Bücher: „Proton centre“

1

Streets, Jonathan Mark. Properties of muons and jets in proton-antiproton collisions at 540 and 630 GeV centre of mass energy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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2

Cailly, Claude. Mutations d'un espace proto-industriel: Le Perche aux XVIIIe-XIXe siècles. [Ceton, Orne]: Fédération des Amis du Perche, 1993.

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3

Prophets and protons: New religious movements and science in late twentieth-century America. New York: New York University Press, 2010.

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4

Arnold, R. G. (Raymond George), 1942-, Hrsg. Topical Conference on Electronuclear Physics with Internal Targets, 9-12 January, 1989, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California. Singapore: World Scientific, 1990.

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5

Lattanzio, Federico, und Gian Maria Varanini, Hrsg. I centri minori italiani nel tardo medioevo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-748-1.

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Nel tardo medioevo l’Italia è una delle aree più urbanizzate d’Europa. Le sue coste, la dorsale appenninica, la fascia peri-alpina, le pianure ospitano un grande numero di centri minori, terre, borghi, castra, ‘quasi città’. Molto vari per consistenza demografica, articolazione sociale, dinamismo economico, questi insediamenti costituiscono nel loro insieme un elemento caratterizzante, costitutivo dell’identità storica italiana: un suo ‘carattere originale’. Questo volume, grazie ad alcuni saggi di inquadramento e a una mappatura di casi singoli che tocca gran parte delle regioni del nord, del centro e del sud, si propone di indagare sulle vivaci ricerche dedicate a tale tematica degli ultimi trenta-quarant’anni.

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6

Symposium on RNA Biology (1997 North Carolina Biotechnology Center, N.C., USA). Symposium on RNA Biology.: Held at North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 17-19, 1997. [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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7

Symposium on RNA Biology (1995 North Carolina Biotechnology Center). Symposium on RNA Biology.: Held at North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 13-15, 1995. [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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8

1952-, Magnusson Lars, Hrsg. Proto-industrialisation in Scandinavia: Craft skills in the industrial revolution. Leamington Spa, UK: Berg, 1987.

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9

RNA Society of North Carolina., Hrsg. Symposium on RNA biology III: RNA, tool & target: Held at North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, October 15-17, 1999. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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10

Expo '96 (1996 Centre d'exposition de Rivière Noire). Expo '96: 1ère foire agricole et industrielle de Maurice : 31 octobre-10 novembre 1996, Centre d'exposition de Rivière Noire. [Port Louis]: Publi Promo Ltd., 1996.

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11

Uncertain truth. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.

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12

Ross, Silvia, und Claire Honess, Hrsg. Identity and Conflict in Tuscany. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-862-0.

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This volume represents a targeted exploration of the theme of identity and conflict in the context of Tuscan Studies, an exploration which is enriched by the diverse disciplinary perspectives encompassed (history, literature, linguistics). The essays, which span the period from the nineteenth century to the present, examine conflict in terms of war but also as a form of struggle between different demographic groups or conflict based on gender and identity politics. This collection thus signals an original mode of analysis of the region, while drawing on the proven interest, both scholarly and popular, in its history, literature, language, art and society.

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13

Bertelé, Matteo, Angela Bianco und Alessia Cavallaro. Le Muse fanno il girotondo: Jurij Lotman e le arti. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-352-6.

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Giunta alla sua terza pubblicazione, la collana Obratnaja perspektiva | La Prospettiva rovesciata continua la sua missione di indagine e divulgazione di aspetti rilevanti della cultura figurativa russa, approfondendo l’apporto specifico di influenti personalità. Questo volume è dedicato alla figura di Jurij Lotman (1922-1993), il cui pensiero ha ispirato studiosi e pensatori di ogni disciplina e provenienza, come è ben dimostrato dalla presente selezione di interventi, pubblicati in lingua originale, e presentati da studiosi di diverse nazionalità e giovani ricercatori italiani in occasione del convegno «Le Muse fanno il girotondo. Jurij Lotman e le arti» e del seminario propedeutico al convegno stesso. A chiudere la rassegna lotmaniana e il presente volume, entrambi a cura del Centro Studi sulle Arti della Russia (CSAR) dell’Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, si propone una selezione di disegni realizzati da Lotman, oggi conservati presso le Università di Tallinn e Tartu.

