Dissertationen zum Thema „Psychologie du dessin – Chez les animaux“
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Beltzung, Benjamin. „Utilisation de réseaux de neurones convolutifs pour mieux comprendre l’évolution et le développement du comportement de dessin chez les Hominidés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of drawing behavior can be highly informative, both cognitively and psychologically, in humans and other primates. However, this wealth of information can also be a challenge to analysis and interpretation, particularly in the absence of explanation or verbalization by the author of the drawing. Indeed, an adult's interpretation of a drawing may not be in line with the artist's original intention. During my thesis, I showed that, although generally regarded as black boxes, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can provide a better understanding of the drawing behavior. Firstly, by using a CNN to classify drawings of a female orangutan according to their season of production, and highlighting variation in style and content. In addition, an ontogenetic approach was considered to quantify the similarity between productions from different age groups. In the future, more interpretable models and the application of new interpretability methods could be applied to better decipher drawing behavior
DYE, CHRISTIAN. „Dessine-moi ta plongee : comment completer par le dessin, le bilan medical d'aptitude chez l'enfant a la plongee sous-marine autonome“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX20037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHatziapostolou, Marie. „Structuration du dessin, organisation et représentation graphique de l'espace chez l'enfant de 6 - 10 ans : contribution à une méthode d'analyse du dessin de paysage“. Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN1038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGaulejac, Fabienne de. „Effet du contexte sur la réaction comportementale à la nouveauté chez l'animal. D'un système cognitif à un autre ?“ Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoman, Marie-Laure. „Le dessin d'enfant, un malentendu graphique ? : Logique de la représentation et processus de subjectivation“. Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a psychotherapy, drawing pictures the sketch of an inconscious representation mobilised by the “trait unaire” (Lacan). The child, though successive tentative efforts, uses it to build up then unbuild the representations which fill him, and turn into dialectisation in the supposed request of the Other One. Through the effort of sense which he arouses, and the words that make him ask questions, drawing inscribes itself as the support of subversion that develops subjectivity. When the surrounding prove to be failing, the process of becoming a person is therefore adulterated. The child is then unable to symbolize the pictures which fill him as support oh the Other One's desire. The risle lies in the impossible dialectisation between the ideal ego and the ego ideal. Involved in transference processes the child reproduces what creates a stasis according to him, and which he can't integrate into though, therefore into language. From what has just been said, the treatment will be the place for starting again the process of becoming a subject. From the symptom to the “sinthome” (J. Lacan) the child thus the expression of his first thought of existence, he becomes his own author
Noyer, Magali. „Écrire avant de savoir écrire. Acquisition de l'écrit chez les enfants de trois à huit ans“. Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFollowing Tolchinsky Landsmann and Levin (1985) et Ferreiro and Gomez Palacio (1988) studies, this work focused on writing and reading development before school learning. Based on three experiments, our study explored the relationship between drawing and writting, and the way children differenciated these two notationnal systems as they acquired writting-reading, at both practical and conceptual levels. Writting acquisition dynamics was studied at three major levels: (1) the writting system evolution from different aged children performances who were administred writing, words choice and explicitation tasks, (2) the way the difficulty of the notation (drawing and writing) influenced children performances, (3) and the analysis of individual developmental patterns which should provide evidence of different ways to access writing. Our results showed that the way 3 years old children wrote was influenced by drawing difficulty whereas older children were influenced by the phonological difficulty level of target word. Nevertheless we still observed spatial properties effects from target object/drawing. Every children progress from pictural writing to phonemic awarness. Nevertheless, developmental patterns profiles and strategy changes, supported by our longitudinal study, revealed from 3 to 5, several ways to access writing-reading. Because of institutional learning, these different ways converged to phonographemic and spelling writing. Results were discussed in terms of writing-drawing differenciation as well as within and between variability (strategy changes or strategy adaptation, implicit and explicit knowledges). Teaching implications on drawing-wrting and writing-reading links on learning were proposed
Bousquié, Lara. „Etude des processus cognitifs impliqués dans la différenciation des émotions chez l'agneau (Ovis aries)“. Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21498.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleQuenette, Pierre-Yves. „Autonomie et activité de surveillance chez le sanglier (sus scrofa) : approche descriptive, expérimentale et évolutive“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaunay, Michel. „Le renforcement signalé chez l'animal : renforcement positif“. Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe signaled reinforcement is a typical pavlovina conditioning procedure in which the reinforcer is preceded by the presentation of a signal. In instrumental conditioning with signaled reinforcement, the reinforced response lend to the presentation of a stimulus which predicts the reinforcer. Such an experimental paradigm represents an excellent test of the associative processes which develop between responses, signal and reinforcer and, therefore, of the theoretical models describing those processes in animals. The experimental results confirm the validity of recent models of conditioning (e. G. The wagner-rescorla model) as opposed to the traditional s-r interpretations. The results also suggest some constraints the future models should support, especially in relation to the functioning of neural networks or to inferential information processing
Hudon, Carol. „Propriétés des stimuli et fonction mnémonique de la formation hippocampique chez le rat“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/46676.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChalmeau, Raphaël. „Apprentissage en situation sociale : la coopération chez les primates“. Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30213.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeweer, Bernard. „Contexte et oubli : contribution à l'étude de l'évocation mnésique chez l'animal“. Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112394.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVoynova, Ruzhena. „La peinture et le dessin de l'enfant comme écriture de l'inconscient : sublimation et symbolisation“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe child, when he draws, creates and organizes his world, he inscribes his identity. The expression of the unconscious requires this need of formatting which will underpin pictorial productions, particularly in the clinical and therapeutic field of children. We will talk about imaginarisation, symbolization and especially sublimation. The act of sublimation proves to be an act of avoids the “pulsion”’s primary goal: the immediate satisfaction on the body. The paintings demonstrate this dynamic process. The work of art itself is a sort of a story of life, survival times, presentation, subject to the gaze of the other, without being made to please. The picture is more than a mere attempt of symbolization. The drawing of the child for its part is supporting this symbolization, always supported by a transference relationship. The theory illustrated by clinical vignettes will bring us finally to answer our first question: is it a question about sublimation when the child draws?
