Thematische Bibliographien / Pure economic

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Pure economic“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Pure economic"

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Parisi, Francesco, Vernon Valentine Palmer und Mauro Bussani. „The comparative law and economics of pure economic loss“. International Review of Law and Economics 27, Nr. 1 (März 2007): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2007.04.003.

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Klar, Lewis N., und Bruce Feldthusen. „Economic Negligence: The Recovery of Pure Economic Loss“. University of Toronto Law Journal 36, Nr. 1 (1986): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/825610.

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Dari-Mattiacci, Giuseppe, und Hans-Bernd Schäfer. „The core of pure economic loss“. International Review of Law and Economics 27, Nr. 1 (März 2007): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2007.04.002.

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De Mot, Jef. „Book Review: Pure Economic Loss in Europe“. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 15, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x0801500208.

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5

Hill, Mike, und Warren Montag. „The economic imagination“. Finance and Society 1, Nr. 2 (08.12.2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v1i2.1385.

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To apply the term ‘magical’ to modern economic thought is to suggest that there remains within it an unassimilated and unexamined residue of irrational thought. Further, it is to hold that this remnant persists despite the discipline’s century long attempt to “submit the abstract laws of theoretical political economy or ‘pure’ economics to experimental and quantitative verification, and thus to the extent possible to constitute pure economy as a science in the narrow sense of the term” (Frisch, 1926: 1, our translation). The specific instance of irrationality to which we refer is perfectly visible but systematically overlooked because it exists in economics’ most basic assumptions: not only the assumptions about the causal mechanisms that determine human action, but even more in what is increasingly acknowledged to be the theoretical Achilles heel of economics, the concept of the market itself.
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Boylan, Thomas A., und Pascal F. O’Gorman. „Constructive Empiricism: a Reconstruction of Economic Methodology“. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 4, Nr. 2 (Januar 1992): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9200400204.

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The principal aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of applying van Fraassen’s constructive empiricism to the contemporary debate on the methodology of economics. The authors argue that constructive empiricism supplies a novel and challenging framework which takes this debate beyond relativism and rhetoric on the one hand and beyond instrumentalism and realism on the other. In particular, by developing the distinction between pure and applied economics and by locating economic explanation in the latter, constructive empiricism offers a challenging solution to the perennial question of the realism of assumptions debate, changes the methodological focal point of pure economics onto the issue of empirical adequacy.
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Pelletier, Gérard. „Marx dans un nouveau cadre welfariste“. Articles 55, Nr. 2 (29.06.2009): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800823ar.

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Samuelson's statement about Marx being a minor post-Ricardian from the viewpoint of pure economic theory leaves one perplexed. Is theoretical welfare economics a part of pure economic theory? This paper shows that theoretical welfare economics is the foundation of the theory of economic policy and intervention. Marx also sets forth a theory of intervention based on economic arguments. Therefore, Marx should be studied within the broader scope of theoretical welfare economics. Moreover, Marx's system contains not only analytical devices but also important value judgments and the theory of welfare economics aims to study the interrelations between value judgments and economic interventions. Methodological contradictions are shown in, and removed from, the theory of welfare economics in order to show the framework of Marx's entire system. The system as a whole is far beyond the realm of Ricardian economics, for it can be consistent and scientific although it contains value judgments. Samuelson's narrow approach and fuzziness in the methodological foundations of welfare economics hindered an appreciation of the full value of Marx's approach.
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Hedley, Steve. „Negligence—Pure Economic Loss—Goodbye Privity, Hello Contorts“. Cambridge Law Journal 54, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083082.

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Marjit, Sugata, Saibal Kar und Hamid Beladi. „Protectionary bias in agriculture: A pure economic argument“. Ecological Economics 63, Nr. 1 (Juni 2007): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.012.

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Yan, Yu, und Michael Faure. „Recovery of Pure Economic Loss in China: Current Situation, Problems and Future Prospects“. Journal of European Tort Law 11, Nr. 3 (20.12.2020): 286–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2020-0144.

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Abstract Should pure economic loss be compensated in China? If so, to what extent? Both questions are left unsolved in the established literature. We contribute to the existing literature by showing that the Chinese courts have developed a relatively conservative attitude towards the compensation of pure economic loss and that the arguments adopted by the courts to deny recovery are neither fair nor reasonable. Using the law and economics analysis, we have recourse to four complementary solutions. First, pure economic loss cases involving socially relevant losses should be compensated. Second, when social losses are not involved, pure economic loss should also be compensated if the third parties are willing to pay or have paid for protection against such a loss. Third, to relieve the excessive pressure imposed by the compensation for such loss, the concepts of causation and the duty of the victim to mitigate damage need to be further clarified in Chinese laws. Fourth, when determining the amount of compensation for pure economic loss, we should carefully balance the trade-off among a variety of factors, including the extent to which the damage could have been foreseen, the nature of the loss, the blameworthiness of the tortfeasor, the size of the plaintiff class, the public policy toward professional standards, the victim’s private loss, the social loss, the courts’ capacities to calculate the loss, and the third parties’ willingness to pay for protection against the loss.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Pure economic"

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Štuikytė, Simona. „Grynai ekonominių nuostolių (pure economic loss) atlyginimas: lyginamieji aspektai“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152335-20575.

