Dissertationen zum Thema „Public sector“

Performance Management aims to develop the employee and ensure that the work which the employee does is in line with organisational goals. However, many managers and employees do not like performance management systems and very often, for this reason, such a system does not succeed in meeting the organisation’s goals. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions towards the performance management system of pharmacists working in the public sector. A questionnaire was compiled and pharmacists working in all public sector hospitals, provincial and municipal clinics and medical depots were asked to complete the questionnaire. The response rate was 66 percent. Seventy three percent of respondents had never undergone a performance evaluation, 75 percent stated it did not motivate them, 62.5 percent felt it did not improve poor performance, 90.6 percent felt the Performance Appraisal System did not reward good performance sufficiently and 63.6 percent felt it did not help with career progression. Seventy eight percent believed that the Performance Appraisal System did not effectively measure the pharmacists’ performance, and 82 percent felt that the System needed to be developed further. At least four evaluations should have been completed per year, yet 85 percent of respondents had experienced three or fewer evaluations since the System had been introduced. The analysis of the responses indicated that there was great dissatisfaction with the current performance management system. A few of the reasons are that the system in place did not effectively measure the pharmacists performance, that additional work done was not recognised, and that the process was extremely time-consuming. It may be concluded that the government needs to address the current problems being experienced with this system, as at present, it is not meeting the objectives it was intended to meet.

This thesis considers the problems associated with the Australian Public Sector moving sometimes erratically towards strategic public management following substantial and wide ranging reforms over the last 20 years. In particular, this study examines public organizational planning and evaluates the extent to which private sector planning philosophies and methodologies have already and could be applied more relevantly to the public sector. The major proposition is that commercial planning methods and techniques can be used selectively to enhance agency planning and management effectiveness and efficiency. A specific application at Centrelink is considered for public service providers delivering high quality government services as part of a purchaser/provider relationship. Strategic planning and management theory and models are reviewed and a progressivestages model is developed for the APS. A range of private sector planning techniques and tools is evaluated and brief but classified case studies on major APS organizations are also presented. The thesis concludes that a dynamics capabilities approach would enable public organizations to maximize strategic management and operational effectiveness.

The purpose of the research is to explore the significance and role of the Bangladeshi public sector leadership (PSL) in the context of public sector reforms (PSR). I examine how the adoption of the reforms depends on the interaction between the PSL of the home government and the donor agencies, resulting in reform challenges on the part of the home government. To do this, the research explores how bureaucratic behaviour responds to and matches donor agenda vis-à-vis their dual role of protecting the traditional socio-economic system, cultural and political norms, values and developing the institutional basis when dealing with reforms. Thus, the research emphasises the need for exploring the elite actors’ beliefs about their governmental traditions as they shape PSR. Taking an interpretive approach, this thesis presents empirical insights in three important areas of public sector management, namely, perceptions and lived experiences of PSL; bureaucratic response to PSR; and traditions in governance and governance intervention by donors. Its contribution is to illuminate the key aspects of PSL roles/practice within the Bangladeshi PSR. Findings offer an understanding of how public sector leaders construe and respond to reform initiatives. Analysis of the PSL role shows that reform is fundamentally a political and contested process. The current study presents an empirical analysis of the elite actors’ webs of belief about the PSR in the context of normative roots of the Bangladeshi governance traditions and culture vis-à-vis the motives of the aid regimes. Part of the originality of this research is its attempt to conceptualise governance traditions as adaptable sets of beliefs that stresses the role of agency in PSR in the Bangladeshi context. I also claim my research to be worthwhile as I situate the Bangladeshi governance traditions within a context that goes beyond the typology of traditions advanced by Painter and Peters (2010). Moreover, this research argues for the performative accounts of the governance traditions. The key argument in this thesis is that public sector leaders’ response towards the public sector reforms is shaped by the wider web of beliefs embedded in a historically inherited tradition and that dilemmas arise when the public sector leaders face new situations uncommon and unfamiliar to them in terms of atypical reform agenda prescribed by international donors. Dilemmas also arise because of the incongruity between the traditional socio-economic, cultural values and donor-prescribed reform initiatives. This study suggests that dilemmas and conflicts – two important constructs illuminating cultures and traditions in public sector management – have an explanatory link to the bureaucratic response towards reforms. Thus, change is the outcome of the dilemma, if not the solution (Bevir & Rhodes, 2010). Looking from an interpretive lens, I contend that the Bangladeshi governance tradition is postcolonial, combining multiple features directly traceable to colonial institutions and ancient Samaj (village life/society) with post-independence adaptations and innovations based on administrative reform prescriptions by donor agencies, the latter essentially appearing as new ‘layers’ on the original bedrock. Therefore, it can be called a hybrid tradition.

Across the world, confirmed by academic and internal research evidence, Government and public sector organisations consistently display varying degrees of difficulty in generating, developing and implementing innovative ideas. Now, as budgets become tighter, the pressure to fundamentally transform the UK’s public sector by relying upon the exploration and adoption of sustainable innovation continues to grow as a policy necessity. Given this necessity, there is a definite, identified need to critically review the literature covering theory development and innovation practice as part of a cultural challenge within the UK public sector to identify the key deep rooted and persistent barriers to public sector innovation to assist in researching potential workable solutions. To facilitate this endeavour this Doctoral study deploys, as per Chapter 3, Ethnographic methods underpinning qualitative thematic template analysis to explore and identify existing innovation barriers from qualitative data collected from the management and staff of a major UK Civil Service Department. The primary objective of this research study is to contribute to the effective improvement in public sector Innovation delivery, via identification of the key barriers via ten literature defined and participant response analysis propositions to facilitate improved innovation generation. In Chapters 2 & 4, by critically showing the linkages between innovation literature and the practical observations and innovation process experiences of public servants, workable solutions as to how the UK’s Civil Service can overcome such persistent problems have been explored. This research aims to add value to the wider debate by identifying an environment that supports and encourages the practical generation of public sector innovative ideas and change behaviour. In Chapters 5 & 6, from analysis of the quantitative data, the study identified 18 barrier subject nodes covering a number of themes which appear to inhibit the successful embedding of such innovation practices and processes.

The theoretical models in this thesis address questions relating to the interaction between information and decisions. The main issues are as follows: i) decisions are based on uncertain parameters, ii) parameter estimates are used for specific policy decisions, iii) policy decisions take the form of sequential reforms whose magnitude and frequency must be determined, iv) there are dynamic interactions between the properties of estimators and the performance of decision rules. The method of investigation is by formulation of algebraic models whose properties are examined by analytic and numerical techniques. The contribution to the knowledge of the subject is as follows: i) a well-known linear control model is extended to incorporate sequential reforms, ii) the properties of a limited class of optimal active learning strategies are described, iii) in Monte Carlo simulations, least squares estimates are not found to have desirable tatist al properties when used in conjunction with active earning decision rules, iv) a number of well-known optimal tax models are extended to incorporate parameter uncertainty.

This thesis document was issued under the authority of another institution, not NPS. At the time it was written, a copy was added to the NPS Library collection for reasons not now known.  It has been included in the digital archive for its historical value to NPS.  Not believed to be a CIVINS (Civilian Institutions) title.
The decade of the 1990's saw the advent of a new attitude in Government contracting. After witnessing several high-profile success stories such as constructing the Atlanta Olympic Park, the Government embraced the concept of Partnering as a primary method.

Public private partnerships [PPPs] are a product of policies and processes to modernise the delivery of infrastructure-based services. An examination of the modernisation literature establishes the broad analytical frame within which this thesis investigates PPPs. The macro-level overview of the recent transformation of the Australian public sector confirms that the dominant principles underlying modernisation are grounded in new institutional economics [NIE] that are implemented through private-sector derived accounting and management implementation technologies. It highlights the contextual complexities stemming from Australia’s federal system of government, explaining the decision to focus on investigating PPP experiences in Victoria. At the conceptual level, PPPs rely on risk management and modernisation of service delivery to achieve value for money [VFM] for governments. In Victoria, 2000 signals a change in the modernisation role of PPPs. Thereafter, risk inherent in PPPs was reduced by excluding the contractor from the delivery of core social services. Also, the state began to develop a number of PPP policies to guide, aid, control and rationalise decision making in the pre-contracting stage, and to clarify objectives. Analysis of PPP contracts and the failure of one pre-2000 PPP hospital project are illustrative of the controversies identified in the literature about ‘hidden’ aims, the role of technologies designed provide ‘objective’ evidence of VFM inherent in PPPs at the time of contracting, and the ‘fallacy’ of risk transfer to private contractors. An examination of prison contracts indicates the changing nature of the management and control of PPPs in the execution stage. Analysis of pre-2000 prison contracts reveals that these projects were intended to drive significant financial and nonfinancial modernisation reforms throughout the correctional services system. Despite problems with contractual specification of performance and payment mechanisms, and the failure of one of the three pre-2000 prisons, recent evidence suggests, contrary to conclusions in the previous literature, that sector-wide modernisation objectives are being achieved in PPP prisons. PPPs have been criticised on the grounds that they enable governments to avoid accountability for service provision. A survey of the extent, focus and characteristics of the performance audit of PPPs confirms that little PPP auditing has been undertaken in Australia per se, and also that much of the performance auditing has focused on examining adherence to mandated procedures in the pre-contracting stage. However, this thesis demonstrates that the Victorian government has undertaken significant evaluation of the operation of its pre-2000 PPP prisons, and that its thinking and policy development reflect lessons learnt. The evidence presented in this thesis challenges findings in the previous literature that modernisation has delivered less than promised. This thesis confirms the potency of longitudinal research to investigate outcomes of what is essentially an iterative process of reform and that ‘successful’ implementation of modernisation change is sensitive to the context to be reformed. In finding that the presence of goodwill trust is critical to the implementation of recent modernisation reform in the correctional services sector (including in the PPP prisons), this thesis also confirms recent critiques of the power of NIE theories to explain contracting practices in the PPP setting.