Tsao, Raphaèle. „Etude des procédures de planification et d'exécution du geste graphomoteur chez la personne trisomique : approche développementale et comparative“. Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUEL507.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis analyzes the graphic development in children and adults with Down syndrome matched on mental and chronological age with normally developing children and adults. The Down syndrome subjects present similar competences to those of the control group on the level of the processes of planning whereas difficulties in the field of graphic control and the visuo-spatial organization are observed. A last experiment studies the written productions in adults with Down syndrome. The analyses do not show a dysfunction on the allographic level, motor pattern and the spatial control. The results are discussed by considering the graphic development of person with Down syndrome not only in simple term of delay but as an atypical development resting on a combination between failing skills or mechanisms and the other operative ones
Laffort, Brigitte. „Orientation spatiale et lumière polarisée chez Talitrus saltator (Crustacea, Amphipoda) aspects comportementaux et évolutifs“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAudet, Marie-Claude. „Anomalies émotionnelles et motivationnelles consécutives à une exposition sous-chronique répétée à la phencyclidine chez le rat : analogies avec la schizophrénie humaine“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24955/24955.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePotvin, Olivier. „Fonctions de l'hippocampe et du subiculum dans la mémoire spatiale chez le rat“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25953/25953.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDellu-Hagedorn, Françoise. „Vieillissement des capacités cognitives et conatives chez le rat : relations avec l'activité de l'axe corticotrope“. Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28319.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaugard, Anaïs. „Appariement relationnel et raisonnement par analogie chez le babouin (Papio papio) : continuités et discontinuités avec les processus d'analogie chez l'humain“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3026/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnalogical reasoning is a cornerstone aspect of human cognition, often considered to be human specific. Recent experiments using relational matching-to-sample (RMTS) tasks suggest that chimpanzees, baboons and capuchin monkeys can understand and compare the relations expressed between and within pairs of objects. However, the exact strategies used by these species to solve analogy problem remain unclear at this point. We conducted three studies exploring different aspects of analogical reasoning in the Guinea baboons (Papio papio). The first study showed that (1), as in human, relational processing in baboons involves the processing of both perceptive and relational information, and that (2) the relative contribution of these two types of processing depends on the number of items illustrating each relation during training. The second study showed that the cognitive strategy developed by baboons in a RMTS task involves analogical reasoning. The third study emphasized the ability of baboons to process multidimensional relations in a more complex version of the RMTS task. Altogether, these findings from suggest that (1) baboons are able to use analogical reasoning, to solve at least tasks involving perceptive relations; (2) relational processing and further analogical reasoning skills depend on their previous experience with the different relations. We shall discuss the potential implications of those findings, and the continuity and discontinuity of analogical reasoning skills found in human and nonhuman primates
Pérès, Guillaume. „Leucémies aiguës : biologie, traitements et approche psychologique. Un dessin animé, outil pédagogique et ludique d'information adapté à l'enfant et sa famille“. Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2P018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLansade, Léa. „Le tempérament du cheval : étude théorique : application à la sélection des chevaux destinés à l'équitation“. Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTemperament is defined as a set of behavioural characteristics which are stable over time and across situations, called “traits”. This stability means that, to a certain extent, the behaviour of the individual is predictable. By testing the stability of behavioural responses in various situations and over time (between 8 months to 2. 5 years of age), we identified four temperamental traits, which are relatively or totally independent of each other: fearfulness, social motivation, responsiveness to humans and locomotor activity. For each of these traits, we developed a set of standardised tests and identified the most appropriate behavioural indicators to characterise them. The second part of the study examined the ontogeny of temperament at a young age (between 3 and 24 weeks), particularly that of fearfulness and responsiveness to humans. This work showed that these traits are not expressed through specific behaviour at a very young age but appear progressively with time. Thus, it is not possible to predict temperament in very young foals. However, once a foal expresses a particular response, this remains stable over time and is therefore predictable. The third part of the study investigated the influence of genetics and environmental factors on temperament development. The study of genetic factors showed a sire and a sex effect on most of the traits previously identified. In particular, males were more fearful, more responsive to humans, less active and had weaker social motivation than females. The study of environmental factors showed that early experiences, such as foal handling, can have persistent effects on certain aspects of temperament, but only if they are present during particularly sensitive periods, such as weaning. The final part of the work identified the relationship between the temperamental traits previously identified and the horse's suitability to be used for leisure or sport. From a practical point of view, this means that foals to be used as adults can be tested as early as 8 months to predict their behavioural qualities