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Šiame magistro darbe analizuojama grynai turtinių nuostolių atlyginimo problema. Grynai turtiniai nuostoliai daugumoje valstybių suvokiami kaip trečiųjų asmenų ekonominio pobūdžio nuostoliai, kurie patiriami įvykus deliktui tarp kitų asmenų. Žvelgiant lyginamuoju aspektu, valstybių teisės sistemose yra suformuotos dvi pozicijos šių nuostolių atžvilgiu: liberalioji ir griežtoji. Pirmoji pozicija, leidžianti grynai turtinių nuostolių atlyginimą, vyrauja Prancūzijoje. Tuo tarpu JAV, Anglijoje, Vokietijoje ir Austrijoje yra taikoma grynai ekonominių nuostolių atlyginimo ribojimo taisyklė. Magistro darbo autorė atlikdama lyginamąjį tyrimą, stengėsi išsiaiškinti, kokios priežastys skatina riboti grynai turinių nuostolių atlyginimą, taip pat įvertinti, kurios valstybės pozicija yra racionaliausia ir teisiškai labiausiai pagrįsta. Tiesa, pažymėtina yra tai, kad nors valstybėje vyrauja viena ar kita pozicija, tam tikrais atvejais neapsieinama be pagrindinės taisyklės išimčių. Lietuvoje šiuo klausimu kol kas dar nėra nei teismų praktikos, nei mokslinių diskusijų. Tad autorė, išanalizavusi įstatyminę bazę, pateikia išvadą, kad Lietuvai artimiausia galėtų būti Prancūzijos pozicija. Be lyginamosios valstybių teisės sistemų analizės, magistro darbe pateikiamas ir istorinis ekonominių asmens interesų apsaugos tendencijų tyrimas, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kada atsirado grynai turtinių nuostolių ribojimo taisyklė ir dėl kokių priežasčių. Taip pat paskutinėje magistro darbo dalyje lyginamuoju... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The thesis ‘Recovery of Pure Economic Loss: Comparative Aspects’ provides a comparative analysis of recovery possibilities of pure economic loss in six different countries, namely the USA, England, Germany, Austria, France and Lithuania, that belong to different legal families and inherit distinct tort law traditions. In most of the countries pure economic loss define economic nature loss of third parties that are experienced in the case of the tort of other persons. The objective of investigation is to evaluate legal rationality of each regulatory system and to estimate which one of them causes least practical problems. In addition, as the position of Lithuania has not yet been settled, the author of the thesis proposes possible directions of the regulation of recovery of pure economic loss by analyzing legal basis of Lithuanian laws. The research consists of three parts each of them dealing with different aspects of the problem. First of all, the concept of pure economic loss is analyzed by trying to define the archetypical features of the mentioned loss and to expose the summarized topics that are discussed in doctrine and courts. The second part of the thesis covers historical investigation of the protection of economic interests and comparative analysis of legal regulation and jurisprudence of recovery of pure economic loss in six mentioned countries. Additionally, at the end of this part the author discusses the possibilities of harmonization of the countries positions... [to full text]
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Khomo, M. T. „Topological policy analysis : the application of differential topology to the technological analysis of industrialisation and economic development“. Thesis, City University London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306684.

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Cockrill, Chanté Ashley. „A shareholder’s personal claim against directors for causing pure economic losses through diminution in share value: A South African critical analysis“. University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7628.

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Magister Legum - LLM
If a company is harmed by the behaviour of a director as a result of financial misstatements, shareholders may suffer the economic consequences in the form of a diminution in the value of their shares. Failure on directorship level in these circumstances has on more than one occasion resulted in aggrieved shareholders seeking to recover damages suffered and losses incurred in terms of section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. This was the situation in the recent cases, Hlumisa Investment Holdings (RF) Limited v Kirkinis and in Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited. While I am unaware of any reported case arising from the much-publicised Steinhoff scandal, there appear to be moves in the direction of court action to recover pure economic loss. Steinhoff shareholders are seeking to hold the retail group‘s directors to account. Scandals like Steinhoff and African bank are disturbing because it points to a lack of clarity and certainty in South African company laws in respect of director‘s personal liability in these circumstances. It is for this reason that this study investigates whether shareholders can institute personal liability claims against directors for causing shareholders a diminution of the value of the shares in the company as a result of poor decision making on directorship level, since such a loss is merely reflective of the company‘s loss. Although, after Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited, the position seems to be settled in our law, we still have incidences where shareholders are seeking to hold directors personally liable for the diminution in share price under section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. It is for this reason that the study explores the scope of section 218(2) and investigates many related questions surrounding section 218(2), in light of directors‘ personal liability and shareholder protection.
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Gibrael, Nemir, und Hamse Hassan. „HYDROGEN-FIRED GAS TURBINE FOR POWER GENERATION WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION : Emission and economic evaluation of pure hydrogen compare to natural gas“. Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42306.

