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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Marx, Axel. „The Public-Private Distinction in Global Governance: How Relevant is it in the Case of Voluntary Sustainability Standards?“ Chinese Journal of Global Governance 3, Nr. 1 (12.01.2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-12340022.
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Whether global rules and standards originate from a public intergovernmental body or from a private organization has significant implications for the applicability of international law such as wto law. However, how sensible is this distinction between public and private? This paper argues that the distinction between public and private standards only makes sense if one looks at the legal status of specific standard-setting organisations. However, the distinction between public and private begins to blur and fade if one switches the unit of analysis. First, the paper shows that private standards are often based on internationally agreed (public) rules and norms. Second, the paper argues that governments on purpose or in the design of their policies take these private initiatives on board. Hence, they become an integral part of ‘public’ governance. These arguments are developed on the basis of an analysis of Voluntary Sustainability Standards (vss).
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Arrowsmith, Sue. „Public Private Partnerships and the European Procurement Rules: EU Policies in Conflict?“ Common Market Law Review 37, Issue 3 (01.06.2000): 709–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/262018.
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Denny, Danielle Mendes Thame, Douglas Castro und Emma Maxiao Yan. „AGENDA 2030 MEASUREMENTS AND FINANCE Interaction of International Investment Law and Sustainability“. Veredas do Direito: Direito Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 14, Nr. 30 (18.12.2017): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v14i30.1146.
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This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.
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Tsampi, Aikaterini, Jasper V. Been, Michelle Bruijn und Brigit Toebes. „Expansion of Smoke-Free Policies: Stepping Up FCTC’s Game“. European Journal of Health Law 29, Nr. 2 (04.03.2022): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-bja10062.
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Abstract The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) is undoubtedly the most efficient international instrument for tobacco control. Article 8 FCTC shapes many smoke-free policies worldwide and in doing so it is usually associated with smoke-free regulation in enclosed public spaces. Our paper highlights that the FCTC contains a sound foundation for smoke-free policies that stretch beyond enclosed public places, such as open public spaces and (quasi-)private spaces. We demonstrate, in particular, that such wide smoke-free regulation, which is gaining momentum around the globe, is versatile and compatible with human rights standards. As such, these expanded smoke-free policies contribute to a wider culture of smoking denormalisation that scales up FCTC’s aspiration for tobacco control and subsequently to a smoke-free global society.
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Kroetz, Flávia Saldanha. „Post-genocide Identity Politics in Rwanda and Bosnia and Herzegovina and their Compatibility with International Human Rights Law“. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 23, Nr. 3 (19.07.2016): 328–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02303002.
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Rwanda and Bosnia and Herzegovina were scenarios of large-scale violence throughout the 1990s, substantiated by the manipulation of public and private discourses that denied diversity. After the conflicts, the states were faced with the challenge of addressing not only the consequences of the conflicts but also the constructed narratives behind them. In the two cases, public policies were implemented to elude further violence and strengthen a peaceful and long-term coexistence. Whether based on the rejection of ethnic identity or on the preservation of ethnic and national divides, both countries adopted policies that undermine basic rights and ignore sections of society excluded from official versions of history. Victimization is still a tool for political interests and remains present in public discourses. Irrespective of governmental policies that intend to surpass ancient animosities, divisionism is still present and underpins politics, religion, and social life in Rwanda and in Bosnia.
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Byaruhanga, Julius. „An Analysis of Private Sector Actors’ Implementation of Uganda’s Petroleum Industry Local Content Policies“. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 9, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2019): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/naturesopolirese.9.2.0180.
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ABSTRACT The (un)successful implementation of local content policies (LCPs) is often attributed to the oil and gas industries’ corporate demands. Uganda discovered commercially viable oil and gas in 2006 and consequently adopted LCPs. However, limited research has looked at how private sector actors have responded to LCPs. This article analyzes how they have responded to the LCP requirements and to what effect. Sixty-seven key informant interviews with public, private, and civil society actors were conducted together with analysis of local content public and private sector reports and legal and policy documents. Findings indicate that local suppliers have adopted joint-venture mechanisms and enhanced their capacities through on-the-job training offered by international oil companies in response to both LCPs and industry corporate requirements. International companies have also changed their structures and policies to develop local suppliers’ capacities. I conclude by arguing for the establishment of all-inclusive local content development programs.
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Casini, Lorenzo. „The Making of aLex Sportivaby the Court of Arbitration for Sport“. German Law Journal 12, Nr. 5 (01.05.2011): 1317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200017326.
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“Sports law is not just international; it is nongovernmental as well, and this differentiates it from all other forms of law.” Sports rules are genuine “global law” because they are applied across the entire world, they involve both international and domestic levels, and they directly affect individuals: This happens, for instance, in the case of the Olympic Charter, a private act of a “constitutional nature” with which all States comply, or in the case of the World Anti-Doping Code, a document that provides the framework for the harmonization of anti-doping policies, rules, and regulations within sports organizations and among public authorities.
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Wright, Christopher. „Global Banks, the Environment, and Human Rights: The Impact of the Equator Principles on Lending Policies and Practices“. Global Environmental Politics 12, Nr. 1 (Februar 2012): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00097.
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The Equator Principles are a set of operational principles and standards adopted by more than 70 public and private financial institutions to manage environmental and social risks in project financing. This article assesses the impact of the voluntary framework on lending policies and practices, and the environmental and social accountability of financial institutions. It finds that the direct link between the Equator Principles and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the World Bank Group's private sector financing division, enhances the legitimacy and potential impact of the framework. However, development of lending policies across financial institutions is greatly uneven, and the framework has not stopped lending to projects with significant environmental and social costs. Although the framework has improved relations between financial institutions and stakeholders, a lack of transparency undermines external accountability. The conclusion considers the scope for increased harmonization of environmental and social lending policies in international banking.
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Coleman, Doriane Lambelet. „The Olympic Movement in International Law“. AJIL Unbound 114 (2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.75.
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The Olympic Movement has been self-regulated from the beginning, and its private ordering is governed by the domestic law of the nations in which its organizations are domiciled and operate. Nevertheless, it is also an institution of global governance, with important ties to international law. This essay examines the nature of those ties and the push for additional alignment between the norms of the Movement and international legal norms. I first provide a taxonomy of Olympic Movement organizations, centered on the attributes that are helpful to understanding the place of each in the global governance of sport and the value the organizations produce for their diverse stakeholders. I then describe demands from international law for additional alignment with human rights and governance norms and the standard response from sport. In the final section, I argue that regulatory autonomy is necessary for sport to produce the values expected by its stakeholders; domestic law, including as it reflects international law, is generally an adequate check on abuses of that autonomy. International norms are useful not as binding law that would displace the Movement's autonomy, but as pressure for Movement organizations to consider aligning their policies and procedures with the public interests those norms reflect.
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O'Neill, Kate. „The Changing Nature of Global Waste Management for the 21st Century: A Mixed Blessing?“ Global Environmental Politics 1, Nr. 1 (01.02.2001): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638001570642.
