Thematische Bibliographien / Proxy indicator

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Proxy indicator“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 8. Februar 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Perrin, Caroline, Lothaire Hounga und Antoine Geissbuhler. „Systematic review to identify proxy indicators to quantify the impact of eHealth tools on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries including Delphi consensus“. BMJ Open 8, Nr. 8 (August 2018): e022262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022262.

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ObjectiveTo identify interventions that could serve as reliable proxy indicators to measure eHealth impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes.DesignSystematic review and Delphi study.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane from January 1990 to May 2016 for studies and reviews that evaluated interventions aimed at improving maternal/neonatal health and reducing mortality. Interventions that are not low-income and middle-income context appropriate and that cannot currently be diagnosed, managed or impacted by eHealth (eg, via telemedicine distance diagnostic or e-learning) were excluded. We used the Cochrane risk of bias, Risk Of Bias In Non- randomised Studies - of Interventions and ROBIS tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-step modified Delphi method was added to identify additional proxy indicators and prioritise the results, involving a panel of 13 experts from different regions, representing obstetricians and neonatologists.ResultsWe included 44 studies and reviews, identifying 40 potential proxy indicators with a positive impact on maternal/neonatal outcomes. The Delphi experts completed and prioritised these, resulting in a list of 77 potential proxy indicators.ConclusionsThe proxy indicators propose relevant outcome measures to evaluate if eHealth tools directly affect maternal/neonatal outcomes. Some proxy indicators require mapping to the local context, practices and available resources. The local mapping facilitates the utilisation of the proxy indicators in various contexts while allowing the systematic collection of data from different projects and programmes. Based on the mapping, the same proxy indicator can be used for different contexts, allowing it to measure what is locally and temporally relevant, making the proxy indicator sustainable.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015027351.

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Gunewardena, D., und S. Siyambalapitiya. „Electricity Usage as A Proxy Indicator For Poverty Targeting“. Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research 10, Nr. 2 (03.02.2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljer.v10i2.186.

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Viotti, Eduardo Baumgratz, Cristiano Roberto dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo Mattos Teixeira Cavalcante, Roberto de Pinho Dantas de Pinho und Leonardo Rodrigues Mattos da Costa. „Innovation output indicators“. Revista Brasileira de Inovação 21 (09.09.2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8665691.

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This article introduces a new family of innovation output indicators as an alternative to the EU 2020 indicator. The latter is a composite indicator that bears a complex and weak relation to the actual innovation output of economies. The proposed family of indicators (DINNOV) estimates the participation in the economy of enterprises that are both dynamic (or high-growth) and innovative. Its indicators take advantage of both the tradition of indicators produced from enterprise data collected by surveys of innovation and of indicators of business demography and entrepreneurship. Values of DINNOV indicators for Brazil are computed as a proof of concept. A proxy of the DINNOV indicators – the DINNOV-Simplex – is estimated for Brazil and 17 European economies. The new indicators avoid several drawbacks of the EU 2020 innovation output indicator and are easier to communicate to policymakers and the general public.

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Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito und A. Canning. „Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland“. Water Supply 18, Nr. 5 (08.12.2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.

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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.

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Reising, Steven C., Umran S. Inan und Timothy F. Bell. „ELF sferic energy as a proxy indicator for sprite occurrence“. Geophysical Research Letters 26, Nr. 7 (01.04.1999): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900123.

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Vaughan, Alan P. M., und Jane H. Scarrow. „Ophiolite obduction pulses as a proxy indicator of superplume events?“ Earth and Planetary Science Letters 213, Nr. 3-4 (August 2003): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00330-3.

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Lopatka, Alex. „A new proxy for Earth’s past energy imbalance“. Physics Today 76, Nr. 11 (01.11.2023): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.5337.

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Magill, Shelley S., Walter Hellinger, Jessica Cohen, Robyn Kay, Christine Bailey, Bonnie Boland, Darlene Carey et al. „Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida“. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, Nr. 3 (März 2012): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664048.

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Objective.To determine healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevalence in 9 hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida; to evaluate the performance of proxy indicators for HAIs; and to refine methodology in preparation for a multistate survey.Design.Point prevalence survey.Patients.Acute care inpatients of any age.Methods.HAIs were defined using National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. In each facility a trained primary team (PT) of infection prevention (IP) staff performed the survey on 1 day, reviewing records and collecting data on a random sample of inpatients. PTs assessed patients with one or more proxy indicators (abnormal white blood cell count, abnormal temperature, or antimicrobial therapy) for the presence of HAIs. An external IP expert team collected data from a subset of patient records reviewed by PTs to assess proxy indicator performance and PT data collection.Results.Of 851 patients surveyed by PTs, 51 had one or more HAIs (6.0%; 95% confidence interval, 4.5%–7.7%). Surgical site infections (n = 18), urinary tract infections (n = 9), pneumonia (n = 9), and bloodstream infections (n = 8) accounted for 75.8% of 58 HAIs detected by PTs. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, causing 9 HAIs (15.5%). Antimicrobial therapy was the most sensitive proxy indicator, identifying 95.5% of patients with HAIs.Conclusions.HAI prevalence in this pilot was similar to that reported in the 1970s by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control. Antimicrobial therapy was a sensitive screening variable with which to identify those patients at higher risk for infection and reduce data collection burden. Additional work is needed on validation and feasibility to extend this methodology to a national scale.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):283-291

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Yerger, David B., und Amber L. Stephenson. „A Novel Low-Cost Indicator of Student Perseverance and Its Association with College Student Academic Performance“. Asian Social Science 14, Nr. 6 (28.05.2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n6p43.

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Within the research literature investigating how student characteristics related to perseverance impact academic outcomes, leading scholars have encouraged the development of new measurements, both survey and non-survey based. We introduce here an innovative non-survey-based measurement, derived from common higher education variables, that reflects the perseverance construct. The created perseverance proxy is easily created and explainable to audiences with minimal statistical background. The variable was used to analyze academic outcomes at a mid-sized public university in the United States. The perseverance proxy strongly positively associates with academic outcomes, as measured both by GPA and odds of academic probation, in multivariate analysis across both genders. The perseverance proxy explains more of the variation in academic outcomes than any of the cognitive and financial aid variables used in the analysis. The technique for constructing the perseverance proxy is easily replicated at any college or university having data on students’ high school ranking and college admission exam scores.

