans for future development of this mature field are presented. Introduction Hydrocarbon miscible flooding has long been a preferred means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in Alberta. It is similar to CO2 flooding, with the exception that the solvent is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbon components. The current solvent composition, for example, is composed of 28% C1, 57% C2, 7%C3, 3%C4, and 2% C5+, with the remainder in other components. This composition is first-contact miscible at current operating conditions. The solvent is usually displaced with cheaper chase gas, composed primarily of methane. An abundance of natural gas liquids (NGLs) in the 1960s and 1970s and the opportunity to incorporate a more efficient displacement process prompted the operator of the South Swan Hills Unit (SSHU) to consider a hydrocarbon miscible flood as a means to increase oil recovery.1 An injection pilot of pure NGLs was carried out from 1970 to 1972, and the field-scale project started in 1973. Initial design called for 21 patterns to be put on injection in the central and northern portions of the unit. This area was still in the early stages of waterflooding and was termed a secondary miscible flood. The western part of the unit was put on miscible injection in 1982. This area had a relatively mature waterflood and was thus termed a tertiary miscible flood. Both areas were developed exclusively with vertical wells. Early performance of the secondary miscible flood, and an evaluation of its performance, were documented by Griffith and Cyca.2 A common problem with miscible flooding is the gravity override of the solvent owing to the density at reservoir conditions, which is much lighter than that of the in-situ oil and water. This was identified as a concern during the design of the original miscible flood, and it was observed in the field. One area particularly prone to override was the reef margin, with its thick, continuous, stacked pay. Horizontal wells have long been considered for application in miscible floods because of problems such as gravity override, and they have been the subject of many studies.3–8 In the case of the South Cowden field in Texas, the goal was to centralize facilities and lower capital costs by accessing larger amounts of reservoir using fewer wells drilled from central locations.6 In the case of the Ratherford Unit in Utah, the goal was to increase the processing rate and sweep efficiency in a low-permeability reservoir.7 These and other benefits (such as improved displacement efficiency, the largest improvement in areal sweep efficiency at the most adverse mobility ratios, and the minimum miscibility pressure maintained over a larger portion of the reservoir) were noted by Chen and Olynyk3 and by Taber and Seright.4 Actual case histories of horizontal injectors in miscible flood applications are relatively rare, however. Two horizontal CO2 injection wells were drilled at South Cowden in 1996,9 but no performance has been published. Horizontal injectors are being used in the Prudhoe Bay field in what is termed a lateral MIST application. 10 There, bulbs of miscible injectant are placed at regular intervals along a horizontal injector. The solvent bulbs mobilize residual oil toward vertical producers. Horizontal injectors are being used in the Weyburn CO2 flood in Saskatchewan, Canada, but no performance has been published to date. Finally, Chugh et al. describe a model study and subsequent field implementation of a horizontal miscible injection project in the Virginia Hills field (a sister reservoir to South Swan Hills) in 1997.11 The concept of horizontal injectors applied to SSHU is the same as that in the Virginia Hills field and is similar to the process used in Prudhoe Bay. It is illustrated in Fig. 1. The horizontal well is placed low in the pay section to sweep reservoir that was missed because of gravity override during injection into vertical wells. To date, four patterns using horizontal injectors have been implemented at SSHU. The first pattern went on injection in 1994 and has since finished chase gas injection. The second pattern went on injection in 1997; it has since completed solvent injection and is currently on chase waterflood. The final two patterns began injection during 2000. The geology that makes these patterns possible, their response, and an analysis of performance are discussed in detail next. Geology The South Swan Hills pool is located in northwest Alberta, as shown in Fig. 2. It covers an area of almost 37,000 acres, of which more than 35,000 acres have been unitized into SSHU. The pool is a carbonate reef with an OOIP of ??850 million bbl. To date, almost 300 wells have been drilled into the unit, mainly on 160-acre spacing. Fig. 3 shows the unit outline, well locations, and horizontal miscible-pattern locations. The South Swan Hills pool is one of a number of large atoll reef buildups that are part of an extensive reef complex developed in Upper Devonian time. It produces light oil from original limestone porosity of the Devonian Swan Hills formation. The reef has features typical of these complex heterogeneous reservoirs, including a platform, a reef interior characterized by tidal flats and lagoonal mud areas with varying degrees of restriction, and a reef margin.
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Liatis, T., und S. De Decker. „Head tilt as a clinical sign of cervical spinal or paraspinal disease in 15 dogs (2000‐2021)“. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 26.09.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13674.
