Dissertationen zum Thema „“pure language”“

Adhering to the principles of logic programming results in greater expressiveness than is obtained by using the many non-logical features which have been grafted onto current logic programming languages such as Prolog. This report describes an alternative approach to high performance logic programming in which the language and its implementation were designed together. Prolog's non-logical features are discarded and new logical ones are added. Extended pure Prolog (xpProlog) is a superset of conventional Prolog; it is sufficient in itself, without any need for "impure" non-logical predicates. This gives both greater expressiveness and better performance than conventional Prologs. XpProlog programs have the following advantages over conventional Prolog programs: • They are often easier to understand because their meaning does not rely on the underlying computational mechanism. • Coroutining, automatic delaying and sound negation are available. • As technology improves, better implementations and optimization techniques can be used without affecting existing programs. This report covers: • The proper use of logic programming. • How Prolog must be changed to become a good logic programming language (xpProlog). • Sound negation and coroutining. • An efficient abstract machine (xpPAM) which can be efficiently emulated on conventional machines, translated to conventional machine code, or implemented in special purpose hardware. • How to compile extended Prolog and functional (applicative) languages to the abstract machine or to conventional machine code. • Discussion of alternative Prolog abstract machine designs. The xpProlog Abstract Machine's design allows: • Performance similar to the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) for sequential programs. • Tail recursion optimization (TRO). • Parallelism and coroutining with full backtracking. • Dynamic optimization of clause order. • Efficient if-then-else ("shallow" backtracking). • Simple, regular instruction set for easily optimized compilation. • Efficient memory utilization. • Integrated object-oriented virtual memory. • Predicates as first-class objects. • Simple extension to functional programming. C.R. categories: 1.2.5: Prolog; D.1.3: concurrent programming; D.3.2: very high level languages; D.3.3: language constructs: coroutines, backtracking; D.3.4: 1 interpreters.; 1.2.3: logic programming.
Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate

The research presented in this thesis has been concerned with the use of parallel logic systems for the implementation of large knowledge bases. The thesis describes proposals for a parallel logic system based on a new logic programming language, the Pure Logic Language. The work has involved the definition and implementation of a new logic interpreter which incorporates the parallel execution of independent OR processes, and the specification and design of an appropriate non shared memory multiprocessor architecture. The Pure Logic Language which is under development at JeL, Bracknell, differs from Prolog in its expressive powers and implementation. The resolution based Prolog approach is replaced by a rewrite rule technique which successively transforms expressions according to logical axioms and user defined rules until no further rewrites are possible. A review of related work in the field of parallel logic language systems is presented. The thesis describes the different forms of parallelism within logic languages and discusses the decision to concentrate on the efficient implementation of OR parallelism. The parallel process model for the Pure Logic Language uses the same execution technique of rule rewriting but has been adapted to implement the creation of independent OR processes and the required message passing operations. The parallelism in the system is implemented automatically and, unlike many other parallel logic systems there are no explicit program annotations for the control of parallel execution. The spawning of processes involves computational overheads within the interpreter: these have been measured and results are presented. The functional requirements of a multiprocessor architecture are discussed: shared memory machines are not scalable for large numbers of processing elements, but, with no shared memory, data needed by offspring processors must be copied from the parent or else recomputed. The thesis describes an optimised format for the copying of data between processors. Because a one-to-many communication pattern exits between parent and offspring processors a broadcast architecture is indicated. The development of a system based on the broadcasting of data packets represents a new approach to the parallel execution of logic languages and has led to the design of a novel bus based multiprocessor architecture. A simulation of this multiprocessor architecture has been produced and the parallel logic interpreter mapped onto it: this provides data on the predicted performance of the system. A detailed analysis of these results is presented and the implications for future developments to the proposed system are discussed.

Whereas commentators frequently restrict the categories for purity language in James to either ritual or metaphorical (and uniformly conclude the language is a metaphor for personal morality) this is overly restrictive and ignores how purity language was used in the first-century. Current research of purity language in ancient Israel calls into question the rigid either/or categorization of purity language in James. Such descriptions are not only unjustifiably restrictive, but they also fail to account for the function or meaning of the purity language within the rhetorical goals of the composition. The central argument of this investigation is that purity language both articulates and constructs the composition's worldview and thus serves as an important theme in the text. Chapter two discusses the different methods of analysis of purity and offers a taxonomy of purity language. This taxonomy provides a more precise approach to understanding the function of purity language. Chapter three argues for several important aspects of the structure and strategy of the text. Specifically the three interdependent characteristics of 1) an epistolary structure; 2) a coherent rhetorical argument based on polar oppositions; 3) and the special function of James 1: 2-27 as an introduction are suggested. While attuned to the textual issues argued in chapter three, the categories developed in the taxonomy were applied as a heuristic guide to understand the function of purity and pollution in chapter four. This analysis demonstrated four specific things: 1) though purity language occurs relatively infrequently, it is used at crucial points of the composition (1: 26-27; 3: 6,17; 4: 8); 2) that the use of purity and pollution specifically functions within the overall strategy of contrasts which leads readers to a decision; 3) that the majority of the time purity language labeled the world (and by extension those associated with it) as set against the implicit purity of God; and therefore, 4) the readers of James must be separate from the impure world ("pure") in order to be wholehearted in devotion to God ("perfect"). Because the purity of the audience is directly related to their proximity to the world, chapter five asks what kind of separation is envisioned by the use of purity language. While purity is indeed boundary language, the cultural stance of James is complex. The author shows signs of acculturation, yet this acculturation is employed to call the audience to specific points of separation from surrounding culture, namely separation from patron-client relationships with the "rich" and use of inappropriate and deceitful speech. Thus the composition is not calling for sectarian separation from the surrounding culture, but rather is a complex document demonstrating cultural accommodation while calling forth specific socio-cultural boundaries between the readers and the world.

The image of the female figure is present, yet she is in constant need of being produced in order to persist. Images of women are everywhere, but simultaneously she is nowhere near, caught up in hyper-(in)visibility. In these drawings Channa explores the motions and emotions of looking closer and going deeper, in order to demonstrate that the woman is only a copy of a copy without an original. The act of re-claiming, re-inventing and re-signifying the concept of womanhood is doomed to be both exclusive and inclusive. By centering the unsettling, yet liberating insight that resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power, Channa questions the act of intervening; how the intervention itself must construct the image it wants to deconstruct.