Cartron, Leila. „Perception de la polarisation de la lumière chez la seiche Sepia officinalis : développement, fonction et approche comparative“. Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2076.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLopez, Joelle. „Dynamique mnésique du traitement de l'information spatiale chez le rat : approche systémique de la consolidation“. Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aimed at studying the spatio-temporal reorganization of a remote spatial memory in the Rat, and more particularly the roles of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex in systems consolidation. We first showed, in the Morris water maze, that contextual cue saliency affected the precision and thus the quality of memories. This is important as the degree of trace degradation determined the outcome of extinction of a remote memory. Furthermore, we found that the degree of trace degradation determined the level of participation of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex during remote memory retrieval. Lastly, whereas most studies in the literature focused on the role of neocortical areas in systems consolidation, we demonstrated that the intralaminar/lateral thalamic nuclei may also participate in systems consolidation and/or retrieval of a remote memory. In conclusion, taken together, these results do not fully corroborate the main theories on systems consolidation. Instead, it seems that the way in which the spatio-temporal reorganization of a memory takes place could depend on the conditions in which memories are formed and subsequently recalled
Pillaudin, Marine. „L'enfance dans l'art : espace transitionnel, transfiguration et transfert dans le dessin, la photographie et la vidéo“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010511.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRelying on personal experience in drawing, collage and photography, this thesis on poiesis explores the subject of childhood in Art. Designed as a work in progress, it stems from the intimacy of drawing and aims at constructing a singular outlook from the display of photography and films depicting childhood trauma. It verifies the hypothesis stating that the artist peers into his own childhood and that of others in order to conquer creative fields hitherto ignored, at the threshold of the intimate other. The first section scrutinizes the works of Louis Bourgeois, Mike Kelley and Rosemarie Trockel striving to understand how their creative processes reactivate transitional space -and its associated phenomena- by immersing us in distant recollections of childhood. The second section questions the transfiguration and the dramatic alteration of children's faces filmed and photographed by Diane Arbus, Lewis Hine, Sebastiâo Salgado and Gillian Wearing. The thesis then pursues on to evaluate the aesthetic and political stakes bound to the use of these images by artists, the likes of Mathieu Pemot and Catherine Poncin. Ultimately, the third part is centred on the work of Gerhard Richter dealing with transfer as a means of resurfacing -through reiteration- past events that haunt him. The resulting product thus making it possible to set these wounds in stone. Mythesis is that the experience of total absorption/immersion in these works -simultaneously including and excluding us- makes it possible for the artist and the observer to acknowled e the narratives of ethers within themselves
Greiveldinger, Lucile. „Processus d'évaluation et réponses émotionnelles chez les ovins : prévisibilité, contrôlabilité, correspondance aux attentes et contexte social“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718313.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrajon, Sophie. „Perception de l'humain et processus émotionnels et cognitifs chez le porcelet : impact de l'expérience avec l'humain“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26407.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHumans are part of the environment of domestic animals and their impact on animal welfare is largely underestimated. This thesis focused on the human-animal relationship during the post-weaning period in pigs. This period has not been much studied in a context of human-animal relationship, although it is known to be associated with the development of social abilities. The first part of this thesis aimed at understanding some processes involved in the development of the perception of humans by weaned piglets, namely memory, recognition and generalisation. Results showed that weaned piglets are able to form a memory of a familiar human which persists at least 5 weeks. Moreover, piglets adapt their behaviour according to the movements (rough or gentle) of humans towards them. However, the addition of food rewards or physical stress does not amplify their behavioural responses. An unfamiliar handler is not perceived positively. In addition, familiarisation to a passive human is not sufficient to remove the fear of an approaching human, suggesting that piglets form a context-specific memory. Thereafter, it has been shown that piglets can discriminate and recognise familiar humans based on experience, although their reactions depend on numerous factors, including the consistency of the experience and the context of testing. It does not preclude that piglets are able to generalise their behavioural responses to unfamiliar humans and to form a general memory of humans. The second part of the thesis aimed at investigating the impact of the experience with humans on emotional states and cognitive abilities of weaned piglets. It has been demonstrated that the way humans behave with piglets modulates their emotional states. Piglets receiving positive interactions with humans develop a positive emotional state and are more optimistic. Fear of humans appears to be correlated with motivation to explore, a temperament trait helping animals in a learning task. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the nature of the contact given by humans plays a major role in the development of the perception of humans, but also influences emotional states and is linked with motivation of this young domestic animal to learn and adapt to its environment. Key words: weaned piglet, human-animal relationship, welfare, perception of humans, recognition/generalisation, emotional state, cognitive bias, learning.
