Dissertationen: „Protocole de charge“

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Bandara, Thusitha Asela. „Un protocole de charge adaptatif pour les batteries Lithium-Ion“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM095.

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Les batteries secondaires au lithium-ion (Li-ion) sont devenues la technologie la plus répandue pour un large éventail d'appareils électroniques, des gadgets de consommation aux locomotives haut de gamme et aux stockages d'énergie dans les réseaux intelligents. La prolifération rapide des appareils mobiles et de mobilité, et les récents développements dans les véhicules électriques (VE) ont énormément augmenté la demande de batteries Li-ion (LIB) et indirectement créé une dépendance énorme de la vie de mobilité des personnes. Par conséquent, il est maintenant extrêmement important d'avoir des BUL pour alimenter continuellement les dispositifs de mobilité pendant une période de temps plus longue. Quoi qu'il en soit, en tant que source d'énergie rechargeable, les LIBs épuiseront naturellement sa capacité après un certain laps de temps permis par la demande en puissance de l'appareil et la capacité de stockage de la batterie. Par conséquent, tout mécanisme de charge qui peut recharger la batterie jusqu'à l'état complètement chargé dans le temps le plus court possible, également appelé charge rapide, est très demandé et extrêmement précieux dans ce contexte.Cependant, la charge rapide elle-même est une question très difficile en raison d'un certain nombre de raisons telles que les effets complexes (polarisation, limitation, li-dépôt, épuisement des matériaux actifs et etc.) des facteurs multidisciplinaires coexistent au sein de les réactions internes, les limites dans la mesure des facteurs électrochimiques et électrophysiques avancés, les problèmes de sécurité inhérents à l'utilisation de taux élevés et la tendance à détériorer la santé et la durée de vie d'une batterie comme conséquence la plus courante de la charge rapide. Par conséquent, un certain nombre d'approches différentes peuvent être trouvées dans la recherche de la batterie et la littérature, et principalement réalisé en trois sections différentes: l'une est l'introduction de nouvelles chimies qui peuvent stocker plus d'énergie électrique, la seconde est les changements structurels ou de conception Certains des effets négatifs de la charge rapide ou peuvent même améliorer leurs performances et le troisième et le plus intéressant est les protocoles de charge rapide basés sur l'algorithme qui peuvent également aider à tirer parti des performances dans les deux autres approches.Par conséquent, notre thèse s'est concentrée sur un nouveau protocole de charge rapide pour que les BUL puissent se recharger complètement en 20 minutes environ. Ce nouveau protocole est basé sur un concept de voltammétrie non linéaire (NLV) avec l'utilisation d'un ensemble de paramètres d'adaptation liés à l'état de charge (SOC) et à l'état de santé (SOH) de la batterie. Le fondamental de ce concept est la relation prévue que le "produit de", "le taux de la variation du courant tiré / charge (dI / dt)" et "le taux de la variation de tension correspondante (dv / dt)", est une "constante", et exprimée par (| dI / dt |) α * (dv / dt) = K. Ici, le K est une constante et le "α" pourrait être n'importe quelle valeur non nulle. L'analogie de principe ici est lorsque la tension de la batterie est augmentée, le courant résultant accepté par le circuit de charge dépendra naturellement des paramètres cinétiques intrinsèques qui ont un effet sur la charge à ce moment particulier du système de batterie. En conséquence, dans le cas d'une augmentation rapide du courant, la relation ci-dessus réglera le changement de tension pour qu'il soit une valeur plus petite, inversement proportionnelle à la rampe de courant. Inversement, une petite rampe de courant va inciter ce modèle à appliquer une forte variation de tension et laisser ainsi la cellule pénétrer rapidement dans certaines régions de tension ce qui favorise naturellement le chargement à haut débit