Non-strict pure functional programming often requires redesigning algorithms and data structures to work more effectively under new constraints of non-strict evaluation and immutable state. Graph drawing algorithms, while numerous and broadly studied, have no presence in the non-strict pure functional programming model. Additionally, there is currently no freely licensed standalone toolkit used to quantitatively analyze aesthetics of graph drawings. This thesis addresses two previously unexplored questions. Can a force-directed graph drawing algorithm be implemented in a non-strict functional language, such as Haskell, and still be practically usable? Can an easily extensible aesthetic measuring tool be implemented in a language such as Haskell and still be practically usable? The focus of the thesis is on implementing one of the simplest force-directed algorithms, that of Fruchterman and Reingold, and comparing its resulting aesthetics to those of a well-known C++ implementation of the same algorithm.

Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30) Also available in print.

The work described in this thesis aims at facilitating the design and im- plementation of web-based editors, driven by speech or natural language input, with a focus on editing mathematics. First, a taxonomy for system architectures of speech-based applications is given. This classification is based on the location of the speech recognition, the speech, and application logic and the resulting flow of data between client and server components. This contribution extends existing system architecture approaches to take into account the characteristics of speech- based systems. We then show, using statistical language modelling techniques, that math- ematics, either spoken or typed, is more predictable than everyday natu- ral languages. We illustrate how these models, in combination with error correction algorithms, can be used to successfully assist the process of cre- ating mathematical expressions within electronic documents using speech. We have successfully implemented systems to demonstrate our findings, which have also been evaluated using standard language modelling evalua- tion techniques. This work is novel as applying statistical language models to the recognition of spoken mathematics has not been evaluated to this extent prior to our work. We create a parsing framework for spoken mathematics, based on mixfix operators, operator precedences and non-deterministic parsing techniques. This framework can significantly improve the design and parsing of spoken command languages such as spoken mathematics. A novel robust error recovery method for an adaptation of the XGLR parsing approach to our operator precedence setting is presented. This greatly enhances the range of spoken or typed mathematics that can be parsed. The novel parsing framework, algorithms and error recovery that we have designed are suitable for more general structured spoken command languages, as well. The algorithms devised in this thesis have been implemented and integrated in a research prototype system called TalkMaths. We evaluate our contri- butions to the new version of this system by comparing the power of our parser with that contained in previous versions, and by conducting a field study where students engage with our system in a real classroom-based environment. We show that using TalkMaths, rather than a conventional mathematics editor, had a positive impact on the learning and understand- ing of mathematical concepts of the participants.

My thesis centers on Lolita and The Crying of Lot 49 and the ways in which both novels defamiliarize our world and ways of thinking. Both novels use formal literary techniques as a way of making ordinary cultural artifacts, situations, and environments seem unfamiliar from our every day perceptions. This process of defamiliarizing the regular and everyday has the greater implications of estranging universal themes such as love, environment, and belonging. Both novels also question our precarious hold on corporeal reality by interpreting plot through two outside narrators whose trustworthiness is constantly placed into question. Unsurprisingly, Lolita and The Crying of Lot 49 unsettle the categories of truthfulness and reinvention in interpreting America's immediate cultural and environmental landscape. Both texts blur the distinction between recorded and imaginatively reconstructed worlds: just so, America has isolated our two narrators in the text from their immediate landscape. Interpretations of America are questioned in the thesis through the process of Shklovsky's theory of Defamiliarization interfaced with Freud's Uncanny in the novel. Language disobedience and discord also play a part and will be discussed through Bakhtin's theories on polyphonic language.

Objective The purposes of the study were: (1) To evaluate the intrasession test-retest reliability of pure-tone thresholds measured in the 0.5–16 kHz frequency range for a group of otologically healthy subjects using Sennheiser HDA 200 circumaural and Etymotic Research ER-2 insert earphones and (2) to compare the data with existing criteria of significant threshold shifts related to ototoxicity and noise-induced hearing loss. Design Auditory thresholds in the frequency range from 0.5 to 6 kHz and in the extended high-frequency range from 8 to 16 kHz were measured in one ear of 138 otologically healthy subjects (77 women, 61 men; mean age, 24.4 yr; range, 12–51 yr) using HDA 200 and ER-2 earphones. For each subject, measurements of thresholds were obtained twice for both transducers during the same test session. For analysis, the extended high-frequency range from 8 to 16 kHz was subdivided into 8 to 12.5 and 14 to 16 kHz ranges. Data for each frequency and frequency range were analyzed separately. Results There were no significant differences in repeatability for the two transducer types for all frequency ranges. The intrasession variability increased slightly, but significantly, as frequency increased with the greatest amount of variability in the 14 to 16 kHz range. Analyzing each individual frequency, variability was increased particularly at 16 kHz. At each individual frequency and for both transducer types, intrasession test-retest repeatability from 0.5 to 6 kHz and 8 to 16 kHz was within 10 dB for >99% and >94% of measurements, respectively. The results indicated a false-positive rate of Conclusion Repeatability was similar for both transducer types. Intrasession test-retest repeatability from 0.5 to 12.5 kHz at each individual frequency including the frequency range susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss was excellent for both transducers. Repeatability was slightly, but significantly poorer in the frequency range from 14 to 16 kHz compared with the frequency ranges from 0.5 to 6 or 8 to 12.5 kHz. Measurements in the extended high-frequency range from 8 to 14 kHz, but not up to 16 kHz, may be recommended for monitoring purposes.

Moore’s law reaching its physical limitations has pushed the industry to produce multicore processors. However, programming those processors with an imperative language is not easy since it requires developers to create and synchronize threads. A pure functional language is an adequate tool for this task both from the architectural point of view and from the developer’s. We will show that an architecture can benefit from the implicit parallelism present on functional programs and from the lack of side effects making it easier to parallelize. The developer benefits from functional languages from the superior expressiveness of the language to avoid bugs. In this dissertation, we present the ACQuA architecture, a multicore accelerator created to explore parallelism available in function calls from a pure functional program. ACQuA uses hardware support and a specificallytailored memory organization to minimize the overheads of scheduling, communication, and synchronization. Function calls are placed into a queue and are scheduled to different processing units. The processing units are interconnected and exchange results from function applications. In this work we defined a high level model of the accelerator and how to compile a functional program to it. We also simulated the accelerator and evaluated results, such as speedup, memory usage, and communication overhead of the proposed architecture. We defined the necessary traits of a program to achieve a good speedup on the architecture. On the ideal use case, we can increase the speed up at the same rate we increase the number of processing units in the architecture.