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Gilmour, Daniel, und Edward Simpson. „Urban regeneration indicators: a proxy for assessing common good“. Emerald Open Research 3 (26.05.2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14099.1.

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Public realm urban regeneration projects aim to provide facilities for the common good such as improved road systems, public parks, museums and cultural institutions. Driven by political priorities, the expected benefits for society comprise of the proposed regeneration outcomes articulated in a masterplan vision. As a philosophical concept, common good in the context of urban regeneration is explored in this study to understand the expectations for major, long-term regeneration projects and the intended project objectives. In the approach to governance, there should be a relationship between monitoring indicators adopted by the regeneration project as part of the governance framework and their alignment with the common good. These concepts are analysed through a case study of the development and reporting of benchmark indicators established at the start of a major 20-year urban redevelopment in 2010. The monitoring and enhancement concept implemented required indicators to be developed and embedded in the regeneration process to, not only monitor, but also enhance sustainability. The longitudinal case study, at the interim point 10 years since the establishment of these indicators, will evaluate the sustainability of the urban regeneration and evaluate current evidence for the common good. The indicators were developed following the principles of a theme orientated framework in line with the UK and Scottish Government approach at that time. The process of indicator development was iterative, refined and finalised through working closely with local authority, Scottish Enterprise and partnership stakeholders (civic oriented organisations) to capture evidence of progress towards the masterplan vision. Ten years on, conclusions examine whether these indicators could be used a proxy for common good. The conclusion will identify the extent to which we would need to revise indicators to address any gaps to become a more accurate measure of common good.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Elliott, Graham. „Holocene solifluction sediments : evaluating their potential as a proxy climatic indicator“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363459.

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Fillios, Melanie A. „Measuring complexity in early Bronze Age Greece : the pig as a proxy indicator of socio-economic structures /“. Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41221201h.

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Larsson, Hanna. „Artbestånden i fossila trädgårdskonstruktioner : En teoretisk studieav de dynamiska relationerna mellan växter, insekter och agromiljöer samt derasimplikationer för den arkeologiska tolkningen“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144010.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of paleoentomology as a proxy in garden archaeology research. Garden contexts can prove difficult to identify and interpret due to the many changes the contexts go through during their activity period. Mixing of materials, harvesting and cultivation of many different plants will affect the environmental data that is retrieved from them and thus our interpretation of horticulture. This essay looks at the contexts and materials involved in the gardening process; irrigation sources, fertilizer, garden plant macrofossils and modern ecological insect and host plant relationships. The goal is to suggest a conceptual indicator group of insect and plant species that could aid in the identification of garden context and the in situ growth of relic plants. Paleoentomological information from the relating contexts (middens, composts, wells etc.) and other indicator groups have been included along with the ecological data in order to get a more complex picture over the garden contexts and their varying content. For instance, many of the plants found in garden soils are recorded as host plants to several insect species. This paper argues that investigation of these relationships can aid garden archaeology and further our understanding of herbivorous insects’ and associated species’ relationships to plant domestication in pre-history.

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Piednoir, Emmanuel. „Ιndicateurs de prescriptiοn antibiοtique en sοin primaire : la triangulatiοn prescripteur-usager-οrganisatiοn du système de santé pοur définir des priοrités d'implémentatiοn sur le terrain“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC425.

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La France est un des pays d’Europe qui consomme le plus d’antibiotiques, les soins primaires représentent 75% de ces prescriptions. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier des indicateurs relatifs au bon usage des antibiotiques (BUA) concernant les 3 principaux acteurs ou facteurs déterminants l’utilisation des antibiotiques : le médecin généraliste, le patient et le système de santé.Quatre études ont été réalisées. La première a validé sur un échantillon de prescripteurs les indicateurs de pertinence de prescription antibiotique. La seconde s’est focalisée sur l’indicateur relatif aux durées d’antibiothérapie en évaluant son impact en termes de consommation antibiotique et en surcoût pour le système de santé. La troisième a étudié les facteurs associés aux délivrances tardives posant ainsi les bases d’un indicateur patient de BUA. Enfin, la dernière étude s’est focalisée sur le système de santé et son influence dans la prescription antibiotique. Ce travail de thèse a permis d’avancer sur des indicateurs prescripteurs et de réfléchir à des actions préventives à implémenter sur le terrain. Il a également élargi le champ potentiel des indicateurs de BUA vers l’usager et le système de santé
France is one of the European countries with the highest antibiotic consumption, with primary care accounting for 75% of prescriptions. This PhD subject was to study indicators of good antibiotics’ use (GAU) in relation to the 3 main actors or factors determining their prescribtion: the general practitioner, the patient and the healthcare system.Four studies were carried out. The first validated antibiotic prescribing relevance indicators on a sample of prescribers. The second focused on the indicator relating to antibiotherapy duration, assessing its impact in terms of antibiotic consumption and additional costs for the healthcare system. The third studied the factors associated with late delivery, laying the foundations for a GUA patient indicator. Finally, the last study focused on the healthcare system and its influence on antibiotic prescribing.This Ph work enabled us to make progress on prescriber indicators and to consider preventive actions to be implemented in the field. It has also broadened the potential scope of GUA indicators towards the user and the healthcare system

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Schaller, Tobias Lukas. „Redox-sensitive metals in recent lake sediments proxy-indicators of deep-water oxygen and climate conditions /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11901.

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Doran, Sophie. „Development of proxy indicators for methane output by sheep using rapid-throughput field and laboratory techniques“. Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/0bd2e0a2-4827-4796-b395-3fa9b3740228.

