Zeitschriftenartikel: „Pull-rod“

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Revoor, Sateesh Kumar, Mittapally Nikhil und Jatothu Sucharitha D. Anil. „Design and Modeling of Pull Rod and Push Rod Suspension System“. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (30.04.2019): 1074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23263.

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Wang, Zhigang, Yun Xiang, Ziqi Yi, Longfei He, Mingjie Chen und Peng Li. „Research on High-strength Flexible Insulation Rod of Ultra High Voltage Live Working“. E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124801054.

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Insulation pull rods are commonly used tools and instruments in the replacement of insulators for live work. Traditional hard insulated pull rods are difficult to transport and assemble due to their large deflection, especially due to the long and heavy weight of insulated pull rods used in UHV live operations, the difficulties in the above links are more obvious. In view of the existing problems in the use of the existing insulated pull rods, by studying the overall processing type, the soft pull rod weaving process, the technology of tightly combining the core rod and the protective cover, the technology of connecting the core rod and the metal, etc., a new type suitable for live transmission lines has been developed. Large-tonnage soft insulated pull rod for operation. Effectively solve a series of problems caused by the large deflection of the hard insulated pull rod.

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Sakai, Naomi, Adam L. Sisson, Sheshanath Bhosale, Alexandre Fürstenberg, Natalie Banerji, Eric Vauthey und Stefan Matile. „Rigid-rod push–pull naphthalenediimide photosystems“. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 5, Nr. 16 (2007): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b708449h.

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4

Zheng, Feng Zhu, Wei Min Cui und Hong Juan Li. „Static Strength Analysis of Components of Flap Control System for a Certain Type of Aircraft“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.422.

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Pull rod and rocker arm are important parts of aircraft control system, its strength, stiffness and stability can largely affect the aircrafts control effect, sometimes the flight safety will be influenced [2]. A type of aircraft control system has been upgraded and modified, therefore the pull rod and rocker arm of the flap control system need to take the static strength test. Based on field test and finite element simulation analysis, this paper has the static strength of pull rod and rocker arm checked, and to verify the correctness of the finite element model and lay foundation for the optimization design of components of aircraft control system.

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Villarreal Sarmiento, Carlos, Juan Rodríguez Alcalá und Agustín Valverde Granja. „Análisis dinámico de la suspensión Pull Rod y Push Rod para el vehículo eléctrico tipo monoplaza“. Vía Innova 1, Nr. 1 (15.12.2014): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23850/2422068x.376.

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SENA was proposed as a challenge to design and build an electric vehicle type formula for competitions nationwide. The subject matter of this article is to perform dynamic analysis Pull-Rod and Push-Pull the car suspension for optimum relationship between stability, weight and strength, seeking to improve performance race car. Another important aspect of the system is driver safety, a fault in this system may lead to loss of limb or life.

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Çetin, Engin, Mustafa Özkaya, Ümit Özgür Güler, Emre Acaroğlu und Teyfik Demir. „Evaluation of the Effect of Fixation Angle between Polyaxial Pedicle Screw Head and Rod on the Failure of Screw-Rod Connection“. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/150649.

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Introduction.Polyaxial screws had been only tested according to the ASTM standards (when they were perpendicularly positioned to the rod). In this study, effects of the pedicle screws angled fixation to the rod on the mechanical properties of fixation were investigated.Materials and Method.30 vertically fixed screws and 30 screws fixed with angle were used in the study. Screws were used in three different diameters which were 6.5 mm, 7.0 mm, and 7.5 mm, in equal numbers. Axial pull-out and flexion moment tests were performed. Test results compared with each other using appropriate statistical methods.Results.In pull-out test, vertically fixed screws, in 6.5 mm and 7.0 mm diameter, had significantly higher maximum load values than angled fixed screws with the same diameters (P<0.01). Additionally, vertically fixed screws, in all diameters, had significantly greater stiffness according to corresponding size fixed with angle (P<0.005).Conclusion.Fixing the pedicle screw to the rod with angle significantly decreased the pull-out stiffness in all diameters. Similarly, pedicle screw instrumentation fixed with angle decreased the minimum sagittal angle between the rod and the screw in all diameters for flexion moment test but the differences were not significant.

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Blatnická, Mária, Milan Sága und Miroslav Blatnický. „Design and strength analysis of mechanical rack system“. MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925401017.

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The paper deals with a construction design of the rack system which will be used for storage of metallurgical rod material in a manufacturing engineering company. To meet requirements for manual control of the pull-out mechanism it will be determined the force exerted by the worker on the hand crank required to pull in and pull out the racking system at the full load. In addition, stress analysis was conducted by means of finite element method.

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Gent, A. N., und S. Y. Kaang. „Pull-Out and Push-Out Tests for Rubber-to Metal Adhesion“. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, Nr. 4 (01.09.1989): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536273.

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Abstract A study has been carried out of adhesive failure forces for a steel rod embedded in and bonded to a rubber block. Emphasis has been placed on comparing tension (pull-out) and compression (push-out) forces. A fractional contribution to the pull-out force appeared to be significant for rods having a diameter greater than about 0.5 mm in the present experiments. Indeed, it became a large fraction of the total force when the rod diameter was 1 mm or more. On the other hand, it was negligibly small in push-out experiments. They would therefore be preferred on this basis for measuring the strength of adhesion. But experimental difficulties in carrying out compression tests are considerable. Tall blocks become unstable under large compressive loads, and short ones are markedly stiffer than long ones, due to restraints on their lateral expansion, which are difficult to specify and control. Thus, although measurements of push-out force for a wide variety of samples have been shown to be in good accord with a simple theoretical treatment of debonding, ignoring friction, it is recommended that pull-out tests be retained for assessing the strength of adhesive bonds. Caution is necessary to minimize the effect of friction. The theoretical treatment indicates that the product aL of the rod radius a and the embedded length L should be held smaller than the cross-sectional area of the block in which the rod is embedded.