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The member states of European Union aim to promote the reduction of harmful emissions. Emissions from combustion processes cause effects on human health and pose environmental issues, for example by increasing greenhouse effect. There are two ways to reduce emissions; one is to promote renewable energy sources and the other to utilize more effectively the available fossil fuels until a long-term solution is available. Hence, it is necessary to strive for CO2 mitigation technologies applied to fossil fuels. Low natural gas prices together with high energy efficiency have made gas turbines popular in the energy market. But, gas turbine fired with natural gas come along with emissions of CO2, NOx and CO. However, these disadvantages can be eliminated by using gas turbine with precombustion CO2 capture, separating carbon from the fuel by using fuel reforming process and feeding pure hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen fired gas turbines are used in two applications such as a gas turbine with pre-combustion CO2 capture and for renewable power plants where hydrogen is stored in case as a backup plan. Although the CO2 emissions are reduced in a hydrogen fired gas turbine with a pre-combustion CO2 capture, there are still several challenges such as high flame temperatures resulting in production of thermal NOx. This project suggests a method for application of hydrogen fired gas turbine, using exhaust gas recirculation to reduce flame temperature and thus reducing thermal NOx. A NOx emission model for a hydrogen-fired gas turbine was built from literature data and used to select the best operating conditions for the plant. In addition, the economic benefits of switching from natural gas to pure hydrogen are reported. For the techno-economic analysis, investment costs and operating costs were taken from the literature, and an economic model was developed. To provide sensitivity analysis for the techno-economic calculation, three cases were studied. Literature review was carried out on several journal articles and websites to gain understanding on hydrogen and natural gas fired gas turbines. Results showed that, in the current state, pure hydrogen has high delivery cost both in the US and Europe. While it’s easy to access natural gas at low cost, therefore in the current state gas turbine fired with natural gas are more profitable than hydrogen fired gas turbine. But, if targeted hydrogen prices are reached while fuel reforming process technology are developed in the coming future the hydrogen fired gas turbine will compete seriously with natural gas.
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Gallois, Nicolas. „La construction du modèle Walrassien au miroir des travaux de l’école francaise“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2013. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04577458.

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Léon Walras, à l’image de quelques rares économistes, peut être considéré comme un théoricien qui apporte une véritable révolution de pensée dans l’analyse économique. Ses travaux sont à la source de nombreuses réflexions et développements qui englobent presque toutes les branches de cette discipline. A la recherche d’une perpétuelle actualisation de leurs propos, les historiens de la pensée économique n’ont eu de cesse d’essayer de le comprendre. Les avancées de la science font ressortir trois grandes périodes d’analyse de ses travaux. La plus longue (1873-1950) se concentre principalement sur l’économie pure. La suivante (1950-1990) dépasse la théorie de l’équilibre général pour tenter de comprendre son œuvre dans sa globalité. Réapparaissent alors ses contributions en économie sociale et appliquée. Plus proche de nous (1990-2013) et sur la base de ces différents résultats, les principaux commentateurs contemporains se sont focalisés sur la question de la positivité de son œuvre et sur la classification des différentes sciences. Notre travail s’inscrit dans la suite de cette démarche de reconstruction du modèle walrassien de son temps par une approche singulière dans le paysage actuel. Le point d’encrage va se porter sur les économistes de l’école française du XIXe siècle. Le travail de cette thèse va ainsi consister à réinterpréter le triptyque walrassien sur la base de leurs travaux et du lien qu’il a entretenu avec eux. Après avoir étudié cette école omniprésente et les tentatives d’intégration de Léon Walras, nous reprendrons l’analyse de son économie sociale, son économie pure et son économie appliquée en montrant la manière dont l’école française intervient dans la construction de son modèle global
Léon Walras, like a few economists, can be considered as a theorist who brings a revolution of thought in the economic analysis. His works are the source of many ideas and developments which include almost all branches of the discipline.In search of a perpetual updating, historians of economic thought have been constantly trying to understand Léon Walras. Advances in science highlight three major analysis work periods. The longest (1873-1950) focuses primarily on pure economics. The next (1950-1990) than the theory of general equilibrium in order to understand his work as a whole. Then, reappear contributions in social and applied economics. Closer to home (1990-2013) and on the basis of these results, the main contemporary commentators have focused on the question of positivity and his work on the classification of different sciences.Our Work is in the continuation of this process of reconstruction of the Walrasian model of his time by a singular approach in the current landscape. The link will be developed on the French school of economists of the nineteenth century. The work of this thesis will therefore be to reinterpret the Walrasian triptych on the basis of their work and the relationship it had with tem.After studying this school and attempts to integrate Léon Walras, we will continue the analysis of the social economy, the pure economics and applied economics by showing how the French school is involved in the construction of global model
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Cayot, Mathilde. „Le préjudice économique pur“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD020.