Khazrai͏̈e, Kamran. „Analyse expérimentale du comportement agonistique des mâles du grillon Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)“. Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30237.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVallée, Monique. „Influences des évènements péri-nataux sur le vieillissement de l'activité de l'axe corticotrope et des capacités cognitives et conatives chez le rat“. Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28477.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbécassis, Janine. „L'enfant et le signe. Signe constitue. Signe constituant“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR1D001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThree years old. We have described their vocalizations, their non verbal communications and their first use of the linguistic signs. We have also related the psychotherapy of elder children (from 2 years old to 12 years old). We have realized video-fims, analysed projective techniques, interviews and drawings. Most of the analysos of these documents is given in the annexe. We have so pointed out how the child enters the universe of meaning from which, he willdraw his mental health and his creativeness
Tymoigne, Gérard. „Les modes d'adaptation psychologique à l'école : étude des modalités d'adaptation à la vie scolaire chez l'enfant de huit ans à travers une épreuve projective graphique de vie scolaire“. Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis studies, in a psychodynamic register, the ways of adaptation and conflictualization created by school. Adaptation is defined as a dynamic process setting in action two moments of appropriation of the adaptative demands : the alternation and the alternative. Those two moments are supposed to set two capacities in action : the alternation sets in action both capacities of separation and succession and the alternative, both capacities of forsaking and transformation. Alternation and alternative both summon up specific forms of tolerance to frustration. The research deals with 109 children (aged 8 years odl) taking an ordinary course, and 26 children (11 years old) who have school difficulties and are about to be orientated towards a special course. The study takes in consideration the school results, a school adaptation questionnaire and an original drawing technique that aims to set in action the capacities of alternation and alternative. The elaboration of the test and the analysis of the two parts of the drawings are presented. Examples are given. The ways of managing the alternation are studied according to the axes of separation, succession and tolerance to frustration. The analysis of separation is mostly based on the drawing of the way from home to school and on the drawing of the house. Different modalities of managing the succession are presented (absolute or relative succession, no succession). Frustration is approached in its relationship with working and playing. The ways of managing the alternative are studied according to the axes of forsaking, transformation and tolerance to frustration. Three ways of managing the alternative are presented : majorating alternative (relative and creative alternatives), minorating alternative (alternative by disappearing, by regression, by protection, by degradation, by gulliverization, by conjuring, by confabulation), and the absence of alternative (alternatives by transformation and by a-transformation)
Odorizzi, Myriam. „Les systèmes neuronaux centraux à galanine : leur rôle dans la neuromodulation des choix alimentaires du rat“. Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10088.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGalanin (GAL) is an orexigenic neuropeptide, which ability to preferentially stimulate fat intake is discussed. It is cosynthetized in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamic nuclei with another peptide, vasopressin (VP). The mutant Brattleboro rat (DI), is deficient is VP central synthesis and suffers from diabetes insipidus. Its hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system is hyperstimulated. We observed that GAL and GALmRNA were overexpressed in the SON and PVN of DI rats. DI rats ate 45% fat per day. Both phenomena were found to be independent of the activity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system and of the phenotypic expression of diabetes insipidus. Central injections of GAL antagonists decreased fat intake in DI rats, proving the involvement of hypothalamic GAL in fat preference. By the use of VP antisense oligonucleotide in normal rats and by immunolesion of VP neurons in heterozygous DI rats, we did not find influence of VP on GAL expression and food intake. Because appearing early in postnatal deyelopment, fat preference and GAL overexpression in DI rats seemed genetically determined
Bessette, Prudence. „L'identité dans le lien social, entre le même et l'autre : étude comparative des dessins d'enfants québecois et ivoiriens“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803273.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRasamimanana, Prosper. „Contribution à l'étude structurale et ultrastructorale de l'épithélium séminifère d'animaux hybrides, dont les géniteurs ont une formule chromosomique différente : étude des variations circannuelles chez les lémuriens et de l'effet du vieillissement chez la souris“. Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10368.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarquis, Jean-Philippe. „Effets d'une lésion néonatale de l'hippocampe ventral sur les fonctions cognitives du cortex préfrontal et de l'hippocampe chez le rat : un modèle neurodéveloppemental de la schizophrénie“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25453/25453.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTeixeira, Marta. „L'explicitation du dessin libre et la conscience des capacités créatrices et intellectuelles de jeunes québécois inscrits à l'éducation des adultes“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27804.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe adult education system in Québec receives more and more young people from 16 to 24 years old who wish to complete the final courses at the elementary school level in order to acquire the level necessary to allow them to have access to high school. The path of these students is marked by grade repetition and by difficult psychosocial situations that generally lead them to think they are less able to learn. However, according to Freire (1982), all human beings are able to learn from their own experiences, and according to Piaget (1964), human beings are born with the cognitive capacity of adaptation and organization, the very mechanisms that allow for the constant construction of intelligence. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to try to awaken the consciousness of the creative and intellectual capacity in young Quebeckers who have been excluded from regular schooling and who have enrolled in adult education. From five individual free-drawing sessions with six participants, we seek to achieve consciousness of a role reversal of the teacher and student during a creative and reflexive activity. The explicitness of free-drawing was made possible thanks to a semi-structured interview protocol validated by previous studies (Stoltz Schleder, 1992; Teixeira, 2008). The participants produced and interpreted for themselves their drawings, transposing the different functions of intelligence and consciousness (Piaget, 1964, 1967). Results point to progress in the path to consciousness of their creative, intellectual and speech capacities. We address the complexity of intelligence by linking the cognitive, affective, social, ethical and moral aspects. The wealth of data expressed in their drawings and in their comments shows that the method used was effective to engage the complexity of intelligence. We concluded by emphasizing the importance of the recognition of the different aspects of intelligence in the scholar and also the importance of social inclusion from the students enrolled in adult education. Finally, the results of this study lead to a critical examination of the phenomena of labeling, over-diagnosis, and the abuse of psychotropic drugs (Monzée, 2010; Swenson, 2013) in relation to the importance of recognizing their intelligence.