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ObjectivesTo characterise head tilt as a rare clinical sign of cervical spinal or paraspinal disease in dogs.Materials and MethodsRetrospective single‐centre case‐series study of dogs with head tilt and cervical spinal or paraspinal disease in the absence of intracranial abnormalities. Descriptive statistics were used.ResultsFifteen dogs met the inclusion criteria of this study. Median age at onset was 6 years (range 2.5 to 12 years). Onset of neurological signs was mainly chronic (9/15, 60%). Most common presenting complaints included head tilt (9/15, 60%) and cervical hyperaesthesia (8/15, 53%). Most common neurological findings included head tilt (15/15, 100%), generalised proprioceptive ataxia and tetraparesis (6/15, 40%) and cervical hyperaesthesia (8/15, 53%). Diagnoses included post‐operative complication of C2 spinal nerve root mass removal (2/15, 13%), C3‐C4 intervertebral disc extrusion (2/15, 13%), cervical paraspinal myositis (2/15, 13%) and one of each: C2 vertebral malformation, C2 spinal nerve root mass, C1‐C2 meningioma, C2 vertebral fracture, C4‐C5 intervertebral disc extrusion, C4 vertebral body mass, C5‐C7 osseous‐associated cervical spondylomyelopathy, and concurrent C5‐C6 and C6‐C7 intervertebral disc protrusions. Two dogs were euthanased shortly after diagnosis and two of 15 were dogs lost to follow‐up. No post‐mortem examination was performed for these cases. For the 11 of 15 remaining dogs, head tilt resolved in eight of 15 (53%) dogs after treatment of the underlying condition and in three of 15 (20%) dogs, it remained static.Clinical SignificanceHead tilt can be a rare clinical sign of cervical spinal or paraspinal disease in dogs.
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Deshpande, Nachiket, Amro M. Stino, Brandon W. Smith, Ann A. Little, Lynda J. S. Yang, Paul Park und Yamaan S. Saadeh. „Defining postoperative C5 palsy and recovery: a systematic review“. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 01.12.2022, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.11.spine221067.
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OBJECTIVE Postoperative C5 palsy (C5P) is a well-recognized and often-delayed complication of cervical spine surgery. Most patients recover within 6 months of onset, but the prognosis of severe cases is poor. The clinical significance and natural history of mild versus severe C5P appear to differ substantially, but palsy severity and recovery have been poorly characterized in the literature. METHODS Owing to the varying prognoses and expanding treatment options such as nerve transfer surgery to reconstruct the C5 myotome, this systematic review attempted to describe how C5P severity is classified and how C5P and its recovery are defined, with the aim of proposing a postoperative C5P scale to support clinical decision-making. PubMed was searched for articles in English published since 2000 that offer a clear definition of postoperative C5P or its recovery. Only articles reporting exclusively on C5 palsy for patients undergoing surgery for degenerative disease were included. A single reviewer screened titles and abstracts and reviewed the full text of relevant articles, with consultation as needed from a second reviewer. Data collected included postoperative C5P definitions, classification of C5P severity, and definition and/or classification of C5P recovery. Qualitative analysis was performed. RESULTS Full-text reviews were conducted of 98 of 272 articles identified and screened, and 43 met the inclusion criteria. Postoperative C5P was most commonly defined as a reduction in deltoid muscle strength by ≥ 1 grade using manual muscle testing (MMT), with potential biceps involvement also noted by some studies. The few studies that stratified C5P on the basis of severity unanimously characterized severe C5P as MMT grade ≤ 2. Nine studies reported on C5P recovery. Deltoid muscle strength improvement of MMT grade 5 commonly defined complete recovery, with no MMT improvement considered partial recovery. CONCLUSIONS This review identified clear discrepancies in the definitions of C5P and its recovery, leading to heterogeneity in its evaluation and management. With the emergence of therapeutic procedures for severe C5P, standardization of the definitions of C5P and its recovery is critical. The authors propose MMT grades of 4, 3, and ≤ 2 to classify C5P as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively, and grades of 5, 4, and 3 to classify recovery as complete, sufficient, and useful, respectively.
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Quintard, Hervé, und Franck Moniez. „Mechanical ventilation strategy in quadriplegic patients for the intensivist“. Médecine Intensive Réanimation, 24.03.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37051/mir-00054.
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In France, the number of spinal cord injuries is around 2000 new cases per year, often affecting young men, and thus having a real impact on public health. Seventy percent of patients with spinal cord injury upper than C5 require mechanical ventilation during their hospitalization. The need for this mechanical ventilation expose the spinal cord injury (SCI) patients to 2 risk periods: the intubation phase with a high risk of displacement and compression during the course of the procedure, and the withdrawal phase, which is particularly difficult in this context, resulting in an increase in morbidity and hospitalization times. Recently, the latest guidelines from SFAR-SFMU experts on the management of spinal cord injuries published. In this context, we report on good practices in the management of these patients, particularly in the field of ventilation.