Denna kandidatuppsats består av en egen översättning från engelska till svenska av första kapitlet från författaren Jesse Lee Petersons verk From Rage to Responsibility: Black Conservative Jesse Lee Peterson and America Today. Uppsatsen består dessutom av en källtextanalys samt översättningskommentarer som exemplifierar och diskuterar översättarens tillvägagångssätt i att åstadkomma en översättning som uppnår dess syfte. Syftet har primärt varit att överföra källtextinnehållet till måltexten och den djupare förståelse som förmedlas relaterat till ilska, självinsikt, förlåtelse och ansvar, på ett sätt som samtidigt bevarar författarstilen i möjligaste mån. Detta inkluderar en överföring av författarens lättsamma stil och användning av verbala och talspråkliga drag, idiom och kulturreferenser, samt en anpassning av syntax. För att åstadkomma detta har framförallt översättningsteorier och begrepp från Benjamin Walter och Theo Hermans tillämpats under översättningsprocessen och i översättningskommentarerna.
This essay is based on my own translation of the first chapter of author Jesse Lee Peterson’s work From Rage to Responsibility: Black Conservative Jesse Lee Peterson and America Today, in the language pair English to Swedish. The essay also includes a source text analysis, as well as a commentary on my own translation, where the translator’s approach in achieving a target text that accomplishes its aim is discussed and exemplified. The aim has primarily been to transfer the source text’s ideational core to the target text and the deeper understanding that is being conveyed, regarding rage, insight, forgiveness and responsibility, in an equivalent manner which stays faithful to the style of the author, to the extent that is considered possible. This includes the transference of the author’s cultural references, easy going and simple stylistic approach, along with the informal and colloquial language use, as well as a syntactic target language adaptation. To achieve this, the ideas and terms from the translation theorists Benjamin Walter and Theo Hermans have been applied during the translation process and in the commentary.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif de faciliter les évaluations sécuritaires des logiciels embarqués dans les cartes à puce. En premier lieu, nous avons mis au point un environnement logiciel dédié à l'analyse de la résistance d'implémentations d'algorithmes cryptographiques face à des attaques par analyse de la consommation de courant. Cet environnement doit être vu comme un outil pour rechercher des fuites d'information dans une implémentation en vue d'évaluer la faisabilité d'une attaque sur le produit réel. En second lieu, nous nous sommes intéressé à l'analyse de programmes écrits en langage d'assemblage AVR dans le but de vérifier s'ils sont vulnérables aux \textsl{timing attacks}. Nous avons donc développé un outil qui consiste à décrire des chemins du flot de contrôle d'un programme grâce à des expressions régulières qui seront par la suite interprétées par notre outil afin de donner leur temps exact d'exécution (en terme de cycles d'horloge). Enfin, nous avons étudié comment faciliter la compréhension de programmes écrits en langage C dans le but de vérifier si des politiques de sécurité sont correctement implémentées. D'une part, nous fournissons des assistants de navigation qui au travers d'informations concernant les variables et procédures rencontrées, facilitent la compréhension du programme. D'autre part, nous avons au point une manière de vérifier les politiques de sécurité sans modélisation préalable (e.g. avec un automate à états finis) au moyen de requêtes exprimées dans la logique CTL
The work presented in this thesis aims at easing the evaluation process of smartcards embedded software. On one hand, we set up a software environment dedicated to analyze the implementation resistance of cryptographic to power analysis attacks. This environment must be seen as a tool that facilitates a real attack by giving a way to find information leakages in an implementation. On the other hand, we focused on analyzing program written in AVR assembly language in order to check whether they are vulnerable to timing attacks. To achieve this goal we have developed a tool that makes possible the description of a path in the control flow of the program thanks to regular expressions. Those regular expressions will be interpreted by our tool in order to give the exact execution timing (expressed in clock cycles). Finally, we studied how to ease the global comprehension of a program written in C language in order to check whether security policies are well implemented. First, we provide graphical navigation assisants that helps to understand the progam being analyzed by giving information on variables and procedures. Then, we provide a way to check the security policies through the use of requests expressed with the CTL logic. This approach does not need prior modelisation of the program

Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’enseignement du FOS (Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques) à des cuisiniers étrangers venus travailler dans des restaurants français ou ayant choisi la restauration comme spécialité. L’objectif de notre recherche est donc d’enseigner les phrasèmes NAdj du domaine culinaire auprès d’apprenants étrangers niveau A2. L’enseignement/apprentissage de la phraséologie s’avère nécessaire dans les langues de spécialités et la haute fréquence des phrasèmes NAdj a attiré notre attention. Plusieurs questions sont alors abordées : où trouver ce lexique spécifique ? Comment les extraire ? Par quelle approche enseignons-nous les phrasèmes sélectionnés ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons fabriqué notre propre corpus Cuisitext – écrit et oral – puis nous avons utilisé NooJ pour extraire les phrasèmes NAdj du corpus. Enfin, nous avons proposé les trois approches d’utilisation des corpus pour l’enseignement/apprentissage des phrasèmes NAdj : approche inductive guidée, approche déductive, approche inductive pure
This thesis project aims to study the teaching method of FOS (French on Specific Objectives) catering to foreign cooks who come to work in French restaurants or who have chosen catering as a specialty. The objective of our research is therefore to teach the culinary NAdj phrasemas to foreign A2 level learners. The teaching/learning of phraseology is required in specialty languages and the high frequency of NAdj phrasems has caught our attention. Several questions are then addressed: where to find this specific lexicon? How to extract them? By which approach do we teach the selected phrasems? To answer these questions, we made our own corpus Cuisitext - written and oral - and then used NooJ to extract the NAdj phrasems from the corpus. Finally, we have proposed the three approaches to the use of corpora for the teaching/learning of NAdj phrasems: guided inductive approach, deductive approach, pure inductive approach