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14

Casalini, Brunella, und Silvia D'Addario, Hrsg. Il tempo per pensare. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-845-7.

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Il volume raccoglie gli atti del seminario organizzato dal Comitato Unico di Garanzia dell’Università di Firenze, incentrato su una discussione collettiva riguardo le condizioni di lavoro, di studio e di ricerca nell’università contemporanea. Prendendo spunto dalle riflessioni di due docenti canadesi, M. Berg e B.K. Seeber, sui sentimenti di frustrazione e inadeguatezza dovuti ai ritmi e agli obiettivi talvolta imposti nel contesto universitario, si focalizza l’attenzione sulle esperienze e gli stati d’animo di tutte le persone coinvolte nella comunità accademica in rapporto agli ostacoli dovuti alla scarsità di tempo e di risorse economiche e a carichi di lavoro crescenti. Si propone inoltre una riflessione su come creare relazioni e reti, inaugurare esperimenti di condivisione di esperienze di ricerca, didattica e buone prassi per contrastare quelle derive a livello individuale e collettivo che possono tradursi in malessere organizzativo, danneggiando di fatto il perseguimento dei valori al centro dell’università pubblica.

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15

Asahi Res Center Proton-NMR Spectra & Data V1-5 Set. Academic Press Inc.,U.S., 1987.

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16

Asahi Res Center Proton-NMR Spectra & Data V8-10 Set. Academic Press Inc.,U.S., 1987.

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17

Asahi Res Center Proton NMR-Spectra & Data V6-7 Set. Academic Press Inc.,U.S., 1987.

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18

Michel, Kazanski, Nercessian Anne und Zuckerman C, Hrsg. Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient. Paris: P. Lethielleux, 2000.

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19

Close, Frank. 7. Exotic nuclei. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198718635.003.0007.

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‘Exotic nuclei’ discusses halo nuclei, borromean nuclei, hypernuclei, strange matter, and antimatter. Unstable isotopes with a larger excess of neutrons, or an excess of protons may form halos around a central core—halo nuclei or borromean structures, which have short half-lives, typically of the order of milliseconds. If a quark in a neutron or proton is replaced by a strange quark, the resulting particle carries the property of strangeness, and is generically known as a ‘hyperon’. A hypernucleus is formed when a hyperon replaces a nucleon within a nucleus. Antimatter exists in quantum theory, but there seems no evidence that it occurs in practice in the observable universe.

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20

Burow, Burkhard D. A measurement of the total photon-proton cross section in the center of mass energy range 167 to 194 GeV. 1994.

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21

Isacsson, Maths, und Lars Magnusson. Proto-Industrialisation in Scandinavia: Craft Skills in the Industrial Revolution. Berg Publishers, 1987.

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22

Taylor, Roger E. Principles of paediatric radiation oncology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0020.

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Chapter 15 discusses the principles of paediatric radiation oncology, and addresses quality assurance, chemotherapy/radiotherapy interactions, Leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Neuroblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour, Osteosarcoma, central nervous system tumours, Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and proton therapy for paediatric tumours.

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23

Black, David. David Black, sculpture as proto-architecture: March 26 - May 3, 1987, The Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Art Center (Bulletin / Kalamazoo Institute of Arts). Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, 1987.

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24

Folch, Marcus. Plato’s Hesiods. Herausgegeben von Alexander C. Loney und Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.23.

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This chapter surveys Hesiodic reception in fourth-century bce prose, with emphasis on Plato and especially the Laws. Passages of the Laws are read in context and used to illuminate the status of Hesiodic poetry in the fourth century. Topics discussed include rhapsodic performance, Hesiod’s relationship to Homer, study of Hesiodic poetry in schools, the fourth-century manuscript tradition, citation of Hesiod’s poems in conversation and Athenian courtrooms, and the politics of Hesiodic quotation. Whether understood as part of the rhapsode’s canon, a gnomic poet, a proto-sophist or proto-philosopher, or an allegorist, Hesiod remained a dynamic site for the production of the philosophical, literary, and political debates that animated fourth-century prose.