Doctor of Philosophy
Public private partnerships [PPPs] are a product of policies and processes to modernise the delivery of infrastructure-based services. An examination of the modernisation literature establishes the broad analytical frame within which this thesis investigates PPPs. The macro-level overview of the recent transformation of the Australian public sector confirms that the dominant principles underlying modernisation are grounded in new institutional economics [NIE] that are implemented through private-sector derived accounting and management implementation technologies. It highlights the contextual complexities stemming from Australia’s federal system of government, explaining the decision to focus on investigating PPP experiences in Victoria. At the conceptual level, PPPs rely on risk management and modernisation of service delivery to achieve value for money [VFM] for governments. In Victoria, 2000 signals a change in the modernisation role of PPPs. Thereafter, risk inherent in PPPs was reduced by excluding the contractor from the delivery of core social services. Also, the state began to develop a number of PPP policies to guide, aid, control and rationalise decision making in the pre-contracting stage, and to clarify objectives. Analysis of PPP contracts and the failure of one pre-2000 PPP hospital project are illustrative of the controversies identified in the literature about ‘hidden’ aims, the role of technologies designed provide ‘objective’ evidence of VFM inherent in PPPs at the time of contracting, and the ‘fallacy’ of risk transfer to private contractors. An examination of prison contracts indicates the changing nature of the management and control of PPPs in the execution stage. Analysis of pre-2000 prison contracts reveals that these projects were intended to drive significant financial and nonfinancial modernisation reforms throughout the correctional services system. Despite problems with contractual specification of performance and payment mechanisms, and the failure of one of the three pre-2000 prisons, recent evidence suggests, contrary to conclusions in the previous literature, that sector-wide modernisation objectives are being achieved in PPP prisons. PPPs have been criticised on the grounds that they enable governments to avoid accountability for service provision. A survey of the extent, focus and characteristics of the performance audit of PPPs confirms that little PPP auditing has been undertaken in Australia per se, and also that much of the performance auditing has focused on examining adherence to mandated procedures in the pre-contracting stage. However, this thesis demonstrates that the Victorian government has undertaken significant evaluation of the operation of its pre-2000 PPP prisons, and that its thinking and policy development reflect lessons learnt. The evidence presented in this thesis challenges findings in the previous literature that modernisation has delivered less than promised. This thesis confirms the potency of longitudinal research to investigate outcomes of what is essentially an iterative process of reform and that ‘successful’ implementation of modernisation change is sensitive to the context to be reformed. In finding that the presence of goodwill trust is critical to the implementation of recent modernisation reform in the correctional services sector (including in the PPP prisons), this thesis also confirms recent critiques of the power of NIE theories to explain contracting practices in the PPP setting.

Due to NPM reforms, strategic management, which has been defined as "the broader process of managing an organization in a strategic manner on a continuing basis", becomes a relevant feature within the public higher education sector. Although empirical research increased considerably, many countries have been neglected. Among these, there is the Italian context. The present thesis is part of this field of investigation with the aim, through the application of Miles and Snow's strategic framework in the Italian public higher sector, to contribute to filling the gap mentioned above. Besides, starting from the Italian public higher education sector, it intends to provide reflections that can be generalized for the whole public sector. The thesis comprises three different papers, namely, a systematic literature review and two different empirical works. The systematic literature review aims to point out the lessons and further aspects that must be investigated related to the public sector's strategic management that stems from Miles and Snow's strategic framework in the public sector. Based on Walker's work recommendations, the literature review replicates and extends Walker's work by analyzing the most recent empirical research conducted in the public sector related to strategic management. This literature review intends to test Walker's findings and point out new emerging issues stemming from the research conducted in recent years, specifically in the time frame from 2013 to 2018. It emphasizes that, even though there has been a more extensive application of Miles and Snow's framework in the public sector, the empirical research still focuses primarily on USA and UK contexts. Moreover, the prospector and defender strategic stances do not always outperform the reactor one. The two empirical works focus principally on strategic management within the Italian public higher education sector. The first empirical work investigates the possible influence of public reforms on the Italian public higher education sector's strategic stances. It aims to understand whether the strategic stances adopted by Italian HEIs have changed because of the recent reforms, and, if so, how. For these purposes, the work analyzes the effects of Law 240/2010, also known as the Gelmini reform, which has deeply influenced the Italian public higher education sector. This work investigates how the Italian public HEIs have adapted to the new external environment through strategic stances. It emerges that Gelmini reform led to a strategic reorientation in the Italian public higher education system. In contrast to Miles and Snow's proposition, HEIs avoid adopting the prospector strategic stance in favor of the reactor or defender ones. The second empirical work attempts to identify a relationship between strategic stances adopted by Italian HEIs and their organizational performance. Based on Miles and Snow's strategic framework, each HEI's strategic stance is analyzed to inspect the previous relationship and understand if the strategic stance influences HEI performance, and, if so, which strategic stance is more suitable in the Italian higher education sector. The results emphasize that the strategic stance adopted influences HEI performance. However, contrary to Miles and Snow's assumption, such influence does not lead to a strategic hierarchy based on performance, but rather to more considerable variety in performance by HEIs that adopt the prospector strategic stance, i.e., a more risk-prone strategy.

Innovations in the public services have become mandatory to provide more efficient and secured services to the citizens. In today'
s fast changing technological environment, the sustained management of innovation is the most vital executive task for the organizations. Identification of the technological innovation process is required in order to manage innovation in the public organizations. This thesis study aims to build a technological innovation model for public organizations in Turkey identifying technological innovation process, stakeholders of the process, sources of innovation, obstacles of innovation and driving forces of innovation. In this research study, strategically important organizations, including all ministries and the pioneer public organizations that perform technological innovation projects are analyzed. In the research study, case study is used as a research strategy and interviews are used as data collection methods. Using collected data
data sets are produced and presented in tables. Data analysis results enable to identify technological innovation process, stakeholders of the process, sources of innovation, barriers of innovation, and driving forces of innovation. Consequently, in accordance with the findings of the study, a new technological innovation model that may pave the way for technological innovation projects and enable successful management of innovation process is constructed. The proposed model lights the way of managers for their innovation projects by means of determining unclear innovation process and identifying the inputs and outputs of the process. Moreover, this study is a guide for managers in public organizations identifying possible obstacles and offering solutions, identifying driving forces to accelerate the innovation process, emphasizing the importance of interaction between the stakeholders.

This study approaches the study of organisational communication in the Australian public sector by focussing on the gendered nature of the organisation, and presenting results from the grass roots or 'native' level (Gregory, 1983). The theoretical framework of this study draws on a diverse range of philosophical viewpoints, ranging from organisational communication and culture approaches, sociological perspectives, public sector research, and uniquely Australian conceptualisations of gender within the public sphere. This study introduces a new way of conceiving feminist bureaucrats (femocrats), in terms of their relationships with 'natives' within public sector organisations. Difficulties in identifying a distinctly Australian organisational communication arena result from both the paucity of organisational communication, grass roots, and public sector research, and because of the problematic task of assimilating 'bits' of divergent theories, with often incompatible views to inform one comprehensive theoretical framework. The results of focus group and individual interviews suggest that a 'managerial' culture exists both within and externally to public sector organisations. This managerialism originates from within patriarchal and masculine organisational structures, and from a shift of workplace practices where a public service model has been replaced by a more private sector, bottom line, results orientation. While the 'natives' in this study are not representative of all public sector employees, their discourse provides a glimpse into the concerns of grass roots members of organisations, a view that is significant in its absence from organisational communication research, particularly in the Australian context.

The objectives of the thesis are: (1) to contribute to the literature on the issue of accountability in public sector organisations in a developing country; and (2) to explore the relationship between accountability theory and accountability aspects implemented and reflected in a developing country. There are three general research questions: How is accountability as defined in a western context reflected by public sector organisations in a developing country?; How do government departments in a developing country implement accountability?; and How does the experience of implementation in a developing country help us think about theories of accountability? In order to achieve these objectives, this thesis explores accountability in the Thai public sector with a particular focus on Thai government departments. It is motivated by the implementation of public sector reform in Thailand and the promulgation of the Royal Decree on Criteria and Procedures for Good Governance B.E. 2546 (2003) following the Asian Economic Crisis in 1997 in order to recover Thailand from the crisis and to enhance accountability in operations. From the literature review, a practical guideline, based on four concepts of accountability in practice, is developed for conducting interviews, and an analytical framework of coding schemes is developed for analysing the interview data. There are two main empirical parts. The first part is an interview-based case study, where semi-structured interviews were conducted, while the second examines communications in the public domain, where the content analysis was conducted. The implementation of the aspects of accountability from western society does not lead to the creation of an entirely new system. It helps people in society to realise what they had in the past and clarifies the aspects of accountability that should be implemented. To enhance accountability in government departments, some improvement is needed. There are some factors such as cultural perspectives, incentives, motivations, pressures, systems, and organisational culture that influence the accountability relationship. The contribution is (1) to discuss the literature on accountability issues in a developing country and (2) to link the findings with accountability theory in the public sector in a developing country. The findings show that the understanding of the aspects of accountability, the focus on types of accountability, qualification and educational training, and cultural perspectives, including motivations and incentives of accountors and accountees, affect the accountability relationship and how a developing country implements accountability.