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This article examines the impact of global and economic pressures on hazardous waste management practices during the 1980s and 1990s and into the twenty-first century. It charts out four sets of recent changes in these practices. These are: first, a shift in the basic regulatory problem, from one of a more local nature to the internationalization of waste management issues; second, changes in the structure of the waste disposal industry worldwide; third, changes in policies regarding hazardous waste in EU member states; and fourth, changes in waste management policies in emerging economies. The article analyzes these changes in the light of the growing involvement of the private sector in international environmental regulation, and of the complex and sometimes contradictory impacts of international regulations on domestic politics. It argues that neither a “race to the bottom” nor a “race to the top” hypothesis fully holds, but that changing public/private and domestic/international balances are a mixed blessing.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Nellis, Ezra. „Ordre public textuel et ordre public virtuel : étude de droit international privé“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR035.
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En droit international privé, l’ordre public est un outil de la justice conflictuelle dont la mission est de défendre le corpus juridique et la cohésion sociale de l’État requis. Pour ce faire, l’ordre public international repose sur un mécanisme dont les deux composantes sont les lois de police et l’exception d’ordre public. Dans les contentieux témoignant d’un élément d’extranéité, l’ordre public international peut s’opposer à l’application d’une loi étrangère pour trancher un litige ou faire obstacle à la circulation d’un acte public étranger en raison des atteintes qu’ils pourraient porter aux valeurs fondamentales du for. En droit français, l’ordre public international trouve un fondement textuel dans l’article 6 du Code civil qui dispose qu’« [o]n ne peut déroger, par des conventions particulières, aux lois qui intéressent l'ordre public et les bonnes mœurs ». Cela signifie qu’en théorie, si l’ordre public international défend l’axiologie du for, il faut que le législateur ait au préalable déterminé la substance de l’ordre public international ; le cas échéant, le principe d’ordre public consacré par le Code civil resterait lettre morte. Effectivement, le juge national ne peut pas créer du droit. Pourtant, en matière d’ordre public international, c’est au juge qu’est revenu la mission de déterminer les normes juridiques, principes et valeurs devant intégrer l’ordre public international. Ce constat fut l’occasion de formuler plusieurs remarques. Dans le système légaliste français, le juge n’a pas la légitimité nécessaire pour être le seul décisionnaire en la matière et l’ordre public international virtuel est souvent critiqué par les juristes pour sa variabilité et son imprévisibilité. En outre, la Constitution française, qui détermine le processus d’élaboration de la norme, habilite exclusivement le législateur à produire un discours normatif. Enfin, le juge n’est pas le porteur de la vox populi qui ne peut s’exprimer, d’après le contrat social, qu’à travers la règle de droit adoptée par le législateur en sa qualité de représentant du Peuple. À l’aune de ces considérations, il ressort qu’un décalage entre l’« être » et le « devoir-être » du système juridique affecte l’organisation sociétale française a fortiori en droit international privé. À ce titre, la première partie de l’étude a été consacrée à l’exposition de la relativité des présupposés et dogmes sur lesquels reposent la construction de l’ordre public international textuel. Cela nous a permis de mettre en exergue l’importance de la complémentarité de la textualité et de la virtualité de l’ordre public international, mais plus encore, l’impossibilité de considérer avec absoluité l’objectif de parvenir à édicter un ordre public international textuel. A contrario, nous avons mis en lumière la rationalité intrinsèque du phénomène de la virtualité en droit, qui en la matière est motivé par une démarche constructive initiée par le juge au service du système juridique français. La virtualité de l’ordre public international participe à l’édification de la Nation en préservant les règles les plus structurantes pour les individus sur le territoire du for. La deuxième partie de l’étude s’est attelée à démontrer l’existence de l’influence psychique de l’individu sur le système juridique, mais aussi le fonctionnement et la mission de l’ordre public international. Les besoins motivationnels des individus et les mécanismes conscients comme inconscients de la vie mentale des personnes physiques ont une résurgence sur la finalité de l’ordre public international. Cela fut l’occasion de mettre en perspective la multiplicité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de s’intéresser à leur utilité dans le contexte juridique contemporain. In fine, c’est au profit d’une approche pluridisciplinaire et éclectique que nous sommes parvenu à faire émerger la rationalité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de sa dimension virtuelleIn private international law, public policies are a tool of conflict laws, whose mission is to defend the legislative corpus and the social cohesion of the required State. In order to do so, international public policies rely on a mecanism made out of two main components: mandatory laws and public policies’ exceptionality. When an extraneous element is present in a given case, international public policies can go against the application of a foreign law in order to settle a case or to oppose the traffic of a foreign public act going against the founding values of the forum. In French law, international public policies are based on article 6 of the Code civil, which states that "one cannot, through specific conventions, go against the laws of public policies and good morals". This means that, in theory, if international public policies defend the forum’s axiology, the lawmaker must previously have determined international public policies’ substance; if it is so, the principle behind public policies sanctionned in the Code civil would be held in abeyance. Indeed, a national judge cannot create law. However, when it comes to international public policies, judges have ended up with the responsibility to determine legislative norms, principles and values meant to become international public policies. This observation presents an opportunity to elaborate on a few points. In the French legal system, the judge does not have the necessary legitimacy to be the sole decision-maker on this topic and international public policies are often criticized by legal practitioners for their changeability and unforseeable nature. What is more, the French Constitution, which determines the process through which norms are drawn up, only authorizes the law maker to produce prescriptive discourse. Finally, the judge is not the vox populi’s herald: according to the social contract, the rule of law is its sole expression as it stems from the proper representative of the People, the law maker. From these observations, one can conclude that a discrepancy exists between the legal system’s being and its duty, which affects the French social organisation, especially when it comes to private international law. This has allowed us to stress the importance of the balance between the written and virtual aspects of private international law, and more than that, the impossibility of considering in absolutes the aim of creating written international public policies. On the other hand, we have brought to light the intrinsic rationality of virtual law, motivated in this case by a constructive approach initiated by the judge in service of the French legal system. The written nature of international public policies takes part in the edification of the Nation by preserving the most structuring rules for individuals within the territory of the forum. The second part of our study shows an existing psychological influence on the legal system as well as on international public policies’ operating and objectives. People’s motivational needs and the mechanisms, both conscious and unconscious, that drive their mental lives have an impact on international public policies’ aim. Once again, this was an opportunity to put into perspective the many functions of international public policies and to delve into their use in a contemporary legal context. Ultimately, it is through a multidisciplinary and eclectic approach that we have managed to bring to the surface the rationale behind international public policies’ functions, and its virtual characteristic
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Latil, Cédric. „Intérêt public et lois de police en droit international privé“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1077.