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Methane production by ruminants is a significant contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (Webb et al., 2013). However, current values used to estimate methane output by sheep are default values and do not take into account animal and dietary factors that may affect methane output (Bernstein et al., 2007). Strategies to reduce ruminant methane output are the focus of a large body of research (Iqbal et al., 2008) and, in order to implement these strategies fully, a greater understanding of factors that influence ruminant methane emissions is necessary. The "gold standard" method for measuring methane output by sheep is the use of respiratory chambers (Blaxter and Clapperton, 1965). However, this method is expensive, time-consuming and labour intensive, making it unsuitable for use in an on-farm situation. The work presented in this thesis explores the potential of three proxies to estimate methane output by sheep, which could be used or adapted to be used as a practical means of estimating methane emissions from sheep on a large scale. The proxies investigated here are a Laser Methane Detector (LMD), used to take measurements of methane concentration from air expired by sheep, in vitro gas production analysis of feeds offered to sheep, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of feeds offered to sheep. Predictions of methane output obtained from each of the proxies are validated using respiratory chamber measurements taken from sheep offered a variety of feeds during different experiments. With further development and validation, all three proxies presented in this thesis demonstrate potential to be used to successfully estimate or predict methane output by sheep as measured in respiratory chambers.

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Mele, Antoni Rosell i. „Long-chain alkenone and alkyl alkenoate, and total pigment abundancies as climatic proxy-indicators in the the northeastern Atlantic : analytical methods, calibration and stratigraphy“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386102.

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Sousa, Janailson Queiroz. „Modelagem microscÃpica aplicada na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho da seguranÃa viÃria em interseÃÃes urbanas“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9059.

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A modelagem microscÃpica do fluxo de veÃculos na infraestrutura viÃria urbana tem se constituÃdo uma potencial ferramenta para a anÃlise do desempenho da seguranÃa viÃria (DSV) frente aos tradicionais mÃtodos de anÃlise com base nos estudos observacionais. Para consolidar essa abordagem existem desafios prÃticos e metodolÃgicos que foram tratados como objetivos nesta pesquisa, dentre os quais se destacam: (i) a identificaÃÃo de indicadores proxy eficientes para as anÃlises de seguranÃa nesse ambiente; (ii) a anÃlise dos algoritmos de microssimulaÃÃo quanto a sua eficÃcia de representaÃÃo dos processos de conduÃÃo no meio urbano, (iii) a definiÃÃo de um procedimento sistemÃtico de estimaÃÃo do DSV com o uso de microssimuladores de trÃfego e (iv) a validaÃÃo dos indicadores sintÃticos usados para medir o DSV. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral apresentar uma contribuiÃÃo metodolÃgica para a utilizaÃÃo da microssimulaÃÃo de trÃfego nas anÃlises do DSV no processo de planejamento tÃtico operacional dos sistemas de transporte com foco nas interseÃÃes urbanas. O procedimento metodolÃgico proposto considerou a realizaÃÃo de cinco etapas: 1) seleÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo do local de estudo, 2) codificaÃÃo do local no microssimulador, 3) planejamento da simulaÃÃo, 4) calibraÃÃo e validaÃÃo do modelo e 5) estimaÃÃo dos indicadores. A aplicaÃÃo do procedimento considerou trÃs interseÃÃes semaforizadas da cidade de Fortaleza, utilizando a plataforma de microssimulaÃÃo de trÃfego VISSIM. Os resultados alcanÃados indicaram que foi possÃvel estimar o DSV com relativo nÃvel de confianÃa e um procedimento complementar de validaÃÃo dos indicadores revelou um nÃvel de consistÃncia entre o nÃmero estimado de conflitos de interaÃÃes longitudinais e o nÃmero observado de colisÃes traseiras observadas em campo.
The microscopic modeling of traffic flow in urban road infrastructure has proven to be a potential tool for analyzing the performance of road safety (DSV) compared to traditional methods of analysis based on observational studies. To consolidate this approach there are practical and methodological challenges that have been treated as objectives in this research, among which are: (i) the identification of efficient synthetic indicators for the analysis of safety in this environment, (ii) the analysis of the microscopic algorithms and their effectiveness in the representation of the driving processes in urban areas, (iii) the definition of a systematic procedure for estimating the DSV using a microscopic platform and (iv) concerning the validation of synthetic indicators used to measure the DSV. Given this context, this research intended to provide a general methodological contribution to the use of microscopic traffic simulators for the analysis of the DSV in tactical and operational transportation systems planning process with focus on urban intersections. The proposed methodological procedure considered the completion of five steps: 1) selection and site characterization study, 2) coding the site in microsimulator 3) planning of the simulation, 4) calibration and validation of the model and 5) estimation of the indicators. The procedure considered three signalized intersections in the city of Fortaleza, using VISSIM Â as simulation platform. The results indicated that it was possible to estimate the DSV with relative confidence level and a complementary procedure for validation of the indicators showed a consistent level of consistency between the estimated number of conflicts of longitudinal interactions and observed number of rear end collisions observed in the field.

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Pollack, Gerald D. „Timing and Characterization of the Change in the Redox State of Uranium in Precambrian Surface Environments: A Proxy for the Oxidation State of the Atmosphere“. unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12052008-125923/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Eirik J. Krogstad, committee chair; Andrey Bekker, committee co-chair; W. Crawford Elliott, Timothy E. LaTour, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 27, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-219).

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Moita, Galba Freire. „Avaliação integrativa de performance multidimensional e decisão multicritério: um proxy de painel de indicadores de eficiência, efetividade e qualidade para governação de organizações hospitalares e serviços de saúde no Brasil“. Doctoral thesis, [s.n.], 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88714.