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Le préjudice économique pur est celui qui ne résulte ni d’une atteinte à la personne, ni d’une atteinte aux biens et qui génère des conséquences économiques négatives comme c’est le cas du dommage causé à l’économie, ou encore celui du préjudice résultant d’un acte de concurrence déloyale. Cette notion est peu connue du droit français. La pratique montre cependant que certains préjudices économiques relevant de cette définition existent et sont indemnisés.De cette constatation pratique résultent différentes difficultés. Il existe un amalgame entre ce préjudice économique pur et les préjudices économiques qui, au contraire, sont le résultat d’une atteinte à la personne ou aux biens. Cet amalgame nuit à la réparation effective du préjudice économique pur. Plus encore, l’absence de régime juridique adapté emporte une dénaturation des mécanismes de responsabilité civile tant les critères traditionnels de celles-ci sont mis à mal dès qu’il s’agit de réparer un préjudice économique pur. Divers exemples illustrent ces difficultés. Le dommage causé à l’économie, par exemple, ou encore le préjudice subi en matière de concurrence déloyale, pour lesquels le caractère certain est rarement établi. Il conviendrait, dès lors, d’adapter, d’aménager des règles existantes afin de parvenir à une réparation efficace du préjudice économique pur. Participant de ces aménagements, la question, déjà ancienne, des dommages et intérêts punitifs, ou encore le renouvellement de la question de la réparation « économique » en nature par la restitution du « surprofit » comme proposé par certains.Un cadre juridique adapté pourrait ainsi régir les critères d’existence du préjudice économique pur, d’une part, et ses critères d’évaluation, d’autre part
Pure economic loss is the one that results neither from a personal injury nor from damage to property and generates negative economic consequences, such as the damage caused to the economy, or as the prejudice resulting from an act of unfair competition. This notion is little known to the French law. However, practise shows that some economic prejudices under this definition exist and are compensated for. From this practical ascertainment result several difficulties. There is confusion between pure economic loss and economic damages that, on the contrary, are the result of an injury to person or property. This confusion harms the effective compensation of the pure economic loss. Moreover, the absence of an appropriate legal regime entails a distortion of liability mechanisms, as its traditional criteria are undermined when it comes to repairing a pure economic loss. Various examples illustrate these difficulties: the damage to the economy, for instance, or the injury in terms of unfair competition, for which the certainty is rarely established. Therefore, it would be appropriate to adapt and develop the existing rules in order to achieve effective compensation for pure economic loss. Amongst these developments: the rather already old question of these punitive damages, or the renewal of the issue of « economic » compensation in nature through the restitution of « over profit », as suggested by some. A suitable legal framework could thus govern the existence of pure economic loss criteria on the one hand, and its assessment criteria on the other
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Mersinis, Themistoklis G. „The case for contractual solutions in third party pure economic loss : a comparative review of the law in Germany, Greece, the United States, Scotland, England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26773.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine third party loss in a number of jurisdictions. Third party loss is the loss suffered by persons not party to a contract as a result of the violation of a contractual obligation. Compensation poses a problem when the violation is careless as opposed to intentional and the loss that is caused is purely economic. The starting point of this work is German law where, in order to protect third parties, two contract-based mechanisms have been judicially developed, because the law of delict, based on a system of restrictively enumerated, statutory delicts, provides no protection for pure economic loss. The two mechanisms are Drittschadensliquidation and contract with protective effects vis-á-vis third parties concerns the violation of protective duties which do not concern performance, affecting personal, property, and/or financial interests of the third party not related tot he performance. The mechanisms were developed mainly in the course of the present century and have expanded to numerous applications, for instance: indirect agency; expert opinion, including valuators' and auditors' liability; attorney liability; liability for services, works, medical treatment. The mechanisms, debated vigorously by theorists, are remarkable examples of judicial law-making. The mechanisms of German law, their applications, the theoretical bases, the relationship between them and the judicial activism that led to their formulation are presented and analysed. In Greek law, where the law of delict is based on a general clause and not on enumerated delicts, protection in delict for pure economic loss probably exists. Therefore, as in a similar system, that of France, third party loss is not a distinct, pressing problem. On the other hand, there are certain doubts whether delictual protection is certain or whether it is the best option. Thus the possibility of contractual solutions is worth examining, even if only to reject their relevance to Greek law. In American law, in comparison to other common law jurisdictions, more efficient protection for third parties exists. The third party beneficiary rule, a contractual mechanism to confer benefits to non parties, has expanded impressively. Moreover, liability in tort for pure economic loss is more extended than elsewhere in the common law world but, nevertheless, is substantially deficient. It is argued that contract could expand to cover cases of third party (pure economic) loss and that this is the most viable and preferable way for improvement. Despite the existence of a general clause in delict and the jus quaesitum tertio (a means to confer benefits on non parties by contract), Scots law is seriously handicapped in dealing with pure economic loss cases due to the influence of English law. It is argued that the Scots law of pure economic loss is not identical to English law and that reform by increasing the role of the contract is desirable and manageable, provided the necessary judicial determination is present. Among Commonwealth major systems, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and English laws, the latter stands as an exception, clinging to traditional doctrines and applying, with few exceptions, an exclusionary rule to pure economic loss claims. In the other jurisdictions, otherwise so closely connected, the law is distinctly different. It is difficult to evaluate this different approach to pure economic loss. Commonwealth systems should also contemplate reform tending towards encouraging contract-based approaches. Most likely, this reform will require more than judicial law-making. The conclusion focuses principally on the desirability of an increased role for contract in third party loss cases, on the advantages of a more unified civil liability system - a system with greater intechangeability between contract and delict - and on the importance of judicial assertiveness in the process of keeping the law up-to-date and responding to new social needs.
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Fanti, Kostas Andrea. „Trajectories of Pure and Co-Occurring Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Age 2 to Age 12: Findings from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care“. unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04202007-164735/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Christopher C. Henrich, committee chair; Gregory Jurkovic, Gabriel P. Kuperminc, Roger Bakeman, committee members. Electronic text (124 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-124).
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Behanan, Ronia. „The social drift phenomenon : associations between the socio–economic status and cardiovascular disease risk in an African population undergoing a health transition / Ronia Behanan“. Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5549.