Lithium ion (Li ion) secondary batteries have become the most prevalent technology for a broad range of electronic devices from consumer gadgets to high-end locomotives and energy storages in smart grids. The rapid proliferation of both mobile and mobility devices, and recent developments in electric vehicles (EVs) have tremendously increased the demand for Li ion batteries (LIBs) and indirectly created a huge dependency of peoples’ mobility life. Therefore, now it is extremely critical to have LIBs to continuously power up the mobility devices for longer period of time. Anyway, as a rechargeable energy source, the LIBs will naturally drains its’ capacity after a certain period of time permitted by the power demand of the device and the storage capacity of the battery. Therefore, any charging mechanism which can charge-back the battery up to the fully charged status within the shortest possible time, also called fast charging, is highly demanded and extremely valuable in this context.However, the fast charging itself is a very challenging issue due to a number of reasons such as the complex effects (polarization, li-plating, li-deposition, depletion of active materials and etc.) of multi-disciplinary factors co-exists within the internal reactions, limitations in measuring advanced electrochemical and electro-physical factors, the inherent safety issues with the use of high rates and the tendency of deteriorating health and cycle life of a battery as a most common aftermath of fast charging. Therefore, a number of different approaches can be found in the battery research and literature, and mostly realized under three different sections: one is the introduction of new chemistries which can store more electric power, the second is the structural or design changes which can tolerate some of the adverse effects of fast charging or may be even improve their performances and the third and most interesting is the algorithmic based fast charging protocols which can also help to leverage the performance in both the other approaches.Therefore, our thesis has focused on a new fast charging protocol for LIBs to fully charge within about 20 minutes time duration. This new protocol is based on a concept of non-linear voltammetry (NLV) with the use of a set of adaptation parameters related to the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH) of the battery. The fundamental of this concept is the foreseen relationship that the “product of”, “the rate of the change of drawn/charge-current (dI/dt)” and “the rate of the corresponding voltage change (dv/dt)”, is a “constant”, and expressed as (|dI/dt|)α * (dv/dt) = K. Here, the K is a constant and the “α” could be any non-zero value. The principle analogy here is when the battery voltage is increased, the resulted current accepted by the charge circuitry will naturally depends on the intrinsic kinetic-parameters which effects on charging at that peculiar moment of the battery system. Accordingly, in case of a rapid increase of current, the above relationship will regulate the voltage-change to be a smaller value, inversely proportional to the current ramp. Conversely, a small ramp in current will encourage this model to apply a large voltage change and accordingly let the cell to quickly push in to certain voltage regions which naturally favors in charging with high rates