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A criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em 1988, no Brasil, representou avanços do ponto de vista de garantias de atendimento, da organização sistêmica e da descentralização da gestão única, porém com frágil governação de desempenho. Por sua vez, a Nova Gestão Pública (NGP), ou Gerencialismo, tem exigido dos gestores públicos de saúde esforços de monitoramento de resultados, controladoria e responsabilização (accountability) dos gastos públicos, visto que muitos países da Europa e América Latina aplicam cerca de 9 a 10% do PIB-GDP em saúde. Este estudo analisou algumas metodologias de mensuração de resultados em saúde no cenário mundial como os projetos QIP e AHRQ (EUA), EFQM (Europa) e PATH (OMS), e projetos brasileiros como o PROADESS, PNASH, PNASS, PMAQ e as matrizes de indicadores como IDB-Ripsa e IDSUS, em busca de desenvolver um quadro teórico-conceptual (base teórico-metodológica) de avaliação de performance para organizações de saúde, aplicável às unidades do SUS. De seguida, envolveu gestores e profissionais para a captação e validação da perceção desses agentes chaves (stakeholders) quanto as dimensões e indicadores chaves para a mensuração de desempenho em organizações e serviços de saúde no contexto do SUSBrasil de hospitais, policlínicas e outras unidades do SUS. Utilizou metodologias científicas de apoio à decisão, como Design Research e o método misto (qualitativo e quantitativo) de avaliação para responder à questão: há diferentes proxies de painel de indicadores de avaliação multidimensional para previsão e monitoramento de performance e resultados em serviços de saúde, conforme os multicritérios dos decisores chaves da rede de serviços na saúde pública do Brasil? Através de estatística descritiva, correlação quantílica e análise factorial, foram analisadas as ponderações de itens de avaliação de performance, na perspetiva dos gestores e decisores e também de itens de análise de qualidade/ satisfação de usuários. Algumas hipóteses sobre variáveis latentes e observadas desses ítens de avaliação foram propostas e testadas por análise estatística, quanto às três possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Por fim, operacionalizou a validação multicêntrica, tendo construído modelos finais através de análise de cargas factoriais, validade e confiabilidade dos itens, de proxies de painéis de indicadores com 453 decisores chaves e uma adaptação transcultural da escala SERVQUAL que resultou em uma escala inovadora de avaliação da qualidade e satisfação, com subescalas de intervenção, tendo sido validada por 195 especialistas e gestores e, aplicada a 2.547 usuários de 74 unidades do SUS.
The creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) in 1988, in the Brazil, represented advances from the standpoint of service guarantees, systemic organization and decentralization of unified management but with weak governance performance. In turn, the New Public Management (NPM), or Managerialism, has required public health managers monitoring efforts results, controllership and accountability of the spending of public funds, as a lot of countries of Europe and Latin America apply about 9-10 % of health – PIB-GDP. This study analyzed some health outcomes measurement methodologies on the world stage as QIP and AHRQ projects (USA), EFQM (Europe) and PATH (WHO), and Brazilian projects as PROADESS, PNASH, PNASS, PMAQ and panel of indicators such as IDB-Ripsa and IDSUS, seeking develop a conceptual framework (theoretical and methodological basis) performance assessment for health organizations applicable to the SUS units. Then engaged managers and professionals (stakeholders) for the capture and validation of the perception of stakeholders as the dimensions and key indicators for performance measurement in organizations and health services in the context of SUS-Brazil hospitals, polyclinics and other SUS units. It used even scientific methods of decision support, as Design Research and mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) assessment to answer the question: there are different proxies’ multidimensional evaluation indicators dashboard for forecasting and monitoring performance and outcomes in hospitals and health services, according to the multiple criteria of the key stakeholders of the care network of the public health in Brazil? Descriptive statistics, quantum correlation and factorial analysis were used to analyze the weighting of performance evaluation items from the perspective of managers and decision makers, as well as user quality/satisfaction analysis items. Some hypotheses about latent and observed variables of these evaluation items were proposed and tested by statistical analysis, regarding the three possible moderating variables. Finally, it operates the multicentric validation, having built final models through analysis of factor loads, validity and reliability of items, of proxies of indicators panels with 453 key decision makers and a cross-cultural adaptation of the SERVQUAL scale that resulted in an innovative scale of evaluation of quality and satisfaction, with intervention subscales, having been validated by 195 specialists and managers, and applied to 2,547 users of 74 SUS units.

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Bücher zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Sheila, Girling, Hrsg. Conservation by Proxy: Indicator, umbrella, keystone, flagship, and other surrogate species. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010.

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Godfried J. P. van Griensven. The use of mortality statistics as a proxy indicator for the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the Thai Population. Bangkok: Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1998.

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United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone. Civil Affairs Section. Proxy indicators: Restoration of state authority and recovery : progress report as of March 2003. Freetown, Sierra Leone: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, Civil Affairs Section, 2003.

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United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone. Proxy indicators: Restoration of state authority and recovery : progress report as of March 2003. Freetown, Sierra Leone: United Nations, 2003.

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Johannsen, Julia. Operational assessment of monetary poverty by proxy means tests: The example of Peru. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009.

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Conservation by Proxy: Indicator, Umbrella, Keystone, Flagship, and Other Surrogate Species. Island Press, 2010.

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Measuring complexity in early Bronze Age Greece: The pig as a proxy indicator of socio-economic structures. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd., 2007.

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Regan, Patrick M. A Perceptual Approach to Quality Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0003.

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This chapter tackles the problem of finding data-derived indicators to measure the quality of peace, versus a definition of peace simply as the absence of war. Conceptually, peace is seen as an equilibrium condition where resort to violence is minimal and where the highest quality of peace exists when the idea of armed violence approaches the unthinkable. The author draws upon the early work of Quincy Wright and Kenneth Boulding and progresses from there, establishing first their definitions of and conditions for peace. To put his theories to work, he introduces two proxy indicators: black market currency exchanges and bond market prices. Specifically, he examines and compares the premiums attached to the black market values of currencies in less stable economies and relates them to factors that promote destabilization of the equilibrium. Similarly, he compares the strip spreads on sovereign bonds as an indicator of government stability and instability.

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Schaller, Tobias Lukas. Redox-sensitive metals in recent lake sediments: Proxy indicators of deep-water oxygen and climate conditions. 1996.

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Kahn, S. Lowell. Directional AngioJet Thrombectomy with Guide Catheter Helical Spin Technique. Herausgegeben von S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan und Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0037.