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Background: The global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is escalating as part of the rapid health transition that developing countries are experiencing. This increase is associated with shifts in demographics and economics, two of the major factors that affect diet and activity. The term social drift phenomenon (SDP) is used to describe the observations that: in the early stages of the epidemiological and nutrition transitions, it is usually the more affluent, higher socio–economic groups that are affected; in the later stages, it is the poor, lower socio–economic groups that display the consequences of these transitions. Therefore, in developing countries at the beginning of the transition, affluent people have higher prevalence of obesity and increased CVD risk. In developed countries, at much later stages of the transition, obesity and increased CVD risk is more prevalent in the lower socio–economic groups. In South Africa, the Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans (THUSA) study which was done in 1996/1998 indicated that at that time, most of the risk factors for CVD were observed in the more urbanised (richer) subjects. It is not known if this pattern changed in any way due to the present rapid urbanisation of South African blacks. Therefore, in this study we explored the associations between socio–economic status (SES) (measured by level of urbanisation, education and employment) and CVD risk factors in an African population undergoing transition in the North–West Province of South Africa, that were prevalent in 2005 when the baseline data for in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study were collected. Objectives: The main objective of this dissertation was to examine the SDP in an African population in a nutrition and health transition, by: (i) Reviewing the literature on associations between socio–economic variables and biological health outcomes focusing on CVD risk factors in developed and developing countries; (ii) Analysing the baseline data from the 2005 PURE study to examine the relationships between components of SES, namely level of iii urbanisation, education and occupation, and nutrition–related CVD risk factors in men and women participating in the PURE study; and (iii) Comparing results on these associations between CVD risk factors and SES from the PURE study with those found in the THUSA study, which was conducted almost 10 years earlier, to examine if social drift in these associations has taken place. Study design: The dissertation is based on a comparison of the CVD risk factors and socio–economic status of the THUSA and PURE studies. Secondary analysis of the baseline cross–sectional epidemiological data from the PURE study was executed. The South African PURE study is part of a 12–year Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study which investigates the health transition in urban and rural subjects in 22 different countries. The main selection criterion was that there should be migration stability within the chosen rural and urban communities. The rural community (A) was identified 450 km west of Potchefstroom on the highway to Botswana. A deep rural community (B), 35 km east from A and only accessible by gravel road, was also included. Both communities are still under tribal law. The urban communities (C and D) were chosen near the University in Potchefstroom. Community C was selected from Ikageng, the established part of the township next to Potchefstroom, and D from the informal settlements surrounding community C. The baseline data for PURE were collected from October to December 2005. A total of 2010 apparently healthy African volunteers (35 years and older), with no reported chronic diseases of lifestyle, tuberculosis (TB) or known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were recruited from a sample of 6000 randomly selected households. Methods: A variety of quantitative and qualitative research techniques was used by multidisciplinary teams to collect, measure and interpret data generated from biological samples and validated questionnaires. For this study, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) package (version 17.0, SPSS Inc) was used to analyze the data. Means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CVD risk and dietary factors were calculated. Participants of both genders were divided into different groups (according to urbanisation, education and employment levels) and compared. Estimated significant differences between rural and urban participants were determined with analysis of variance using the general linear model (GLM), multivariate procedure. Univariate analysis was used to explore further the influence of education on CVD risk factors and dietary intakes. Employment was used as a proxy for income, and pairwise comparisons using GLM, multivariate procedure were done for comparing the three groups (Not answered, employed and not employed). Tests were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: Comparison of urban with rural subjects participating in the PURE study showed that urban men had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and lower fibrinogen levels than rural men. In women, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum triglycerides were significantly higher in urban subjects whereas fibrinogen levels were significantly lower among urban subjects. After examining the relationship between the level of education and CVD risk factors, we observed that men with higher education levels had significantly higher BMI. In women, serum triglycerides and blood pressure were lower and BMI was significantly higher in the educated subjects. Because it was difficult to distinguish between reported household and individual income levels, we compared CVD risk factors of employed and unemployed subjects. Employed men had significantly higher BMI whereas the unemployed men had significantly higher fasting glucose and fibrinogen levels. Although mean blood pressure of employed men was higher than that of unemployed men, the difference did not reach significance. In women, the only significant difference seen was that employed women had lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, triglycerides and fibrinogen levels, but they had a significantly higher BMI. Employed women had significantly higher BMI than unemployed women (27.9 [26.3–29.4] versus 26.5 [26.0–27.0] kg/m2). It seems that most of the nutrition related CVD risk factors were still higher in the higher socio–economic group, a situation similar to that reported in the THUSA study. v Conclusion: The results of this study showed little evidence of a major social drift in CVD risk factors from subjects participating in the 1996/1998 THUSA study to those in the 2005 PURE study. Most cardiovascular disease risk factors are still higher in the higher SES groups. However, there were some indications (increased fibrinogen in both men and women living in rural areas; higher triglyceride and fasting glucose levels in unemployed women; no significant differences in blood pressure and total cholesterol across different SES groups which existed in the THUSA study) that a social drift in CVD risk factors in our African population is on the way. This means that promotion of healthy, prudent diets and lifestyles should be targeted to Africans from all socio–economic levels for the prevention of CVD.
Thesis (M.Sc (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Fang, Jiguang. „Approximate implementation in pure exchange economies“. The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1272295667.

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Bücher zum Thema "Pure economic"

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van Boom, Willem H., Helmut Koziol und Christian A. Witting, Hrsg. Pure Economic Loss. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7.

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van, Boom W. H., Koziol Helmut, Witting Christian A und Bloch Laurent, Hrsg. Pure economic loss. Wien: Springer, 2004.