A educação de adultos no Québec recebe cada vez mais jovens de 16 à 24 anos que desejam completar seus estudos finais do ensino fundamental para obter o diploma que lhes permite ter acesso ao ensino médio. O percurso desses alunos é marcado por repetências e por uma situação psicosocial difícil que geralmente os leva a pensar que são menos capazes de aprender. Entretanto, segundo Freire (1982), todos os seres humanos são capazes de aprender à partir de suas próprias vivências, e segundo Piaget (1964), os seres humanos nascem com as capacidades cognitivas de adaptação e de organização, mecanismos que permitem a construção constante da inteligência. Logo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é de despertar a consciência das capacidades criadoras e intelectuais em jovens quebequenses que foram excluídos do percurso escolar regular e decidiram se inscrever na educação de adultos. À partir de cinco seções de desenho livres individuais com seis participantes, procuramos levá-los à tomar consciência da inversão dos papéis professor-aprendiz durante esta atividade criativa e reflexiva. A explicitação do desenho livre foi possível graças à um protocolo de entrevista semi-dirigida validado por estudos anteriores (Stoltz Schleder, 1992; Teixeira, 2008). Os participantes produziram e interpretaram eles mesmos os seus desenhos exercitando assim as differentes funções da inteligência e da consciência (Piaget, 1964, 1967). Os resultados indicam um progresso em direção à consciência de suas capacidades criadoras, intelectuais e de discurso. A riqueza dos dados exprimida nos seus desenhos e nas suas falas mostra que o método uzado, atrelado aos quadros teóricos adotados, foi eficaz para abordar a complexidade da inteligência, relacionando os aspectos cognitivo, afetivo, social, ético e moral. Concluímos enfatizando a importância de se reconhecer esses diferentes aspectos da inteligência para a inclusão escolar e social de alunos inscritos na educação de adultos. Os resultados deste estudo abrem para um olhar crítico em relação ao fenômeno da etiquetagem, do abuso de diagnosticos e de psicotrópicos (Monzée, 2010 ; Swenson, 2013) relacionado à importancia de reconhecer a inteligência destes alunos.
Thibaudeau, Geneviève. „Fonctions de l'hippocampe dans le conditionnement de trace appétitif“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27383/27383.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Grand Dominique. „La variabilité antigénique membranaire de Mycoplasma bovis : évaluation et rôles“. Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10140.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAttari-Gargari, Mahboubeh. „Les effets d’empêchement d’être et de se construire en régime politique d’effraction des limites entre l’intime et le public : approche clinique du psycho-traumatisme et des effets psychiques chez de jeunes adultes des procédures de direction des consciences mises en œuvre par le pouvoir politico-religieux en Iran“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100205.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study explores the psychological problematic centered on traumas imposed by the double politico-religious power on young Iraniansbetween 20 to 35 years old The material used comes from interviews conducted in Teheran in 2007. The projective drawings usedwere specifically developed for this study and reflected scenes known to young Iranians, and were sufficiently significant and subjective to enable the expression of personal feelings, and the emergence of emotions. After an investigation of the theories related to these problems, the interviews are analyzed from a political, religious, social and cultural dimension of the traumas, the acculturation, the trends and transformation vectors of the cultural transmission andpassing on a forced culture by founding myths. Then analyze concerns: the Founding father viewpoint: from his organized downfall to his execution, the inter and intra psychic filiations conflicts with these two initiating father figures Cyrus the Great and Imam Ali, the disqualification of the family’s father, the totemiste organization of the power; the traumas endured daily and post-traumatic syndromes brought about by the revolution, war, martyr cult, whipping, public hanging, and permanent interaction with guardians of revolutionary order; the pathologies as a consequence of the regime: identity crises and disorders, psychosocial pathologies as diminished image of self, projected mask, melancholy, depression, and personality disorders. As a result today Iranian society is disrupted, uncontrolled, and chaotic, in search of its values, and its cultural and identification references. In spite of the intense sufferings the pervert political system not managed to define to Islam the identification references of the young people, or to circumvent their psyche
Augier, Eric. „Résilience et vulnérabilité à l'addiction chez le rat : rôle révélateur du choix“. Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21845/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDrug addiction is defined as compulsive drug use that is, excessive and difficult to control despite negative consequences. A critical problem in current addiction research is to understand the transition between controlled and compulsive drug use. In standard drug self-administration settings, animals have no choice than drug use. As a result, serious doubt exists about the interpretation of drug use in experimental animals. Is it symptomatic of an underlying addiction state or merely an expectable response to lack of choice? This incertitude in turn casts a shadow over many behavioral and neurobiological changes that have been well documented in animals following extended drug self-administration. Do they reflect pathological dysfunctions or normal neurobiological adaptations?To address this issue, we have recently developed in our lab a rat model of the transition to cocaine addiction was recently developed and partially validated. Overall, available evidence shows that when a valuable behavioral option, even a biologically or physiologically inessential one, is made available during access to cocaine self-administration, most rats readily abstain from cocaine use in favor of the alternative reward regardless of the amount of past cocaine use. The goal of my thesis was to continue the validation of this model. My main results demonstrate that cocaine is very low on the value ladder of rats, and that this can't