The research applies the contextual context, content, and process (CCP) framework to explore the contextual and processual factors that are associated with implementing interorganisational collaborative arrangements in the public sector. Collaborative arrangements in the public sector are found to be complex, difficult to implement, and liable to failure when not fully explored and recognised. Background theory reveals the absence of a multilevel lens that can embrace the multifaceted nature of interorganisational collaborations, the multiple contextual levels, the process stages and micro-actions, and the interplay between the process and the context. By identifying the need to explore contextual and processual factors, the background theory informs the focal theory which proposes an extended CCP framework as a useful multilevel lens to elucidate the research problem. The framework is developed and validated through multidisciplinary literature synthesisation, the pilot stage, and the main fieldwork which applies qualitative methods based on multiple case studies from the public sector in Oman as data sources’ techniques. The originality of this study stemming from developing and validating a novel multilevel contextual framework. The emerged multifaceted CCP framework, used to explore contextual and processual factors when implementing collaborative arrangements in the public sector, is found to be an applicable, feasible, and useful analysis tool. It can help public policy-makers, public management, academics, change agents, and collaborating organisations in identifying the inhibitive, supportive prerequisites, and in general influencing contextual factors. It helps also in elucidating and minimising uncertainty about the nature and micro-actions of the processual stages.

Questions on the optimal size of government always provoke intense political debate. At the center of this is the public goods problem, where certain goods and services are “under-provided” by the market due to problems with rivalry and excludability. These goods are usually provided by the public sector and financed through taxes. Questions emerge over the optimal level of provision, as different individuals value these goods differently. This dissertation consists of two studies which address preferences for the size of government from different perspectives. The first study provides a method that can be used to estimate demand for changes in levels of public provision. Using individual level Census data on migration from 1990 and 2000, I demonstrate how preferences are revealed through migration responses. Though policy convergence precludes the estimation of optimal levels for different demographic groups, I find that balanced-budget increases in education expenditures tend to attract most demographic groups while other expenditures tend to repel most individuals. Young, college educated, relatively high-income individuals tend to be more responsive to, and therefore appear to have higher preference intensity for, fiscal changes. This is true even when controlling for their increased propensity to migrate. Evidence inconsistent with welfare migration is found, suggesting that policies intended to address the race-to-the-bottom in welfare benefits may be counterproductive. In addition, the ability of the Tiebout migration process to homogenize a jurisdiction is limited by relatively small fiscal changes among jurisdictions and similar migration responses among demographic groups. The second study empirically explores the effect of ethnic heterogeneity on government size for countries throughout the world. In the developed world, heterogeneity is found to reduce the size of budgetary government, consistent with previous studies and predictions in the literature. In the undeveloped world, however, heterogeneity is found to increase the size of non-budgetary government and may increase the overall size of government.

Despite a quarter of a century of policy aimed at improving quality, public sector organisations still attract criticism. Frequently, continuous improvement is cited as being integral to, or the prerequisite for, many quality initiatives and it has been described as the ultimate test of a world-class organisation. The main purpose of this research is to establish the current level of maturity of continuous improvement across the public sector and explore how that level has been reached in order to develop recommendations to help public sector organisations further embed continuous improvement. The secondary aims of the research are to establish any differences between the sectors (fire, police, health and local government) or geographical areas (Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales). The variation could be the result of different legislation or different sectoral cultures. The research methodology employs a mixed method approach using self-completion questionnaires and case stUdies. The survey of 1174 organisations achieved a 16% response rate representing organisations throughout the UK across all four sectors. Four case studies were compiled, one from each part of the public sector studied, using predominantly document analysis, interviews and focus groups to gather the data, with participant observation being employed in one instance. The research findings reveal disparity within sectors, rather between sectors, suggesting that differences in levels of CI maturity between organisations appear to be a function of organisational strategy rather than sectoral policy initiatives. Scrutiny has had a major impact on ensuring systems are in place, but the determination of senior managers appears to be the biggest driver in embedding continuous improvement. A range of tools, techniques, and approaches have been used within each sector, despite common legislative pressures. This research has contributed to knowledge in a number of ways both theoretical and empirical. Most previous research has looked at particular parts of the public sector, whereas this research study compares continuous improvement across four different areas of the UK public sector. Further, while there have been studies of CI in local government and NHS, the police service and particularly the fire service have been neglected. The secondary research provides a comprehensive review of the literature which can be used both to inform and as a benchmark for future research. During the research a three stage maturity model of continuous improvement was developed based on an adaptation of Bessant et ai's (2001) model. It is proposed that this model can be used as a diagnostic tool or for training. This is a key contribution to academia and public sector management, which combines theory building with practical application

This thesis investigates the public sector wage premium in the UK over the last decade using both econometric and economic modelling methods. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to summarise the four popular types of methods adopted by the existing microeconomics studies, which are weakly derived from some labour economic theories. A common problem of the economic methods is the difficulty in dealing with selection bias when valid instruments are not available. All four types of econometric methods are then applied to estimating the public sector wage premium, resulting in an overall average of 6.5% when a relatively higher female's premium. In particular, propensity score matching method provides the most robust estimate against mis-specification. As a bridge between microdata and macrodata in the labour market, the wage premium is shown to be counter-cyclical. Indirect inference is then introduced as a new method of testing and estimating a micro-founded economic model in the microdata analysis context. All four types of econometric methods are used as auxiliary models to summarise the data features, based on which the distance between the actual data and the model-simulated data is assessed. A calibrated model passes the test only when the propensity score matching method is used as the comparison criterion. To focus on the key properties of the model, the OLS coefficients are grouped into a smaller dimension, and the estimated model can also pass the test. The selection bias can be tested in a straightforward way under indirect inference, and we find no evidence for selection in the data. A Monte Carlo experiment is designed to verify the high statistical power of indirect inference test. Finally, a normative analysis is carried out and there is no evidence of unjust factors behind the observed public sector wage premium.

The main goal of this work is to create some kind of simple methodology that can help to improve effectiveness of public organizations. There're a lot of theories and methodologies focused on this topic and there is a good chance many new ones will be presented in the future. These came mainly from management field and sometimes from other fields as well. This work focuses mainly on Business Process Reengineering and combines it with other methodologies hoping, it will help in a process improvements in the public sector. Focus is on Czech Republic but this work should be useful to other countries as well, if necessary changes are made in order to shape things that are different between the countries. In this work, a whole project cycle of the public organization processes improvement project can be found, but some project phases will be explained in more detail then the other. Focus is on the analytic parts of the project (strategy creation, use of UML, BSC and other models and methodologies like that) rather than the project management parts of the project. All the practical examples are from public sector organization -- namely the administrative office of one of the city districts of Prague. After reading this work, reader should have moderate understanding of the application of a BPR methodology in the public sector and how it can be supported by other methodologies. There is also big portion of models and diagrams in this work showing pieces of reality from chosen public organization. Their meaning is to show what is usually done in this kind of project and how to understand the models. This works goal isn't creation of a guideline to UML or any other modeling principles.

Alliances are novel procurement options providing governments with the opportunity to engage in collaborative arrangements with industry and sharing risks and rewards and at the same time eliminating disputes. Most alliances incorporate unanimous decision-making protocols, a commercial arrangement where there is no recourse to the courts for dispute resolution, and a remuneration system where the contractor and principal share cost overruns and underruns. This arrangement offers substantial benefits for the procurement of high-risk projects, but there are substantial disadvantages. The first Australian public sector alliance contract appeared as recently as 1998. Within a decade, the use of alliances grew to over a 100 projects worth over $25 billion. What has sparked such overwhelming interest in this relatively new procurement option, and are these procurement options effective? This empirically based study answers these questions by first exploring what typical alliance contracts look like, where they are used, and why they are used; and second, examining the governance arrangements of these alliances including the dimensions of accountability, integrity, stewardship and transparency. Alliances attempt to incorporate a robust governance structure with emphasis on open book financial reporting and the mandatory use of probity auditors and independent auditors. Despite these efforts, there are several failings in both the performance and compliance aspects of public sector governance. In particular, this study demonstrates that most alliances, despite their popularity, fail to demonstrate value for money for the public sector, and fail to comply with other public sector governance objectives including accountability, integrity, and transparency. This study also demonstrates that alliances focus on treating the symptoms of the failings of conventional contracts, namely poor contract documentation, inappropriate risk allocation and poor estimation of project cost. Consequently, the benefits of alliances are significantly overstated by alliance protagonists. The main benefit provided by alliances is the ability to attract industry involvement. The current undersupply of construction and engineering services is driving governments to soften risk allocation in contracts to ensure competitive bids are received to requests for tender. This study demonstrates that this is one of the key, but undocumented, reasons for governments’ use of alliances. This study also examines some of the criticisms raised by legal commentators on alliances. These include the absence of price competition, the potential for the creation of fiduciary obligations, the absence of recourse to the courts should an alliance project go awry, the risks of deadlocks occurring as a result of the alliance no disputes clause and the problems created with the alliance no liability provisions and project insurance. Many of these criticisms are overstated. This study demonstrates that the issues of fiduciary obligations, deadlocks and project insurance will not create any substantial risks to the public sector when embarking upon an alliance with industry. Nevertheless, the alliance no-disputes provisions place the public sector in an inappropriate situation should an alliance participant fail to perform adequately. The alliance contract is largely a ‘faith based’ contract as the public sector places considerable emphasis on contractor representations and promises, rather than enforceable guarantees. Though current alliances fail to comply with many of the governance objectives of the public sector, many of these failures are also found in conventional fixed price contracts. Nevertheless, fixed price contracts better demonstrate value for money and promote arms-length commercial relationships between governments and industry. The incorporation of price competition into some alliance models addresses these concerns. In concluding, this study demonstrates that alliances are appropriate for delivering outcomes in the public sector in some circumstances, particularly where project risks are extreme and competition is limited. Nevertheless, there is substantial scope for improving the governance arrangements of these procurement options. Accordingly, this study recommends improvements in how governments define and measure value for money, how governments treat risk in procurement, how governments consider market forces in procurement and how governments conduct tender evaluations.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Griffith Law School
Full Text