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Mauro, Bussani, und Palmer Vernon V, Hrsg. Pure economic loss in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Power or pure economics? New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Feldthusen, Bruce P. Economic negligence: The recovery of pure economic loss. 3. Aufl. Scarborough, Ont: Carswell, 1994.

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Economic Negligence: The recovery of pure economic loss. 4. Aufl. Scarbourogh, Ont: Carswell, 2000.

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Feldthusen, Bruce P. Economic negligence: The recovery of pure economic loss. 2. Aufl. Toronto: Carswell, 1989.

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Economic negligence: The recovery of pure economic loss. 2. Aufl. Toronto: Carswell, 1989.

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K, Banakas Efstathios, und United Kingdom National Committee of Comparative Law., Hrsg. Civil liability for pure economic loss. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.

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K, Banakas Efstathios, und United Kingdom National Committee of Comparative Law., Hrsg. Civil liability for pure economic loss. London [England]: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Pure economic"

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Kadner Graziano, Thomas. „Pure economic loss“. In Comparative Tort Law, 419–48. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203705551-14.

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Mattiacci, Giuseppe Dari. „The Economics of Pure Economic Loss and the Internalisation of Multiple Externalities“. In Pure Economic Loss, 167–90. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_11.

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van Boom, Willem H. „Pure Economic Loss: A Comparative Perspective“. In Pure Economic Loss, 1–40. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_1.

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Lahnstein, Christian. „Pure Economic Loss and Liability Insurance“. In Pure Economic Loss, 162–66. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_10.

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van Boom, Willem H., Helmut Koziol und Christian Witting. „Outlook“. In Pure Economic Loss, 191–205. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_12.

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Radé, Christophe, und Laurent Bloch. „Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Under French Law“. In Pure Economic Loss, 41–47. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_2.

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Omodei-Salè, Riccardo, und Alessio Zaccaria. „Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Under Italian Law“. In Pure Economic Loss, 48–55. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_3.

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Okubo, Kunihiko. „Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Under Japanese Law“. In Pure Economic Loss, 56–61. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_4.

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Martín-Casals, Miquel, und Jordi Ribot. „Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Under Spanish Law“. In Pure Economic Loss, 62–76. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_5.

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Kalss, Susanne. „The Liability of Banks“. In Pure Economic Loss, 77–92. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0616-7_6.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Pure economic"

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Salam, Abdul, und Dennis Evan. „Pure Economic Loss in Indonesia: Shall It Be Abandoned or Adopted?“ In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.003.

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Lacatus, Maria liana. „EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN TEACHING ECONOMICS“. In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-179.

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Abstract: The paper presents new approaches in economics, especially from the perspective of using experimental methods in developing and teaching economics. The first part emphasizes requirements and challenges in teaching economics in order to underline the need of effective teaching methods nowadays when many students do not have clearly defined learning and professional options and, as consequences, are not properly motivated to study. The first part advocates in favor of methods that create motivation and interest for studying economics and try to demonstrate that such methods could be the methods used by economist to analyze and understand the economic reality itself adapted to classroom. The second part analyses the relationship between research and teaching in economics focused upon experimental economics and experimental methods applicable in classroom. The history of economic research retained in 1960's experiments designed initially to study the behavior of oligopoly and laws of demand and supply. Than through new experiments, economists tested the market equilibrium and the market price, the surplus of consumers and producers, the exchange and the income distribution on the market. The third part presents the market experiment, considered to be the most relevant example for experimental methods used in teaching economics. The most frequent experiment used in teaching economics is designed to demonstrate the equilibrium on a perfect (pure) competition market and, respectively, the market price as equilibrium price. In laboratory, perfect (pure) markets tend regularly to the equilibrium predicted by economic theory. This is why researchers consider market experiment as a 'natural instrument' in teaching economics recommended especially for its remarkable educational potential. The final part of the paper analyses costs and benefits of using market experiment in the classroom emphasizing that the most important benefit of experimental methods is the living maner is that students are learning and the efficieny of the learning process. Through an market experiment the study of economics can be an active experience in that students conducted by teachers participate in producing economic facts and descovering market mechanisms.
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ABDULLAH, Suhail Najim, Maan Sahab MOHAMMED und R. K. THANNON. „NATURAL LIGHTING IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS HANANO NEIGHBORHOOD - ALEPPO CITY AS A CASE STUDY“. In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-33.

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The good natural lighting is considered one of the principal aims that man and architect to use it in the buildings. This side acquired his attention through the ages, so he used different architecture types suited the available techniques in each place and time. Many of the architectural engineers contributed in utilizing this factor in their buildings. This developed by the development of sustainable concepts and focusing on utilizing the natural energy, including solar energy as main source for natural lighting. So, this search determines the designing and planning parameters which achieve the maximum possible natural illumination to serve the sustainable architectural goals from social, economic and environmental viewpoints. Then applying the theoretical frame on a collection of building in Aleppo to reach parameters meeting the principal determinations of natural lighting design in building to realize clear imaginations in knowledge and application which assist in decreasing power consumption average and to be the base in developing the designing operation within the architectural concepts and sustainable buildings in Aleppo. The research problem is crystallized in the lack of knowledge and application of the designing parameters of the natural lighting in selected samples from Aleppo buildings and the effects on the visual and hygiene environment within the architectural space, as the using of the artificial illumination is considered a crescent burden for the energy economies of that buildings, the research concluded by the recommendations and the result. Key words: Natural Lighting, Sustainable Architecture, Passive Solar Energy.
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Zhonghai Sui und Zhenpo Wang. „Technical and economic analysis of pure-electric vehicles based on the life-cycle cost theory“. In 2011 International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information (BMEI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbmei.2011.5916889.