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Matsumoto, Taku, Yoshiaki Oyama, Jun Ogawa, Keita Nakamura und Keitaro Naruse. „Mechanism of generating drawbar pull of rod wheel on loose soil“. Artificial Life and Robotics 22, Nr. 4 (14.08.2017): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10015-017-0384-z.

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10

S P, Praveen Kumar, und Seok-Soon Lee. „Design and Experimental Analyses of Hybrid Piston Rods Used in Hydraulic Cylinders under Axial Load“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 18 (15.09.2021): 8552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188552.

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Composite hydraulic cylinders are used to reduce the weight of construction equipment such as aerial work platforms or excavators. The weight is compensated by manufacturing hydraulic cylinders from Carbon Fiber Reinsforced Plastic (CFRP), but this is expensive. Therefore, this study investigated a hybrid hydraulic cylinder, which is a combination of CFRP and steel, considering both performance and cost. The conventional hydraulic cylinder rods are made of steel, which can prevent failure due to buckling under push load (Push) or failure under alternating push–pull load (Push–Pull) or pull only. In this paper, we discuss how the failure threshold for these two mechanisms can be increased by making the piston rod from a hybrid material. In order to develop this lightweight hybrid piston rod for hydraulic cylinders that meets the buckling strength requirements of the original steel rod, CFRP is used as a substitute, which has significant buckling strength against compressive loading and, most importantly, is lighter than steel. The substitution is done either by replacing steel completely with CFRP or by reducing the volume of steel and sheathing it with CFRP. Numerical and experimental studies are carried out to understand the strength and behavior of piston rods when they are replaced by different combinations of composite materials for the given load. For this study, two different piston rod designs with various design parameters were considered, and their respective behavior under loading was discussed. The effect of compressive loads on CFRP wrapped steel parts and buckling strength as a function of fiber orientation, stacking angle and number of CFRP layers was investigated using experiments. The study demonstrated the usefulness of steel-CFRP composites to reduce weight and their influence on buckling load in hydraulic cylinders.

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Zhao, Zhong Min, Long Zhang, Yi Gang Song und Wei Guo Wang. „Microstructures, Properties and In Situ Toughening of Rapidly Solidified Al₂O₃/YSZ Composite Ceramics Prepared by Combustion Synthesis“. Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (Februar 2008): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.771.

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The large-scale Al2O3/YSZ ceramic plates were prepared by combustion synthesis under high gravity, the ceramics were mainly composed of random-oriented rod-shaped grains, and within the rod-shaped grain aligned nano-submicron YSZ fibers were embedded. Compared to the high-performance directionally solidified ceramics, the hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness of the eutectic ceramics obtained in the experiment increased by 40.7~55.1%, 9.6~26.0% and 172.0~240.0%, respectively. The increase in hardness and strength of the ceramics could be attributed to nano-submicron YSZ fibers and inter-phase spacing and the refinement of the eutectic grains; meanwhile, high-energy, large-angle boundaries between rod-shaped grains could introduce strong toughening mechanisms involving crack-bridging and pull-out of rod-shaped eutectics.

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Cordenonsi, Michelangelo, Fabio D'Atri, Eva Hammar, David A. D. Parry, John Kendrick-Jones, David Shore und Sandra Citi. „Cingulin Contains Globular and Coiled-Coil Domains and Interacts with Zo-1, Zo-2, Zo-3, and Myosin“. Journal of Cell Biology 147, Nr. 7 (27.12.1999): 1569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.7.1569.

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We characterized the sequence and protein interactions of cingulin, an Mr 140–160-kD phosphoprotein localized on the cytoplasmic surface of epithelial tight junctions (TJ). The derived amino acid sequence of a full-length Xenopus laevis cingulin cDNA shows globular head (residues 1–439) and tail (1,326–1,368) domains and a central α-helical rod domain (440–1,325). Sequence analysis, electron microscopy, and pull-down assays indicate that the cingulin rod is responsible for the formation of coiled-coil parallel dimers, which can further aggregate through intermolecular interactions. Pull-down assays from epithelial, insect cell, and reticulocyte lysates show that an NH2-terminal fragment of cingulin (1–378) interacts in vitro with ZO-1 (Kd ∼5 nM), ZO-2, ZO-3, myosin, and AF-6, but not with symplekin, and a COOH-terminal fragment (377–1,368) interacts with myosin and ZO-3. ZO-1 and ZO-2 immunoprecipitates contain cingulin, suggesting in vivo interactions. Full-length cingulin, but not NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal fragments, colocalizes with endogenous cingulin in transfected MDCK cells, indicating that sequences within both head and rod domains are required for TJ localization. We propose that cingulin is a functionally important component of TJ, linking the submembrane plaque domain of TJ to the actomyosin cytoskeleton.

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Ding, Bai Chuan, Qing Fang Lv und Ran Zhu. „Experimental Study on Interfacial Bonded Performance of One-Step Forming BFRP-Rod-Strengthened Bamboo“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (Januar 2014): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1014.

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This work attempts a new strengthening method (one-step forming) between BFRP (basalt fiber reinforcement polymer) rod and bamboo. The interfacial bonding properties of the one-step forming pull-out specimens are achieved. The specimens are composed of bamboo sticks lamination and recombined bamboo respectively containing the plutruded BFRP rods. Through the experiment, bonding failure modes and typical load-slip curves are obtained. Besides, the ultimate bonding stress is compared to bonded-in method of FRP rod which embedded in wood. At last, anchoring calculation recommendations are delivered.

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Fan, Qiu Yan, Cai Lin Liu, Ke Qing Yang und Mei Qian Wang. „Test Study on Creep Character of Anchor Rod in Argillaceous Soft Rock“. Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.565.