Vad är det hos berättelser om mord och brott som fascinerar oss människor? I den här uppsatsen undersöks hur brott, gärningsmän och brottsoffer samt rättssystem porträtteras inom en true crime-text. I denna studie är det poddsändningen Sword and Scale som står i fokus. Vidare undersöks true crime-genren utifrån ett retorisk perspektiv för att utröna hur texten kommunicerar med och övertygar sin mottagare.  Uppsatsen tar sina teoretiska utgångspunkter i Kenneth Burkes teori om identifikation och Edwin Blacks teori om the second persona för att kunna utröna ideologiska implikationer hos true crime-narrativet.  Resultaten visar att mördare konsekvent porträtteras som onda och fördömda gentemot offret som istället beskrivs som oskyldigt och rättfärdigt, och poddsändningen kan därmed ses konstruera ett etablerat förhållande mellan gott och ont på individnivå. Vidare har analysen visat att rättssystemet beskrivs som en beskyddande, bestraffande och auktoritär makt. Trots detta uppvisas en potential hos anklagande true crime att kritisera rättssystemet, där kritiken riktas mot att rättssystemets beskyddande makt inte utövas tillräckligt eller korrekt. Anklagande true crime fyller därmed även en legitimerande funktion genom att inte att kritisera systemets grundläggande strukturer.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the difficulties that came up in the translation of an English travel guide about Costa Rica into Swedish, and what strategies may be employed in order to solve them. The focus is on how to handle proper nouns, figures of speech and terminology. In order to gather material for the study an English travel guide about Costa Rica was translated into Swedish and then some of the translation problems encountered during translation were chosen for an in-depth analysis. The analysis is mainly based on Rune Ingo’s and Peter Newmark’s theories, but other sources have also been used as a basis for the discussion.   Proper nouns were mostly handled by transference of the names in their original forms into the TT as well as transference in combination with a functional or descriptive equivalent. Where appropriate, some proper nouns were translated with recognized Swedish translations or partially translated and partially transferred. Many metaphors and idioms were translated into corresponding figurative expressions found in the target language. When this was not possible, they were either translated word-for-word, provided that they still conveyed the meaning of the ST metaphor or idiom, or translated with a non-figurative expression. In order to make up for lost figurative expressions, one non-figurative expression was translated with a metaphor. Regarding terminology, terms were mostly translated with corresponding terms found in Swedish bilingual dictionaries or other resources on the Internet. However, some terms had to be transferred from the ST in their original forms or translated with less specific words, since no corresponding terms could be found in the target language. The findings show that several different strategies were used to handle translation of proper nouns, figures of speech and terminology in this specific travel guide and which strategy to use depends on situational factors.

   Cilj ove doktorske disertacije predstavljalo je ispitivanje fitohemijskog sastava i biološke aktivnosti vodenih i metanolnih ekstrakata svežih i suvih plodova, kao i voćne kaše i džema pripremljenih po tradicionalnoj recepturi od plodova šest samoniklih vrsta Rosa L.: R. canina, R. dumalis, R. dumetorum, R. tomentosa, R. arvensis, R. sempervirens. Ispitivanje fitohemijskog sastava obuhvatalo je LC -MS/MS analizu 64 odabrana fenolna jedinjenja, hinske kiseline (organske kiseline) kao i tri triterpenoida. Takođe, izvršeno je spektrofotometrijsko određivanje sadržaja ukupnih fenolnih i flavonoidnih jedinjenja, kao i vitamina C. Evaluacija biološke aktivnosti obuhvatala je in vitro ispitivanja  antioksidantne i antiinflamatorne aktivnosti, kao i ispitivanje uticaja ekstrakata odabranih vrsta Rosa na aktivnost enzima acetilholinesteraze i rast tumorskih i netumorskih ćelija.   Sumiranjem dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da sveži i suvi plodovi ispitivanih vrsta Rosa, kao i voćne kaše i džemovi predstavljaju značajan izvor vitamina C i fenolnih jedinjenja, sa elagnom kiselinom kao najzastupljenijom fenolnom komponentom. Takođe u pojedinim ekstraktima vrsta R. dumetorum i R. tomentosa detektovana je visoka koncentracija ursolne kiseline, dok je hinska kiselina prisutna u značajnoj koncentraciji u svim ispitivanim ekstraktima.   Ekstrakti ispitivanih vrsta, izuzev vrste Rosa arvensis, pokazali su visok antioksidantni potencijal koji se ogleda u njihovoj sposobnosti neutralizacije nekoliko radikalskih vrsta, redukcionom potencijalu i sposobnosti inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije. Ispitivani ekstrakti ispoljili su umerenu antiinflamatornu aktivnost u pogledu inhibicije produkcije odabranih metabolita ciklooksigenaznog (12-HHT, TXB₂, PGE ₂) i 12-lipooksigenaznog (12-HETE) metaboličkog puta arahidonske kiseline,  posebno prostaglandina E  . Takođe, in vitro ispitivanjem uticaja ekstrakata odabranih vrsta Rosa na aktivnost acetilholinesteraze pokazana je umerena aktivnost. Vodeni ekstrakti i ekstrakti voćnih kaša vrsta R. canina, R. tomentosa i R. sempervirens pokazali su umereni inhibitorni potencijal prema rastu HeLa ćelijske linije, dok su ekstrakti vrste R. sempervirens pokazali aktivnost i prema HT-29 ćelijama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na značajni potencijal plodova i tradicionalnih proizvoda ispitivanih vrsta Rosa za upotrebu u proizvodnji nutraceutika i funkcionalne hrane.
   The aim of presented doctoral thesis was investigation of phytochemical composition and biological activity of water and methanol extracts of fresh and air-  dried rose hips, as well as purée and jam made according to traditional recipe of  hips of six wild growing Rosa L. species: R. canina, R. dumalis, R. dumetorum, R.  tomentosa, R. arvensis, and R. sempervirens. Examination of phytochemical composition included LC-MS/MS analysis of 64 selected phenolic compounds, quinic  acid (organic acid) and three triterpenoids. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as vitamin C contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Biological activity evaluation of extracts of six Rosa species included in vitro investigation of antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase and cytotoxic activity.   According to obtained results, fresh and air-dried rose hips, as well as their preserves present valuable source of vitamin C and phenolic compounds, especially  ellagic acid, which was the most abundant examined phenolic compound. Furthermore, high concentration of ursolic acid was detected in some Rosa   tomentosa and R.  rumetorum extracts, while notable concentration of quinic acid  was present in all examined extracts.   Extracts of all examined species, apart from Rosa arvensis, showed considerable antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging ability, reduction potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, extracts exhibited moderate anti- inflammatory activity by means of inhibition of the main arachidonic acid metabolites   formed incyclooxygenase-1 (12-HHT, TXB₂, PGE ₂ ) and 12-lipoxygenase (12-HETE)  pathway, especially prostaglandin E₂ . Also, investigation of anti- cetylcholinesterase  activity revealed moderate activity of extracts of all examined species. In addition,  predominantly water extracts of fresh andair-dried rose hips, as well as purée of R.  canina, R. tomentosa and R. sempervirens showed inhibitory activity toward HeLa, while R.sempervirens extracts also inhibited HT-29 cell growth. Presented results indicate significant potential of examined rose hips and their preserves for use as nutraceuticals and functional food.