Senior leaders in state government public sector agencies must manage employee performance to ensure quality services to the citizens they serve. Limited academic research exists to study the barriers that these leaders acknowledge as deterrents to managing employee performance. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the reasons that public sector leaders at the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) were challenged to manage employee performance and explore the role of transformational leadership. The ODOT was selected for this research because two prior worker surveys conducted by the agency revealed that employee performance accountability was an issue of concern. Following the conceptual framework of transformational and full range leadership, the research question for this study examined the barriers that these leaders cited as deterrents to managing employee performance. Twelve leaders were interviewed using a 5-item, open-ended questionnaire. Data were analyzed using inductive coding techniques and examined against the full range leadership continuum. The results of the study revealed nine barriers that leaders cited as deterrents to managing employee performance. The most frequently occurring included subordinates' self-preservation interests, market pay disparity, employee low motivation levels, and ineffective leadership training. The study concluded the role of transformational leadership was minimal, as leaders identified mostly with transactional characteristics. These findings may assist public leaders to improve performance management outcomes and possibly increase the quality of services to citizens.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning and (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES, ROTCH AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: leaves 114-116.
by Philip C. T. Ng.
M.S.
M.C.P.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze local Corporate Social Responsibility and how this relates to local political priorities in Denver, Colorado to provide insights both in the US context but also in the midst of the Swedish debate regarding the role of private provision of welfare. The research questions are threefold: 1. Are private engagements addressing welfare issues as identified by the public sector?, 2. What is the interaction between public and private sector in social engagements in Denver? and 3. What expressions of a governance network prevails in the cross-sector interactions in social provisions in this case study? The empirical material used in this case study consist of data collected by conducting semi-structured interviews from Denver-based corporations and individuals working for the City and County of Denver. Theories of governance; network governance and interactive governance have been applied in structuring and in the analysis of the empirical data. The results indicate that due to the internal incapacity as a result of the fiscal- and spending restrictions of the public sector in the provision of social services, the public sector lacks the capacity in providing social services for the constituents. This has opened up for a need of nontraditional governance solutions which includes a dependence of private-sector provision of welfare. Furthermore, there are expressions which indicate that CSR does play a role in the local provision of social services by filling the gap of provision which is left as a result of the institutional incapacity of the public sector. However, there are indicators of large variations in the connectedness of the linkages within the network, varying from close connections and comanagement between CSR and public initiatives to activities expressed as the self-governance of corporations in the provision of social services, making top-down goal sharing such as incentives crucial for the public sector to get corporations to address local priorities. Keywords: governance, interactive governance, network governance, welfare provision, cross-sector, CSR

This study investigates why some public sector entities enter the Queensland Public Sector Annual Report Awards (QARA), while others do not. Organisers of such awards aim to provide incentives for public sector entities to improve the quality of their reporting. It is assumed that entities which voluntarily enter the QARA must receive positive net benefits for the entity as a whole and/or personal benefits to the mangers (bureaucrats) responsible. Agency theory provides a theoretical basis for prior public sector research which has been largely US based. This study extends that research by applying it to a different institutional setting: the Queensland public sector. Agency relationships within the Queensland public sector are identified for: state government departments, statutory bodies, and government owned corporations; and local government councils. This allows an analysis of the incentives for monitoring and signalling within these agency relationships. Specifically, this study focuses on the use of quality annual reports to signal quality of management, and the concept that QARA entry highlights the quality of annual reports. Therefore it is possible to identify potential benefits of entering QARA and to predict which entities are more likely to enter the competition. The proposition that entities could obtain benefits from entering the QARA was initially confirmed by obtaining documentary evidence relating to entries since the award's inception in 1981, with more detailed evidence obtained for the year 1996. Supplementary evidence was obtained by interviewing representatives from each entity type. This enabled a richer understanding of the role of annual reports, and the benefits and costs of QARA entry for individual types of entities. This supplied confirmation of the agency theory developed for the Queensland public sector. It was found that there were three key agency relationships for departments; four key agency relationships for statutory bodies and government owned corporations; and five key agency relationships for councils. For most public sector entities, the annual report was primarily used as a signalling tool to actors within the public sector and to external creditors (where applicable). The study concludes that there are benefits to be obtained by entities which enter the QARA. These benefits relate to the concept that QARA entry highlights the quality of an annual report, and that quality reporting is a signal of quality of management. When this quality is recognised by others, the entity as a whole may be rewarded by increased access to resources, and the managers responsible may obtain personal benefits such as public recognition, and improved job prospects.

In 2009, the Republic of Ireland (ROI) revised its Code of Practice for the Governance of State Bodies. Despite a review of the literature revealing a considerable body of work on codes of practice, few studies were observed to systematically analyse the impact of codes and none to do so in a public sector context. Furthermore, the literature indicated that although the significance of boards was generally accepted, agreement as to the attributes that determine their effectiveness was lacking. This issue was adjudged to be compounded in the ROI context, where public sector agentification was revealed to be particularly unique. This thesis explores whether a series of variables, identified in the public sector literature as determinants of board effectiveness, are significant in the ROI Non-Commercial Semi State Bodies (NCSSB) context. The research employed a board governance questionnaire conducted amongst a purposeful sample of NCSSBs. The empirical analysis indicates mixed findings: where no relationships between board member demographics and board effectiveness are identified while, some evidence in support of associations between certain board practice and board structure variables are revealed. Relative to the Code of Practice implementation indicators, the results suggest significant relationships between board effectiveness and board size and relationship with parent department, while no association was observed with the method of board member appointment. The key findings of the descriptive analyses suggest that the sector’s board members emerge from a select coterie of Irish society and that training and orientation uptake is at odds with participants reported governance awareness levels. This study contributes to our understanding of public sector board effectiveness as it treats of board effectiveness from nuanced and context sensitive perspectives. It is anticipated that the results of this study will stimulate future research, which may focus on, in particular, the anomalies revealed by this study’s findings.

The Public Sector Scorecard (PSS) is a younger version of the balanced scorecard, created for public and nonprofit organizations. The latest model of PSS is divided into three main groups and seven perspectives, while the balanced scorecard consists of four perspectives. Organizations who use either PSS or the balanced scorecard are supposed to have a clear vision spread all over the unit. This study has sought differences between the two models of financial control in both theory and practice. The first part of the study is a theoretical comparison between the models’ structures and terms used in them. In the second part, a PSS was created for a Swedish municipality and that laid as foundation for a comparison between PSS and the balanced scorecard in practice.

The study has shown that the largest differences between PSS and the balanced scorecard lie in the process for creating the models and in the different ways the models focus in customers. Both of these two differences come out of a greater customer focus in PSS since the service users play a central role both in the model per se, but also in the process creating it. This is also what would affect a Swedish municipality using the balanced scorecard the most, if changing to PSS: the process for creating the model and the way customers would be taken into consideration.

Denna uppsats har undersökt ekonomistyrningsmodellen balanserat styrkort parallellt med en av dess efterföljare, Public Sector Scorecard (PSS). Grunderna till PSS presenterades av Moullin (2002) i en modell som påminde om ett balanserat styrkort anpassat efter offentliga organisationer. Denna modell omarbetades av upphovsmannen och 2007 var en nyare version av PSS publicerad, vilken fortfarande visade inslag av det balanserade styrkortet men till en högre grad var en egen modell. Den senaste versionen av PSS är uppdelad i tre grupper, vilka sammanlagt innehåller sju perspektiv medan det balanserade styrkortet vanligen består av fyra perspektiv. Vid tillämpning av både PSS och balanserat styrkort förväntas organisationer ha en tydlig vision som ska vara väl förankrad i hela verksamheten. Avsikten med denna studie var att finna skillnader mellan de båda styrmodellerna och ställa dem i relation till varandra i en jämförelse. Jämförelsen genomfördes både teoretiskt och genom en hypotetisk jämförelse i praktiken, där jämförelsen utgick ifrån en fallkommun som tillämpade en användning av balanserat styrkort.

En skrivbordsundersökning genomfördes av båda styrmodellerna i avsikten att dels kunna genomföra den teoretiska jämförelsen av de båda modellerna och dels för att ligga som grund för den empiriska studien av en kommun i praktiken. Kommunen som undersöktes var Nacka kommun, vilka vid tidpunkten för studien använde sig av en variant av det balanserade styrkortet. Utifrån Nackas situation och förutsättningar arbetades ett PSS för kommunen fram, vilket låg till grund för en praktisk jämförelse mellan de båda styrmodellerna.

De viktigaste resultaten som undersökningen visade var att de största skillnaderna mellan balanserat styrkort och PSS dels ligger i processen för framtagandet av modellen och dels i hur de olika modellerna ser på kunden. Båda dessa skillnader har sin grund i hur PSS i större utsträckning än det balanserade styrkortet utgår ifrån kunden, vilket visar sig både sett till modellen i sig, men även i processen för framtagandet. Dessa skillnader är grunden för hur en kommun som använder sig av balanserat styrkort skulle påverkas av att byta styrmodell till PSS. Processen vid framtagandet skulle vara mer fokuserad på kunden och dennes åsikt skulle i högre grad blandas med medarbetarnas, istället för att processen enbart formas internt. Detta blir dock mer tids- och resurskrävande då ytterligare moment läggs till för en mer utförlig process. Modellen i sig skulle bli mer kundorienterad, men organisationer behöver före en eventuell implementering av PSS göra avvägningen om de extra resurserna som sätts in i processen skulle leda till önskat resultat.