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The creep character of anchor rod in argillaceous soft rock is remarkable. The big undisturbed mudstone samples in Nanning Basin as a typical argillaceous soft rock is chosen to the research object in this paper. The laboratory simulated destructive tests and the creep tests of full grouted anchor rod have been down. Through the destructive tests of mudstone sample, the instantaneous adhesive strength between the anchor body and mudstone in Nanning Basin is 70kPa. By analyzing the creep curves of anchor rod, a conclusion is that there is a long-term adhesive strength of anchor rod in argillaceous soft rock. When the design adhesive strength of anchor rod is less than the long-term adhesive strength, eventually the anchor rod is stable during the process of long-term pull-out. When the design adhesive strength of anchor rod is greater than the value, the creep of anchor rod with the time will do not stop until the anchor rod failure. The greater difference value between the instantaneous and long-term adhesive strength, the faster the rate of creep, the faster the anchor rod failure. Finally, for the permanent support engineering design of anchor rod in argillaceous soft rock, the paper gives two principles, as follows: (1) the design of anchor rod in argillaceous soft rock must be determined according to the long-term adhesive strength. (2) by using variety of technical measures, the impact of various factors on the creep of anchor rod will be decreased.

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Zhang, You Jun, Zhong Ping Tang und De Lai Liu. „Research on Seismic Performance of Large Span Integral Suspended Ceiling Structure in Decoration Engineering“. Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (Januar 2013): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.901.

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The natural vibration frequency, characteristics of vibration mode and deformation of large span integral ceiling structure in a hotel under earthquake were studied using the ANSYS Software, then some useful suggestions on hoisting position, pull rod and other factors were put forward for seismic constructional design of large span integral suspended ceiling structures.

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Za'ba, N. E. L., Z. Ahmad und A. Ibrahim. „Bond Strength of Glued-in Rods in Malaysian Tropical Timber as Influenced by Adhesive, Diameter and Glueline Thickness“. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 29, Nr. 1 (20.06.2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.46.

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Failure in wood structure is mainly caused by improper connection design, construction (fabrication) details, or serviceability. Besides using traditional bolting methods such as nails, screws and bolts to join members, timber members also can be connected by using bonded-in joints. However, current knowledge in the use of this type of timber connection is still limited. This study investigated the performance of bonded-in pultruded rods in timber as connections by exploring the effect of a few parameters such as rod type, diameter of the rod, adhesive type and thickness of the glueline. Pull-out tests were used to characterize the strength of the bonded-in connections. From the results of this study, it was found that strength increased as glueline thickness increased, while strength decreasedas the diameter of the rod increased.

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Karakkunnummal, Biju. „A Case Study of a Pull Rod Failure in ATOX Raw Grinding Mill“. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 3, Nr. 2 (2015): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2015.3.2.90-103.

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Sakai, Naomi, David Houdebert und Stefan Matile. „Voltage-Dependent Formation of Anion Channels by Synthetic Rigid-Rod Push–Pull -Barrels“. Chemistry - A European Journal 9, Nr. 1 (03.01.2003): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200390016.

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KAJIKAWA, Hisamitsu, und Shota HIRAGA. „PROPOSAL OF CALCULATION FORMULA FOR PULL-OUT STRENGTH OF GLUED-IN ROD JOINT“. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 86, Nr. 781 (2021): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.86.469.

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Zheng, Li Ming, Shen Hua Yang und Wen Ming Jin. „Dynamic Co-Simulation of Fracture Splitting Machine for Connecting Rods“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (Januar 2010): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.294.

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The fracture splitting (FS) method is a bran-new processing technique in the automobile engine connecting rod manufacturing industry, FS is one of three pivotal working procedures, and press speed is one of the key influence factors of FS process. In order to realize parameters of press speed and pull cylinder working pressure, dynamic simulation of hydraulic system has been carried out. Simulation results indicated that press speed of pull cylinder was about 130mm/s, which was between 120mm/s and 150mm/s that was not only good for controlling FS quality, but also not leading irrational design of hydraulic system. The working pressure of pull cylinder was between 10MPa and 14MPa, which was suitable for FS processing. The hydraulic system of FS machine can satisfy the basic requirements of connecting rods FS process. This paper has provided reliable theoretic basis for the design of FS machine for connecting rods.

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Dewi, M. D. K., Karyadi, P. B. Susanto und Nindyawati. „Effect of Rod Diameter and Adhesive Thickness to the Pull-out Strength of Threaded Steel Rod Glued in Laminated Bamboo“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 832, Nr. 1 (01.07.2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/832/1/012024.

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Syarief, Akhmad, und Akhmad Yafie. „SIFAT MATERIAL POLYESTER HYBRID COMPOSITE - BATANG BEMBAN (Donax Canniformis)“. Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika 2, Nr. 2 (12.12.2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/sjmekinematika.v2i2.39.

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Bemban (Donax Canniformis) is a plant similar to rattan, the stem produces fiber woven material. This plant has other names bamban, bumban, bomban, and so forth. Composites are a new type of material combined with two or more ingredients and have different properties with each other both physical properties and chemical properties. From the research of this hybrid composite stem rod, it is known in the specimens of impact test of volume fraction 60% bemban (Energy Absorption 21,11 J and Impact Price 0,0332 J / mm²) has the most optimum ductility than volume fraction 40% Energy Absorption 20.62 J and Impact Price 0.0324 J / mm²) and 50% bemban bemban (Energy Absorption 20,96 J and Impact Price 0.0330 J / mm²). In bending test specimens, the volume fraction of 60% bemban stem (Bending Strength 0.45 MPa) has the most optimum ductility properties compared to the volume fraction of 40% bemban rod (Bending Strength 0.63 MPa) and 50% bemban (Bending Strength 0.72 MPa). In tensile specimens fraction volume of 60% bemban rod (Tensile Strength 0.00449 MPa) has the most optimum ductility properties compared to volume fraction of 40% bemban rod (Tensile Strength 0.00224 MPa) and 50% bemban rod (Pull Strength 0.00284 MPa).