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The presence of thrombus in the central veins is associated with a higher risk of development post-thrombotic syndrome. The AngioJet Solent Proxi (90 cm) and Omni (120 cm) catheters are commonly used peripheral thrombectomy devices indicated for acute arterial and venous thrombus removal. Both catheters are 6 Fr sheath/8 Fr guide catheter compatible, and both offer the Power Pulse feature, allowing the direct infusion of tissue plasminogen activator into the thrombus. The catheters are indicated for use in vessels greater than 3 mm, with an optimal vessel range between 6 and 20 mm. Their use in the removal of iliac vein and inferior vena cava thrombus is frequent. Although the system is purported to provide effective thrombectomy capabilities in larger vessels, incomplete thrombus removal is common with larger vessels. This chapter proposes a simple modification in the standard use of the AngioJet Solent Proxi and Omni catheters.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Raisbeck, G. M., und F. Yiou. „10Be as a Proxy Indicator of Variations in Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Field Intensity During the Last 10,000 Years“. In Secular Solar and Geomagnetic Variations in the Last 10,000 Years, 287–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3011-7_17.

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Mattioli, Giulio, Marco Dugato und Ian Philips. „Vulnerability to Motor Fuel Price Increases: Socio-Spatial Patterns in Italy“. In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 89–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35684-1_5.

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AbstractEnvironmental taxes and oil market fluctuations can increase road fuel prices significantly and are likely to play a big role in the future. This raises social justice issues, as some low-income households rely on cars for access to services and opportunities but struggle to afford related expenses. The impacts of fuel price increases are unevenly spatially distributed, as shown by transport, planning and urban research. We investigate spatial patterns of vulnerability to fuel price increases in Italy, a country where the problem is particularly pronounced due to high motorisation rate relative to income, and high fuel prices. We define vulnerability as the combination of high exposure (high car use), high sensitivity (low income) and low adaptive capacity (high car dependence). Based on municipality-level data on motorisation and the journey to work from the 2011 Italian Census and official income tax revenue data for 2012 (as a proxy for income) we derive a composite indicator of vulnerability. The results show: i) a co-location of low-income and high car use on the periphery of many Italian city regions; ii) stark interregional differences, with lower income levels in the South driving high levels of vulnerability, despite lower levels of car ownership and use.

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Marzouk, Nabil. „The Syrian Conflict: Selective Socioeconomic Indicators“. In Syria: From National Independence to Proxy War, 115–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98458-2_6.

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Ouellet-Bernier, Marie-Michèle, und Anne de Vernal. „Proxy Indicators of Climate in the Past“. In Climate Changes in the Holocene, 41–76. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351260244-2.

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Engelbogen, Franziska, Oliver Nakoinz, Daniel Knitter, Camilla Zeviani, Simon Stoddart, Steffen Strohm, Gerrit Günther, Victoria Alliata und Ulrike Löptien. „Indicators of Transformation Processes: Change Profiles as a Method for Identifying Indicators“. In Perspectives on Socio-environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe, 63–102. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53314-3_4.

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AbstractThe sound interpretation and convincing detection of transformations require dense data from different domains. This chapter aims to develop some rather simple indicators that can be used to identify and characterise transformations using change profiles. This chapter concentrates on location-based indicators that are applied to case studies from the Iron Age in Central Italy and South-West Germany. We focus on rather well-known transformations characterising them with location-based parameters and validating those indicators with additional information, such as data on climate, technology, and society. The additional parameters also help to gain decent interpretations of the transformations. The requirement of the multi-proxy approach is satisfied on two levels. First, each domain is represented by different indicators, and second, different domains are considered for interpretation and evaluation. This chapter results in a set of simple location-based indicators, change profiles, and the description and interpretation of the Iron Age transformations from the case studies. Furthermore, with the case study of South-West Germany for instance, we revealed two interrelated transformation processes. The first process focuses on the formation of the elites, which supports and accelerates technical developments. That prepared the ground for the second process, which affects the whole society and includes a kind of social consolidation. After the Hallstatt-Latène transition, the intensity of the transformations seems to decrease.

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García Portilla, Jason. „c) Cuba: A Sui Generis Case Study (Communist Proxy)“. In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 309–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_20.

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AbstractThe anti-clerical elements of the Revolution helped Cuba succeed in various indicators (e.g. education quality and coverage, equality, health). The Cuban regime seized, dismantled, and limited the institutional influence of Roman Catholicism on these areas of public life. However, a strong cultural influence of a highly syncretised Roman Catholicism persists in Cuba even if its institutional influence has been curbed. Also, the Communist regime, by adopting Marxism, “threw the baby out with the bathwater” through persecuting all types of religion, including Protestant liberals. Finally, the Cuban regime conveniently turned to Rome to legitimise itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union and to silence Protestantism with a corporatist strategy. The socialist legal tradition had an effect opposite to its claims (e.g. lack of freedom, corruption), even if its anti-clerical element was an advantage. Comparing the Cuban experience to other Latin American countries with leftist dictatorships (e.g. Venezuela) helps understand their failure to achieve the Cuban indicators (e.g. education). The crucial factor in this regard is whether or not the power and influence of the Roman Church-State are reduced.

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Briffa, Keith R., Philip D. Jones, Fritz H. Schweingruber, Wibjörn Karlén und Stepan G. Shiyatov. „Tree-ring variables as proxy-climate indicators: Problems with low-frequency signals“. In Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, 9–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61113-1_2.

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Zorita, Eduardo, Birgit Hünicke, Nele Tim und Matthieu Rouault. „Past Climate Variability in the Last Millennium“. In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_5.

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AbstractWe review our knowledge of the climate variability in southern Africa over the past millennium, based on information provided by proxy data and by climate simulations. Since proxy data almost exclusively record past temperature and/or precipitation, the review is focused on those two variables. Proxy data identify three thermal phases in the region: a medieval warm period around year 1000 CE (common era), a Little Ice Age until about the eighteenth century, and a clear warming phase since that temperature minimum until the present period. Variations of precipitation are different in the summer-rainfall and winter-rainfall regions. In the former, precipitation tends to accompany the temperature, with warm/humid and cold/dry phases. In the winter-rainfall zone, the variations are opposite to temperature. Thus, past precipitation variations display a see-saw pattern between the summer- and winter-rainfall zones. However, climate simulations do not display these three different hydroclimatic periods. Instead, the simulations show a clearly warm twentieth century and punctuated cooling due to volcanic eruptions, with otherwise little variations during the pre-industrial period. Also, the simulations do not indicate an anticorrelation between precipitation in the summer- and winter-rainfall zones. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.