How do public organizations manage crises? How do public organizations learnfrom crises? These seemingly basic questions still pose virtual puzzles for crisismanagement researchers. Yet, the interest of the academic and practitionerrealms in crisis management has grown in recent years. In this doctoral dissertationEdward Deverell sheds light on the problems regarding the lack ofknowledge on how public organizations manage and learn from crises, with anumber of critical knowledge gaps in contemporary crisis management as thestarting point.   In the last few decades the interest in crisis management as a scholarly fieldhas grown. This developing field is composed of an increasing number of looselyconnected social science scholars concerned with issues of extraordinary events,their repercussions and the way in which they are managed by authorities,organizations, policy makers and other key actors. However, there are severallacunae to be dealt with in the emerging field of crisis management research.This dissertation sets the spotlight on four of these limitations of the crisis managementliterature to date.   First, influential scholars within the field call for increased structuration andfeasible models to help us understand and explain various important factorsinfluencing the crisis management process. In this dissertation I try to bridgethis gap by developing theory on crisis response and learning. Crisis responsesignifies organized activities undertaken by a stakeholder when a community ofpeople – an organization, a town, or a nation – perceives an urgent threat to corevalues which must be dealt with under conditions of uncertainty. Crisis-inducedlearning refers to purposeful efforts, triggered by a crisis event and carried out bymembers of an organization working within a community of inquiry, that leadto new understanding and behavior on the basis of that understanding.   Second, organizations play a key role in crisis management. Surprisinglyenough, however, crisis management research have only occasionally built theoryon how organizations respond to crisis. So far, the literature tells us moreabout crises as events than on how these events are actually managed. One reasonis the focus within crisis management research on highly unusual, big catastrophicevents and industrial accidents. Therefore, this dissertation explorescrisis episodes that affect specific organizations rather than entire communitiesor national governments. In addition, the dissertation brings together debateson crisis management and crisis-induced learning from a public managementand organizational perspective.   Third, crisis management researchers have to date dealt mostly with acutecrisis response and issues of preparedness, while the issues of crisis aftermathsand crisis-induced learning are still relatively unknown. However, althoughthis study recognizes the importance of crisis planning and sense-making, thisshould not lead to a relative neglect of the issue of learning from crisis. Crisisinducedlearning is important as crises are rare events with huge repercussions.Thus crises are opportunities to draw lessons in order to improve future managementand crisis response, and to mitigate the risk of future crises.   Fourth, the relatively few studies that have dealt with crisis-induced learninghave focused on learning after the crisis (intercrisis learning), while theoryon learning during crisis (intracrisis learning) is not as developed. My interestin both inter- and intracrisis learning obligates me to study crisis response andcrisis learning in conjunction. This means studying how organizations respondto crises and how they learn during and from these episodes. By focusing onprocesses of crisis response and learning under pressure – rather than pre-crisisplanning, threat perception, risk management and preparedness – the dissertationlooks into how organizations and their members manage the challenge ofcrises and how they take on, make use of and implement lessons learned fromone crisis to the next.   The lacunae outlined above are theoretical points of departure for this dissertation’sinterest in the extent to which public organizations learn from crises.Accordingly, the overall objective of the dissertation is to increase understandingof crisis response and crisis learning in public organizations. In doing so, Iconduct an abductive study of how public organizations respond to crises andhow they learn during and after these events. The term ‘abductive’ refers toa research strategy which is characterized by continuous movement back andforth between theory and empirical data.   The first step of the research process was grounded in the empirical world.The empirical contribution is a careful process tracing and case reconstructionof six cases involving Swedish public sector organizations. In the methodologychapter (Chapter 3) I describe the basis of the empirically bounded case study approach and case reconstruction and process tracing method. Six case studiesof organizational crisis management and learning were selected for furtheranalysis. The case studies were based on a variety of sources including posthoc accident investigations, articles, organizational documents and 129 extensivesemi-structured interviews with key crisis managers. The process tracingand reconstruction efforts led to case narratives, which were then dissected byidentifying dilemmas and critical decision-making occasions that were studiedin more detail. The following cases are explored in the dissertation: TheSwedish energy utility Birka Energi’s management of two cable fires that causedlarge-scale blackouts in Stockholm in March 2001 and May 2002; The cityof Stockholm’s management of the 2001 blackout and the repeated incidentin 2002; The Swedish Defence Research Agency’s (FOI) management of hoaxanthrax letters in 2001; and three Swedish media organizations’ (the Swedishpublic service radio Sveriges Radio, the Swedish private TV station with publicservice tasks TV4, and the Swedish public service TV station Sveriges Television)management of news work and broadcasting challenges on 11 September 2001(and to some extent following the murder of the Swedish Foreign MinisterAnna Lindh in September 2003).   As the case selection reveals, all organizations under study are not puregovernment organizations. Rather three organizations (Birka Energi, SverigesRadio and Sveriges Television) are publically owned corporations, while one(TV4) is a privately owned media organization. Accordingly, this dissertationclaims that ownership is not the only measure of ‘publicness’. Media organizations,for instance, are of great importance for democratic societies. The term‘public organization’ is thus in this dissertation not used in the sense of equatingto government, but rather in reference to the degree of which political authorityand influence impacts on the organization.   The theory generating approach that this dissertation takes on impliesthat the case studies are ‘heuristic’ case studies. The dissertation aims to promotenew hypotheses for further research rather than to produce generalizedknowledge. To this end the case studies are further analyzed by specific theoreticalapproaches suggested by prior research. This second step of the researchprocess is dealt with in some detail in the literature review. The literature reviewin Chapter 2 aims to bring an injection of organizational studies into the fieldof crisis management research. The review presents relevant studies from thefields of crisis management studies, organization studies (with special attentiongiven to organizational learning theory) and public administration and management.The review puts forth a twofold argument: There is a need of increasedknowledge not only about crises and how they develop, but also about how theyare actually managed by public organizations. However, prior crisis managementresearch with bearing on public management organizations are mostly based on either political executive foreign policy decision making or on veryspecific high reliability organizations operating in the pre-crisis phase. Hence,organization studies and public management studies should play a greater partin crisis management research.   The review also provides an overview frame for the study by highlightingrelevant research. The chapter discusses the problems of defining, categorizingand operationalizing key concepts such as crisis, crisis management and organizationallearning.   In the third step of the research process, the case studies are further analyzedusing theoretical approaches aimed at proposing propositions on how publicsector organizations may respond to crises, and how they may learn from theircrisis experiences. These analyses have been carried out with an aim to producestand-alone articles aimed for publication in international scholarly journals.Thus this dissertation differs somewhat from the typical public administrationdissertation as it is comprised of an analysis of several articles, as opposed to amonograph. The journal articles are published or accepted for publication inthe Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, the Journal of HomelandSecurity and Emergency Management, Public Management Review, and RiskManagement. The articles are reprinted in four empirical chapters (Chapters4-7), which make up the core of the dissertation. Introductory and concludingchapters aimed at bringing the discussion together have then been added.I present the first empirical analysis in Chapter 4. It looks into how organizationalculture affects strategy and adaptability in crisis management. The keyresearch question is: What mechanisms affect organizations’ ability to restructurein order to cope with acute crisis management challenges? In the study I propose atypology of temporal organizational responses to crises in public perception. Thetypology is based on organizations’ abilities to change strategy and adapt theirmanagerial and operational levels to deal with crises. The empirical data used toconstruct the typology covers three organizational crisis responses: 1) The utilityBirka Energi’s response to a cable fire that caused a thirty-seven hour blackoutin Stockholm in 2001; 2) The TV station TV4’s response in terms of how toreorganize and broadcast during the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks; 3)FOI, the Swedish National Defence Research Agency’s response to the anthraxletter scare of 2001 and 2002. The different organizational outcomes featuredby the typology reveal distinct aspects of organizational crisis management.According to the typology, the Fully Adapting Organization (TV4) managesto adapt both its strategy and its managerial and operational levels to deal withthe crisis. The Semi-Adapting Organization (FOI) changes its strategy but lacksthe capacity to change managerial and operational levels according to the newstrategy. The Non-Adapting Organization (Birka Energi) does not grasp theimportance of strategy change in the first place. Based on three inductive case studies, the study concludes that organizational culture plays an important rolein this process where the Semi-Adapting Organization and the Non-AdaptingOrganization were dominated by strong expert cultures which proved to be lessinclined to change. In contrast, the Fully Adapting organization had deliberatelyfostered an organizational culture in which flexibility – understood as thecapacity to readily adapt to changing demands – was a cornerstone.   The second empirical analysis is presented in Chapter 5. It deals with theissue of flexibility and rigidity in crisis response and crisis learning at two Swedishpublic organizations. The point of departure for the study is that the relationshipbetween crises, organizational crisis management response and learning hasto date been understudied. In an effort to broaden theoretical knowledge on therelation between crisis and learning, the study analyzes the crisis responses oftwo public organizations during a sequence of two failures. The empirical datais grounded in thorough process tracing and case reconstruction analyses ofhow the utility Birka Energi and the city of Stockholm managed two comprehensiveblackouts in March 2001 and in May 2002. The key research questionis: How does organizational rigidity and flexibility affect public organizations’ crisisresponse and crisis learning? A framework of rigidity versus flexibility in responseis utilized in the analysis. The findings are then discussed in relation to theirimplications for the nexus between crisis and learning. The study concludes byraising four propositions for further research.   The third empirical analysis is presented in Chapter 6. This study aims tocontribute to the debate on organizational learning from crisis by sheddinglight on the phenomenon of crises as learning triggers. In the study I pose thefollowing key research question: How can we analyze organizational learningduring and after crisis and what criteria should be part of the analysis? In an effortto unveil patterns of how organizational crisis-induced learning may appearand develop, I suggest a conceptual framework based on conceptual categoriesand answers to four fundamental questions: what lessons are learned (single- ordouble-loop)?; what is the focus of the lessons (prevention or response)?; whenare lessons learned (intra- or intercrisis)?; is learning carried out or blocked fromimplementation (distilled or implemented)? In the analysis section I explorethe practical applicability of the framework by using the same empirical casestudies as in Chapter 5. The final section suggests four propositions for furtherresearch.   The last empirical study is presented in Chapter 7. There I construct aframework of management, learning and implementation in response to crisis.My point of departure is a proposition from previous crisis managementresearch which posits that previous experience can shape crisis response as away of repeating former routines or as a precondition for improvisation. Thekey research question is: How do organizational management structures affect crisis response, learning and implementation? In the study I argue that flexibilityis closely connected to the way organizations learn – in behavioral or cognitivemodes. Moreover, these learning modes are connected to the role of managerialgroups, where I differentiate between centralized and decentralized top managerialgroups. In addition, two case studies of how two bureaucratic media organizations(Sveriges Radio and SVT) managed and learned from extraordinarynews events – most notably 9/11 and the assassination of the Swedish ForeignMinister Anna Lindh – are conducted. The findings show how the decentralizedmanagerial group learned in a behavioral fashion, by creating new formalpolicies and structures, while organizational members in the centralized managerialgroup relied on individual cognitive structures as a way of ‘storing’ lessonslearned. The study ends by discussing the findings from a crisis managementperspective, where I propose that the two modes of learning profoundly affectthe crucial issue of flexibility in organizational crisis response.The concluding Chapter 8 discusses and contrasts the findings and propositionsgenerated from the four separate empirical analyses. Here the role oforganizational structure and culture are highlighted by revisiting specific organizationalfactors that seem to impact on organizational crisis management andlearning processes, such as previous experience, flexibility and rigidity in crisisresponse and learning, and centralization and decentralization. These factorswere also outlined in the literature review. Further empirical evidence of howthe factors affect crisis response and crisis learning in organizations was foundin the four empirical analyses.   In addition, findings from the empirical studies also related to different types of learning processes such as intra- and intercrisis learning and singleand double-loop learning. Consequently these concepts are also deliberated upon in the concluding sections of the dissertation. As a final attempt to bring the propositions and arguments together, a framework of the crisis management and learning process is proposed. In regard to this venture, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the framework, and of the dissertation as a whole. As it is only based on data from six cases of Swedish public organizational responses to crisis, the framework is merely a visual schematic of a number of propositions to be further tested and validated by further research. However, the framework also has a few virtues. It is an attempt to approach the ambiguous nature of crises and crisis management processes. The framework may also assist in providing more sensible and practical conceptualizations, and thus bring us closer to definitions that remain close to everyday operations of practitioners involved in crisis management. This dissertation thus makes an effort to bridge the gap between crisis management scholars and practitioners. This is also an overall goal guiding research activities at the National Center for Crisis Management Studies (CRISMART) at the Swedish National Defence College, where the research behind this dissertation has been conducted.