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Bai, Xiaoyu, Xueying Liu, Mingyi Zhang, Yonghong Wang, Zheng Kuang und Nan Yan. „Stress Transfer Properties and Displacement Difference of GFRP Antifloating Anchor“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (28.07.2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894720.

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Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) antifloating anchors are widely used in reinforcing underground structures. Despite the outstanding application advances of GFRP anchors in the antifloating field, research on the mechanical transmission and deformation properties of the anchor rod and anchorage body is still scarce. This paper introduces pull-out experiments of GFRP antifloating anchors based on the FBG sensor strings technology. The experimental data demonstrates that the distribution curve of the axial stress shows a reversed-S shape, and the shear stress distribution presents the law of increasing first and then decreasing from the position of peak shear stress. The rod-anchorage body displacement difference curves of the anchors with an anchorage length that is closer to the critical anchorage length are smoother than those of the anchors with a larger length difference from the critical anchorage length. Finally, a simplified distribution model of the shear stress is applied for predicting the rod-anchorage body displacement difference, and the experimental data of the anchors with a rod slip failure is more applicable for this model than that of the anchors with a rod rupture failure.

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Yang, Fei, Yuqing Liu und Chen Liang. „Analytical study on the tensile stiffness of headed stud connectors“. Advances in Structural Engineering 22, Nr. 5 (25.10.2018): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218806030.

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In the theoretical or numerical analysis of composite/hybrid structures, headed stud connectors at the steel–concrete interface are usually modelled as linear spring elements; thus, their tensile stiffness will be an essential parameter to affect the tensile force distribution. This article investigates the tensile stiffness of headed stud connectors through theoretical analysis combined with the existing pull-out test results. The pull-out displacement of headed stud connectors from concrete blocks mainly includes two parts: one part is the elastic elongation of the stud rod and another is the axial displacement of the stud head in concrete blocks resulted from the concrete elastic deformation. Mindlin’s solution is employed to predict the second part displacement with the introduction of an unknown coefficient, which is estimated based on the existing headed anchor pull-out test results. Subsequently, an equation for predicting the tensile stiffness of headed stud connectors is proposed. The predicting tensile stiffness for headed stud connectors with various stud heights presents a good agreement with the pull-out test results. Meanwhile, neglecting the axial displacement of the stud head in concrete blocks, especially for relatively short height headed studs, will produce an overestimated tensile stiffness.

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Onoki, Takamasa, und Toshiyuki Hashida. „Novel Method for Hydroxyapatite Coating by Hydrothermal Hot-Pressing via Double Layered Capsule“. Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (Mai 2006): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.647.

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A new hydrothermal method is proposed which enables us to prepare thin hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic coatings on Ti substrates with a curved surface at low temperatures. The method uses double layered capsules in order to produce a suitable hydrothermal condition; the inner capsule encapsulates the coating materials and a Ti substrate, and the outer capsule is subjected to isostatic pressing under the hydrothermal condition. In this study, it is demonstrated that a pure HA ceramic layer with the thickness of 50 µm could be coated to a Ti cylindrical rod at the low temperature as low as 135°C under the confining pressure of 40 MPa. Pull-out tests were conducted to obtain an estimate for the adhesion properties of the HA coating prepared by the double layered capsule method. The shear strength obtained from the pull-out tests was in the range of 4.0-5.5 MPa. It was also shown that the crack propagation occurred within the HA coating layer, not along the HA/Ti interface in the pull-out tests.

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Shen, Xiao Xia, Jun Zhou, Jian Xin Deng und Hong Kui Tan. „Research on Cushion of Boom Cylinder in Hydraulic Excavator“. Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (Oktober 2011): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.679.

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In some circumstances, huge mass, if not cushioned, may pull the piston to a halt at rod side or head side at ease with a tremendous velocity causing huge impact. As a result of this issue, the boom cylinder of hydraulic excavator provides cushioning apparatus at the rod side stroke end. This paper discusses and analyses the cushioning apparatus structure of boom cylinder, and then proposes a numerical simulation model with SimulationX. It is known to us that many dynamic parameters of boom cylinder vary as mechanical structure or motion of excavator attachment changes. Thus in order to study the relationship between kinetic parameters and cushioning capability of boom cylinder, an excavator attachment model is built next. The last part of this paper is devoted to the obtained simulation results.

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He, Zheng, und Guo-Wen Tian. „Probabilistic evaluation of the design development length of a GFRP rod pull-out from concrete“. Engineering Structures 33, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2011): 2943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.06.019.

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Chen, Tie-Lin, Wenbin Tao, Wenjun Zhu und Mozhen Zhou. „Numerical simulation of the debonding process in pull-out tests of near-surface mounted FRP rod in concrete“. Engineering Computations 37, Nr. 3 (21.11.2019): 1109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2019-0032.

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Purpose Near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) rod is extensively applied in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The mechanical performances of NSM FRP-strengthened RC structures depend on the bond behavior between NSM reinforcement and concrete. This behavior is typically studied by performing pull-out tests; however, the failure behavior, which is crucial to the local debonding process, is not yet sufficiently understood. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a three-dimensional meso-scale finite element method considering the cohesion and adhesion failures is presented to model the debonding failure process in pull-out tests of NSM FRP rod in concrete. The smeared crack model is used to capture the cohesion failures in the adhesive or concrete. The interfacial constitutive model is applied to simulate the adhesion failures on the FRP-adhesive and concrete-adhesive contact interfaces. Findings The present method is first validated by two simple examples and then applied to a practical NSM FRP system. This work studied in detail the debonding process, the bond failure types, the location of peak bond stress, the transmitting deformation in adhesive and the morphology of contact zone. The developed method provides a practical and convenient tool applicable for further investigations on the debonding mechanism for the NSM FRP rod in concrete. Originality/value A three-dimensional meso-scale finite element method considering the cohesion and adhesion failures is presented to model the debonding failure in NSM FRP-strengthened RC structures. The smeared crack model and the interfacial constitutive model are introduced to develop a convenient approach to analyze the failures in adhesive, concrete and related interfaces. The developed numerical method is applicable for studying the debonding process, the bond failure types, the location of peak bond stress, the transmitting deformation in adhesive and the morphology of contact zone in detail.