En 1946, la création de la licence de lettres modernes mit fin au monopole des professeurs de lettres classiques sur l'enseignement du français dans les établissements secondaires. Legs des filières d'enseignement primaire supérieur - sans latin - le professeur de lettres modernes resta longtemps un professeur de français de second rang. Les débats qui entourèrent la genèse de l'agrégation de lettres modernes révélaient au grand jour les fondements incertains de la compétence du professeur de français comme spécialiste de sa discipline. Ce fut donc un groupe divisé et fragilisé qui affronta le double défi de la démocratisation du second degré et de son alignement sur les besoins de l'enseignement supérieur scientifique. Le mot d'ordre de rénovation de l'enseignement du français - mêlant des considérations scientifiques, professionnelles et sociopolitiques - creusa un nouveau fossé entre des professeurs de français, toujours divisés par la question du latin. Loin de jouer un rôle intégrateur, les deux associations de spécialistes, la Franco-Ancienne et l'Association française des professeurs (puis enseignants) de français cristallisèrent les tensions internes au groupe des professeurs de lettres. Devant l'éclatement des pratiques, l'inspection donna la priorité à la préservation d'un enseignement littéraire, centré sur la transmission du patrimoine

Abstract The speech and language abilities of preterm and low birthweight children were studied at the age of 8 in the northern Finland 1-year birth cohort for 1985 - 86. The language abilities of 42 8-year-old preterm children with birthweight < 1750 g were studied with four different language tests: the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), the Token Test for Children (TTC), the Morphological Test for Finnish speaking children (MT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Full-term control children with birthweight ≥ 2500 g (n = 42) from the same birth cohort matched individually with their preterm pairs for age, sex, twinship, mother's education, place of residence, birth order and family type were also studied. In addition, linguistic and motor abilities of low birthweight (LBW, < 2500 g) 8-year-old children (n = 279) were studied using parental (n = 8370, 90 %) and teacher (n = 8525, 92 %) evaluations by mailed questionnaire. The results showed that the 8-year-old preterm (< 1750 g) children scored significantly poorer than their controls in visual subtests measured by ITPA and that the poor performance in visual tests was associated with neonatal infections, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In addition, the preterm children with minor neurodevelopmental dysfunction (MND) scored worst and differed significantly from their matched controls in verbal comprehension measured by TTC. They also differed significantly from other preterm groups, namely healthy preterm and preterm children with cerebral palsy (CP) in TTC. Periventricular leukomalasia (PVL) findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were not associated with the performance in the language ability tests. The parents evaluated the LBW (< 2500 g) children to have more problems in speech and language than the normal birth-weight (NBW, ≥ 2500 g) children. The LBW boys were the poorest in linguistic and motor skills compared with the NBW boys or any of the groups of girls. There was also a clear relationship between speech/linguistic and motor disabilities. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the lower birthweight and some sociodemographic factors, for example mother's younger age (20 - 24y), having more than four children in the family, a reconstructed family, as well as hearing impairment and male gender were the most important determinants of poor speech and language abilities at 8 years of age, with and without adjustment for neonatal risk factor. Smallness for gestational age was also a risk factor for poor speech and language skills. Preterm birth was associated with poor skills only after removal of the neonatal risk factor from the model. Brain auditory evoked potential (BAEP) findings did not associate to poor language abilities of preterm children. To conclude, the preterm (< 1750 g) and the LBW children experienced speech and language disabilities at 8 years of age more than their full-term mates with NBW. Problems in speech production and especially in speech perception were more frequent among them both in clinical studies and parental evaluations.The visual problems were typical for preterm children (< 1750 g), which should be taken into account also in speech therapy. A closer and regular follow-up of language development in the preterm children with MND is important. Parental and teachers evaluations are useful in studying children's speech and language abilities
Tiivistelmä Pohjoissuomalaisen vuoden 1985 - 86 syntymäkohortin ennenaikaisina ja pienipainoisina syntyneiden lasten puheen- ja kielenkehitystä tutkittiin heidän ollessaan 8-vuotiaita. Aluksi testattiin 42 ennenaikaisena ja alle 1750 g syntyessään painanutta 8-vuotiasta lasta sekä heidän 42 täysiaikaisina syntynyttä ja ≥ 2500 g painanutta kontrollipariaan neljällä kielellisellä testillä, nimittäin Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities -testillä (ITPA), Lasten Token testillä, Morfologiatestillä ja Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test nimisellä sanavarastotestillä (PPVT). Kontrollilapset valittiin samasta kohortista ja kaltaistettiin ennenaikaisina syntyneiden lasten kanssa iän, sukupuolen, kaksosuuden, äidin koulutuksen, asuinpaikan, syntymäjärjestyksen ja perhetyypin perusteella. Koko syntymäkohortin kaikkien pienipainoisina (LBW, < 2500 g) syntyneiden 8-vuotiaiden lasten (n=279) kielellisiä ja motorisia taitoja tutkittiin lisäksi vanhemmille (n = 8370, 90 %) ja opettajille (n = 8525, 92 %) osoitetun kyselyn perusteella. Tulokset osoittivat, että ennenaikaisina (< 1750 g) syntyneet lapset saivat merkitsevästi heikommat pisteet kuin heidän kontrollinsa