In many public sector organisations, the use of Information Technology (IT) has become important for sustaining and extending public service delivery. This has caused there to be a critical dependency on IT, which calls for a specific focus on effective IT governance. Accordingly, the success factors for effective IT governance must be determined and adhered to if an organisation wishes to increase the contribution of IT towards achieving its objectives. Much research has been carried out on IT governance effectiveness and the necessary success factors, but not with a focus on organisations from a developing country such as Tanzania. The context in these organisations is characterised by IT resources, knowledge and culture constraints as well as by an increasing level of IT investment and applications. In this research, we analyse how IT governance practices are implemented in Tanzanian public sector organisations (TaPSOs) and benchmark their levels of maturity. Furthermore, we analyse and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) that contribute to effective IT governance in TaPSOs. Subsequently, we analyse the effects of these CSFs on IT governance performance and develop and evaluate a CSFs framework for implementing effective IT governance in TaPSOs. We find weak IT governance practices, especially in terms of processes. This was also pointed out by the lower level of IT governance maturity in TaPSOs in contrast to public sector organisations in developed countries. Furthermore, we find that the identified CSFs have a significant effect on IT governance performance in TaPSOs. In addition, the designed CSFs framework is found to be important for providing guidelines to be used by IT and business management personnel for implementing effective IT governance. This CSFs framework for implementing effective IT governance in TaPSOs consists of the IT governance focus areas, CSFs, activities, roles, IT resources and environment in which it should be implemented. In contrast to existing frameworks from the research literature, the designed CSFs framework offers a holistic view by focusing on the five IT governance focus areas.

Discipline is crucial in the provision of quality public service work. This is because most citizens are serviced through the public service work. Adhering to rules and orders, exercise of self control and the ability to put needs of others over one’s own needs are fundamental aspects of discipline. Every workplace has its own pieces of legislation that are used as a guide on expected conduct as well as a tool to deal with failure to adhere to the outlined pieces of legislation governing the conduct in the workplace. There are institutions in place that deal with the crafting of the pieces of legislation which clearly outline the manner in which both the employer and employee should conduct themselves as well as rights of both parties as they interact in the employment relationship. The existing pieces of legislation as well as their implementation and relevance in this era needs to be closely scrutinised and critique with proposals within the prescripts of legislation is necessary as some pieces of legislation seem to be conclusive, thereby undermining procedures followed when dealing with cases of misconduct. In any disciplinary process, the sanction should be in line with the process as it has unfolded and not be influenced by how a piece of legislation is crafted. The Public Service Act, Employment of Educators’ Act and the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 are key statutes in dealing with discipline in public education. Sanctions for misconduct are dependent on the gravity of the misconduct. In order to discipline educators, sections 17 and 18 of the Employment of Educators Act are used as guides on processes and procedures to be followed.

The overall research theme of this thesis is to analyse, from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective, how Operational Research modelling can be used in support of public sector performance measurement. The thesis includes four papers written by Van der Meer together with a variety of co-authors. Three of these papers discuss the application of a variety of OR models - in particular, Logistic Regression Analysis, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis and Bayesian Belief Networks - relating to the performance of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency in coordinating Search And Rescue services around the UK coast. The fourth paper discusses the application of Discrete Event Simulation to support performance measurement in a Musculo-Skeletal Unit operating across two Glasgow hospitals that are both part of NHS Scotland. The thesis investigates five research questions, all of which can be directly traced back to the overall research theme. The evidence base for the investigation consists of the papers referred to above, in conjunction with a wide range of sources from the academic and professional literature. The conclusions may be briefly summarised as follows. First, there are five specific problems and challenges for performance measurement in public service organisations. Second, there are at least two categories of OR modelling approaches that can play an important role in support of public sector performance measurement; namely, models for measuring performance differentials and models for understanding the cause-and-effect relationships driving such performance differentials. Third, while there are advantages to a multimethodology approach to OR modelling, there are also a number of barriers (including paradigm incommensurability). Fourth, the adoption of Critical Realism as a philosophical basis for combining different OR models can resolve problems of paradigm incommensurability. Fifth, OR models that are founded on a realist ontology should be validated according to two specific groups of criteria.

Investment appraisal techniques (TAT) range from quantitative (financially based) techniques to qualitative (non-financially based) techniques, and represent tools that may be applied during IT/IS evaluation to assess the impact (value, worth or usefulness) of information systems on the organisation. The normative literature review demonstrates that decision makers need to better evaluate their systems as the role of IT/IS systems in organisations and global expenditure on IT/IS continue to rise. In the service oriented public sector, the normative literature indicates that whilst decision makers may continue to depend on financially based TAT to evaluate IT/IS project that cut cost, they may be doing the populace a disservice by not focussing on non-financial benefits of IT/IS (such as improved customer service). This dissertation investigates the application of TAT in the public sector. To do so, a conceptual model is developed to represent the effect of barriers to the application of IAT. The conceptual model is underpinned by three proposition, which indicate that the organisational investment process, time available for evaluation, and fund accessibility can impede the application of TAT. To test the propositions, a suitable research strategy is selected and developed that essentially adopts a multi-case study for the purpose of testing the proposition, and trialling the applicability of the conceptual model in the public sector. In doing so, the multi-case study investigation is used to produce a frame of references that may be employed by decision makers to recognise barriers to the application of TAT. The frame of reference represents the dissertation's contribution to the body of knowledge. The empirical evidence demonstrated that barriers, as suggested by the propositions, do surface in all case studies, thus confirming them as permanent elements in the frame of reference. The empirical evidence also demonstrated that the application of traditional IT/IS life-cycle models was not possible where inherited IT/IS systems were considered, as inherited systems did not have a definitive start/stop point.

?This collection of papers and cases seeks to provide a focussed picture of a programme of research into an area of management activity which had previously been ignored by academia -public sector entrepreneurship. Hence, they not only add significantly to the entrepreneurship literature, but also open up an area of research not hitherto explored. Entrepreneurship itself has been debated from the stand points of economics, psychology, sociology and behaviourial science since its definition by Richard Cantillon in 1734. The entrepreneurship literature base is broad, but centred firmly around the small business, with only occasional forays into the not-for-profit sector and then only where the activity, in all senses but that of creating a shareholder profit, emulates that of the small business. The collection is divided into five main areas: first, a critical appraisal of the collection providing the strategy and methodology of research; next, two papers relating particularly to the initial surveys undertaken in the school and health sectors, These papers are particularly important because, through unadulterated survey, they provide the first indication that the sectors themselves recognise the existence of entrepreneurs within their midst. The next grouping develops the information gained from the surveys and adds to it much richer research case material. Possible externalities in the form of community entrepreneurship are also explored. The next section contains examples of published case studies in each of the public sector areas within the research strategy area. The study culminates in a paper advancing the first published definition of the Public Sector Entrepreneur. The final section includes a paper and conclusion providing an indication of the ongoing research direction and a move towards a more deductive perspective. The collection also provides a description of the changes which have occurred in the public sector relevant to the arguments and analysis within each paper. Similarly, each paper provides a synopsis of the relevant literature to enable the analysis and discussion of the research activity reported.