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Rosell, A., J. Grimalt und G. Eglinton. „Organic Compounds as Proxy-Indicators of Sea Surface Palaeotemperature: The Uk 37 Index“. In Long-Term Climatic Variations, 239–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79066-9_9.

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Kirsten, Johann F., Bernhard Dalheimer und Bernhard Brümmer. „Overview of the Macroeconomic Drivers of the Region“. In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 113–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_4.

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AbstractThe ecosystems in Southern Africa are impacted by economic activity and population growth and pressure. There are several macro-economic drivers shaping these economic and population pressures and it is for this reason that this chapter unpacks the macro-economic drivers in the region. With the economy of South Africa dominating the regional economy (90% of Gross value added) it makes sense to discuss to the macroeconomic situation in Southern Africa by referring to policy and macro indicators in South Africa as a proxy of the regional situation. We also focus on the Limpopo province which shares boundaries and an ecosystem with three other countries in Southern Africa. Starting from the general macropolicy situation, major macro indicators for the region, the country and Limpopo are presented, jointly with the specific challenges, regulatory frameworks and policies that govern the development processes in the region. We focus on environmental, agricultural and trade policy measures, including their interlinkages, and illustrate that they provide a volatile and uncertain environment for structural development of the agricultural sector.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Brown, Avery, Ben Beck, Micah Shepherd, Edward Smith, Bhavya Patel, Noah Robertson, Charles Bakis und Nicholas Vlajic. „Circular Acoustic Black Holes Integrated into Carbon/Epoxy Stiffened Panels for Noise Control“. In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–16. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1245.

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Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite stiffened panels are increasingly being used for structural components in large transport rotorcraft. However, problems are arising with high levels of vibration and interior noise due to the increased stiffness-to-density ratio of composites. The current investigation explores the potential of reducing vibrations in carbon/epoxy stiffened panels with the integration of acoustic black holes (ABH), namely features that incorporate a power law thickness taper. The proposed approach involves designing a taper into the thickness of the blade stiffeners as well as the thin plate. Integration of ABHs into the fuselage structure has the potential to reduce broadband vibrations. Multiple parametric studies with either an ABH integrated into the blade stiffener or a grid of ABHs integrated into the plate were conducted, and the tradeoffs between vibration amplitudes, panel mass, and compressive buckling load were examined. Carbon/epoxy panels were fabricated using vacuum-bag-oven processing with out-of-autoclave prepreg and verified to be of good quality. The integrated velocity response, a proxy for the radiated noise from a panel, and compressive buckling were simulated using finite elements. Comparisons were made to experimentally measured data from modal testing and compression buckling testing. Experimental results indicated that when an ABH is integrated into the blade stiffener and 15 ABHs are integrated into the plate in a grid configuration, the panel mass was unchanged, the integrated velocity response decreased by 2.82 dB, and the buckling load increased by 2.9% compared to a baseline non-tapered design.

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Schütze, Florian. „Google Trends Topic-Based Uncertainty: A Multi-National Approach“. In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11622.

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Several studies have shown that uncertainty among economic actors influences business cycle dynamics. This paper uses Google Trends topic queries to construct an uncertainty proxy that can be applied to every country where Google is active. Using a VAR approach, this paper demonstrates that the obtained impulse-response functions of main economic indicators to a one-standard deviation shock to the constructed indicator, are similar to those from an already-existing uncertainty proxy, the EPU. This is true for the G7 countries and Russia. On average, the uncertainty indicator constructed for this paper leads to more statistically significant responses than does the EPU. Thus, this paper shows that Google Trends is a helpful tool for obtaining timely information about uncertainty among economic actors. The main improvement in this uncertainty proxy is in its language independence. Existing uncertainty-measurement approaches, in contrast, rely on certain keywords that often vary across countries.

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Perez, Jacob, Geoffrey Gilleaudeau, Elizabeth Swanner und Stephen Romaniello. „Is the uranium isotope proxy a reliable indicator of ferruginous conditions?“ In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7995.

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Arhipova, Irina, Gundars Berzins, Edgars Brekis, Juris Binde und Martins Opmanis. „Mobile Phone Data Statistics as Proxy Indicator for Regional Economic Activity Assessment“. In International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007772000270036.

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Cruciata, Pietro, Davide Pulizzotto, Mikäel Héroux-Vaillancourt und Catherine Beaudry. „0-shot text classification for web-based environmental indicators: Pilot study on B-Corp data“. In CARMA 2023 - 5th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2023.2023.16463.

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This paper proposes a tool that uses web-based information to generate a proxy for the environmental culture indicator developed by B-Lab. The tool is based on recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP), such as pre-trained language models like BART that better capture the semantic facets of natural language. The algorithm and data provide several advantages, including real-time analysis, minimal building cost, granularity, and a large sample size, making it appealing. The Zero-shot text classification task is used to create an indicator of companies' environmental culture, which was chosen due to the urgency created by recent climatic events, pushing for increased environmental protection and sustainability culture promotion. The tool was tested on the B-CORP dataset, which provides scores on environmental performance. Results indicate that scores for certain environmental topics generated by the tool are correlated with B-Lab's environmental indicator. This research open door to the possibility of predicting the environmental readiness of the companies base on web-based indicators.

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Dewaney, Nishant, und Chagun Basha Basheer Ahmed. „Defining and Assessing Uncertainty in India’s Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD)“. In 27th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (STI 2023). International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55835/6442e9e2233378db281825d1.

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Gross Expenditure on Research & Development (GERD) is the most referred to indicator in the S&T policy setup across the world. However, this expenditure is presented in a point estimate format, thus signalling incredible certitude. In this poster, we attempt to define the ways in which the uncertainty in GERD of India manifests itself. These manifestations of uncertainty are of reliability, accessibility, availability, and international comparability. We then go on to assess reliability-associated uncertainty in central and state government’s expenditure on R&D through the proxy of variability in official sources.

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Fitriani, Dini, Riski Darmasetiawan, Asep Harja und Eleonora Agustine. „Magnetism and Morphology of Magnetic Minerals from Agricultural Soils: A Proxy Indicator of Pollution“. In Annual International Conference on Geological and Earth Sciences (GEOS 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3353_geos16.10.