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Li, Heng, Hui Wang, Gaowei Yue, Fasuo Zhao und Wenzhe Li. „Arch Antislide Pile-Wall Structure System: Model and Optimization“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (09.02.2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8489627.

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For the problems of unreasonable force and large deformation of traditional antislide structure system, three new arch antislide pile-wall structure systems are designed for a loess landslide treatment project in Northern Shanxi province. The working performances of four kinds of antislide structures are numerically simulated and analyzed to realize the optimization of the antislide structure system. The results show that the arch antislide pile-wall structure system is a rigid connection between the piles and cap beam, and the antislide pile, cap beam, and sliding bed soil form a spatial nearly rigid structure. Cap beam can better transfer the bending moment generated by the larger thrust in the landslide middle to the piles with less force on both sides of the landslide, so that the stress and deformation of the whole antislide system tend to be uniform, which makes the antislide system “joint operation.” And this structural form increases the overall stiffness and bending capacity and reduces the possibility that the middle pile is destroyed first and loses its working capacity due to large thrust. Compared with the traditional antislide structure system (Model-1), the average displacement of the pile head is reduced by about 60%, and the total control bending moment of the system is reduced by about 6%. The purpose of Model-3 and Model-4 (anchorage arch antislide pile-wall structure system and pull-rod arch antislide pile-wall structure system) is to restrict the deformation of cap beam in both positive and negative directions of x-axis in arch antislide pile-wall structure system, which plays a certain role in coordinating the deformation of antislide structure and better coordinating the stress of each pile. The arch antislide pile-wall structure system (Model-2), anchorage arch antislide pile-wall structure system (Model-3), and pull-rod arch antislide pile-wall structure system (Model-4) can better adapt and adjust the unbalanced thrust between the landslide piles; therefore, they have higher structural robustness than that of traditional antislide structure system. When achieving the management target with a 95% structural reliability probability of the same landslide, the structural robust degrees of Model-1, Model-2, and Model-4 are 0.58, 0.76, and 0.81, respectively. Therefore, the pull-rod arch antislide pile-wall structure system (Model-4) has the best performance among the other antislide structures. These studies lay a foundation for the engineering structural optimization of arch antislide pile-wall structure system.

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Liu, Xiaohu, Zhishu Yao, Weipei Xue, Xuesong Wang und Xianwen Huang. „Experimental Study of the Failure Mechanism of the Anchorage Interface under Different Surrounding Rock Strengths and Ambient Temperatures“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (30.04.2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6622418.

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In order to study the anchoring instability mechanism of surrounding rock in deep roadway, the failure mechanism of the bolt-anchoring agent interface was studied by simulating different strength rock mass and ground temperature environment, using C20, C40, and C60 strength concrete and steel pipe to simulate different surrounding rock strength environments. Indoor pull-out tests were carried out to study the pull-out load displacement relationship, ultimate pull-out force, residual anchoring force, the distribution law of axial stress and tangential stress along the bar, and the energy consumption value of drawing failure at 20, 50, and 70°C. The test results show that, with the decrease of surrounding rock strength or the increase of ambient temperature, the pull-out force, residual anchoring force, and energy consumption value of anchorage interface gradually decrease; under different axial forces, the axial force distribution of the rod body decreases exponentially from the anchoring end to the opposite end; and the shear stress transfers to the deep part of the anchor body with the increase of the load. According to the failure phenomenon of the specimen, the failure modes of the bolt bolt-anchorage agent interface can be divided into shear slip mode and shear expansion slip mode. The shear expansion slip formula of anchorage interface is derived. Using high-strength and temperature-resistant resin anchoring agent for comparative test, the rationality of the mechanism analysis is proved, which provides more clear guidance for the construction of anchor support.

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Bekmez, Senol, Aykut Kocyigit, Zeynep Deniz Olgun, Mehmet Ayvaz, Halil Gokhan Demirkiran, Ergun Karaagaoglu und Muharrem Yazici. „Pull-out of Upper Thoracic Pedicle Screws Can Cause Spinal Canal Encroachment in Growing Rod Treatment“. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 38, Nr. 7 (August 2018): e399-e403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000001196.

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Karyadi, Karyadi, Bela Prayogo, Nindyawati Nindyawati und Prijono Bagus Susanto. „Pull-out Resistance Parallel to Grain of Threaded Steel Rod Glued-in Glubam with Edge Distance Variation“. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 17, Nr. 1 (15.02.2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.17.6027.

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Bekmez, Senol, þÿ Osmail Aykut Kocyigit, Zeynep Deniz Olgun, Mehmet Ayvaz, H. Gokhan Demirkiran und Muharrem Yazici. „Pull-Out of the Upper Thoracic Pedicle Screws Can Cause Spinal Canal Encroachment in Growing Rod Treatment“. Spine Deformity 5, Nr. 6 (November 2017): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2017.09.047.

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Lyu, Lei, Hao Chen, Yanfei Zhang und Haolun Bai. „Failure analysis of phase B pull rod of HGIS circuit breaker operating mechanism in 220 kV Substation“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1885, Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 042026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1885/4/042026.

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35

Wang, Liyan, Zhou Yajun, Wenxue Gong, Jinsong Li und Aimable Ishimwe. „Calculation Method of Seismic Residual Displacement of Sheet Pile Quay Walls“. Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (01.08.2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1251295.