be explained away neither by the anxiogenic properties of cocaine, neither by saccharin habituation or satiation nor by the impossibility of the animals to control their cocaine intoxication. Overall, only a small minority of rats continue to self-administer the drug despite the opportunity of making a different choice. This pattern of results (i.e., abstinence in most rats; cocaine preference in few rats) maps well onto what is currently known about the epidemiology of human cocaine addiction. It is thus possible that the minority of cocaine-preferring rats would be homologous to the minority of human cocaine users with a diagnosis of addiction while the remaining majority of abstinent rats would be resilient to cocaine addiction. Choice could represent an objective method of selection of addicted animals for future research on the neurobiological dysfunctions that are hypothesized to underlie cocaine addiction. Other competing interpretations of the same pattern of results are also discussed at the end of this thesis
Minier-Munding, Laure. „Extraction de régularités en situation d'apprentissage de séquences : étude chez l'humain et le primate non-humain“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn humans and animals, the repeated exposure to a sequence of stimulus creates mental representations which have the same statistical regularities as that sequence. This thesis investigates the dynamics, influence and organization of units and sub-units during sequence learning, in humans and non-human primates (Guinea baboons, Papio papio).Our results show an advantage of the final sub- unit BC over the initial sub-unit AB during learning of sequences with the form ABC in both humans and baboons. We interpret this effect as resulting from the richer contextual information AB predicting C compared to the single term A predicting B. This effect is limited to the 2 previous terms before the one term to be predicted, across 2000 learning trials. A second finding shows that in learning sequences of 3 units (i.e. ABC, DEF, HGI), humans are able to use the predictability of elements at both local (within units) and global (within sequence) levels, whereas monkeys are limited to local dependencies. A third section investigates the extraction of regularities in homogeneous (i.e., units of the same length) and heterogeneous contexts (units of different lengths). Results in humans and monkeys showed no advantage for either of these contexts.Considered together, our studies show continuities and discontinuities between human and non-human primates in the extraction, influence and organization of units of different levels. This fine-grained level of information is necessary to constrain the computational models proposed to describe the mechanisms underlying regularity extraction
Foucart, Julie. „Étude comparée des habilités opératoires et motrices de l'homme et du chimpanzé pour une utilisation d'outils trans-primatique : le cassage de noix“. Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this work is to compare technical skills between human and chimpanzee for a relevant tool-use activity for these two species : nut-cracking. We perform real measurement of subjects' abilities to produce fonctional actions to accomplish the desired task in modified contextual situations. The different functional actions to accomplish the desired task in modified contextual situations. The different functional levels of the action organization are analysed : action strategies (choise of tools and form of action) and elementary movement. Results suggest that chimpanzee is able to, like human, subtly adapt his actions to task conditions. More precisely, we notice important inter-primatic similarities in the process of technical skills construction. Indeed, with experience, we observe : 1 - an increase of capacities to select the adequate tools and to perform a functional manipulation of them ; there is an increase of capacities to perceive and to master a higher number as well as more complex affordances structures and relational constraints ; 2 - an increase of the precision of the elementary movement adjustement to the constraints of the task
Rangassamy, Marylin. „Emergence et développement des différences comportementales individuelles chez les souris glaneuse, Mus spicilegus“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD080/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis includes five manuscripts. Two are already published, one is currently under review and two others are in preparation for submission.Animals frequently show consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, a phenomenon called animal personality. Animals have been thus described to differ in the expression level of different specific personality traits. However, consistencies in animal personality traits in young animals are especially controversial. One of the main aims of this thesis was therefore to investigate how the early environment experienced shapes the behavioural phenotype and whether the expression of behaviour remains stable over ontogeny. To this end, we used a small rodent of wild origin, the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus, as an animal model. This monogamous mouse occurs in a variety of agricultural and steppe-like habitats in Central and South Eastern Europe, and is characterized by bi-parental care. The main results of this thesis highlight the consistency of personality traits in the mound building mouse from the early postnatal period until around maturity, both in social and non-social contexts. Various personality traits were associated across context, thus forming a behavioural syndrome. Such consistencies across time and context were present when looking at the individual level but also when focusing on the relative differences among siblings within a litter. The early developmental environment proved to be decisive in modulating the emergence personality of the individual, via the presence or absence of the father. Pups growing up in absence of the father showed indications of a higher responsiveness in two different tests compared to pups raised by mothers only. We showed how personality differences are related to physiological parameters. Different personality types coped physiologically different with a chronic stressor, apparent by their hormonal and immunological profiles. Pairs with similar anxiety scores, independently of the scores of both partners of the pair, had a higher probability of breeding, and brought forward the onset of breeding during the observation period, which carries along potential fitness benefits. This dissertation brings thus together some insights into the proximate and ultimate aspects underlying consistent individual differences in behaviour, which is seldom the case in a same model species