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S, Thamizharasan, Prosenjit Ghosh und Nisha Nair. „Nitrogen isotope proxy in clay ammonium as an indicator of wildfire activity over Indian Himalaya“. In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.9173.

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Fauzan, Muhammad Fatih Amar, Imam Ashari Sandi, Muhammad Destisa Caprian, Meytij Jeanne Rampe, Pariabti Palloan und Vistarani Arini Tiwow. „A review of the magnetic susceptibility of landfill leachate as an indicator proxy of heavy metal pollution“. In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTING AND APPLIED INFORMATICS 2022. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0183088.

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Dharmadasa, K. H. K., U. Kulatunga, M. Thayaparan und K. P. Keraminiyage. „Assessment of community disaster resilience in Sri Lanka: methodological approach in developing an index“. In World Construction Symposium - 2024, 227–39. Department of Building Economics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2024.18.

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Disasters threaten communities, causing immense damage to life, property, and overall well-being. In recent years, the frequency and impact of disasters have increased, highlighting the urgent need for enhancing Community Disaster Resilience (CDR). CDR refers to a community's ability to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from disasters. This research presents the proposed methodology to develop an index to measure community resilience to disasters in Sri Lanka. Based on the previous studies on resilience, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to identify all possible proxy indicators of CDR across economic, social, institutional, physical, environmental, and human health dimensions. The primary data collection and analysis will be conducted using a systematic approach called Q-methodology. As the SLR results generated too many items in the first instance, a pilot study will be undertaken to reduce the number and to identify the most relevant indicators (Q-set) for measuring CDR in Sri Lanka. This Q-set data will be ranked based on how much each expert in the field of disaster management, who will be selected through the snowball technique, would agree with each identified indicator (Q-sort). Then, Q-sort data is subjected to factor analysis to determine the inter-correlation between the results of Q-sorting. The qualitative data gathered during Q-sorting is expected to be analysed using thematic analysis. Finally, the index will be constructed by deriving the weightage of each indicator based on the Q-sorting results. This paper provides an extensive illustration of the above methodology.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Proxy indicator"

Gerst, Michael D. A Review of Community Resilience Indicators Using a Systems Measurement Framework. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.2300-01.

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As natural disasters have increased in frequency and magnitude, there has been a growing need to understand the underlying factors that are likely to lead to faster recovery and more resilient communities. One way of addressing this need has been to develop sets of indicators or indicator indices that serve as proxy measurements for resilience, which is an emergent system property and cannot be directly measured. Since the application of indicators can have profound effects on community well-being, it is important that indicator selection involves stakeholders and is based on the best available science. Previous reviews of resilience indicator frameworks have attempted to gauge the state of science used for indicator selection by looking for consensus of indicator choices across different frameworks. Using a novel categorization methodology based in systems science, this study reviews a small set of resilience frameworks for indicator consensus. Compared to previous reviews, this methodology allows for a distinction between consensus of concepts and consensus of indicators to measure concepts. Our results show two new insights. First, common usage of an indicator does not mean that agreement exists on what the indicator is actually measuring. Second, even if there is agreement on what concepts are measured by an indicator, it is not guaranteed that this consensus is backed by high quality evidence. These results call into question the practice of reviewing many frameworks to identify common indicators during model development, and instead point to the need for more detailed assessment of background evidence and indicator validation.

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Marcellino, Massimiliano, und Dalibor Stevanovic. The demand and supply of information about inflation. CIRANO, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/djgr5759.

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In this article we study how the demand and supply of information about inflation affect inflation developments. As a proxy for the demand of information, we extract Google Trends (GT) for keywords such as "inflation", "inflation rate", or "price increase". The rationale is that when agents are more interested about inflation, they should search for information about it, and Google is by now a natural source. As a proxy for the supply of information about inflation, we instead use an indicator based on a (standardized) count of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles containing the word "inflat" in their title. We find that measures of demand (GT) and supply (WSJ) of inflation information have a relevant role to understand and predict actual inflation developments, with the more granular information improving expectation formation, especially so during periods when inflation is very high or low. In particular, the full information rational expectation hypothesis is rejected, suggesting that some informational rigidities exist and are waiting to be exploited. Contrary to the existing evidence, we conclude that the media communication and agents attention do play an important role for aggregate inflation expectations, and this remains valid also when controlling for FED communications.

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Broto, Carmen, Luis Fernández Lafuerza und Mariya Melnychuk. Do buffer requirements for European systemically important banks make them less systemic? Madrid: Banco de España, Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/24876.

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Buffers for systemically important institutions (SIIs) were designed to mitigate the risks posed by these large and complex banks. With a panel data model for a sample of listed European banks, we demonstrate that capital requirements for SIIs effectively reduce the perceived systemic risk of these institutions, which we proxy with the SRISK indicator in Brownlees and Engle (2017). We also study the impact of the adjustment mechanisms that banks use to comply with SII buffer requirements and their contribution to systemic risk. The results show that banks mainly respond to higher SII buffers by increasing their equity, as intended by the regulators. Once we control for the options SIIs employ to fulfil these requirements and SII characteristics (e.g. total asset size), we find a residual effect of having SII status. This result suggests that being an SII provides a positive signal to markets by further decreasing its contribution to systemic risk.

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Iizaka, Hitomi, Kwok Chiu Fung, Busakorn Chantasasawat und Alan Siu. Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia and Latin America: Is there a People's Republic of China Effect? Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006858.

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In recent years, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has emerged as the largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world. Many analysts and government officials in the developing world have increasingly expressed concerns that they are losing competitiveness to PRC. Is PRC diverting FDI from other developing countries? In this paper, the authors explore this important research and policy issue empirically. They focus our studies on East and Southeast Asia as well as Latin America, and control for the standard determinants of their inward direct investment. They then add PRC's inward foreign direct investment as an indicator of the "PRC Effect". Estimation of the coefficient associated with the PRC Effect proxy gives us indications about the existence of the PRC Effect. This paper was prepared for Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s First Annual Meeting held in Beijing, China on December 3rd-4th, 2004.