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Les lois de police sont traditionnellement définies comme des lois dont l’observation est jugée nécessaire pour la sauvegarde de l’organisation politique, sociale et économique du pays. Le juge procède dès lors à leur application immédiate sans même recourir à la règle de conflit de lois. Une telle définition ne permet cependant pas d’identifier avec certitude ce type de normes. Cette recherche entend ainsi proposer un définition du concept des lois de police délimité au regard de l’intérêt public, élément qui a été intégré l’article 9, paragraphe 1 du règlement « Rome I » sur la loi applicable aux obligations contractuelles. Les réflexions menées conduisent ensuite à s’interroger sur les conditions qui permettent de conférer aux lois de police une impérativité dans l’ordre international. Il s’agit alors de rechercher quelle est l’incidence de la considération d’intérêt public dans le traitement de conflits de lois mais aussi des conflits de juridictionsOverriding mandatory provisions is traditionally defined as a provisions the respect for which is regarded as necessary by a country for safeguarding its political, social or economic organisation. Hence, the Courts apply the law of the forum automatically and do not apply their own conflit of rules. Definition is not precise enough to be used accurately. Therefore we propose to define concept of Overriding mandatory provisions focuses on the « Public Interest », which is derived from article 9, paragraph 1 of the regulation on the law applicable to the contractual obligations. In the following lines, we wonder about the mandatory implantation of these rules at the intrenational level. Our aim is to measure the impact of Public Interest in the conflict of laws and in the conflict of jurisdictions
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Adel, Zaher Mina. „L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.
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L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranationalThe freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy
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Benmbarek-Lesaffre, Kenza. „Les règles matérielles de droit international privé“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020065.
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Les règles matérielles de droit international privé sont classiquement définies comme étant des règles qui apportent une réponse sur le fond à une question de droit international privé. Elles se distinguent ainsi de la traditionnelle règle de conflit de lois neutre, abstraite et bilatérale, qui se limite, dans sa forme initiale, à la désignation de l’ordre juridique dans lequel sera puisée la règle qui apportera une réponse sur le fond au litige. Cette définition montre aujourd’hui ses limites tant les méthodes du droit international privé ont évolué. Des rapprochements se sont opérés de sorte que les frontières qui délimitaient les différentes méthodes du droit international privé sont devenues plus floues, entrainant des incertitudes quant au régime juridique de ces règles. Nous avons tenté, à travers l’étude de la physionomie des règles matérielles de droit international privé, de proposer une définition qui prenne en compte leur spécificité mais également leur variété tout en les distinguant des méthodes voisines et, en particulier, des lois de police. Cette définition nous a conduit à un classement des règles matérielles en sous-catégories et nous amène à nous orienter vers la variabilité de leur régime juridiqueThe material rules of private international law are classically defined as rules that provide substantive answers to a question of private international law. They are distinguished from the traditional conflict of laws rule which is neutral, abstract, bilateral and limited, in its initial form, to the designation of the applicable legal order. This definition shows its limits as the methods of private international law have evolved. Boundaries between the different methods became more unclear, leading to uncertainty as to the legal regime of the material rules. We have tried, through the study of material rules of private international law, to propose a definition that takes into account their specificity but also their variety while distinguishing them from neighboring methods and, in particular, police laws. This definition has led us to a classification of material rules and to the conclusion that their legal regime should depend of the particular subcategory they belong to
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Ramírez, Reyes Santiago. „L’affinement des mécanismes liés à l’ordre public dans le choix de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux : regards franco-mexicain“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D088.
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Les notions d’exception d’ordre public et de lois de police appartiennent au vocabulaire de la théorie générale du droit international privé. Il est légitime de se demander si cette affirmation de principe est illustrée par une comparaison franco-mexicaine. La pertinence d’un tel rapprochement peut paraître suspecte, compte tenu de la participation de la France à un processus plus ou moins fédérateur, du fait de son appartenance à l’Union européenne ; alors que le Mexique s’organise autour d’un « pacte fédéral ». Or, la comparaison retrouve sa pertinence dès lors qu’on observe que le rapport entre l’État-Nation et le droit international privé passe inexorablement par le prisme de la souveraineté et que la France et le Mexique demeurent détenteurs de la souveraineté au plan international. L’analyse se rend possible grâce à l’existence d’un fond historique et d’une culture juridique communes, elle se circonscrit à la matière contractuelle car particulièrement sensible aux mécanismes liés à l’ordre public. Cependant, le droit international privé a évolué depuis l’identification et la construction des grandes catégories que sont l’exception d’ordre public et les lois de police aboutissant à un certain nombre d’affinements dont il faudra vérifier leur orientation. Éléments d’affinement aussi multiples que variés tels que les droits fondamentaux, la protection de la partie faible, le contrôle de constitutionnalité, et la proportionnalité entre autres, font de cette étude l’occasion de mettre en évidence le caractère évolutif des mécanismes liés à l’ordre public en droit international privéThe concepts of public policy and overriding mandatory rules are to be found within the vocabulary of the general theory of conflict of laws. It is legitimate to ask whether this statement of principle can be illustrated by a French-Mexican comparison. The relevance of such a comparison may seem doubtful, given France's participation in a more or less unifying process, due to its membership of the European Union; whereas Mexico, on the other hand, is organized around a "federal pact". However, the comparison remains relevant as we can observe that the relationship between the nation-state and private international law inexorably passes through the prism of sovereignty and that France and Mexico remain masters of their sovereignty at the international level. This analysis is made possible thanks to the existence of a common historical background and a common legal culture, contractual matters are specifically targeted due to their high level of sensitivity to the influence of public policy. However, private international law has evolved since the identification and construction of the broad categories of the public policy and overriding mandatory rules, which have led to a number of developments whose orientation will have to be verified. These specification elements as multiple as they are varied, such as fundamental rights, protection of the weaker party, constitutional review and proportionality, among others, renders this study an opportunity to highlight the evolving nature of mechanisms related to public policy in international private contract law
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Ancel, Baudouin. „Lois de police et ordre public dans le droit des conflits (XIIe siècle-XXe siècle) : genèse et réception de l'article 3, alinéa 1er du Code civil“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020043.
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Cette recherche propose un éclairage historique des avatars de deux mécanismes désormais intégrés au système français de droit international privé, celui des « lois de police » et celui de « l’ordre public international », qui ont pour trait commun de s’opposer au jeu normal de la règle de conflit et de s’appuyer, l’un et l’autre, sur l’art. 3, al. 1er du Code civil de 1804. Prévenant par préemption les atteintes à l’utilitas publica vel communis ou y réagissant par éviction de la loi normalement applicable, ces deux types de normes tissent une histoire commune depuis les antécédents que furent les statuts prohibitifs et les statuts territoriaux identifiés par la doctrine romano-canonique médiévale. Adaptés par les juristes de l’Ecole Hollandaise et de l’Ecole Française à l’hypothèse dominante à la fin de l’Ancien Régime des conflits de souverainetés, ceux-ci sont recueillis en 1804 par l’art. 3, al. 1er. Le travail conjoint de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence et une réaction à la notion hybride de « lois d’ordre public » qui émerge au long du siècle suivant permettent leur reformatage en les séparant l’un de l’autre dès le tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Le déclin du conflit des souverainetés qui porte à se désintéresser des lois de droit public, voire des lois pénales, et une représentation plus privatiste du conflit de lois qui ne peut cependant méconnaitre l’interventionnisme croissant de l’Etat, confirment la distinction de deux figures appelées à être théorisées sous les concepts de lois de police ou d’application immédiate (promouvant l’utilitas communis) et d’exception d’ordre public (défendant les valeurs fondamentales)This research aims at shedding light on the historical background of the avatars of two mechanisms now integrated into the French system of private international law: lois de police (i.e. overriding mandatory rules) and (international) ordre public (i.e. public policy). Both share the common feature of opposing the normal interplay of choice-of-law rules and rely on Art. 3, para. 1 of the 1804 Civil Code. Preventing by pre-emption infringements of utilitas publica vel communis or reacting to them by eviction from the normally applicable law, these two types of norms have emerged from a common history beginning with the antecedents of prohibitive and territorial statutes identified by medieval romano-canonical commentators. Then members of the Dutch and French Schools adapted the two concepts to the prevailing hypothesis at the end of the Ancien Régime, that of conflicts of sovereignties. In 1804, lois de police and ordre public were collected in the French Civil Code. Thanks to the joint work of scholars and case law, on the one hand, and to a reaction to the hybrid notion of lois d’ordre public that emerged over the next century, on the other hand, the distinction between the two concepts was made possible at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As conflict of sovereignties declined, leading to a loss of interest in public law, or even in criminal law, and as a more private-law-driven representation arose, without ignoring, however, growing state interventionism, the distinction has been confirmed between the two concepts: lois de police or d’application immédiate, promoting the utilitas communis, and exception d’ordre public, defending fundamental values
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Neuwirth, Rostam Josef. „International law and the public/private law distinction“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64296.pdf.