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Aikawa, T., Y. Miyazaki, S. Kihara, H. Muyama und M. Nishimura. „Cervical intervertebral disc disease in 307 small‐breed dogs (2000–2021): Breed‐characteristic features and disc‐associated vertebral instability“. Australian Veterinary Journal, 11.02.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.13320.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the breed‐characteristic features of cervical intervertebral disc disease (C‐IVDD) and associated vertebral instability in small‐breed dogs and to present the concept of intervertebral disc degeneration and associated instability stage, method of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.AnimalsIn total, 307 client‐owned dogs with C‐IVDD treated with spinal cord decompression with or without vertebral stabilization (2000–2021).MethodsInformation on age, sex, affected sites, stabilized sites, diagnostic methods for vertebral instability and outcomes were retrieved. The patient's age, affected sites (cranial vs caudal discs), and frequency of vertebral stabilization were compared in six CD and five NCD breed. Multivariable analyses of the chondrodystrophic (CD) vs non‐CD (NCD) groups, and vertebral stabilization (dogs stabilized vs dogs not stabilized) were performed.ResultsIn total, 222 (72.3%) and 77 (25.1%) were CD and NCD breeds, respectively. Vertebral instabilities were diagnosed based on the survey radiographs with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (n = 2), dynamic myelography (n = 29), intraoperative spinal manipulation (n = 11) or second surgery in dogs with persistent postoperative paraspinal pain (n = 3). Of these dogs, 295 (96.1%) recovered (median follow‐up: 8.5 [range, 1–119] months). Significant differences in age, affected sites and frequency of stabilization were noted among the breeds. Older age and frequent vertebral stabilization were the associated factors for the NCD breed dogs. Male dogs, caudal discs affected (C5–T1) and the NCD breed dogs were risk factors for the dogs with vertebral stabilization.ConclusionVertebral stabilization is indicated for small‐breed dogs with cervical disc‐associated vertebral instability.
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Vilkko, Riitta, Sari Räisänen, Mika Gissler, Vedran Stefanovic, Ilkka Kalliala und Seppo Heinonen. „Busy day effect on the use of obstetrical interventions and epidural analgesia during labour: a cross-sectional register study of 601 247 deliveries“. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22, Nr. 1 (13.06.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04798-6.
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Abstract Background Daily delivery volume might affect the quality of obstetric care. We explored the busy day effect on selected obstetrical interventions and epidural analgesia performed during labour in different sized delivery hospitals and on the Finnish obstetric ecosystem. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on Finnish Medical Birth Register data of singleton pregnancies (N = 601,247) from 26 delivery hospitals from 2006 to 2016. Delivery hospitals were stratified by annual delivery volume: C (category) 1: < 1000, C2: 1000–1999, C3: 2000–2999, C4: ≥3000, and C5: university hospitals. The exposure variables were defined as quiet, optimal, and busy days determined based on daily delivery volume distribution in each hospital category. Quiet and busy days included approximately 10% of the lowest and highest delivery volume days, while the rest were defined as optimal. Outcome measures were unplanned caesarean section (CS), instrumental delivery, induction of labour, and epidural analgesia. We compared the incidence of outcomes in quiet vs. optimal, busy vs. optimal, and busy vs. quiet days using logistic regression. The statistical significance level was set at 99% to reduce the likelihood of significant spurious findings. Results In the total population, the incidence of instrumental delivery was 8% (99% CI 2–15%) lower on quiet than on optimal days. In smaller hospitals (C1 and C2), unplanned caesarean sections were performed up to one-third less frequently on busy than optimal and quiet days. More (27%, 99% CI 12–44%) instrumental deliveries were performed in higher delivery volume hospitals (C4) on busy than quiet days. In C1-C3, deliveries were induced (12–35%) less often and in C5 (37%, 99% CI 28–45%) more often on busy than optimal delivery days. More (59–61%) epidural analgesia was performed on busy than optimal and quiet days in C4 and 8% less in C2 hospitals. Conclusions Pooled analysis showed that busyness had no effect on outcomes at the obstetric ecosystem level, but 10% fewer instrumental deliveries were performed in quiet than on busy days overall. Furthermore, dissecting the data shows that small hospitals perform less, and large non-tertiary hospitals perform more interventions during busy days.
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Ha, Nguyen Van, Doan Thanh Dat und Trieu Thi Nguyet. „Stereoelectronic Properties of 1,2,4-Triazole-Derived N-heterocyclic Carbenes - A Theoretical Study“. VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 35, Nr. 4 (23.12.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4935.
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A theoretical study on stereo and electronic properties of a series of six 1,2,4-triazole-derived carbenes bearing different N4-substituents, namely isopropyl (1), benzyl (2), phenyl (3), mesityl (4), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (5) and 1-naphthyl (6), has been carried out. Structures of the six carbenes were first optimized using Gaussian® 16 at B3LYP level. Their molecular geometries and electronic structures of the frontier orbitals were examined. The results suggest the similarity in nature of their HOMOs, which all posses s symmetry with respect to the heterocycle and essentially be the lone electron pair on the Ccarbene. Steric properties of the NHCs was also quantified using percent volume burried (%Vbur) approach. The NHC 1 with isopropyl N4-substituent was the least bulky one with %Vbur of 27.7 and the most sterically demanding carbene is 6, which has large 2,6-diisopropylphenyl substituent (%Vbur = 38.4). Interestingly, the NHCs with phenyl and 1-naphthyl N4-substituents display flexible steric hindrance due to possible rotation of the phenyl or 1-naphthyl around the N-C single bond. Beside stereoelectronic properties of the NHC, topographic steric map of their complexes with metal were also investigated.
Keywords: N-heterocyclic carbene, triazolin-5-ylidene, stereoelectronic properties, percent volume burried.
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