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Sheet pile quay walls have widely been used in port engineering, hydraulic engineering, and civil engineering, but the sheet pile quay is a flexible retaining structure, which undergoes large deformation during earthquakes. The seismic design methods of the sheet pile quay wall in different countries are greatly different, and there is deficit of studies performed on the seismic residual displacement of the sheet pile quay walls. Based on the pseudostatic method and the calculation method for obtaining the dynamic earth pressure of clay soil, it is assumed that the cantilever part of the sheet pile quay wall bears the dynamic active earth pressure and the part in deep soil bears dynamic passive earth pressure on the side of the sea and bears dynamic active earth pressure on the side of the ground. The hydrodynamic pressure acting in front of the wall is calculated using Westergaard’s approach. The displacement of the front wall of the sheet pile quay is calculated, respectively, according to the upper part and lower part of mud surface. Based on the deflection curve differential equation and boundary conditions, the calculating formulas on seismic residual displacements of the sheet pile quay walls are derived and the proportional displacement method for determining the tension force of the pull rod is given. Combining with an engineering case, the theoretical calculation results are compared with the ADINA simulation results, and comparison results show that these two calculation methods are close under the mud, but they have little difference in the calculation results of the part above the mud because of the proportional displacement method of the tension force of the pull rod.

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Wang, You, Aiping Zhou und Xiaorong Wang. „UNIVERSAL SCALING BEHAVIOR OF THE TACKINESS OF POLYMER MELTS“. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, Nr. 4 (01.10.2019): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.80395.

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ABSTRACT Tack properties of nine linear polyisoprenes (PIPs) with molecular weights ranging from 84 to 476 kg/mol and two star-branched PIPs with molecular weights ranging from 609 to 1130 kg/mol were investigated on various surfaces, such as stainless steel, aluminum, copper, quartz, and plastics. In the investigation, a finger-sized cylindrical rod having a flat end face was brought into contact with a PIP polymer. After equilibrium was reached, the cylindrical rod was removed from the substrate at a constant pull-off velocity, Vs. We found that when the pulling speed (Vs) is greater than a critical speed (Vc), the maximum tack force (Fmax) can be generally described by the following scaling relationships: Fmax ∼ Vs1/3 and Fmax ∼ tmax−1/2, where tmax is the time when the maximum force is reached in the force–time profile. Remarkably, this scaling behavior of the tackiness appears to be universal, as it is independent of the adhered surface preparation, the molecular weight distribution, and the linear or branched chain structure of a polymer melt.

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Zhang, Long, Zhong Min Zhao, Yi Gang Song und Wei Guo Wang. „Microstructures and Toughening Mechanisms of Y₂O₃ Doped Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ Eutectic Composite Ceramics Prepared by SHS Melt-Growth Process“. Materials Science Forum 546-549 (Mai 2007): 1619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1619.

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By introducing ZrO2(4Y) powder of suitable content into the thermit and based on oxidation-reduction reaction of the thermit and liquid-liquid phase separation of ceramics/metal under gravity, Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y) composite ceramics have been prepared through melt-growth with eutectic reaction under high degree of undercooling from SHS process. It has been found that the ceramics were composed of major rod-shaped sapphires with 8.0~12.0 aspect ratios and minor plate-like α-Al2O3 grains, and within the sapphires t-ZrO2 nano-micron fibers were embedded. Flexural strength and fracture toughness were measured to be 1256MPa and 13.2MPa·m1/2. It was obtained that a number of low energy interfaces (the interface distance on nano-micron scale) between two Al2O3/ZrO2 (4Y) phases and the strong compressive residual stress in the sapphires made the sapphires reinforced, forcing the crack to propagate along the rod-shaped sapphires; meanwhile, crack-bridging and pull-out of the sapphires, crack - bridging and frictionally interlocked effects of plate-like α-Al2O3 grains in the wake of crack tip also rendered the crack stabilization to arise.

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Kumar, B. R. Phani, und N. Ramachandra Rao. „Increasing pull-out capacity of granular pile anchors in expansive soils using base geosynthetics“. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, Nr. 4 (01.08.2000): 870–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-012.

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Granular pile anchors are innovative and effective in resisting the uplift pressure exerted on the foundation by a swelling expansive soil. In a granular pile anchor, the foundation is anchored at the bottom of the granular pile to an anchor plate with the help of a mild steel rod. This renders the granular pile tension-resistant and enables it to offer resistance to the uplift force exerted on the foundation by the swelling soil. This resistance to uplift or pull-out load depends mainly upon the shear parameters of the pile-soil interface and the lateral swelling pressure of the soil, which confines the pile radially and prevents it from being uplifted. The resistance to uplift can be increased by placing a base geosynthetic above the anchor plate so that it forms an integral part of the granular pile anchor. The increase in resistance is due to the friction mobilized between the geosynthetic and the confining media when the uplift load acts on the pile and the geosynthetic moves along with the pile. Hence it depends on the friction between the geosynthetic and the confining media and the area and stiffness of the geosynthetic. This paper discusses the effects of these parameters on pull-out load, rate of heave, and relative ground movement near the pile surface.Key words: expansive soil, granular pile anchor, base geosynthetic, ground movement, rate of heave, pull-out load.

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Pearson, Hannah, Mark Evernden und Richard Harris. „Effect of Timber Grain Orientation on Bonded-In Rod Connection Systems“. Key Engineering Materials 517 (Juni 2012): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.695.

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Presented in this paper are the results of practical tests to determine some key material properties of engineered timber, in particular glulam. The results are discussed and compared with three known failure criterion, Hankinsons formula, The Tsai-Wu criterion and Maximum stress theory to determine if they are appropriate models for predicting the properties of glulam. The properties considered have been chosen with respect to a connection system for use in folded plate structures utilizing embedded rods. This paper considers the effect of the timber grain angle on the compression, tensile and steel dowel rod pull-out strengths. The test data shows that Hankinson and Tsai-Wu are both good models to predict both the compression and tensile behavior of engineered timber products at non-tangential angles, whereas maximum stress theory had less correlation and over predicts the results and would not be recommended for use in engineered timber materials.

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Dizhur, Dmytro, Arturo Schultz und Jason Ingham. „Pull-Out Behavior of Adhesive Connections in Unreinforced Masonry Walls“. Earthquake Spectra 32, Nr. 4 (November 2016): 2357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/011115eqs006m.