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Zhao, Yi. „La loi de police en droit international privé français et chinois“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0001.
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Le mécanisme des lois de police en droit international privé chinois est un produit importé et sa définition législative est influencée par la définition européenne. Bien que la définition française de loi de police et la définition chinoise ne soient pas textuellement identiques, il nous semble que la notion de loi de police ne change pas selon qu’il s’agit de droit français ou de droit chinois. Cependant, n’étant prévu par le droit positif chinois que depuis 2011, le mécanisme des lois de police est relativement jeune, non seulement au regard de ce mécanisme lui-même mais aussi au regard de ses relations avec d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé ayant des liens avec lui, comme l’exception d’ordre public international. Nous chercherons les expériences françaises en la matière et étudierons la notion française et chinoise de loi de police, d’autres mécanismes de droit international privé en lien avec le mécanisme des lois de police et les illustrations des lois de police dans la jurisprudence. Malgré les critiques, l’application immédiate et impérative est toujours le caractère le plus important des lois de police du for dans l’instance directe, mais ce n’est le cas ni pour l’instance indirecte ni pour les lois de police étrangères. Selon la jurisprudence française et chinoise, le non-respect par le juge étranger ou par un tribunal arbitral de la loi de police de l’État requis n’entraîne pas automatiquement le refus de reconnaissance ou d’exécution. Concernant les lois de police étrangères, le texte législatif chinois est muet, mais cela ne signifie pas que l’application ou la prise en considération de la loi de police étrangère est interdite en droit chinoisThe overriding mandatory provisions in Chinese private international law is imported and its legislative definition is incorporated by the European one. Although the French definition of overriding mandatory provisions and the Chinese definition are not textually identical, it seems to us that the notion of overriding mandatory provisions does not change depending on whether it is French law or Chinese law. However, having been provided for by Chinese positive law only since 2011, the overriding mandatory provisions mechanism is relatively young, not only with regard to this mechanism itself but also to its relations with other mechanisms of private international law having links with it, such as the international public policy exception. We will seek French experiences in this area and study the French and Chinese notion of overriding mandatory provisions, other mechanisms of private international law in connection with them and their illustrations in case law. Despite the criticisms, the immediate and mandatory application is always the most important character of the overriding mandatory provisions of the forum in the direct instance, but this is not the case for foreign overriding mandatory provisions or for the indirect instance. According to French and Chinese case law, the non-respect by the foreign judge or by an arbitral tribunal of the overriding mandatory provisions of the requested state does not automatically result in the refusal of recognition or enforcement. Regarding the foreign overriding mandatory provisions, the Chinese legislative text is silent, but this does not mean that their application or take into consideration is prohibited in Chinese law
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Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn. „Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL20002.
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Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l’évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d’autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l’un et l’autre. Pour cette raison l’étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dès lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussi faire l’objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l’ASEAN. L’étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d’apprendre l’application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d’autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l’ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l’objet principal de cette étudeThe French system of Private International Law of Contract is highly developed, evidenced by a rich jurisprudence and doctrinal system. One of the leaders in the field, many of their legal concepts were widely accepted and adopted by other legal systems, first by European countries and then worldwide. However, because of their complementary and intertwined nature for each other, the French legal system cannot be studied apart from the European system. For this reason, this study covers not only an in depth examination of French Private International Law but also a general look at European Private International Law. The Thai system of Private International Law of Contracts, in comparison, is developing and needs significant legal reform, as soon as possible, in order to cooperate with other contracting States in ASEAN. Thus, this comparative study responds to the needs, and shows how to correctly apply the conflict of laws’ rules, including their exceptions, which could solve many problems occurring in the Thai legal system. Therefore questions on the applicable laws of contract and the settlement of disputes which derive from international contract law are objects of this study
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Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn. „Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise“. Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856584.
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Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l'évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d'autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l'un et l'autre. Pour cette raison l'étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dés lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussifaire l'objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l'ASEAN. L'étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d'apprendre l'application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d'autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l'ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l'objet principal de cette étude.
Bücher zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Chesterman, Simon. Private security, public order: The outsourcing of public services and its limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Chesterman, Simon. Private security, public order: The outsourcing of public services and its limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Sooksripaisarnkit, Poomintr, und Dharmita Prasad, Hrsg. Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8480-7.
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Rudolf, Dolzer, und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht. Tagung, Hrsg. Umweltschutz im Völkerrecht und Kollisionsrecht =: Environmental protection in public international law and private international law. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 1992.
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Finikov, T. V. (Taras Volodymyrovych) und Zaplotinska, E. A. (Elena A.), Hrsg. Arbitration, ordre public and criminal law: Interaction of private and public international and domestic law. [Kiev, Ukraine]: Taxon, 2009.
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Hardt, Sascha, und Nicole Kornet. Selected national, European and international provisions from public and private law: The Maastricht collection. Groningen: Europa Law Publishing, 2015.
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Kiiver, Philipp, und Nicole Kornet. Selected national, European and international provisions from public and private law: The Maastricht collection. Groningen: Europa Law Publishing, 2013.
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Suter, Keith. Antarctica: Private property or public heritage? London: Zed Books, 1991.
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Torroja, Helena, Hrsg. Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66098-1.
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Broches, Aron. Selected essays: World Bank, ICSID, and other subjects of public and private international law. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1995.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Partain, Roy A. „International trade laws could frustrate green policies“. In Coordinating Public and Private Sustainability, 108–20. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in energy law and regulation: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149417-8.
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Víg, Zoltán, und Gábor Hajdu. „Investment Arbitration at the Crossroads of Public and Private International. Current Issues with ISDS“. In Universal, Regional, National – Ways of the Development of Private International Law in 21st Century, 366–89. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9497-2019-17.