The research presented in this thesis responds to a call towards the expansion of current perceptions of risk in complex organisational settings. Observing the literature, it becomes apparent that risk in projects is frequently treated as independent, thereby disregarding the interrelatedness or 'systemicity' of these risks, and/or any other causal dynamics. The systemicity of risk is therefore of fundamental importance to this research, particularly in terms of its definition which is sparsely covered within the literature, making it a suitable first research question. In addition to this, where a project represents an undertaking that has commissioned for by a permanent organisation, and is to be delivered by a temporary organisation, the verdict as to whether or not the commissioned project is deemed as being successful is heavily dependent upon the project's ability to protect against unwanted risk. At the forefront of the commissioned project is the contractual relationship that has been established between the buyer and seller, which sets out the obligations of the contracting parties. Since the contract governs the legality and functionality of the project, it must therefore be designed to balance and mitigate risk effectively. To improve knowledge and awareness of the risk dynamics encased within a project's legal documentation, multiple methods of analysis have been incorporated within the research design in order to extract meaningful data from a sample of MOD case studies, each of which comprise of a set of framework contracts, project documentation and interviews. In doing so, the thesis identifies the extent to which public sector organisations like the MOD account for systemic risk in their contracting procedures and reveals the shortcomings in the design and implementation of these fundamental legal agreements. Whilst the core methods introduced within this thesis represent well-established and justifiable qualitative methods (such as hermeneutics), the research provides a novel methods contribution through the development of a visual mapping tool. Throughout the research process, the visual tool has demonstrated its capacity to equip the contract writer with greater insight into the dynamic characteristics of risk that are inherent within a contract. Triangulating the data that was extracted using multiple methods, a set of key findings were deduced which reveals the current flaws that originate in the front-end phase of the project, the structural design choices made when constructing (or implementing) the formal contract and the unrealistic relational expectations that underpin the contractual agreement. As a result, it is believed that the research has contributed new knowledge to both the academic and practitioner realms, yet recognises that there is scope for further research to be undertaken. It is envisaged that such future research would benefit from further piloting, expanding the application of the research methodology towards other complex organisations within the public sector, whilst testing the robustness of the newly developed risk mapping tool.

Thesis (PhD (School of Public Management and Planning ))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Using an investigative approach the study starts by outlining the governance quandary that exists within the public sector, with observations made over the past decade by scholars and active role players in the governance arena both in the private sector and in the public sector. It continues to show a growing need for good governance in the public sector, especially in the developing economies of emerging democracies. It uses South Africa as an example in this regard, although the discussion can just as well be applied to other countries finding themselves in a similar situation. It places the governance debate in perspective and provides the background for the development of the Public Sector Integrated Financial Governance Framework (IFGF). A brief look is taken at the reasons for the growing focus on governance in general, governance in the private and public sector, the need for governance, the basic dynamics of governance, stakeholder relationships, the regulatory framework and the role of the judiciary. It then places this understanding of governance – from a financial perspective – within the South African context. Using the South African context the study discusses the need for an IFGF, the basic requirements for such an IFGF and then as a response proceeds to discuss the role of values and principles, functional application areas and governance-related activities in an IFGF. It develops a financial governance universe, which provides an overview of the various subsections within these aspects. From this basis the study proceeds to develop the IFGF by identifying specific principles and values applicable to South Africa, followed by a description of functional application areas consisting of leadership, management and control practices required as a minimum to ensure healthy public sector financial governance. It continues to develop governance-related activities based on existing frameworks recognised by public sector agencies globally and in some instance, designed for the private sector. The study proceeds to develop these areas to enable employees in the public sector to discharge their duties in a manner that can form the cornerstone in governance excellence. Having used a deductive approach during the first few chapters to develop the IFGF, the study then proceed using an inductive process to construct the conditions and the related activities required by the IFGF. It develops detailed information on specific activities that must be in place for the IFGF to be functional. These activities provide the “how” and are grouped together based on a recognised framework. Governance effectiveness depends on a situation where all areas are considered. Lastly the study focuses on the conclusions regarding the IFGF outcomes and therefore discusses the implementation of the IFGF and the impact on the accounting system, measuring governance and keeping the IFGF updated with developments internally and externally. The study shows the growing importance for developing countries and emerging economies to demonstrate healthy governance processes and practices. However, no consensus yet exists on the approach or methodology, particularly with regard to building national ownership of and political commitment to governance (Landell-Mills, 2003:369). Fortunately similar initiatives have been forthcoming from a number of countries and, although they are each focussed differently, they provide a base for developing a public sector IFGF for South Africa in particular, but can also be used as a guideline for other emerging democracies. Developing the governance universe facilitates the process of keeping track of a multitude of possibilities that are relevant in day-to-day management. The study determined the applicable criteria that an IFGF must satisfy to attract attention when funding is required from the donor community and to provide assurance to stakeholders with limited skills and knowledge that objectives are achieved effectively and efficiently in an ethical environment. The benefit of this framework is that it has passed the first scrutiny in South Africa namely that of the Provincial Treasury of the Provincial Government Western Cape (PGWC) public sector audit committees in the public sector (PGWC) and is currently being subjected to a four-year implementation process, starting with an awareness phase in all Departments of the PGWC. During this process the senior management of all the departments are being exposed to the principles contained in the IFGF and their practical observations and suggestions will be applied towards formulating an updated version of the Governance Framework of PGWC (Draft version 2.20e). This is significant, because it represents a healthy interaction between academic research and practical application, a process that is more often than not balanced, but appears to be in favour of either the one or the other.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 1998.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the assumption is made that the delivery of a professional internal audit service has a direct bearing on the improvement of effectiveness of services delivered. Internal auditing in the public sector, compared to the private sector, is still at an early stage of development. A change in emphasis brought about by the new Constitution has led to a demand for stronger accountability and transparency. The internal audit profession has an important role to play by assisting management in the effective, efficient and economic reaching of goals and objectives. To fulfil this role successfully it is necessary for the internal auditor to possess specific skills and knowledge to perform audit tasks unique to the public sector. The hypothesis as formulated emphasises the relationship between professional internal auditing and organisational effectiveness. Through the content of this study project it is endeavoured to prove this point. An investigation into the field of internal auditing was undertaken by means of a study of the available literature, including the Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. Opinions and information were obtained from management and other persons involved with auditing by means of a questionnaire. The opinions and information were. integrated to obtain a comprehensive picture. A study of the literature revealed that internal auditing is supported by four pillars, namely: - Achieving objectives - Safeguarding and using of assets - Economic, effective and efficient execution of functions - Compliance with policy, prescripts and regulations. The literature also describes a definite process followed during an audit. During the audit process risk factors must be taken into account. Technical aspects relating to internal auditing is covered in the literature, but references to examples in the public sector are lacking. This deficiency was identified during the field study by means of a questionnaire. Respondents indicated in questionnaires that effectiveness of management, financial information and compliance with controls must be subjected to internal auditing. Management views the internal audit as a source of information on the activities of every department. The recommendations for professional internal auditing in the public sector are aimed at promoting accountability and transparency in the organisation. To ensure effective internal auditing it is necessary for the internal auditor to take note of the environment in which the organisation's activities play a role. A study of public administration as a management science is therefore important for the internal auditor to obtain insight into a holistic approach regarding the activities of public sector organisations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word as uitgangspunt die aanname gemaak dat daar 'n verband bestaan tussen die lewering van 'n professionele diens deur die interne ouditeur en die effektiwiteit van dienste wat aan interne ouditering onderwerp word. Interne ouditering in die openbare sektor in vergelyking met die privaatsektor, is nog in 'n begin stadium van ontwikkeling. 'n Klemverskuiwing wat teweeggebring is deur die nuwe Grondwet het daartoe gelei dat groter rekenpligtigheid en deursigtigheid vereis word. Die interne oudit beroep het 'n belangrike rol te speel deur bestuur by te staan in die effektiewe, doelmatige en ekonomiese bereiking van doelwitte. am hierdie rol suksesvol te vervul is dit nodig dat die interne ouditeur oor bepaalde vaardighede en kennis sal beskik om oudittake uniek aan die openbare sektor professioneel uit te voer. Die hipotese soos geformuleer beklemtoon die verband tussen professionele interne ouditering en organisatoriese effektiwiteit. Met die inhoud van die werkstuk word daar gepoog om die punt te bewys. 'n Ondersoek na die gebied van interne ouditering is onderneem deur 'n studie te maak van beskikbare Iiteratuur, insluitend die Standaarde vir Professionele Praktykvoering van Interne Ouditering. Deur middel van 'n vraelys is menings en inligting van bestuur en persone betrokke by ouditering verkry. Die menings en inligting is saamgevoeg om 'n geheelbeeld te verkry. 'n Studie van die Iiteratuur toon dat interne oudit deur vier pilare ondersteun word naamlik: - Bereiking van doelwitte - Beveiliging en aanwending van bates - Ekonomiese, effektiewe en doelgerigte uitvoering van funksies - Nakoming van beleid, voorskrifte en regulasies. Die Iiteratuur beskryf 'n bepaalde proses wat gevolg word tydens ouditering. Gedurende die ouditproses moet risikofaktore in ag geneem word. Tegniese aspekte verbonde aan interne ouditering word gedek, maar verwysings na voorbeelde uit die openbare sektor ontbreek grootliks in die Iiteratuur, vandaar die noodsaaklikehid vir 'n veld studie wat deur middel van 'n vraelys gedoen is. Respondente het in die vraelyste aangedui dat effektiwiteit van bestuur, finansiele inligting en die nakoming van kontroles aan interne ouditering onderwerp moet word. Bestuur beskou die interne ouditeur as 'n bron van inligting oor die aktiwiteite van elke departement. Die aanbevelings vir professionele interne ouditering in die open bare sektor is daarop gemik om rekenpligtigheid en deursigtigheid van 'n organisasie te bevorder. Om effektiewe interne ouditering te verseker is dit noodsaaklik dat die interne ouditeur ook kennis dra van die omgewing waarin die organisasie se aktiwiteite 'n rol speel. 'n Studie van Publieke Administrasie as 'n bestuurswetenskap sal dus vir die interne ouditeur van belang wees om insig te verkry in 'n holistiese benadering tot aktiwiteite van openbare sektor-organisasies.