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Blond, Armelle Linet Teddy. „Limites de la prise en charge des fausses couches spontanées du premier trimestre par le médecin généraliste rédaction d'un protocole d'aide à la prise en charge /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=13916.

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Mille, François-Xavier. „Protocole de prise en charge du choc septique : interet de l'adrenaline ; etude pilote a propos de 30 cas“. Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2M076.

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Bourdaud-Briand, Céline Yvain Fabienne. „Evaluation d'un protocole de dépistage et de prise en charge de la dénutrition dans un service de soins de suite gériatriques“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=34211.

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Garbani, Emmanuelle. „Test pour la validation d'un protocole alimentaire inter-actif : nouvel instrument potentiel pour la prévention et la prise en charge des patients obèses? /“. Basel, 2003. http://www.public-health-edu.ch/new/Abstracts/GE_08.07.03.pdf.

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Mechoulan, Agnès Winer Norbert. „Prise en charge médicale et obstétricale des grossesses avec allo-immunisation plaquettaire proposition d'un protocole régional à partir d'une étude multicentrique de 23 dossiers /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=35046.

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Mathieu, Romain. „Modélisation de l'influence de la rapidité de recharge totale ou partielle sur les performances électro-thermiques et la durée de vie des batteries pour applications automobiles“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0026.

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La charge rapide des batteries est un enjeu majeur pour le développement de l’automobile électrique. Côté infrastructure, un déploiement de chargeurs de haute voire très haute puissance est en cours. Ces hautes puissances motivent une recherche sur les batteries, dans l’objectif de réduire significativement leurs durées de charge.Pour une cellule de batterie de caractéristiques données, la puissance de charge est limitée par des considérations électriques, thermiques et de durée de vie. Cette thèse souhaite alors apporter une contribution à la réduction du temps de charge, par une approche numérique de modélisation, simulation et optimisation. Elle compare également 4 références de cellules de différents matériaux et différentes densités d’énergie.Tout d’abord, des modèles du comportement électrique, thermique et de vieillissement d’une cellule sont développés séparément, puis couplés. De manière systématique, les modèles sont présentés, leurs procédures de calibration sont décrites, et ils sont comparés à des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est portée à l’effet des forts régimes de courant dans différentes conditions thermiques. Ceci a permis d’étendre leurs domaines de validité respectifs.Ensuite, une campagne de vieillissement accéléré est réalisée sur 3 références de cellules. Elle compare l’effet du courant de charge, de la tension de fin de charge et de différentes conditions thermiques sur la dégradation, dans le cadre d’un protocole de charge référence. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier plusieurs stratégies pour la réduction du temps de charge, au niveau du choix d’une référence de cellule, de la gestion thermique, et de l’optimisation du protocole de charge.Enfin, cette dernière stratégie est étudiée. Une méthode de définition par optimisation numérique d’un protocole de charge à plusieurs niveaux de courant constant est développée. Elle se base sur le modèle électro-thermique mis en place. La méthode est utilisée pour définir 5 protocoles de charge optimisés qui sont soumis à des essais de vieillissement accéléré. La dégradation est ensuite comparée à celle observée pour le protocole de charge référence. Dans des conditions comparables au protocole référence, les protocoles optimisés permettent de réduire le temps de charge et/ou la dégradation
Fast charging of batteries is a major challenge for the development of electric vehicles. A deployment of high power chargers is underway. These high power levels motivate research on batteries, with the aim of significantly reducing their charging times.For a battery cell of given characteristics, the charging power is limited by electrical, thermal and lifetime considerations. This thesis then wishes to make a contribution to the reduction of the charging time, by taking a numerical approach including modeling, simulation and optimization. It also compares 4 cell references of different materials and different energy densities.First, models of the electrical, thermal and aging behavior of a cell are developed separately, then coupled. In a systematic way, the models are presented, their calibration procedures are described, and they are compared with experimental data. Particular attention is paid to the effect of high current regimes under different thermal conditions. This made it possible to extend their respective domains of validity.Then, an accelerated aging campaign is carried out on 3 cell references. It compares the effect of the charging current, the end-of-charge voltage and different thermal conditions on the degradation, within the framework of a reference charging protocol. The results made it possible to identify several strategies for reducing the charging time, regarding the choice of a cell reference, thermal management, and the optimization of the charging protocol.This last strategy is finally studied. A method of definition of a charge protocol, containing several stages of constant current, is developed based on numerical optimization. The method makes uses the electro-thermal model implemented. It is then used to define 5 optimized charging protocols which are subjected to accelerated aging tests. The degradation is compared to that observed for the reference charging protocol. Under comparable conditions with the reference protocol, the optimized protocols make it possible to reduce the charging time and/or the degradation

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Fouchier, Capucine de. „Évaluation d'un protocole psychothérapeutique associant la psychoéducation, la relaxation et l'EMDR dans la prise en charge des réfugiés victimes de torture d'Afrique centrale et de l'Ouest“. Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/182058379#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.