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25

Wagner, Carsten A., und Olivier Devuyst. Renal acid–base homeostasis. Herausgegeben von Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0024.

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The kidney is central to acid–base homeostasis. Major processes are reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate, de novo synthesis of bicarbonate from ammoniagenesis, and net excretion of protons. The latter requires buffers such as ammonium, phosphate, citrate and other bases binding protons (so-called titratable acids). The proximal tubule is the major site of bicarbonate reabsorption and only site of ammoniagenesis. The thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule handle ammonia/ammonium and complete bicarbonate reabsorption. The collecting duct system excretes protons and ammonium, but may switch to net bicarbonate secretion. The kidney displays a great plasticity to adapt acid or bicarbonate excretion. Angiotensin II, aldosterone and endothelin are involved in regulating these processes, and they induce morphological changes along the nephron. Inborn and acquired disorders of renal acid–base handling are caused by mutations in acid–base transport proteins or by dysregulation of adaptive mechanisms.

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26

Bender, David A. 3. Protein nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0003.

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About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.

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27

Andrew, Tweeddale, und Tweeddale Keren. Part XIII Dispute Resolution in the Construction Industry, 36 Shifting the Burden of Proof: Revisiting Adjudication Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198783206.003.0037.

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The concept of the burden of proof is a fundamental part of any adjudicative procedure-whether it be court proceedings, arbitration, or adjudication. Stepped dispute resolution clauses are now the norm in construction contracts and this chapter examines how these clauses affect the burden of proof. English law provides that in cases where the burden of proof is unclear-because the parties’ cases are equally weighted-the burden of proof lies on the party who would be unsuccessful if it did not produce any evidence. Also, it does not matter if a party is making an affirmative or negative assertion, the burden of proof still lies with that party. The chapter analyses the issue of whether an adjudicator’s decision shifts the burden of proof by considering cases such as Walker Construction (UK) Ltd v Quayside Homes Ltd, City Inn Ltd v Shepherd Construction Ltd, The Construction Centre Group Ltd v The Highland Council, and Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Ltd v Higgins Construction Plc.

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28

Stuewer, Roger H. New Machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0008.

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John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton designed and built their eponymous linear accelerator at the Cavendish with crucial help from scientists and engineers at the Metropolitan-Vickers company in Manchester. In April 1932, they produced 400-kilo-electron-volt protons with which they split the lithium nucleus into two alpha particles. Ernest Lawrence, stimulated by an article in German on the linear acceleration of positive ions, realized they would execute circular trajectories in a superposed perpendicular magnetic field, thereby conceiving the cyclotron principle. By January 1932, he and M. Stanley Livingston had built a 10-inch-diameter cyclotron with which they produced 1.2 million-electron-volt protons. These new accelerators transformed experimental nuclear physics. These two inventions and discovery of the deuteron, neutron, and positron garnered five Nobel Prizes. That Americans received three was a harbinger of the momentous shift occurring in the geographical center of experimental and theoretical nuclear physics.

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29

Coleman, Deirdre. Imperial Commerce, Gender, and Slavery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0024.

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This chapter explores the twinned emergence in the British novel of a critique of plantation slavery and commercial imperialism with a proto-feminist questioning of the ‘commerce of the sexes’. The discourses of racial and sexual oppression resonate with one another, helping to establish connections between inequalities at home and the sufferings of distant others. It has been argued that novelistic representations of violence and suffering are central to an ‘imagined empathy’ which in turn assisted the development in the eighteenth century of humanitarian sentiment. While it might be charged that the mid-eighteenth-century novel failed to grant full humanity to the enslaved and that it was somewhat instrumentalist in its handling of slavery reform, it can be demonstrated that the versatility of the figure of slavery enabled fuller characterization of the colonized and enslaved, as well as the more explicit imagining of colonial violence.

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30

L, Markey Thomas, Greppin John A. C und Bellagio Study and Conference Center., Hrsg. When worlds collide: The Indo-Europeans and pre-Indo-Europeans : the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Lake Como, Italy, February 8-13, 1988. Ann Arbor, Mich: Karoma Publishers, 1990.