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The connections between walls of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and flexible timber diaphragms are critical building components that must perform adequately before desirable earthquake response of URM buildings may be achieved. Field observations made during the initial reconnaissance and the subsequent damage surveys of clay brick URM buildings following the 2010/2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes revealed numerous cases where anchor connections joining masonry walls or parapets with roof or floor diaphragms appeared to have failed prematurely. These observations were more frequent for adhesive anchor connections than for through-bolt connections (i.e., anchorages having plates on the exterior facade of the masonry walls). Subsequently, an in-field test program was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the performance of adhesive anchor connections between unreinforced clay brick URM walls and roof or floor diaphragm. The study consisted of a total of almost 400 anchor tests conducted in eleven existing URM buildings located in Christchurch, Whanganui and Auckland. Specific objectives of the study included the identification of failure modes of adhesive anchors in existing URM walls and the influence of the following variables on anchor load-displacement response: adhesive type, strength of the masonry materials (brick and mortar), anchor embedment depth, anchor rod diameter, overburden level, anchor rod type, quality of installation, and the use of metal mesh sleeves. In addition, the comparative performance of bent anchors (installed at an angle of minimum 22.5° to the perpendicular projection from the wall surface) and anchors positioned horizontally was investigated. Observations on the performance of wall-to-diaphragm connections in the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, a summary of the performed experimental program and test results, and a proposed pull-out capacity relationship for adhesive anchors installed into multi-leaf clay brick masonry are presented herein.

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Barata, Ruben, Rui F. Martins, Tiago Albarran, Tiago Santos und A. Mourão. „Failure analysis of a pull rod actuator of an ATOX raw mill used in the cement production process“. Engineering Failure Analysis 76 (Juni 2017): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.12.023.

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Su, Rui juan, Dan ping Qiao, Nan Zhang und Chen Zhang. „Research on the bearing capacity of epoxy resin composite under axial compression based on pull rod-arch model“. International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 63, Nr. 3 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2021.10040908.

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Qiao, Dan Ping, Nan Zhang, Chen Zhang und Rui Juan Su. „Research on the bearing capacity of epoxy resin composite under axial compression based on pull rod-arch model“. International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 63, Nr. 3 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2021.117757.

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44

Li, Yao Ming, Jian Xu, Li Zhang Xu und Zhan Zhao. „Test and Analysis of Straw Compression and Baling“. Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (Oktober 2011): 2626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2626.

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In order to study the working performance of straw baler, this experiment adopts the self-developed test-bed of straw compression and bale. The unit power consumption, piston pressure, connecting rod pull pressure and bale density are obtained through survey and calculation. Then it analysis the influence of the different compression speed and different feeding amounts on machine performance and the components in the constant condition of factors such as straw moisture content. The results show that the best working performance of straw baler occurs when feeding amount is 1.0 kg/s and compression speed is 80 times/min. And the change of compression speed and feeding amount has little effect on bale density.

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KIERFELD, JAN, PAVEL KRAIKIVSKI und REINHARD LIPOWSKY. „FILAMENT ORDERING AND CLUSTERING BY MOLECULAR MOTORS IN MOTILITY ASSAYS“. Biophysical Reviews and Letters 01, Nr. 04 (Oktober 2006): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048006000318.

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We study the cooperative behavior of cytoskeletal filaments in motility assays, in which immobilized motor proteins bind the filaments to a surface and actively pull them along this surface. Because of the repulsive interaction of filaments, the motor-driven dynamics of filaments leads to a nonequilibrium phase transition which generalizes the isotropicnematic phase transition of the corresponding equilibrium system, the hard-rod fluid. Langevin dynamics simulations and analytical theory show that the motor activity enhances the tendency for nematic ordering. At high detachment forces of motors, we observe the formation of filament clusters because of blocking effects; at low detachment forces, cluster formation can be controlled by the density of inactive motors.

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Taylor, H., und AW Grogono. „The constrictor knot is the best ligature“. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 96, Nr. 2 (März 2014): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x13814021677638.

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Introduction An ideal ligature should tighten readily and remain tight. Ligature failure can be a critical complication of invasive procedures in human and veterinary surgical practice. Previous studies have tested various knots but not the constrictor knot. Methods A new test bench was employed to compare six ligatures using four suture materials. As tension in a ligature is not readily measured, the study employed a surrogate measurement: the force required to slide a ligature along a rod. Benchmark values tested each suture material wrapped around the rod to establish the ratio between this force and the ligature tension for each material. Each ligature was tested first during tightening and then again afterwards. The benchmark ratios were employed to calculate the tensions to evaluate which ligature and which suture material retained tension best. Results The model provided consistent linear relationships between the tension in the suture and the force required to pull the ligature along the rod. The constrictor knot retained tension in the ligature best (55–107% better than the next best ligature). Among the suture materials, polydioxanone had the greatest ability to retain the tension in a ligature and polyglactin the least. Conclusions The constrictor knot showed superior characteristics for use as a ligature, and should be introduced into teaching and clinical practice for human and veterinary surgery. The new test bench is recommended for future testing of ligatures as well as objective comparison of suture materials.

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LI, HONGYAN, ALICE Z. CHUANG und JOHN O’BRIEN. „Regulation of photoreceptor gap junction phosphorylation by adenosine in zebrafish retina“. Visual Neuroscience 31, Nr. 3 (22.01.2014): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252381300062x.