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Huang, Bin, Qizheng Wang, Dengzhi Peng und Zhong Shengshi. „Research on Economic Torque Distribution Control of Distributed Drive Four-Axle Pure Electric Commercial Vehicles“. In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-5040.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Compared to passenger cars, commercial vehicles have relatively high fuel and energy consumption, relatively high average annual driving mileage, and a wide range of use. Therefore, energy-saving management of commercial vehicles is crucial. For multi-axle distributed pure electric drive commercial vehicles, a dynamic allocation control strategy for driving torque based on energy consumption optimization is proposed. First, the basic idea of the driving torque distribution control strategy was analyzed and a relevant mathematical model was established. Then, the offline optimization of the distribution coefficients of the driving torque for each axle was carried out through a genetic algorithm, and the entire vehicle driving force distribution strategy using the distribution coefficients as an online lookup table was determined. Finally, through the joint simulation platform of TruckSim and MATLAB/Simulink, simulation analysis was conducted for different driving conditions, and the results showed that the designed driving torque distribution control strategy can achieve the expected effect.</div></div>
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Tan, Zhigang, Huawei Wu, He Li und Yuanjin Zhang. „Simulation of dynamic and economic performance of pure electric vehicle based on two speed automatic transmission“. In 2016 6th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering (ICADME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-16.2016.28.

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Sobaya, Soya, Zakka Hifzhan Hanifan Fadhlulloh und Yuli Andriansyah. „Role of Government in Keeping Price Stability Through Pure Market Operation From an Islamic Economic Perspective“. In 2nd Southeast Asian Academic Forum on Sustainable Development (SEA-AFSID 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210305.045.

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Scaramuzzino, F., Theodore E. Simos, George Psihoyios und Ch Tsitouras. „Time-Depending Parametric Variational Approach for an Economic General Equilibrium Problem of Pure Exchange with Application“. In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS: International Conference on Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics 2009: Volume 1 and Volume 2. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3241381.

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Azmi, Ulil, Soehardjoepri und Indira Maharani H. Putri. „Application of neural network autoregression (NNAR) and ARIMA-GARCH based on interpolation for forecasting direct economic losses of earthquake in Indonesia“. In 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS: PURE, APPLIED AND COMPUTATION: Mathematics of Quantum Computing. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0115889.

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Hussein Ayoub AL-JABISH, Bassam, Ibtisam N. AL-ASSAF und Iman Radha JASIM. „SIMILARITY AND DISSIMILARITY OF PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRUNUS DEMOSTICA (L.) ROSACEAE IN NORTH OF IRAQ (NINAVAH)“. In VI.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress6-20.

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Prunus domestica is recognized as a species of fruit tree grown all over the world. It is used locally for various commercial purposes. In this research, we determined of the morphological and genetic diversity present for 5 samples of P. domestica cultivars from the governorate of Ninavah (Northern,Iraq).Five categorical fruit properties assist us to detect the varieties under phenotypic study. Five plum cultivars identified, they referred by P. domistica Santa Rosa(SR),P. domistica,Black Diamond(BD);P. domistica, Black Beauty(BB);P. domistica Angeleno(AG) and P. domistica Red Heart(RH). Morphological diagnosis were included shape, diameter, color and indumentum for fruits were depended to differentiate among the cultivars in this study, molecular diversity was detected by using universal primers represent mtK(Maturase) gene. The results showed that there were significant difference among the specimens morphologically, whereas alleles of maturase K(matK)gene, revealed significance outcomes for detection of each cultivar with specific amplification products(BD-mtK414bp.,SR-mtK344bp.,AG-mtK271 bp., RH-mtK263bp.andBB-mtK 258bp).We concluded that molecular screening is a significance diagnostic and confirmative tool for classify of economic fruited trees.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Pure economic"

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Wibawa, Tasha. Pure economic growth neglects many, privileges the few. Monash University, Juni 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/639c-0f08.

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Steiner, Roberto. Taxation and Economic Growth in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011622.

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This Working Paper assesses the impact on investment of a reduction in corporate taxes and the impact on employment, labor formality, and growth of a reduction in non-wage labor costs in Colombia. First, and following Hall and Jorgensen (1967), we estimate an investment function, which depends on the user cost of capital, one of whose determinants is the corporate tax rate. Our estimations suggest that a reduction of the corporate tax rate from 33 to 23 percent--as originally envisioned by the government in early 2012, but finally not included in the reform submitted to Congress--has very different short and long-term effects on investment in machinery and equipment. While the user cost of capital declines 0.9 percent, investment (excluding the oil and mining sector) increases on impact only 28 bps in relation to GDP, an increase that does not compensate the fiscal cost incurred. In the long term, however, it is likely that the significant boost in investment (of around 5 percent of GDP) makes such a policy intervention fiscally sustainable. Second, using a computable general equilibrium model calibrated for Colombia, we estimate that the reduction of the "pure tax" component of non-wage labor costs approved in late 2012 is associated with a 0.5 percent increase in overall employment and, more importantly, with a 1.4 percent increase in formal sector employment. Our estimations indicate that this is achieved at no fiscal cost since government revenue increases as a result of higher output and employment.
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Powers, Jennifer, und Barbara Magnoni. Pure Perseverance: A Study of Women's Small Businesses in Colombia: Understanding Success Factors of Women's and Men's Small Businesses in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009125.