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31

Peabody, Sue. Madeleine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233884.003.0002.

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During Furcy’s lawsuit more than half a century after the fact, two receipts were offered as proof that his mother, Madeleine, had been sold as a child slave by Portuguese traders in the French trading center at Chandernagor in Bengal, India, in the 1760s. Although these receipts may be forgeries, they offer plausible details consistent with the prevalence of children in the Indian Ocean slave trade in the eighteenth century. Frequent famines caused parents to pawn their children into debt bondage. European traders took slaves, including kidnapped children, from the Indian subcontinent to overseas colonies, thus separating families permanently. Madeleine’s mistress, Anne Despense de la Loge, was an unusual single French woman living in Chandernagor, who may have been part of an informal religious community.

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32

de Luna, Kathryn M. Scales and Units. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0011.

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This chapter uses two case studies to explore how historians study language movement and change through comparative historical linguistics. The first case study stands as a short chapter in the larger history of the expansion of Bantu languages across eastern, central, and southern Africa. It focuses on the expansion of proto-Kafue, ca. 950–1250, from a linguistic homeland in the middle Kafue River region to lands beyond the Lukanga swamps to the north and the Zambezi River to the south. This expansion was made possible by a dramatic reconfiguration of ties of kinship. The second case study explores linguistic evidence for ridicule along the Lozi-Botatwe frontier in the mid- to late 19th century. Significantly, the units and scales of language movement and change in precolonial periods rendered visible through comparative historical linguistics bring to our attention alternative approaches to language change and movement in contemporary Africa.

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33

Stuewer, Roger H. European and Nuclear Disintegration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0002.

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The horrific carnage on both sides of the conflict in the Great War of 1914–18 and the harsh postwar treaties transformed the face of Europe. Nuclear physics was also transformed, shortly before Rutherford left Manchester for Cambridge in early 1919, by his discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration, that alpha particles can disintegrate the nitrogen nucleus. He pursued his discovery at the Cavendish with his former Manchester student James Chadwick, who along with Charles Ellis and many others had been interned during the war in former racehorse stables in Ruhleben on the western outskirts of Berlin. Rutherford explained his discovery by assuming that an incident alpha particle expels a proton orbiting about a central core in the nitrogen nucleus, leaving a residual nucleus of lower atomic number.

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34

Prunty, Helen, Jamie L. Fraser, Charles P. Venditti und Robin H. Lachmann. Branched Chain Amino Acids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0016.

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This chapter describes the four most common disorders affecting the degradation of branched chain amino acids: maple syrup urine disease, methylmalonic acidemia, propionic acidemia and isovaleric acidemia. These conditions most commonly present with encephalopathy in the newborn period, although cases with later onset have also been described. Although adult patients are less prone to acute metabolic decompensations, they do develop a number of long-term complications, both neurological and visceral. Management shares features with other disorders of protein metabolism and centers on a low-protein diet and the use of disease-specific amino acid supplements.

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35

Matthews, Victor H. Settlement and Competition in Iron Age I Canaan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190231149.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the forces (environmental, economic, and political) that contributed to the nearly complete transformation of the eastern Levant at the end of the Late Bronze Age, including the super-power struggles between the Egyptians and the Hittite empire for control of Syria-Palestine that consumed much of their energy during the twelfth century BCE. Of equal importance is the invasion of the region by the people collectively known as the Sea Peoples. The ripple effect of that invasion, which resulted in the establishment of Philistine city-states along the Coastal Plain, transforms Canaan and provides the opportunities for new peoples, including the Proto-Israelites, to settle in the Central Highlands. Focus here will be on the challenges faced by these new peoples as they adapt to their environmental conditions with attention given to the stories in the Book of Judges. Subsequent economic and military rivalries between the Philistine city-states and the highland peoples set the stage for the development of the Israelite monarchy.

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36

Masino, PHD, Susan A., Hrsg. Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.001.0001.