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After decades of success, investment arbitration has become an extremely controversial topic, riven by multiple allegations and concerns among the experts and various interest groups. In this contribution, we aim to examine the most relevant and severe of these issues, including regulatory chill. Regulatory chill is a purported phenomenon that claims that investment arbitration favors foreign investors, and thus intimidates host states into refusing to implement policies that would contradict with the interests of foreign investors. We not only examine these problems, but also attempt to suggest some potential remedies for alleviating these issues.
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Meira, Deolinda, und Maria Elisabete Ramos. „Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Portugal“. In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 739–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_36.
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AbstractThe Portuguese legal system does not provide for the general regime of social enterprises. The legal notion offered by the Public Procurement Code has a sectoral scope, and the Basic Law on Social Economy is ambiguous as to the relationship between social enterprises and social economy. Benefit corporations have no legislative provision in the Portuguese legal order. However, “company” types are endowed with some flexibility. This allows shareholders to adapt the statutes to their business projects within the law’s limits through statutory clauses. Statutory clauses can incorporate the interests of the general community, workers and other stakeholders, translated, for example, into dividend distribution policies or environmentally sustainable practices, gender equality policies or the promotion of social responsibility measures.Although not expressly stated in Portuguese law, the current state of legal doctrine allows us to argue that social enterprises in Portugal are included in the perimeter of social economy entities.The areas of impact measured by B certification seem to be inspired by the experience concerning cooperatives, which combine social and economic aspects. Cooperatives, however, go beyond B-Corp entities. B certification, granted by private entity B-Lab, is not a new legal regime but only a label that distinguishes companies. Some Portuguese companies are B-Lab certified companies.
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Beeres, Robert, Jeroen Klomp, Job Timmermans, Robert Bertrand und Joop Voetelink. „Introduction“. In NL ARMS, 1–11. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-471-6_1.
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AbstractThis year’s volume of the Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies (NL ARMS) offers an interdisciplinary view on the domain of Compliance and Integrity in International Military Trade (CIIMT), integrating defence economics, international law, arms export control frameworks and policies, information management, organizational sciences and ethics. Although in academia, and from an interdisciplinary perspective, CIIMT constitutes a novel research domain, across private and public defence-related sectors, the subject evokes high levels of attention and interest, instigating a need for critical thinking, reflection and creativity to address ensuing multi-faceted issues and problems. From 2017, the Faculty of Military Sciences (FMS) at the Netherlands Defence Academy (NLDA) has offered an in-house MSc programme on CIIMT, which, by integrating practice-based and scientific-based knowledge, aims to contribute to this need. The NL ARMS 2021 comprises, amongst others, contributions from students and lecturers partaking in this programme.
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Rizzuto, Giuseppe. „Chinese returnee students and cultural production: the case of ex-students of Opera in Italy“. In Studi e saggi, 117–37. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0068-4.11.
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The aim of this chapter is to point out the connection between mobility and cultural activities of Chinese returnee opera students. Many Chinese students in Italy attend cultural and artistic university courses. They may be considered significant in analyzing Chinese reverse migration from Italy. The examined connection involves several dynamics, including artistic aspects, historical reasons, social and economic changes, public policies and consumerism styles. Mobility and cultural production may be analyzed through both a structural and imaginative dimension. The structural dimension is composed of international agreements, global mobility law conditions, social and economic changes, and private investments in education to accumulate cultural capital that produce (or reproduce) certain social structures and experiences. On the other hand, the imaginative dimension is shaped by the lifestyle adopted by middle class families, including their work activities and cultural consumption. Returnee students are both the subjects who promote this process and the object of this dynamic. Chinese singers of Italian opera, upon graduating university in Italy, join the possibilities of the work field—in Bourdieu’s perspective—which is formed by the two aforementioned dimensions. Finally, perceived differences between Italy and China in terms of musical technique and culture are reworked according to contemporary cultural policies.
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Zarra, Giovanni. „Testing the Distinction Between Public Policy and Overriding Mandatory Rules“. In Imperativeness in Private International Law, 55–107. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-499-0_2.
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Sooksripaisarnkit, Poomintr, und Dharmita Prasad. „Public International Law and Private International Law: Setting Scene of Intersectionality“. In Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law, 1–11. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8480-7_1.
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ten Have, Henk. „Nanotechnology and Ethics – European Public Policies“. In The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 193–208. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6817-1_13.
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Yokoyama, Jun. „Reform of Japanese Private International Law and Public Policy“. In Private Law in the International Arena, 851–62. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-575-9_55.
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Sooksripaisarnkit, Poomintr, und Dharmita Prasad. „Private International Law and Public International Law—Increasing Convergence or Divergence as Usual?“ In Blurry Boundaries of Public and Private International Law, 283–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8480-7_15.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Alizadeh, Parisa. „Public Policies to Unlock Private Investment in Green Energy Projects (The Case of Iran as a Resource-Rich Country)“. In 2024 9th International Conference on Technology and Energy Management (ICTEM), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictem60690.2024.10631989.
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Leštanin, Branko, und Željko Nikač. „SPECIFICITIES OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE ACTIVITIES SUPERVISION BY THE POLICE IN SERBIA“. In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.289l.
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The private security sector in Serbia is gaining more and more importance in terms of overall security. A smaller segment of private security consists of private detective services. In the paper, the authors explore the specifics of the supervision of private detective activities by the police in Serbia, using the normative and observational methods. Analyzing the domestic and foreign literature in this area, the authors give an overview of the concept and types of supervision of private detective’s activity based on inspection supervision, and in the following they explore the supervision procedure itself. A special segment consists of the analysis of documents that are created during the supervision process and that are issued to a private detective. It is concluded that the supervision of privete detective activity represents a special type (sui generis) of supervision carried out by the police, who in that procedure have the right to apply administrative and factual coercion (force) as ultima ratio. The report on supervision is a public document and is the most important procedural document that is drawn up in the procedure of supervision of private detective activity.
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Galamaga, Dorina. „The role and integrity of subjects in the public procurement system in the prevention of corruption“. In The 3rd International Scientific Conference "Development through Research and Innovation". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/dri2022.15.
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The field of public procurement is one of the most vulnerable to corruption, and ensuring the integrity of subjects involved in public procurement constitutes a current approach to corruption prevention and research. Strengthening the integrity of public procurement subjects is an essential measure to prevent corruption, because public procurement is one of the key areas in which the public sector and the private sector interact financially. However, this interaction is based on public money, which attracts the corrupt subjects to illegal activities, due to the position they hold, they take advantage of public funds in personal interest or of a group at the expense of the general interest. Specifically, this paper researches the general conceptions of public procurement and integrity, the national normative framework regarding integrity in public procurement, identifies and analyzes the categories of subjects, their role, the causes and consequences of non-compliance with integrity in the public procurement system. In conclusion, it is deduced that the lack of integrity of subjects in the public procurement system generates not only deficient policies, norms and procedures, but endangers public respect for the government, erodes the rule of law, distorts the economy of a country and seriously affects the fundamental rights of citizens.
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Sanchez, Abraham, Eduardo Ulises Moya, Raul Nanclares, Alexander Quevedo, Jorge Martinez und Gaspar Gonzalez. „Deep Learning Models for Diabetic Retinophaty Screening Program“. In LatinX in AI at Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2019. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai2019120837.