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AbstractElectrical coupling of photoreceptors through gap junctions suppresses voltage noise, routes rod signals into cone pathways, expands the dynamic range of rod photoreceptors in high scotopic and mesopic illumination, and improves detection of contrast and small stimuli. In essentially all vertebrates, connexin 35/36 (gene homologs Cx36 in mammals, Cx35 in other vertebrates) is the major gap junction protein observed in photoreceptors, mediating rod–cone, cone–cone, and possibly rod–rod communication. Photoreceptor coupling is dynamically controlled by the day/night cycle and light/dark adaptation, and is directly correlated with phosphorylation of Cx35/36 at two sites, serine110 and serine 276/293 (homologous sites in teleost fish and mammals, respectively). Activity of protein kinase A (PKA) plays a key role during this process. Previous studies have shown that activation of dopamine D4 receptors on photoreceptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase, down-regulates cAMP and PKA activity, and leads to photoreceptor uncoupling, imposing the daytime/light condition. In this study, we explored the role of adenosine, a nighttime signal with a high extracellular concentration at night and a low concentration in the day, in regulating photoreceptor coupling by examining photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in zebrafish retina. Adenosine enhanced photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in daytime, but with a complex dose–response curve. Selective pharmacological manipulations revealed that adenosine A2a receptors provide a potent positive drive to phosphorylate photoreceptor Cx35 under the influence of endogenous adenosine at night. A2a receptors can be activated in the daytime as well by micromolar exogenous adenosine. However, the higher affinity adenosine A1 receptors are also present and have an antagonistic though less potent effect. Thus, the nighttime/darkness signal adenosine provides a net positive drive on Cx35 phosphorylation at night, working in opposition to dopamine to regulate photoreceptor coupling via a push–pull mechanism. However, the lower concentration of adenosine present in the daytime actually reinforces the dopamine signal through action on the A1 receptor.

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Shen, Dan, und Massimiliano Fratoni. „BENCHMARK EVALUATION OF REACTIVITY EFFECTS AND REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN THE MOLTEN SALT REACTOR EXPERIMENT“. EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 06043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124706043.

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A set of benchmarks based on the experimental data from the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) is being compiled as part of International Reactor Physics Experiments Evaluation Reactor Physics Experiments Evaluation Project (IRPhEP). The initial benchmark that will be available in the 2019 edition of the IRPhEP handbook covers the first zero-power criticality experiment. Follow up benchmarks are under development based on the series of control rod calibration experiments performed at the MSRE, which consisted in progressive addition of a small amount (85g) of 235U in the salt followed by the insertion of the control rods acts to compensate for the excess reactivity insertion. Multiple reactivity effects and coefficients measurements are included in the benchmark: differential worth of a control rod, reactivity equivalent of 235U addition, control rod bank worth, reactivity effect of fuel circulation, isothermal temperature coefficient and fuel temperature coefficient. An uncertainty of 2% is attributed to the reported reactivity measurements from experimenters and it was believed that the uncertainty of reactor period measurement contributed the most of the experimental uncertainty. An additional 2% uncertainty was added to all reactivity measurements to represent the uncertainty for the correction factor applied to pull all the measurements on the same uranium concentration and this uncertainty was reasonably inferred by evaluating this factor on the MSRE benchmark model. The calculated reactivity equivalent of 235U additions (0.2228±0.0014, represented as the change of reactivity over the relative change of 235U mass in loop) matches well with the experiment value (0.223±0.006). Most of other calculations, including the control rod bank worth, reactivity effects of fuel circulation and isothermal and fuel temperature coefficients fall within one standard deviation from the experimental values as well.

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Shang, Peng, Wei Zhou, Chun Xia Li und Yu Ming Guan. „FEM Based Statics Analysis of the Main Steel Structure of Bucket Wheel Stacker-Reclaimer“. Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (Mai 2013): 1933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1933.

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Bucket wheel stacker-reclaimer is kind of a typical multi-rigid-body system. Its main steel structure consists of bucket wheel, forearm frame, column tower, balance frame and pull rod, etc. All components connected with each other basically by welding. And the integral structure can realize whole luffing motion and turning motion. Reclaiming arm, central bracket and pitch steel structure of counterweight arm are the structure of its core. This paper use ANSYS to create the simplified finite element model of the steel structure and analyze the distribution of loads in all types of conditions. Loading solving, then cloud picture of displacement and that of stress of the overall luffing mechanism was concluded, so as to check the carrying capacity and strength of the structure.

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Ellul, M. D., und R. J. Emerson. „A New Pull-Out Test for Tire Cord Adhesion—Part I. Hot Bonding“. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, Nr. 2 (01.05.1988): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536189.

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Abstract A new pull-out cord adhesion test has been investigated. It consists of a cord partially embedded axially in a long steel-enclosed rubber cylinder. A strain-energy fracture mechanics approach was used to analyze the test in order to derive the energy of detachment, a more fundamental measure of the strength of adhesion than pull-out force, since the modulus and geometry terms are factored out. Good agreement was observed between strain-energy fracture mechanics theory and experiment. In the model system in which steel rods of various diameters were substituted for the cord, rubber thermal shrinkage after cure caused partial internal debonding along the rod if the level of adhesion was not sufficiently high. While no debonding could be detected with truck tire cords, the shrinkage probably reduced any friction effects leading to a more accurate measure of the energy of detachment/fracture. The disadvantage of the Coaxial Shear Pull-out Test geometry (for samples prepared by the hot-bonding procedure as described here) is that scientific discretion based upon measurements of axial stiffness and shear modulus calculations together with subsequent comparisons to shear moduli from an independent measurement, (e.g., hardness) must first be used in order to determine whether debonding has occurred. If debonding is present, then it should be corrected for as shown in the previous discussion section. If no debonding has occurred (e.g., certain brass-plated steel tire cord adhesion systems) then the analysis is more straightforward. Thus, in principle, providing the right analysis is performed on the result, this test is capable of yielding reasonably accurate estimates of the work of adhesion when failure is interfacial or the work of cohesive fracture when failure is in the rubber. In practice however, this pull-out test with samples prepared by the hot-bonding procedure should be reserved for measurements of strong adhesive systems, such as original adhesion of truck tire cords in commercial compounds. A mechanical solution for debonding, involving a cold-bonding procedure is advanced in Part II of this study.

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