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Ketogenic diets have been used to treat epilepsy for nearly a century. Alongside enduring clinical success with a ketogenic diet, metabolism’s critical role in health and in diseases in the central nervous system and throughout the body is increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, metabolism-based strategies have been proven equal or even superior to pharmacological treatments in specific cases and for specific diseases. Rather than causing unwanted off-target pharmacological side effects, addressing metabolic dysfunction can improve overall health simultaneously. Enduring interest in the ketogenic diet’s proven efficacy in stopping seizures and emerging efficacy in other disorders has fueled renewed efforts to determine key mechanisms and diverse applications of metabolic therapies. In parallel, multiple strategies are being developed to mobilize similar metabolic benefits without reliance on such a strict diet. Research interest in metabolic therapies has spread into laboratories and clinics of every discipline, and could yield entirely new classes of drugs and treatment regimens. This work is the first comprehensive scientific resource on the ketogenic diet, covering the latest research into the mechanisms, established and emerging applications, metabolic alternatives, and implications for health and disease. Experts in clinical and basic research share their research into mechanisms spanning from ion channels to epigenetics, their insights based on decades of experience with the ketogenic diet in epilepsy, and their evidence for emerging applications ranging from autism to Alzheimer’s disease to brain cancer.

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37

Gerrard, James. Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain. Herausgegeben von Martin Millett, Louise Revell und Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.048.

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This chapter reviews the relationship between power and economics in fourth-century Britain. It argues that the Roman past has often been intuitively understood as rational and that its economics can be easily characterized as ‘proto-capitalist’. The Roman period was, however, both complex and irrational. Agricultural production was the powerhouse of the economy and provided the foundations of both power and status during the late Roman period. The focus on the agricultural economy allows the structures of power – tax, tribute and surplus extraction – and their transformation to be studied. During the fifth century the imperial superstructure collapsed, but the continued local control of agricultural resources provides a mechanism for how the late Roman world was transformed into early medieval societies.

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38

Collins, Jeffrey. The Early Modern Foundations of Classic Liberalism. Herausgegeben von George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0016.

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The term “liberalism” is of nineteenth-century vintage, but only the most pedantic historian would limit its use to that period. By then, David Hume and the utilitarians had undermined traditional accounts of rights and contract, and “liberalism” largely denoted a reforming mode of political economy. Nineteenth-century liberals were heirs more of Adam Smith than of John Locke, and in this sense the term “liberalism” post-dated the development of “classic,” natural-rights liberalism. Two schemas have tended to structure the historical interpretation of the seventeenth century. “Proto-liberalism” is presumed to be the victorious foe either of Christian political theology, or of antique republicanism. This article explores liberalism's theoretical fundaments, including a dedication to monopolistic sovereignty; belief in the artificiality of political order; an atomistic individualism; dedication to natural equality and popular sovereignty; deployment of the juridical language of rights and contract; a privileging of stability as the primary end of politics.

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39

Meurig Thomas, John. Architects of Structural Biology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854500.001.0001.

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Designed for the non-specialist, the explanations and illustrations used here describe the work, personalities, collaborations, and idiosyncrasies of four of the most distinguished Nobel Laureates of the twentieth century. They exploited a discovery made over a century ago about the nature of X-rays, and thereby created a new branch of science. This enabled them to elucidate, in atomic detail, the structure and mode of action of molecules of the living world: enzymes, vitamins, and viruses, as well as antibiotics. Perutz and Kendrew, from their pioneering work using X-ray diffraction on haemoglobin and myoglobin, the proteins that transport and store oxygen in all animals, led them to establish in 1962 one of the most successful research centres ever—the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge. Medicines discovered there are used worldwide to treat leukaemia, arthritis, and other diseases. Their work also led to the creation in the United States of the Protein Data Bank that guides scientists in understanding the misfolding of proteins, which cause Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. This book is first a memoir of these scientists and their contemporaries, many of them friends of the author. Second, it is an insight into the great excitement associated with structural molecular biology, which directly informs our understanding of ourselves. Third, it describes how two renowned research centres in the United Kingdom—the LMB and the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory—achieved iconic status. It also highlights the importance of the popularization of science, of which Bragg, Perutz, and Kendrew, as well as Dorothy Hodgkin (who solved the structures of penicillin and vitamin B₁₂) were experts.