ITPA:n visuaalisissa tehtävissä. Heikko visuaalinen suoriutuminen oli yhteydessä neonataalikauden infektioihin, ylipainehoitoon (CPAP) ja avoimeen valtimotiehyeen (PDA). Lisäksi ne ennenaikaisina syntyneet lapset, joilla oli lievää neurologista toiminnan häiriötä (MND) saivat puheen ymmärtämistä mittaavasta Token testistä heikommat pisteet kuin kontrollinsa. MND-lapset erosivat myös merkitsevästi muista ennenaikaisina syntyneistä lapsista, terveistä ja CP-vammaisista, Token testillä mitattuna. Periventrikulaarisen leukomalasian (PVL) löydökset aivojen magneettikuvauksessa (MRI) eivät olleet yhteydessä suoriutumiseen kielellisissä testeissä. Vanhempien arvioiden perusteella LBW lapsilla oli enemmän ongelmia puheessa ja kielessä kuin normaalipainoisina (NBW, ≥ 2500 g) syntyneillä kahdeksan vuoden iässä. LBW-pojat olivat heikompia kielellisissä ja motorisissa taidoissa kuin NBW-pojat tai kummatkaan tyttöjen ryhmät. Tutkimuksen perusteella puheen ja kielellisten taitojen sekä motoriikan välillä oli selvä yhteys. Monimuuttujaisen logistisen regressioanalyysin perusteella matala syntymäpaino sekä tietyt sosiodemografiset tekijät, kuten äidin nuori ikä (20 - 24 v.), perheen yli neljän menevä lapsimäärä, uusperhe sekä kuulovika ja poikasukupuoli olivat lasten keskeisimpiä heikkoon puheen- ja kielenkehitykseen liittyviä riskitekijöitä 8 vuoden iässä riippumatta siitä, oliko analyysissa mukana neonataalikauden riskitekijä vai ei. Pienipainoisuus raskauden kestoon nähden oli myös riski heikolle puheen ja kielen kehitykselle. Ennenaikaisuus oli yhteydessä heikkoon puheen ja kielen kehitykseen, kun neonataalikauden riskitekijä poissuljettiin analyysista. Aivorunkoaudiometrian (BAEP) löydökset puolestaan eivät olleet yhteydessä kielenkehityksen ongelmiin. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä voidaan esittää, että ennenaikaisina (< 1750 g) syntyneillä ja LBW-lapsilla oli enemmän ongelmia kuin täysiaikaisina syntyneillä NBW-lapsilla puheen- ja kielenkehityksessään 8 vuoden iässä. Ongelmat puheen tuotossa ja erityisesti vastaanotossa olivat heillä yleisempiä sekä kliinisen tutkimuksen että vanhempien arvion perusteella. Visuaalisen hahmottamisen vaikeudet olivat tyypillisiä ennenaikaisina (< 1750 g) syntyneille lapsille, mikä olisi hyvä huomioida myös puheterapiassa. Tutkimuksen perusteella ennenaikaisina syntyneiden MND-lasten kielenkehityksen tarkka ja säännöllinen seuranta on tärkeää. Vanhempien ja opettajien arviot ovat hyödyllinen lisä lasten puheen- ja kielenkehityksen tutkimuksessa
Čoahkkáigeassu Davvisuopmelaš jagi 1985-86 riegadankohortta ovdaláigge ja menddo geahpasin riegádan mánáid hupman- ja giellaovdaneapmi dutkojuvvui go mánát ledje 8-jahkáččat. Álggos testejuvvojedje 42 riegádettiin vuollái 1750 g deaddán 8-jahkásaš máná ja sin 42 dievasáigge šaddan ja ≥2500g deaddán kontrollapára njeljiin giellateasttain, namalassii ITP:ain (Illinois Test of Psycolinguistic Abilities), Mánáid Toke-teasttain, Morfologiijateasttain ja Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-sátnerádjoteasttain (= PPTV). Kontrollapárat válljejuvvojedje seamma kohorttas ja dahkkojuvvojedje seammaláganin čuovvovaš áššiid ektui: ahki, sohkabealli,jumešvuohta,eatni skuvlejupmi,orrunbáiki,riegádanortnet ja bearaštiipa. Riegádankohortta menddo geahpasin (< 2500) riegádan 8-jahkásaš mánáid (n = 279) gielalaš ja motora dáiddut dutkojuvvojedje dasa lassin váhnemiid ja oahpaheaddjiid árvvoštallamiid vuođul. Mánáid váhnemiin 8370 (90%) ja oahpaheaddjiin 8525 (92%) vástidedje jearahallamii. Bohtosat čájehedje, ahte ovdaláigge riedágan mánát ožžo statistihkalaččat mearkkašahtti heajut čuoggaid go sin kontrollapárat ITPA visuála bargguin. Heajos visuála návccain lei oktavuohta neonatála-áiggi infekšuvnnaide, alladeaddodikšui (CPAP) ja rabas váibmosutnii (PDA). Dasa lassin ovdaláigge riegádan mánát, geain ledje muhtun veardde neurologalaš doaibmanváttut(MND) ožžo Toke-teasttas, mainna mihtidit hupmama ipmirdeapmi,heajut čuoggáid go sin kontrollapárat. MND-mánát sierranedje maiddái mearkkašahtti veardde Toke-teasttas eará ovdaláigge riegádan mánáin, sihke dearvasiin ja CP-váttogiin. Periventikuláralaš leukomasiija (PVL) gávdnosiin ii lean oktavuohta gielalaš teasttain birgemii. Periventikuláralaš leukomasiija (PVL) gávdnosiin magnehtagovvideamis(MRI) ii lean oktavuohta gielalaš teasttain birgemii. Váhnemiid árvvoštallama mielde menddo geahpasin riegádan mánáin ledje eambbo váttisvuođat hupmamis go normáladeattogin riegádan mánáin. Menddo geahpasin riegádan bártnit ledje heajubut gielalaš ja ja motora dáidduid ektui go normáladeattogin riegádan bártnit dahje goabbáge nieddaid joavkkuin. Dutkamuša vuođul hupmama ja gielalaš dáidduid ja motoriikka gaskkas lea čielga oktavuohta. Logistihkalas regreššuvdna-analiissa,mas ledje máŋga rievdi, vuođul menddo geahppa riegádandeaddu ja dihto sosiodemográfalaš dahkkit, dego eatni ahki (20-24 j.), mánáid lohku > 4 bearrašis, ođđabearaš ja lossa gullu ja bárdnesohkabealli ledje mánáid deaháleamos heajos hupmama ja giela ovdaneami einnosteaddjit 8 jagi agis, fuolakeahttá das, leigo analiissas mielde neonatála-áiggi várradahkki vai ii. Menddo geahppa riegádandeaddu ohkeagi ektui lasihii maiddái vára ahte mánná hupmagoahtá heajut ja su giella ovdana funet. Ovdaláigge riegádeamis lei oktavuohta heajos hupmama ja giela ovdaneapmái, go neonatála-áigge várradahkki ii váldojuvvon vuhtii analiissas. BAEP-gávdnosiin ii lean fas lean oktavuohta giela heajos ovdaneapmái. Dutkamuša jurddaboađusin sáhttá buktit ovdan,ahte ovdaláigge ja menddo geahpasin riegádan mánáin ledje 8- jahkásažžan eambbo váttisvuođat hupmama ja giela ovdaneamis go ollesáigge ja normáladeattogin riegádan mánáin. Maiddái hupmama ipmirdeamis ledje eambbo váttisvuođat. Heajos visuála návccat ledje sidjiide mihtilmaččat ja dan galggašii váldit vuhtii maid hupmanterapiijas.Dutkamuša vuođul MND-mánáid giellaovdaneami dárkilit ja regulára čuovvun lea deahálaš. Váhnemiid ja oahpaheaddjiid árvvoštallamat sáhttet leat ávkkalaččat mánáid hupmama ja giela ovdameami dutkamis