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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in Mexico is especially challenging due to i) high prevalence of diabetes in the country, ii) low rate of ophthalmologists and iii) the lack of public policies to address the DR screening. In this context, two Mexican institutions and one international financial support a three years project, to implement a DR screening program to harness the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this work, we present our preliminary Deep Learning (DL) models to cropping and classifying Retinal Fundus Images (RFI) from three public datasets and one private dataset. Some of our models can achieve 93% in test accuracy and up to 98% of sensitivity. We are going to perform transfer learning with a new local dataset. We expect to improve the user-experience based on AI and reduce the DR detection time.
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Prohnitchi, Valeriu, und Olga Gagauz. „Conturile naționale de transfer pentru Republica Moldova: profilul de vârstă al consumului și venitului din muncă“. In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.2022.16.1.
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The NTA methodology is a modern system for estimating intergenerational balances within the System of National Accounts (SNA), which makes it possible to assess the contribution of individual age groups to the production and distribution of national income, as well as to explore the characteristics of income and consumption. NTA for Moldova, built for 2019, reflects the features of the socioeconomic context, the level of labor income, opportunities for savings, and the specifics of the consumption of the population. The big size of the economic life cycle deficit, defined as the difference between labor income and consumption, is determined by the low rate of employment and high costs of life in Moldova. The share of private transfers in LCD covering is much higher than that of public transfers. The private sector has a substantial role in intergenerational distribution, especially for the young generation, the older persons also being donors of private transfers. Education and health care are provided predominantly by the public sector. The public pension expenditure represented about one-third of the total volume of public transfers. People in the 30–48 age span produce the lifecycle surplus. They generate the largest share of labor income and contribute to both private and public transfers. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilisation policies”. The implementation of the NTS methodology in Moldova was carried out with the financial support of the Population Fund (UNFPA).
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Strauta, Lūcija. „Sapnis par kosmosa bagātībām – vai kosmosa resursu ieguve ir likumīga?“ In LU Studentu zinātniskā konference "Mundus et". LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lu.szk.2.rk.15.
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The paper assesses whether the national legal framework of the United States, Luxembourg and the United Arab Emirates, which stipulates that space resources can be privately owned, and legalizes the acquisition of space resources for commercial purposes, complies with international space law. The article analyses the scope of space use delineated by the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, as well as the subsequent national practices after the entry into force of these agreements, national space law, national policies and public statements. The aim of the analysis is to determine whether international space law contains a prohibition of the extraction and commercial exploitation of space resources. The study evaluates national comprehensions of the space law content with regard to the freedom to use space. It yields a conclusion that there is no absolute ban on the commercial exploitation of space resources under international space law.
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DUMITRASCO, Marica. „ADJUSTMENT OF ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA TO THOSE IMPLEMENTED IN NEIGHBORING EUROPEAN STATES“. In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2022/03.01.
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The main purpose of this paper is to assess the economic vulnerabilities of the Republic of Moldova (RM) at the macro level, as well as to formulate policy proposals for sustainable economic development. The paper focuses on the analysis of time series data between the previous global crisis (2009) and that caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). The paper identifies the following economic vulnerabilities of the RM, which formed during the years of independence: pro-cyclical fiscal policy, reduced public revenues, consumption-based economic model, low investment in the economy, declining labor force, exchange rate instability in crisis situations. The paper also highlights the differences between the policies of the RM compared to neighboring European countries, especially in terms of indicators of their economic stability in crisis situations. The paper identifies the following policy areas for sustainable economic development: modernizing the structure of the economy, countercyclical fiscal policy, increasing public revenues, streamlining public services, increasing public investment, developing of private pension funds, implementing public policy in the field of financial education, accelerating growth and investment in the future. In this context, the question is "what should national policies contain?" in order to ensure a sustainable development of national economy. The experience of the new EU Member States was taken into account in formulating policy proposals. If all these economic policies will be implemented in the first decade after the COVID-19 pandemic, the RM can move from a consumerbased economic model financed by loans to an investment-based and sustainable economic development one.
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Cavalcante de Melo, Thamyres, und Bianca Gomes da Silva Muylaert Monteiro de Castro. „Affirmative action and justice policies: an analysis of the understanding of law course students about the legal reservation of places for access to higher education“. In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212440.
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Affirmative actions reflect the ideal of achieving equal opportunities and represent the realization of cultural transformations in order to reduce the effects of historically accumulated inequalities. Such actions are capableof implementing greater representation of minority groups in the most diverse domains of public and private activity. In the case of quotas instituted to guarantee minority access to higher education, the reservation of places is one of the forms of social justice that tries to guarantee a minimum level of education for the most disadvantaged, trying to compensate and equalize the opportunities for access to education. This research aimed to analyze the perception of students in the ISECENSA Law course about the affirmative action policy, with an emphasis on the quota modality that promotes the legal reserve of places for the so-called “minorities”. Therefore, the methodology used was qualiquantitative and had as its starting point the bibliographical review to situate the quota policy as an object in the field of socio-legal studies. Documentary analysis of laws on the subject was carried out, as well as field research, through which the questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument to verify the position of ISECENSA law students on the quota policy and to identify whether the students understand the meaning of the quota policy. Thus, 115 questionnaires were applied to students from the 1st to the 5th period of the Isecensa Law course and the data collected showed the students' concern with Social Justice, even with the initial lack of knowledge about the concept of “affirmative action”. In this way, it was possible to analyze the perception of law students at ISECENSA regarding the quota policy and also to promote awareness of the reasons and effects of the implementation of that policy. It is expected then, to contribute to the humanization of educational institutions by encouraging diversity in order to build a society that respects difference, seeking to achieve peace and equality
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Ghebrea, Georgeta. „PUBLIC POLICIES FOR PRIVATE SPHERE IN ROMANIA“. In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s4.043.
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Alobaidy, Ali. „The Impact of Economic Spending on Investment in Iraq for the Period 2005-2020“. In 4th International Conference on Administrative & Financial Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/icafs2023/paper.900.
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The Iraqi agricultural sector suffers from a package of challenges that require the state to intervene, direct and indirect, financial, informational and technological support, and direct more investments for the purpose of its development and facing those challenges. Public and private direct investments witnessed a significant decline due to a number of economic, social and political factors, which led to a deterioration in production and a decrease in its contribution to the gross domestic product. Iraq became dependent on global markets to provide its food security at very high rates, which constitutes a threat to national security. The problem of research is summarized by the fact that government and private agricultural investments are weak in Iraq, which negatively affected the overall agricultural development process, given that investment is the driving dynamic of economic and social activity. However, the volume of governmental and private investments is still very low, due to the fact that the agricultural environment repels investment due to a group of factors, including the destroyed infrastructure, administrative and financial corruption, the legal environment, agricultural land problems, environmental problems, desertification, water, poor performance of financial, monetary and commercial policies, stalled development, and so on. As a result, the deterioration of agricultural production, which led to Iraq losing billions of dollars annually to import food, and the accompanying import of damaged, adulterated or expired food. This research studies the impact of two important factors affecting the subject of investment in the agricultural sector, namely the volume of government investment spending and the amount of loans granted to farmers during the period 2005-2022.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Public policies (private international law)"
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Das, Jishnu, Joanna Härmä, Lant Pritchett und Jason Silberstein. Forum: Why and How the Public vs. Private Schooling Debate Needs to Change. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2023/12.