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40

1930-, Chappell V. C., Hrsg. Descartes's Meditations: Critical essays. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.

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41

Glover, Richard. Murphy on Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198788737.001.0001.

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Murphy on Evidence is firmly established as a leading text for use on undergraduate law courses and in preparation for professional examinations. Frequently consulted by judges and practitioners, and regularly cited in judgments, it has come to be regarded as a work of authority throughout the common law world. The book’s unique approach effectively bridges the gap between academic study of the law of evidence and its application in practice, combining detailed analysis of the law with a wealth of practical information about how it is used in the courtroom. As in previous editions, the author’s teaching method is centred around two realistic case studies—one criminal and one civil—presenting challenging evidence issues and questions for discussion at the end of each chapter. The case study material for this new edition has been further developed with new videos on the Online Resource Centre. Fully up to date with the latest developments in this fast-moving subject, the fifteenth edition of Murphy on Evidence is as indispensable as its predecessors. Topics include: the language of the law of evidence; the judicial function in the law of evidence; the burden and standard of proof; character evidence; and the rule against hearsay.

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42

Hartmann, Anna-Maria. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807704.003.0008.

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Although they did not set out explicitly to theorize myth, the mythographers in this study formulated particular concepts of myth. These concepts were developed ad hoc, rather than as part of a sustained dialogue on the question, ‘What is myth?’, and as such they can be considered ‘proto-theories’ of myth. While drawing on continental sources, the English mythographies form their own, distinct phase in the genre’s history. This phase ends in the middle of the seventeenth century. The second mythography by Alexander Ross, Mystagogus Poeticus, is identified as the transitional work. It is the first English mythography written explicitly as a reference work for use in schools. Other characteristics of the genre in the second half of the seventeenth century are exemplified by the mythographies by Nicholas Billingsley and Robert Whitcombe, as well as in the English translations of mythographies by Pierre Gautruche and François Pomey.

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Collins, Nick. Origins of Algorithmic Thinking in Music. Herausgegeben von Roger T. Dean und Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.2.

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Musicians’ relationships with algorithms have deep precedents in the confluence of music and mathematics across millennia and across cultures. Technological and musico-mathematical precedents in the ancient world predate the Arabic etymology of the term ‘algorithm’. From Guido d’Arezzo’s hand to rule systems in music theory and eighteenth-century ars combinatoria, there is a rich background to twentieth-century rule-led music making. Robotic music, too, has precedents, and there is an interesting proto-computational thread linking the automata builder Vaucanson to early programmable weaving looms. Ada Lovelace’s writing, Joseph Schillinger’s composition system, and John Pierce’s 1950 stochastic music science fiction article provide productive insight into the origins of algorithmic music. Indeed, the world’s musics reveal a panoply of interesting practices, such as campanology, Nzakara court harp music, time structures in Indian classical music, and many more examples of the rich combinations of music and mathematics often predating musical computer science.

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Di, Napoli Mario, und Wójcik Cezary 1968-, Hrsg. The ubiquitin proteasome system in the central nervous system: From physiology to pathology : 2008 update. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science, 2009.

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Kortgen, Andreas, und Michael Bauer. The effect of acute hepatic failure on drug handling in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0197.

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Impaired hepatic function is a common event in intensive care unit patients and as the liver plays a central role in drug metabolism and excretion this may lead to profound changes in pharmacokinetics. Underlying mechanisms are altered enzyme function of phase I and phase II metabolism, altered transporter protein function together with cholestasis and hepatic perfusion disorders. Moreover, multidrug therapy may lead to induction and inhibition of these enzymes and transporter proteins. In addition, changes in plasma protein binding and volumes of distribution of drugs are common. Altogether, these changes may not only lead to sometimes unpredictable plasma levels of xenobiotics, but also to drug-induced liver injury when hepatocellular accumulation of noxious substances occurs. Concomitant renal dysfunction may further complicate this situation. Pharmacodynamic alterations might also occur. In conclusion, the clinician must carefully evaluate medication given to patients with hepatic failure. Therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed wherever available to guide therapy.