Libya is a developing Arab State with a small population and a large geographic area. After the Alfatah revolution in 1969, the Libyan economy changed. Most activities such as agriculture, industry, investment, and other associated services were developed. Accordingly, the number of users of financial information in Libya rose steadily and has continued to grow ever since due to economic growth and flourishing business. This situation has led to an increased need for more reliable information to enable the country's authorities to exercise full accountability concerning the efficient and effective use of the available scarce resources on the part of those entrusted with administering public programmes and activities. In a response to this need, PA was required to be conducted by auditors in 1989. Consequently, PA examinations are carried out by two separate institutions, namely the Institute of Financial Auditing (IFA) and the Institute of Investigation and Public Control (IIPC). Accordingly, a comprehensive description of the nature of PA as practised by the Libyan auditors, assessing the degree to which these practices have been effectively operated and suggesting improvements in these practices, was felt necessary. A mixed-methodological design was utilized in this study. Close-ended questionnaires and semistructured interviews are the data collection techniques. The questionnaires were sent to a sample of performance auditors and public sector managers. The interviews were also conducted with a sample of performance auditors and public sector managers. The findings of this study revealed that the Libyan experience in the field of PA shares, in various instances, a common base with what has been identified in the literature or reported in the practices of other state audit institutions. The research findings, furthermore, showed that PA in the Libyan public sector is "rarely effective" or "ineffective" due to many obstacles that the current system of PA is facing, such as "ambiguity of organizations' objectives", "lack of performance measures", "lack of a sound internal control system", and "shortage of qualified performance auditors and specialized staff from different disciplines to carry out PA investigations". In addition, the findings showed that the PA system in Libya can be improved through the adoption of certain procedures, of which the most important are improving performance auditors' skills and attention being paid to PA by the legislative and administrative officials at higher levels in Libya. Lastly, in the light of these findings recommendations were proposed to overcome the reported deficiencies and to improve PA practices in the Libyan public sector.

Cost-benefit analysis is an economic analysis tool that can be used to support public decision making, when there are several mutually exclusive alternatives being considered. It compares the monetary value of the benefits resulting from a specific project or policy with the costs accrued by it. However, it would appear that it is currently used mainly for investment projects, and not for analyzing public services. This thesis is a literature study on the use of cost-benefit analysis in the public sector, with a focus on public service provision. The main objective of this study is to either verify or falsify the research gap regarding the initial assumption that there seems to be no existing research on how common the use of cost-benefit analysis is in public service provision. Other objectives include finding out how cost-benefit analysis can be used in evaluating the socio-economic impact of public decision making, and what kind of examples can be found on its applications in the public sector. The thesis presents the theoretical framework of cost-benefit analysis, including the basic steps in the typical cost-benefit analysis process, as well as its historical background and criticism regarding it. The alternative methods of cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-minimization analysis are discussed briefly as well. Some of the leading institutions regarding the research and development of cost-benefit analysis methods are also presented. The Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis is one such institution. It publishes the Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, which is the only journal devoted exclusively to cost-benefit analysis. In addition, the European Commission’s Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis applies the international best practice on the use of cost-benefit analysis in investment-type projects. Some comments in various publications state that cost-benefit analysis is indeed underused and often even misused in public decision making, and that society would benefit if it was used to a greater extent. The literature study concludes with the analysis of two case studies. In the first study, a cost-benefit analysis was performed on the services of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, and it was found to produce approximately five times as much benefits to the society compared to its costs. The second study examined the use of cost-benefit analysis in Finnish place-making policies, and discovered that it was applied incorrectly by public officials in this case. The research gap is verified, as there does not seem to be any comprehensive research on how common the use of cost-benefit analysis is in public service provision as a whole. However, some publications do hint that it is underused in public decision making. Thus, there is a need for further research on its use in public service provision
Kustannus-hyötyanalyysi on taloustieteellinen työkalu, jota voidaan käyttää tukemaan julkista päätöksentekoa, kun arvioitavana on useita toisensa poissulkevia vaihtoehtoja. Siinä vertaillaan jonkin projektin tai politiikan seurauksena syntyviä rahassa mitattuja hyötyjä sen aiheuttamiin kustannuksiin nähden. Tällä hetkellä sitä tosin ilmeisesti käytetään lähinnä vain investointiprojekteihin, eikä julkisten palveluiden analysointiin. Tämä kandidaatintyö on kirjallisuuskatsaus kustannus-hyötyanalyysin käytöstä julkisella sektorilla, keskittyen julkisiin palveluihin. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena on osoittaa joko todeksi tai vääräksi tutkimusaukko koskien sitä alkuolettamusta, että kustannus-hyötyanalyysin käytön yleisyydestä julkisen sektorin palvelutuotannossa ei vaikuta olevan olemassaolevaa tutkimusta. Muihin tavoitteisiin kuuluu selvittää, että miten kustannus-hyötyanalyysiä voidaan käyttää julkisen päätöksenteon sosioekonomisen vaikuttavaan arviointiin, ja että minkälaisia esimerkkejä sen käytöstä löytyy julkiseen sektoriin liittyen. Kandidaatintyössä esitetään kustannus-hyötyanalyysin teoreettinen viitekehys, sisältäen tyypillisen kustannus-hyötyanalyysiprosessin vaiheet, sekä sen historiallista taustaa ja kritiikkiä. Kustannus-hyötyanalyysin vaihtoehtoisista menetelmistä esitellään lyhyesti kustannus-vaikuttavuusanalyysi, kustannus-utiliteettianalyysi ja kustannusten minimointianalyysi. Työssä käsitellään myös joitakin johtavia instituutioita kustannus-hyötyanalyysin menetelmien tutkimukseen ja kehitykseen liittyen. Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis -järjestö on yksi tällainen instituutio. Se julkaisee Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis -nimistä lehteä, joka on ainoa täysin kustannus-hyötyanalyysille omistettu lehti. Tämän lisäksi Euroopan komissio on julkaissut kustannus-hyötyanalyysiä koskevan oppaan, joka hyödyntää parhaita kansainvälisiä käytäntöjä kustannus-hyötyanalyysin soveltamisesta investointityyppisissä projekteissa. Erinäisissä julkaisuissa esitettyjen kommenttien mukaan kustannus-hyötyanalyysiä käytetään liian vähän julkisessa päätöksenteossa, ja joskus sitä on sovellettu siinä myös väärin. Näiden kommenttien mukaan yhteiskunta hyötyisi, jos sitä käytettäisiin laajemmin. Kirjallisuuskatsaus päätetään kahden case-tutkimuksen analyysillä. Ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa oli suoritettu kustannus-hyötyanalyysi Ilmatieteen laitoksen palveluihin liittyen, ja niiden oli todettu tuovan yhteiskunnalle noin viisinkertaisen hyödyn niiden kustannuksiin nähden. Toinen tutkimus oli käsitellyt kustannus-hyötyanalyysin käyttöä Suomen alueellistamispolitiikassa, ja siinä oli selvinnyt, että virkamiehet olivat soveltaneet kustannus-hyötyanalyysiä väärin tässä tapauksessa. Tutkimusaukko on vahvistettu, sillä kustannus-hyötyanalyysin käytön yleisyydestä julkisessa palvelutuotannossa ei vaikuta olevan mitään kattavaa tutkimusta. Jotkin julkaisut kuitenkin vihjaavat, että se olisi alikäytetty julkisessa päätöksenteossa. Näin ollen on vielä tarvetta lisätutkimukselle sen käytöstä julkisessa palvelutuotannossa

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.
In an environment of scarce resources and rising federal deficits the people not only expect, but demand greater accountability for the spending of public funds. This demand has created a trend in the public sector, not only in the United States, but worldwide as well, towards the importation of private sector business practices to improve accountability-oriented analysis. One example is increased emphasis on return on investment (ROI) analysis in public sector organizations. Development and application of ROI analysis is challenging in the public sector since most government organizations do not generate profit necessary for calculation of ROI in the manner in which it is done in the private sector. This thesis develops the methodology necessary for use of ROI analysis in the public sector. ROI methodology is applied for test evaluation with the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) in San Diego. The test demonstrates that ROI can be applied successfully to assess the relative efficiency of value-added work and to improve the process of choosing between investment alternatives. Properly designed ROI analysis reveals how and for what goods and services money is spent and provides a means for comparing the value derived from investment and work performed.
Lieutenant, United States Navy