Rizzi, Alice Titia. „"Entre ici et là-bas, je vous dessine mon chez moi" : exploration qualitative des productions des enfants en psychothérapie transculturelle“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H122/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDrawing is the preferred means of expression for children in particular when they are asked to express themselves in front of a group of adults, and moreover when it comes to children having multicultural backgrounds such as immigrant children. This thesis's research is based on a review of the available literature regarding the psychological approach of child's drawing as well as the transcultural approach of immigrant children. This complementary perspective aims to enrich their theoretical, methodological and clinical plurality. The research is focused on the material created by the children, the drawings imagined and produced during the transcultural consultations of Professor M.R. Moro, groupal psychotherapy for family, at Cochin Hospital (Maison de Solenn, Paris) and Avicenne Hospital (Bobigny). The research sample consists of sixty-three drawings produced by five children during the transcultural sessions. These drawings along with the narrative productions of the children have been analyzed in relation to the interactions within the group. The process of co-construction, which is at the heart of the transcultural approach, emerges from the interactions between sign and word, between cultures from here and from there, as well as between the children's world and the adult's one. The results of the analysis highlight the dialogical aspect of drawing. The graphical production supports the process of psychic and cultural elaboration of the child, therefore considered as the essential aspect of mediation between the speakings, the languages, the cultures and the interactions. Drawing thus holds a significant place: it is the sign of children's creativity, but also of the narrative and transcultural production experienced and shared. Our discussion is focused on three complementary dimensions. Firstly, we theorize a transcultural reading of the drawings of immigrant children as well as an innovative two-axis analysis method: the contents and the valences of a drawing. Then, we refine the comprehension of the mechanisms of identity-building and interbreeding specific to immigrant children thanks to their drawings. Based on these, several abstract propositions are highlighted: the mechanisms of splitting in the drawing, the transitional cultural object drawn, the transcultural narrativity (the symbolized journey and the history drawn), the figurative creativity and the precocious cultural affiliation. Finally, we enhance the transcultural therapeutic setting by defining the place of the auxiliary co-therapist in a complementary perspective, both psychoanalytic and anthropologic. In fact, the analysis of the dynamics of transfer/countertransference around the drawing enlightens the interest for the child to benefit from a privileged relationship within the group in order to accompany its graphic productions. This research aims to highlight the benefits and advantages taken by the clinician -in the perspective of other one' meeting -in the elaboration of the culture (Devereux), of the otherness (Moro) and of the child in itself, and after all to welcome the productions of the children « from here and there » and to accompany them in the elaboration of a « own world » creative and crossbreed
Il disegno rappresenta il mezzo espressivo privilegiato per un bambino, soprattutto quando è tenuto a esprimersi in un gruppo d'adulti e, ancor più, quando viene da altrove e porta in sé differenti culture. La ricerca che è al centro di questa tesi di dottorato in psicologia, poggia le sue basi sulla letteratura esistente riguardo sia l'approccio psicologico del disegno infantile sia l'approccio transculturale dei bambini delle famiglie migranti. L'obbiettivo del nostro lavoro è di associare questi due approcci in una prospettiva complementarista per arricchirne la pluralità metodologica, clinica e teorica. La nostra ricerca si fonda sul materiale creato dai bambini, in particolar modo i disegni prodotti durante le consultazioni transculturali della Professoressa Marie Rose Moro, dispositivo di psicoterapia familiale e gruppale, degli ospedali Cochin (Casa degli Adolescenti -Maison de Solenn- di Parigi) et Avicenne (Bobigny - Parigi). La popolazione della ricerca è costituita da sessantatré disegni prodotti da cinque bambini durante gli incontri transculturali. Abbiamo analizzato le produzioni grafiche e narrative dei bambini in relazione alle interazioni gruppali. Il processo di co-costruzione, strumento principe del dispositivo transculturale, emerge dalle interazioni tra segno e parola, tra qui e altrove, tra mondo infantile e mondo adulto. I risultati delle nostre analisi evidenziano l'aspetto dialogico del disegno, che è, in effetti, fondamentale al processo d'elaborazione psichica e culturale del bambino poiché funge da oggetto mediatore tra le lingue, i linguaggi, le culture e le interazioni. Il disegno assume quindi un ruolo centrale; non solo è segno della creatività dei bambini ma anche della produzione narrativa e transculturale condivisa e condivisibile. La nostra discussione concerne tre dimensioni complementari. Innanzitutto, teorizziamo una lettura transculturale del disegno del bambino di famiglia migrante e un metodo originale d'analisi che prende la forma di una tabella a doppia entrata: le valenze del disegno da un lato, e i contenuti dall'altro. In secondo luogo, affiniamo la comprensione dei meccanismi propri alla costruzione identitaria e al métissage specifici dei bambini di migranti partendo dai loro disegni per declinare diverse proposte concettuali: i meccanismi di scissione visibili nei disegni, l'oggetto culturale transizionale disegnato, la narratività culturale (il viaggio simbolizzato e la storia disegnata), la creatività figurata e l'affiliazione culturale precoce. Per finire, arricchiamo il setting transculturale definendo il ruolo del coterapeuta ausiliario in una prospettiva complementarista tanto psicoanalitica che antropologica. Effettivamente, l'analisi dei movimenti transferenziali e contro-transferenziali rispetto al disegno evidenzia la necessità per il bambino di poter beneficiare di una relazione privilegiata che accompagni le produzioni grafiche nel gruppo terapeutico. La nostra ricerca mostra i benefici, utili ad ogni terapeuta nell'incontro con l'altro, sollevati dall'elaborazione della cultura (Devereux), dell'alterità (Moro) così come del bambino in sé, per poter accogliere le produzioni dei bambini "di qui e di laggiù" e per accompagnarli nell'elaborazione d'un ''sé'' meticcio e creativo