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“Are private schools better than public schools?” This ubiquitous debate in low- and middle-income countries is the wrong one to have. The foreword and three essays collected in this Forum each explore how to move past the stuck “public vs. private” binary. Jason Silberstein is a Research Fellow at RISE. His foreword is titled “A Shift in Perspective: Zooming Out from School Type and Bringing Neighborhood Education Systems into Focus.” It summarizes the current state of the “public vs. private” debate, outlines an alternative approach focused on neighborhood education systems, and then synthesizes key findings from the other essays. Jishnu Das has conducted decades of research on school systems in low-income countries, including in Zambia, India, and Pakistan. His essay is titled “The Emergence and Consequence of Schooling Markets.” It describes exactly what schooling markets look like in Pakistan, including the incredible variance in school quality in both public and private schools within the same village. Das then reviews the evidence on how to engineer local education markets to improve learning in all schools, including polices that have underdelivered (e.g., vouchers) and more promising policies (e.g., finance and information structured to take advantage of inter-school competition, and a focus on the lowest performing public schools). Das’ research on Pakistan is available through leaps.hks.harvard.edu, which also houses the data and documentation for the project. Lant Pritchett writes from a global lens grounded in his work on systems thinking in education. His essay is titled “Schooling Ain’t Just Learning: Controlling the Means of Producing Citizens.” It observes that governments supply, and families demand, education for many reasons. The academic emphasis on one of these reasons, producing student learning, has underweighted the critical importance of other features of education, in particular the socialization function of schooling, which more persuasively explain patterns of provision of both public school and different kinds of private schools. With this key fact in mind, Pritchett argues that there is a strong liberty case for allowing private schools, but that calls for governments to fund them are either uncompelling or “aggressively missing the point”. Joanna Härmä has done mixed-methods research on private schools across many cities and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa and India, and has also founded a heavily-subsidized private school in Uttar Pradesh, India. Her essay responds to both Das and Pritchett and is titled “Why We Need to Stop Worrying About People’s Coping Mechanism for the ‘Global Learning Crisis’—Their Preference for Low-Fee Private Schools”. It outlines the different forces behind the rise of low-fee private schools and asserts that both the international development sector and governments have failed to usefully respond. Policy toward these private schools is sometimes overzealous, as seen in regulatory regimes that in practice are mostly used to extract bribes, and at other times overly solicitous, as seen in government subsidies that would usually be better spent improving the worst government schools. Perhaps, Härmä concludes, “we should leave well enough alone.”
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Cárdenas, Mauricio, und Camilo Peña. Climate Action in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fiscal Policies and the Indispensable Role of Finance Ministries. Inter-American Development Bank, Juli 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013066.
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Countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region face escalating challenges from climate change due to geographic location, economic reliance on climate-sensitive sectors, and increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme weather events. Despite international commitments and efforts from LAC countries, current mitigation and adaptation investments are insufficient to avert significant climate impacts. Estimations of financial needs vary significantly depending on the source, ranging between US$228 billion and US$513 billion per year for mitigation, while annual adaptation flows range from US$65 billion to US$250 billion. As in other regions of the world, LAC countries have prioritized mitigation over adaptation. To achieve a more balanced approach the region requires a change in fiscal policies. Exploring fiscal space for increased investments in climate in the context of severe postpandemic social needs and the need to prevent and prepare for future pandemics is challenging. It is imperative for finance ministries to decisively engage by changing the composition of public investment while leveraging private sector engagement. The use of green budgeting methodologies, regulation, public debt strategies, and state-owned enterprises for this purpose is crucial. This report offers a diverse array of tools and policies for finance ministries to bolster climate action across three core pillars: (i) developing climate strategies for nations, (ii) creating the right incentives to mobilize climate financing, and (iii) ensuring fiscal management consistent with climate goals.
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Pailhé, Cristina. Sex-disaggregated Supply-side Data Relevant to Financial Inclusion. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007974.
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At the global level, efforts to measure and monitor financial inclusion indicators have been increasing. However, there is still a substantial lack of sexdisaggregated data, particularly from the supply side; that is, data compiled from information provided by financial institutions. Among the countries of LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (LAC), there is a systematic lack of sexdisaggregated data at both the public and private sector levels. This impacts negatively on efforts to improve financial inclusion, as it hampers the design of strategies with actions and objectives that are more appropriate for men and women and makes it impossible to evaluate public intervention or measure progress. This paper seeks to help close the supply-side data gap and proposes a set of sex-disaggregated supply-side data indicators, based on both international data-gathering initiatives and those undertaken at the national level in LAC. It suggests that financial regulators in LAC should collect supply-side data gradually to build a database that is harmonized and comparable among the region’s countries. Such data would facilitate the study, monitoring, and comparison of progress on financial inclusion for men and women. It would also facilitate the design of appropriate policies and reforms.
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Goyeneche, Laura, Cynthia Boruchowicz, Florencia Lopez Boo, Luis Tejerina, Benjamin Roseth und Jennifer Nelson. Pandemics, privacy, and adoption of technology: Perceptions of the use of digital tools and data sharing during COVID-19 from 10 Latin American countries. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004546.
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This study describes the perception, adoption, and acceptance factors involved in the deployment of digital technologies for public health in Latin America and considers the implications for future digital health interventions. We conducted a descriptive analysis using nationally representative data from a phone survey conducted in 2020 in 10 countries in Latin America. We found that early in the pandemic, in countries with existing applications, 74% of the population used a smartphone, 47% had knowledge of the government app to report symptoms, but only 2% reported using it. Those interviewed reported that they are willing to share their personal data during a pandemic (61%) 50 percentage points higher than in non-pandemic times, although understanding how their personal data was used by the government and private companies was extremely low. More than 70% reported that they would use an application to report symptoms and would use an app that accesses their location or that uses contact tracing technology to alert them about possible exposure. Also, at least half of the users agree with preventive measures against COVID-19 such as daily follow-up calls, tracking via GPS for quarantine enforcement, and daily visits. In all countries, adoption of digital technologies increases if individuals or their relatives report they are infected; it decreases when end-users do not trust the anonymity policies or are concerned about government surveillance. Yet, encouraging greater adoption of digital technologies strongly depends on who designed the technology. Results show that 73% of users would prefer an app designed by an international organization such as the WHO to an app designed by the local government (64%) or a telephone company (56%). The study concludes with a reflection on the promising results of digital technologies and discusses the importance of considering users perceptions, factors for acceptance, and trust when pursuing adoption of digital technologies.
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Hooke, William. Three Policies Shape Enterprise Value: Minor Adjustments Could Enhance the Societal Benefit. American Meteorological Society, Januar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/three-policies-shape-enterprise-value-2022.