The goal of the first part of the thesis is to describe the options of wide usage of chip cards in different segments of our life. Consequently it is necessary to mention hardware and software equipment of smart card, its communication with terminal and data security. In this thesis we focus on Java Card environment in which we will try to create two applications, one for electronic purse and the second for user identification. Basically, we need to mention multiapplicational rules of sharing data and objects. At the end of the thesis we are focusing on the possibility of mutual interference between the applications and on protection against attacks. Also future applications of this technology are described.

Dans le domaine des transactions et du paiement électronique avec une carte à puce, le standard de communication en champ proche « Near Field Communication » (NFC) s’est imposé comme la technologie des transactions sans contact mobiles sécurisées pour le paiement, le contrôle d’accès, ou l’authentification. Les services sans contact mobiles sécurisés sont basés sur le mode émulation de carte du standard NFC qui implique une composante matérielle à accès restreint de type carte à puce appelée « Secure Element » (SE) dans laquelle sont stockées les données confidentielles et les fonctions sensibles. Malgré les efforts de standardisation de l'écosystème, les modèles proposés pour la mise en œuvre du SE sont complexes et souffrent du manque de généricité, à la fois pour offrir des mécanismes d’abstraction, pour le développement d’applications de haut niveau, et pour la mise en œuvre et la vérification des contraintes de sécurité des applications.L’objectif de la thèse est de concevoir et réaliser un environnement logiciel basé sur un modèle générique compatible avec les standards établis et peu sensible aux évolutions technologiques. Cet environnement devrait permettre à des non-experts de développer des applications multiplateformes, multimodes, multi-facteurs de forme, qui s’interfacent avec le SE dans un smartphone NFC
In the field of electronic transactions and payment with a smart card, the Near Field Communication (NFC) standard has stood out against other candidate technologies for secure mobile contactless transactions for payment, access control, or authentication. Secure mobile contactless services are based on the card emulation mode of the NFC standard which involves a smart card type component with restricted access called "Secure Element" (SE) in which sensitive data and sensitive functions are securely stored and run. Despite considerable standardization efforts around the SE ecosystem, the proposed models for the implementation of SE are complex and suffer from the lack of genericity, both to offer abstraction mechanisms, for the development of high-level applications, and for the implementation and verification of applications security constraints.The objective of the thesis is to design and realize a software environment based on a generic model that complies with established standards and which is not very sensitive to technological evolutions. This environment should enable non-experts to develop multi-platform, multi-mode, multi-factor SE-based applications running into the NFC smartphone

Les systèmes embarqués modernes ont atteint un niveau de complexité qui fait qu'il n'est plus possible d'attendre les premiers prototypes physiques pour valider les décisions sur l'intégration des composants matériels et logiciels. Il est donc nécessaire d'utiliser des modèles, tôt dans le flot de conception. Les travaux présentés dans ce document contribuent à l'état de l'art dans plusieurs domaines. Nous présentons dans un premier temps de nouvelles techniques de vérification de programmes écrits dans des langages généralistes comme C, C++ ou Java. Dans un second temps, nous utilisons des outils de vérification formelle sur des modèles écrits en SystemC au niveau transaction (TLM). Plusieurs approches sont présentées, la plupart d'entre elles utilisent des techniques de compilations spécifiques à SystemC pour transformer le programme SystemC en un format utilisable par les outils. La seconde partie du document s'intéresse aux propriétés non-fonctionnelles des modèles~: performances temporelles, consommation électrique et température. Dans le contexte de la modélisation TLM, nous proposons plusieurs techniques pour enrichir des modèles fonctionnels avec des informations non-fonctionnelles. Enfin, nous présentons les contributions faites à l'analyse de performance modulaire (MPA) avec le calcul temps-réel (RTC). Nous proposons plusieurs connections entre ces modèles analytiques et des formalismes plus expressifs comme les automates temporisés et le langage de programmation Lustre. Ces connexion posent le problème théorique de la causalité, qui est formellement défini et résolu avec un algorithme nouveau dit de " fermeture causale ".

Text in Afrikaans
In this dissertation the ideology behind the debate on the position of Standard Afrikaans in the new, multilinguistic South African dispensation with eleven official languages is examined from a psycholinguistic perspective. The study concentrates on how ideology and power played and are still playing a role in the formation of the variety Standard Afrikaans. The study points out how historical and present-day philosophical, social and language-political considerations influenced the natural development of Afrikaans by advancing it in respect of status on the one hand and prejudicing it in respect of lexicon and corpus on the other hand. The mutual bond of Afrikaans and English as Germanic languages and the inherently hybrid nature of Afrikaans are highlighted. The study points out the artificial role of Eurocentrism and the ideal of "pure language" on perceptions and myths about Afrikaans, as well as the historical influence of the European heritage on Afrikaner thinking and the direct influence thereof on the appropriation of Afrikaans as a symbol and product of an exclusive, ethnical group. Classical perceptions and myths in respect of the origin of Afrikaans and the status of creole languages as opposed to so-called "pure" languages are queried. With reference to the results of the research the author reflects on the possibility of a paradigmatic shift in respect of Standard Afrikaans in its present format. Actual Afrikaans ("aktuele Afrikaans") as a basis for a generally accepted standard language is presented as a new concept. The author reflects on the internal and external desirability of a new approach to Afrikaans as the stimulus behind the survival and acceptance of Afrikaans as an intranational and international language of, inter alia, science, technology, philosophy and social interaction. Scientific arguments in respect of language change, language influencing, language diffusion and language fusion are advanced in this respect.
In hierdie proefskrif word die ideologie agter die debat oor Standaardafrikaans se posisie in die nuwe, multilinguistiese Suid-Afrikaanse bestel met elf amptelike tale vanuit 'n psigolinguistiese perspektief ondersoek. Daar word gekonsentreer op hoe ideologie en mag 'n rol in die vorming van die varieteit Standaardafrikaans gespeel het, en dit steeds doen. Daar word aangetoon hoe historiese en hedendaagse filosofiese, maatskaplike en taalpolitiese oorwegings die natuurlike ontwikkeling van Afrikaans bemvloed het deur dit onder andere enersyds statusgewys te bevoordeel en andersyds leksikaal en korpusgewys te benadeel. Die gemeenskaplike band van Afrikaans en Engels as Germaanse tale en die inherente hibridiese aard van Afrikaans word uitgelig. Daar word gewys op die kunsmatige rol wat Eurosentrisme en die strewe na "taalsuiwerheid" in opvattinge en mites oor Afrikaans gehad het, asook op die historiese invloed van die Europese erfenis op Afrikanerdenke en die indirekte invloed daarvan op die toe-eiening van Afrikaans as simbool en produk van 'n eksklusiewe, etniese groepering. Klassieke opvattinge en mites oor die ontstaan van Afrikaans en die status van kreoolse tale vergeleke met sogenaamde "suiwer" tale word bevraagteken. Na aanleiding van navorsingsresultate word daar besin oor 'n moontlike paradigmaverskuiwing ten opsigte van Standaardafrikaans in die huidige gedaante daarvan. Aktuele Afrikaans as 'n basis vir 'n algemeen aanvaarbare standaardtaal word as nu we konsep aangebied. Daar word besin oor die inteme en eksteme wenslikheid van 'n nuwe benadering tot Afrikaans as die stukrag vir die voortbestaan en aanvaarding .van Afrikaans as 'n intranasionale en intemasionale taal van, onder andere, die wetenskap, tegnologie, filosofie en sosiale omgang. Hiervoor word wetenskaplike argumente.
Afrikaans
D.Lit. et Phil.(Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans
Tradisioneel is aanvaar dat die indirekte voorwerp nie in Afrikaanse stelsinne kan optree sander die voorkoms van 'n direkte voorwerp in dieselfde sin nie. Hierdie ondersoek het aan die lig gebring dat sekere voorwerpe wat voorheen as "direkte voorwerpe" geklassifiseer is, eerder die eienskappe van indirekte Hulle word dus nou geklassifiseer as en die parameters van die indirekte ooreenkomstig uitgebrei. Aangesien daar geen formele merkers vir die uitkenning en onderskeiding van direkte en indirecte voorwerpe bestaan nie, is parameters vir die doel vasgestel. Skoon indireckte voorwerpe (op enkele uisonderings na) verskyn altyd direk na die SPIL-posisie in 'n stelsin toon 'n groot affiniteit vir voorsetsels (versa vir, aan), en kan in die koers van adjunk afgegradeer word, deur me 'n voorsetsel te verbind, en kan sodoende ook na' 'n adjunk verskyn. Direkte voorwerpe kan daarenteen nie met voorset-: sels verbind nie en kan buitendien na enige adjunk verskyn.
Language Education, Arts and Culture
M.A. (Afrikaans)