Grandgeorge, Marine. „Le lien à l'animal permet-il une récupération sociale et cognitive chez l'enfant avec autisme ?“ Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662840.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFall, Anna. „Rôles différentiels du cortex cingulaire antérieur sous-génual et de l'insula antérieure dans la régulation des conséquences socio-affectives de l'exclusion sociale chez le rat“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS097.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHumans are motivated by a fundamental need to create and maintain strong and stable relationships. Numerous behavioral studies showed that social exclusion negatively affect this fundamental need. At the neuronal level, imaging studies highlighted the involvement of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and anterior insula (AI). Interestingly, these regions are also involved in the physiopathology of major depressive disorder, where social rejection constitutes a risk factor. To this day, the role of the sgACC and AI in the integration and regulation of social exclusion signals remains relatively unknown. To investigate the behavioral consequences of social exclusion, and the differential roles of the sgACC and AI, we first developed a new behavioral task of social exclusion in rats. This tasks allowed us to investigate i) the socio-affective consequences of being exposed to a social stress, ii) the consequences of excitotoxic lesion in the rodent homologous of the sgACC (infralimbic cortex or A25) and the AI (agranular insula) on affective behavior, iii) the impact of oxytocin (OT) administration, a neuropeptide involved in affiliative behaviors, on social interactions. Our results showed that exposure to social exclusion affected social interactions and increased depressive-like behaviors. The administration of OT and lesions of the infralimbic cortex reduced this negative impact and modulated neuronal activation. In conclusion, our work highlighted a differential role of the sgACC and the AI, and allowed us to propose a framework for the mechanisms of detection and processing of social exclusion signals
Assaka, Lucien. „Etude biochimique d'une (ou de) substances(s) immunologiquement apparentée(s) à la somatostatine chez l'escargot Helix aspersa : Corrélations avec la croissance et la regénération de la coquille“. Besançon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BESA2022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleValenchon, Mathilde. „Influence du tempérament sur les performances d'apprentissage et de mémoire chez le cheval equus caballus : étude de sa modulation par le stress“. Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the current thesis was to characterize the relationships between temperament and cognitive performances in horses and their modulation when influenced by stress. The temperament was evaluated considering five dimensions: fearfulness, reactivity to humans, gregariousness, tactile sensitivity and locomotor activity. The relationships between these dimensions and performances during instrumental learning tasks as well as working memory tests have been investigated. The dimension of fearfulness seems particularly important and its influence depends on the presence or absence of stressor. Fearfulness has a positive effect on performances in case of intrinsic stress, i.e. the cognitive task is the source of stress; and a negative effect in case of extrinsic stress. Without any stressor, these relationships are more contrasted. To a lesser extent, relationships between cognitive performances and the other dimensions of temperament have been found. Especially, the dimension of locomotor activity has a positive effect on performances that stands out only in presence of stressors, whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic. This thesis contributes to the characterization of links between temperament and cognition, which is a field of study in a wide expansion, and shows the importance of stress in order to understand these relations
Muller, Marc-Antoine. „Mécanismes neurobiologiques et comportementaux impliqués dans l'expression de la peur récente et ancienne à un contexte chez le rat“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881141.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRuppert, Elisabeth. „Influence non-circadienne de la lumière sur les comportements : identification des structures impliquées et application clinique“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ102/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLight influences physiology and behavior through both types of non-image-forming effects: i) indirect, synchronizing the circadian master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), ii) direct effects, independent from the circadian process though mechanisms poorly understood. Our studies in mice demonstrate that the direct influence of light constitutes a key mechanism of regulation for sleep, alertness and mood and is as important as the circadian process. The direct effects of light are mainly mediated through melanopsin, a retinal photopigment that projects to the different structures of the brain such as the SCN and the VLPO. The SCN, beyond their role as circadian clock are also a relay system for the direct effects of light. Further, we validated Arvicanthis ansorgei as a diurnal model for the study of sleep regulatory mechanisms. This is an important step in the translational approach from animal research to applications in humans. Various data suggest that the direct effects of light interact with the dopaminergic system. In the last part of this thesis, we evaluated the indication of bright light therapy in dopaminergic pathologies (Parkinson disease, restless legs syndrome, mood disorders). These advances open up new perspectives for possible applications of light therapy and may help improving societal lightening conditions