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Supporting women's businesses has become a topic of growing interest to governments and mainstream development institutions in recent years. Declarations to address women's unequal access to economic opportunity at the G-20 Summit, the development of UN Women, and the Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women Initiative reflect that mainstream institutions are adopting a role in improving women's economic opportunities throughout the developed and developing world. This study aims to inform thinking around these initiatives, using a detailed case study in Colombia as a basis. We begin by posing the question, why support women's businesses as opposed to all small businesses in a developing country, arguing that there are multiple potential reasons including economic development, investment in families and promoting gender equality. We then discuss some of the success and failure factors that our case study identifies in women's and men's businesses and link these to potential interventions that can best serve women entrepreneurs. This understanding feeds into a parallel objective, to evaluate a business training and business strengthening program for women with small businesses in several cities in Colombia: Mujeres ECCO . Our study combines primary data analysis from the databases of the Chambers of Commerce of Bucaramanga and Cartagena with interviews with 120 small business owners as well as participants in the Mujeres ECCO program to gain further insight into the differences between men's and women's and successful and unsuccessful businesses and the factors influencing those differences, and to better understand how one program worked to specifically address women's business needs. These were complemented by a literature review and focus group discussions and interviews with business owners and stakeholders in Mujeres ECCO and other programs.
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Beuermann, Diether, Nicolas L. Bottan, Bridget Hoffmann, C. Kirabo; Jackson und Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Does Education Prevent Job Loss during Downturns?: Evidence from Exogenous Schools Assignments and COVID-19 in Barbados. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003624.

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Canonical human capital theories posit that education, by enhancing worker skills, reduces the likelihood that a worker will be laid off during times of economic change. Yet, this has not been demonstrated causally. We link administrative education records from 1987 through 2002 to nationally representative surveys conducted before and after the onset of COVID-19 in Barbados to explore the causal impact of improved education on job loss during this period. Using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, Beuermann and Jackson (2020) show that females (but not males) who score just above the admission threshold for more selective schools in Barbados attain more years of education than those that scored just below (essentially holding initial ability fixed). Here, in follow-up data, we show that these same females (but not males) are much less likely to have lost a job after the onset of COVID-19. We show that these effects are not driven by sectoral changes, or changes in labor supply. Because employers observe incumbent worker productivity, these patterns are inconsistent with pure education signaling, and they suggest that education enhances worker skill.
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Wang, Jiang. The Term Structure of Interest Rates in a Pure Exchange Economy with Heterogeneous Investors. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Juli 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5172.

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Scartascini, Carlos, und Martín Ardanaz. The Economic Effects of Constitutions: Do Budget Institutions Make Forms of Government More Alike? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011487.

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According to an influential theoretical argument, presidential systems tend to present smaller governments because the separation between those who decide the size of the fiscal purse and those who allocate it creates incentives for lower public expenditures. In practice, forms of government vary greatly, and budget institutions -the rules according to which budgets are drafted, approved, and implemented- are one (of many) drivers of such variation. This paper argues that under more hierarchical budget rules, presidential and parliamentary systems generate a similar incentive structure for the executive branch in shaping the size of government. This hypothesis is tested on a broad cross-section of countries, presidentialism is found to have a negative impact on government size only when executive discretion in the budget process is low (that is, in a context of separation of powers). However, the negative effect of presidentialism on expenditures vanishes or is even reversed when the executive`s discretion over the budget process is higher. Hence, budget institutions that impose restrictions on the legislature`s ability to amend budget proposals can make political regimes look more alike in terms of fiscal outcomes.
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Bercovier, Herve, und Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Soloviev, Vladimir, Andrii Bielinskyi, Oleksandr Serdyuk, Victoria Solovieva und Serhiy Semerikov. Lyapunov Exponents as Indicators of the Stock Market Crashes. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4131.

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The frequent financial critical states that occur in our world, during many centuries have attracted scientists from different areas. The impact of similar fluctuations continues to have a huge impact on the world economy, causing instability in it concerning normal and natural disturbances [1]. The an- ticipation, prediction, and identification of such phenomena remain a huge chal- lenge. To be able to prevent such critical events, we focus our research on the chaotic properties of the stock market indices. During the discussion of the re- cent papers that have been devoted to the chaotic behavior and complexity in the financial system, we find that the Largest Lyapunov exponent and the spec- trum of Lyapunov exponents can be evaluated to determine whether the system is completely deterministic, or chaotic. Accordingly, we give a theoretical background on the method for Lyapunov exponents estimation, specifically, we followed the methods proposed by J. P. Eckmann and Sano-Sawada to compute the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. With Rosenstein’s algorithm, we com- pute only the Largest (Maximal) Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series, and we consider one of the measures from recurrence quantification analysis that in a similar way as the Largest Lyapunov exponent detects highly non-monotonic behavior. Along with the theoretical material, we present the empirical results which evidence that chaos theory and theory of complexity have a powerful toolkit for construction of indicators-precursors of crisis events in financial markets.
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