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the protagonist and narrator in Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre, it explores how Jane to a certain extent both represents and challenges the norms set by the Victorian society since it was during this time that the novel was published. By taking a closer look at the novel in relation to Victorian society’s norms and ideals the essay will show that the conflict that Jane faces in the novel is between love, feeling and passion versus religious norms and principles. By highlighting these conflicts, the essay presents evidence that the protagonist Jane often shows a feminist sentiment. However, her actions often contradict these sentiments which creates a complexity that I hope this essay will explore.

The purpose of this research was to study the lived experience of being a strategic leader, described as the black box of leadership, and to extend the limited research in this field. The researcher utilised the qualitative ethnographic methodology of direct observation, observing 138 discrete critical incidents that made up the lived experience of the five strategic leaders in the sample. The researcher further utilised observation tools from the field of Neuro Linguistic Programming, personal experiences, metaphors, allegories, analogies as well as deep personal introspection to make sense of the lived experience of the five CEOs. The primary research objective was to answer the question: What do CEOs do and how do they do it? A further related objective was to explore how they think about what they do. The research answered these questions by prising open the 'black box' of the lived experience of the strategic leader. The result of the research is the pure leadership spider web model. The pure leadership spider web model breaks down the lived experience of the strategic leader, the content of the black box, into eight dimensions: the pillars that make up the personal leadership philosophy; emotional states of mind brought to bear in meetings; kinaesthetic patterns used during meetings; meeting dynamics; emotional states brought to bear on day-to-day shop-floor engagement; emotional states brought to bear on leadership engagement sessions with other like business leaders; frames of mind governing the day-to-day experiences; and The Magic Language Box.
Business Management and Entr
DBL

Le présent travail décrit –pour la première fois– l’état actuel de la langue espagnole parlée par la communauté colombienne à Montréal sur les formes de s’adresser aux autres en langage pronominal ou nominal et la courtoisie verbale. Dans le but de réaliser cette étude, un travail de terrain a été effectué à l’aide d’un questionnaire et des entrevues orales semi-dirigées adressés à 30 informateurs. L’analyse des données, nous a permis d’établir quelques premières comparaisons entre la façon de parler des habitants de la Colombie et des Colombiens résidant à Montréal et d’identifier quelques-uns des changements linguistiques principaux dans cette communauté parlante, notamment, les variations reliées aux formes de s’adresser aux autres et aux actes de courtoisie affectés par l’influence du français et de l’anglais. L’analyse effectuée tient compte autant les aspects linguistiques, pragmatiques et sociaux que les attitudes linguistiques des interviewés. De cette façon, les résultats mettent en lumière une nouvelle description sur la dynamique de l’usage des formes de s’adresser aux autres de locuteurs originaires de trois zones dialectales représentatives de la Colombie : la région andine orientale, la région andine occidentale et la zone côtière du Caraïbe. Ensemble avec d’autres études précédentes sur la formes de s’adresser aux autres, ce travail constitue une meilleure compréhension de la réalité linguistique de l’espagnol des Colombiens unilingues, bilingues et trilingues.
Present work outlines –for the first time– the state of the Spanish language spoken by the Colombian community in Montreal with reference to the forms of pronominal and nominal address and verbal politeness. In order to conduct this study, a fieldwork was undertaken through a questionnaire and semi-conducted oral interviews addressed to 30 informants. The analysis of the collected data has allowed us to establish the first research comparing the way Colombian inhabitants and Colombians in Montreal speak and to identify some of the main linguistic changes in this spoken Spanish community. It is mostly in relation to the forms of address and politeness actions that have been affected by the influence of French and English languages. The analysis that has been carried out takes into consideration the linguistic, pragmatic and social factors of the speakers. In this way, the results provide recent insights about the description of the dynamics of the forms of address from speakers of three different representative dialectical zones of Colombia such as the oriental Andean region, occidental Andean region and the Caribbean coastal zone. Together with other previous studies, our work contributes to a better understanding of the linguistic reality of the Spanish language spoken by monolingual, bilingual or trilingual Colombians.
En este trabajo se describe –por primera vez– el estado actual del español hablado por la comunidad colombiana en Montreal en referencia a las formas de tratamiento pronominal y nominal y la cortesía verbal. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se ha realizado un trabajo de campo a través de un cuestionario y de entrevistas orales semidirigidas con 30 informantes. El análisis de los datos nos permite establecer unas primeras comparaciones entre el habla de los habitantes de Colombia y el habla de los colombianos en Montreal e identificar algunos de los principales cambios lingüísticos en esta comunidad hablante, especialmente en relación con la utilización de las formas de tratamiento y los actos de cortesía, que se ven afectados por la influencia del francés y del inglés. El análisis efectuado tiene en cuenta tanto aspectos lingüísticos, pragmáticos y sociales como las actitudes lingüísticas de los entrevistados. De este modo, los resultados aportan luz nueva sobre la descripción de la dinámica de uso de las formas de tratamiento de los hablantes de tres zonas dialectales representativas de Colombia (andina oriental, andina occidental y zona costeña del Caribe) que, junto con otros estudios previos sobre las formas de tratamiento, contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la realidad lingüística del español de los colombianos monolingües, bilingües y trilingües.