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Zetterberg, Henrik, und Jonathan M. Schott. Fluid Biomarkers Indicative of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0008.

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A major unifying feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is excessive neuronal loss. Depending on when and where this occurs, patients may express distinct neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by protein aggregation, inflammation, and microglial activation that may be drivers of the disease or in some circumstances may be protective reactions to the neurodegenerative process. A key development over the past decade has been our ability to leverage these accompanying central nervous system changes to develop clinically impactful biomarkers of specific NDDs. This has been crucial in helping us develop an understanding the time line of progression of these diseases, in their early diagnosis and to help target patients appropriately in therapeutic clinical trials, This chapter gives an overview of both established and novel fluid biomarkers for neurodegeneration, protein accumulation, inflammation, and microglial activation across different neurodegenerative diseases. Common as well as disease-specific biomarker changes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood are emphasized.

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Kanno, Hiroshi, und Joachim P. Steinbach. Familial tumour syndromes: von Hippel–Lindau disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0016.

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Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease, an autosomal dominant familial tumour syndrome, is often associated with haemangioblastoma of the central nervous system. In the presence of oxygen, VHL protein serves to prevent the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein by targeting it to the proteasomal pathway, while biallelic inactivation of the VHL gene blocks degradation of HIF and leads to constitutive activation of the HIF pathway although oxygen is present. HIF-target genes are involved in angiogenesis, proliferation, and metabolism enabling tumour growth. Haemangioblastoma is a highly vascularized, begin tumour commonly associated with a cyst, but it is linked with neurological morbidity and mortality based on its location and multiplicity. Haemangioblastoma in VHL is diagnosed according to symptoms and signs, past and family histories, laboratory data, neuroradiological findings, pathological findings, and genetic testing. Surgical treatment is usually the most recommended therapy for haemangioblastomas, and using well-defined microsurgical techniques, the majority can be resected safely.

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Hope, James, und Mark P. Dagleish. Prion-protein-related diseases of animals and man. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0041.

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Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), and related diseases of mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) are the founder members of a group of diseases called the transmissible degenerative (or spongiform) encephalopathies (TSE). These diseases can be transmitted by prions from affected to healthy animals by inoculation or by feeding diseased tissues. Prions are cellular proteins that can transfer metabolic and pathological phenotypes vertically from parent to progeny or horizontally between cells and animals. TSEs are characterised by the accumulation of the prion form of the mammalian prion protein (PrPC) in the central nervous system or peripheral tissues of animals and humans. Mutations of the human PrP gene are linked to rare, familial forms of disease and prion-protein gene polymorphisms in humans and other species are linked to survival time and disease characteristics in affected individuals. Iatrogenic transmission of CJD in man has occurred, and a variant form of CJD (vCJD) is due to cross-species transmission of BSE from cattle to humans. Atypical forms of scrapie and BSE have been identified during large-scale monitoring for TSEs worldwide. This chapter outlines our current understanding of scrapie, BSE, CJD and other TSEs and highlights recent progress in defining the role in disease of the prion protein, PrP.

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(Editor), Mario Di Napoli, und Cezary Wojcik (Editor), Hrsg. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in the Central Nervous System: From Physiology to Pathology. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2008.

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50

Caudill, Edward. Science on Trial. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038013.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the resurrection of William Jennings Bryan's rhetoric in the twenty-first century, one in Kansas and the other in a small town in Pennsylvania, as creationists continued to appeal to individual rights and democratic principles. One side fumed for science and against theocracy. The other side railed about the assault on religion and bemoaned the abandonment of sacred traditions. In both cases, two worldviews are evidently in conflict. This chapter begins with an overview of the controversy involving the State Board of Education in Kansas, which adopted science standards in 2005 that treated evolution as a flawed theory. It then considers the case in Dover involving the American Civil Liberties Union and how it brought intelligent design to “the center of legislative debates in more than a dozen states.” It shows that the Dover trial was proof that, over the years since Scopes, creationism had moved from a faith-based argument to one that claimed to be empirically grounded and an argument not about religion in schools but about individual rights and fairness.

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