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This AMS Policy Study examines explicitly the role that public policy plays in determining the sum societal value of Earth Observations, Science, and Services (OSS) as well as the allocation of that value and the costs of OSS production across society. It examines three policy frameworks of quite different origin, purview, and standing. The first is the 2003 Fair Weather Report developed by the National Academy of Sciences. That policy focuses on collaboration. The second is the 2017 Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act enacted by the U.S. Congress. It focuses on innovation. The third is the current World Meteorological Organization development of Resolution 42, which seeks to make international contributions to and access to data and information more equitable, and at the same time expand the domain of data and information sharing from weather per se to Earth observations, science, and services more broadly. The study takes as its point of departure views of individual stakeholders in the so-called Weather, Water and Climate Enterprise (loosely speaking, the community of U.S. providers of weather, water, and climate information and services) with respect to these policies. Their perspectives were captured through informally solicited public and private comments from senior members of the Enterprise. Individually and in aggregate the comments hint at or suggest opportunities for extending and improving Enterprise value by broadening collaboration, fostering innovation, and making the Enterprise more equitable.
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Castets-Renard, Céline, Émilie Guiraud und Jacinthe Avril-Gagnon. Cadre juridique applicable à l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada Éléments de comparaison avec les États-Unis et l’Europe. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/tnps5755.
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L’Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’IA et du numérique, en partenariat avec la Chaire de recherche de l’Université d’Ottawa sur l’intelligence artificielle responsable à l’échelle mondiale, présente un rapport sur le cadre juridique applicable à l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada: Éléments de comparaison avec les États-Unis et l’Europe. Ce rapport, préparé sous la supervision de la Pr Céline Castets-Renard, présente les principaux enjeux de l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les forces de police dans l’espace public au Québec et au Canada et le cadre juridique applicable, en comparaison l’Europe et les États-Unis. Dans un contexte où cette technologie est déployée de plus en plus largement, il convient de mener une réflexion en amont de son déploiement afin d’éliminer ou minimiser les risques encourus, en particulier pour les droits et libertés individuelles. Ce rapport vise ainsi à éclairer les législateurs et les décideurs sur ce que sont les technologies de reconnaissance faciale et les risques encourus, en particulier les risques d’atteinte aux droits et libertés individuelles protégés par les Chartes du Canada et du Québec, et de présenter les solutions déjà mises en œuvre pour envisager celles qui minimisent les risques et l’intrusion de cette technologie sur la vie privée, afin de poser les conditions d’une transparence et meilleure acceptabilité sociale. Outre le support analytique aux décideurs publics, la production de ce rapport a pour objectif d’engager la discussion et les échanges avec toutes les parties prenantes au Québec et au Canada
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Middlehurst, Robin, und Steve Woodfield. The Role of Transnational, Private, and For-Profit Provision in Meeting Global Demand for Tertiary Education: Mapping, Regulation and Impact. Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/11599/241.
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This is a report of a first-stage project sponsored by UNESCO and the Commonwealth of Learning to map the extent, range, and impact of transnational, private, and for-profit tertiary education provision in a sample of countries. The data, collected from readily available public sources and verified by in-country experts, was first used to create country case studies for Jamaica, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Bulgaria. A summary report was then produced that drew comparisons across countries in relation to five topics: overviews of each country; national education systems and policies; regulatory frameworks, accreditation, and quality assurance; transnational, private, and for-profit provision; and local perceptions of impact. The summary report also provides a comparative analysis across countries, with reference to the wider literature, and draws out a series of policy implications from the study for governments, institutions, and agencies, both national and international.
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Kelly, Luke. Characteristics of Global Health Diplomacy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.09.
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This rapid review focuses on Global Health Diplomacy and defines it as a method of interaction between the different stakeholders of the public health sector in a bid to promote representation, cooperation, promotion of the right to health and improvement of health systems for vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is the link between health and international relations. GHD has various actors including states, intergovernmental organizations, private companies, public-private partnerships and non-governmental organizations. Foreign policies can be integrated into national health in various ways i.e., designing institutions to govern practices regarding health diplomacy (i.e., health and foreign affairs ministries), creating and promoting norms and ideas that support foreign policy integration and promoting policies that deal with specific issues affecting the different actors in the GHD arena to encourage states to integrate them into their national health strategies. GHD is classified into core diplomacy – where there are bilateral and multilateral negotiations which may lead to binding agreements, multistakeholder diplomacy – where there are multilateral and bilateral negotiations which do not lead to binding agreements and informal diplomacy – which are interactions between other actors in the public health sector i.e., NGOs and Intergovernmental Organizations. The US National Security Strategy of 2010 highlighted the matters to be considered while drafting a health strategy as: the prevalence of the disease, the potential of the state to treat the disease and the value of affected areas. The UK Government Strategy found the drivers of health strategies to be self-interest (protecting security and economic interests of the state), enhancing the UK’s reputation, and focusing on global health to help others. The report views health diplomacy as a field which requires expertise from different disciplines, especially in the field of foreign policy and public health. The lack of diplomatic expertise and health expertise have been cited as barriers to integrating health into foreign policies. States and other actors should collaborate to promote the right to health globally.
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Meneses, Juan Francisco, und José Luis Saboin. Growth Recoveries (from Collapses). Inter-American Development Bank, Juli 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003419.
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This paper analyzes the behavior of a long list of economic variables during episodes of recovery from an economic collapse. A set of stylized facts is proposed so as to depict what in this work is called \saygrowth recoveries. Through different estimation techniques, it is inferred under which conditions and policies the likelihood of experiencing a growth recovery increases. The results of the paper indicate that collapses tend to occur in countries with high dependence on natural resource rents, macroeconomic mismanagement, low levels of democratic accountability and rule of law and high levels of conflict. Recoveries, on the other hand, tend to be longer than collapses and are more likely to occur in contexts of: improved external conditions, less natural resource rents, balanced fiscal accounts, where the exchange rate corrects but within a more fixed exchange rate regime and a more restricted financial account, and where there are: rebounds in private consumption, increases in international trade and improvements on property rights.
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Jones, Nicole S. 2018 Impression, Pattern and Trace Evidence Symposium. RTI Press, Mai 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.cp.0006.1805.
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From January 22 to 25, 2018, RTI International, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence (FTCoE) held the 2018 Impression, Pattern and Trace Evidence Symposium (IPTES) in Arlington, VA, to promote collaboration, enhance knowledge transfer, and share best practices and policies for the impression, pattern, and trace evidence forensic science communities. NIJ and FTCoE are committed to improving the practice of forensic science and strengthening its impact through support of research and development, rigorous technology evaluation and adoption, effective knowledge transfer and education, and comprehensive dissemination of best practices and guidelines to agencies dedicated to combating crime. The future of forensic sciences and its contribution to the public and criminal justice community is a motivating topic to gather expertise in a forum to discuss, learn, and share ideas. It’s about becoming part of an essential and historic movement as the forensic sciences continue to advance. The IPTES was specifically designed to bring together practitioners and researchers to enhance information-sharing and promote collaboration among the impression, pattern, and trace evidence analysts, law enforcement, and legal communities. The IPTES was designed to bring together practitioners and researchers to enhance information sharing and promote collaboration among impression, pattern, and trace evidence analysts, law enforcement, and legal communities. This set of proceedings comprises abstracts from workshops, general sessions, breakout sessions, and poster presentations.