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Cumberbatch, Janice, Fabian Hinds, Leonardo Corral, Cassandra Rogers, Maja Schling, Naijun Zhou und Michele H. Lemay. The Impact of Coastal Infrastructure Improvements on Economic Growth: Evidence from Barbados. Inter-American Development Bank, Oktober 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011763.

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This paper presents the first rigorous impact evaluation of a shoreline stabilization program in Barbados and attempts to assess whether shoreline stabilization investments indeed have beneficial effects on medium-term economic growth in Small Island Developing States through stimulating tourism demand and real estate development. The analysis relies on a carefully designed geographic information systems (GIS) dataset, which comprises extensive panel data from Barbados' touristic West and South Coasts on key infrastructure, beach characteristics, and real estate activity, as well as remotely-sensed luminosity data as a proxy of economic growth. The synthetic control method is employed to construct a counterfactual from a combination of all control beach sites and subsequently estimate program impact on per capita luminosity as a proxy for GDP p.c.. Results indicate that even in the first three years after treatment, economic effects are positive and indicate a strong positive trend. This suggests that shoreline stabilization works may not only help preserve fragile ecological conditions, but further lead to sustainable growth in the local economy.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Defining and Measuring Diplomatic Influence. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.032.

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This review found no sources of straightforward indicators for use in measuring diplomatic influence. The literature and evaluations found to recommend the use of tailor-made evaluations to account for “differences in diplomatic settings, diplomatic activities and policy fields”. They hinge on developing a theory of change alongside questions and evaluation criteria that are context-specific. They rely on assessing intermediate goals as a ‘proxy’ for the immeasurable long-term influence, and causal contributions (contributed to a result) rather than causal attributions (caused a result). It was also frequently mentioned that programme designers tend to design programmes to support diplomatic influence without specific and measurable objectives because influencing processes are by nature non-linear. In these cases, evaluations will be correspondingly unable to provide specific and measurable indicators of achievement.

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Bouillon, César P., und Patricia Yáñez-Pagans. Dynamic Consistency of Multidimensional and Income Targeting: An Application for Mexico Using Panel Data Information. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011192.

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This paper compares the dynamic consistency of targeting methodologies that use multidimensional welfare indicators with those based on means and proxy means tests using panel data from Mexico. To make these comparisons, an extension of the Alkire and Foster (2008) dual cutoff multidimensional poverty methodology is proposed. This extension provides a relative approach to multidimensional deprivation that ranks individuals according to an aggregate of their relative position in the distribution of a set of welfare attributes or outcomes. The extension gives particular importance to deprivations that affect smaller portions of the population, as these deprivations are especially critical in defining relative multidimensional welfare. The findings, disaggregated by geographical area (urban and rural), suggest that taking into account deprivation in multiple dimensions may lead to more dynamically consistent measures of well-being and thus more dynamically consistent targeting algorithms.

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Caballero, Julián. Banking Crises and Financial Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011438.

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This paper explores whether the level of financial integration of banks in a country increases the incidence of systemic banking crises. The paper uses a de facto proxy for financial integration based on network statistics of banks participating in the global market of interbank syndicated loans. Specifically, the network statistics degree and betweenness are used to proxy for the de facto integration of the average bank in a country. The paper fits a count data model in the cross-section for the period 1980- 2007 and finds that the level of integration of the average bank is a robust determinant of the incidence of banking crises. An increased level of de facto integration as mea- sured by borrowing by banks is positively associated with the incidence of crises. A higher level of de jure integration (capital account openness) is also associated with a higher incidence of crises. However, the results also indicate that prudential banking regulation (supervision) plays a crucial and much larger role in reducing the incidence of crises. Interestingly, the results also show that the level of integration as measured by betweenness of the average bank has a negative effect on the incidence of crises. That is, the more important the average bank of a country is to the global bank network, the fewer the number of crises the country endures.

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Johansen, Richard, Molly Reif, Christina Saltus und Kaytee Pokrzywinski. A broadscale assessment of Sentinel-2 imagery and the Google Earth Engine for the nationwide mapping of chlorophyll a. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48784.

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Harmful algal blooms degrade water quality and can result in adverse health impacts to humans and wildlife. Monitoring these at scale is difficult due to the lack of coincident data. Additionally, traditional field collection methods are labor- and cost-prohibitive, resulting in disparate data collection not capable of capturing the physical and biological variations within waterbodies or regions. This research attempts to alleviate this by leveraging large, public, water quality databases coupled with open-access Google Earth Engine-derived Sentinel-2 imagery to evaluate the practical usability of four common chlorophyll a algorithms as a proxy for detecting and mapping algal blooms nationwide. Chlorophyll a data were aggregated from spatially diverse sites across the continental US between 2019 and 2022. The 2BDA and the NDCI algorithms were the most viable for broadscale mapping of chlorophyll a, which performed moderately well, encompassing highly diverse spatial, temporal, and physical conditions. The most compatible field data acquisition method was the chlorophyll a, water, trichromatic method, uncorrected with R2 values of 0.63, 0.62, and 0.41 and RMSE values of 15.89, 16.2, and 23.30 for 2BDA, NDCI, and MCI, respectively. These indicate the feasibility of utilizing band ratio algorithms for broadscale detection and mapping of chlorophyll a as a proxy for HABs, which is valuable when coincident data are unavailable or limited.

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Campos, Rodolfo, Samuel Pienknagura und Jacopo Timini. How far has globalization gone? A tale of two regions. Madrid: Banco de España, Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/34612.

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We study the globalization of trade in Latin America and Asia over the past 25 years and quantify its economic impact. Employing structural gravity models, we first estimate a proxy of trade globalization that captures the ease of trading internationally with respect to trading domestically. The results indicate similar trade globalization patterns in the two regions, albeit with a high degree of heterogeneity within them. Trade globalization has been particularly strong in agriculture, mining and manufacturing, but has lagged in services. Within-region heterogeneity is associated with a set of trade policy instruments, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, WTO membership and trade agreements. Next, we quantify the economic implications of the estimated globalization trends. Simulations of a multi-sector trade model point to heterogeneous long-term impacts of globalization on GDP (some countries exhibiting substantial gains and others experiencing large losses), with no single sector playing a predominant role.

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