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Ce travail de recherche a pour ambitions d’apporter un éclairage sur les spécificités psychopathologiques des réfugiés victimes de torture d’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest et d’évaluer l’efficacité thérapeutique d’un protocole de dix séances associant la psychoéducation, la relaxation et l’EMDR, tout en comparant ses effets en modalité de traitement hebdomadaire ou intensive. Pour cela, 52 participants ont été répartis dans trois conditions de traitement : « EMDR », « Stabilisation » et « Intention de traiter par médicaments » et ont bénéficié d’une évaluation psychologique au début, à la fin et 4,5 mois après l’arrêt de la thérapie. Nos résultats indiquent que l’État de Stress Post-Traumatique (ESPT) est le trouble le plus représenté et que l’hébergement et la situation de la demande d’asile sont les variables sociales ayant le plus d’influence sur l’intensité de la psychopathologie. Le protocole « EMDR » montre une efficacité thérapeutique forte et supérieure aux deux groupes contrôles pour l’ensemble des variables considérées comme pathologiques lors de l’évaluation initiale (ηp2 entre. 41 et. 96). De plus, la modalité de traitement intensive majore l’efficacité thérapeutique du protocole « EMDR » pour l’ESPT, la dépression, l’anxiété, et le fonctionnement global (ηp2 entre. 87 et. 93). En conclusion, cette recherche montre l’importance d’interroger les patients sur leur situation sociale et migratoire dans le pays d’accueil et fait la preuve que l’association de l’EMDR à la psychoéducation et à la relaxation est un protocole thérapeutique pertinent et efficace dans la réhabilitation psychologique de cette population, en particulier dans sa forme intensive
The aims of this research are to provide information on the psychopathological specificities of refugees torture survivors from Central and West Africa and to assess the therapeutic efficiency of a 10 session protocol associating psychoeducation, relaxation technique and EMDR while comparing its effect when applied in weekly or intensive treatment modality. To achieve these goals, 52 participants were allocated in three treatment conditions: “EMDR”, “Stabilization” and “Intent to treat with medication” and were assessed at the beginning, at the end and 4,5 months after the end of psychotherapy. Our results show that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most frequent pathology and that accommodation and the asylum claim situation in the host country are the social variables with the most influencing impact on psychopathology. The “EMDR” protocol shows a large and superior therapeutic efficiency in comparison with the control groups for all the variables that were considered pathological during the initial assessment (ηp2 entre. 41 et. 96). Also, the intensive treatment modality increases the therapeutic efficiency for PTSD, depression, anxiety and functioning (ηp2 entre. 87 et. 93). In conclusion, this research shows this importance to ask patients about their social and migration situation in the host country and demonstrates that associating EMDR with psychoeducation and relaxation techniques is a relevant and efficient psychotherapeutic protocol in the psychological rehabilitation of this population, especially when it is applied in a intensive way

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Elleuch, Ahmed. „Migration de processus dans les systèmes massivement parallèles“. Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010629.

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Cette thèse traite de la migration de processus dans les systèmes massivement parallèles. L'intérêt d'une telle fonctionnalité est de permettre à un système d'exploitation une gestion efficace des ressources. Les critères de conception sont la transparence de la migration, la réduction des couts induits, et l'adéquation entre les algorithmes de migration et l'extensibilité des architectures cibles
La migration d'un processus vers un nouveau processeur nécessite la suspension du processus, le transfert de son contexte d'exécution et la reprise de l'exécution sur le nouveau processeur. De plus, les protocoles de communication et d'accès doivent être reconsidérés afin de tenir compte de la migration de processus. Pour ces différentes actions et selon les critères de conception retenus, de nouveaux algorithmes ont été proposes. La mise en œuvre de ces algorithmes dans le noyau de système ParX nous a permis de montrer que la réalisation d'un mécanisme de migration de processus dans un système massivement parallèle peut s'effectuer sans pénaliser les performances du système de façon significative
Enfin, nous avons proposé un algorithme de répartition de charge qui utilise la migration de processus. Compare à un algorithme uniquement fonde sur le placement des processus, les expérimentations effectuées montrent que notre algorithme améliore les temps de réponse du système grâce à la migration de processus. Cette amélioration est obtenue lorsque les temps d'exécution et d'inter-création des processus sont variables et le cout de migration négligeable par rapport à la durée d'exécution des processus

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Beauger, Aude. „Bio-évaluation de la qualité de l'eau : établissement d'un protocole d'échantillonnage simplifié, basé sur la collecte des macroinvertébrés benthiques sur les seuils des rivières à charge de fond graveleuse“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730658.

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Un protocole d'échantillonnage des macroinvertébrés benthiques indicateurs de la qualité des cours d'eau a été mis en place sur le site atelier Allier et un linéaire de la Loire amont. Celui-ci a permis de désigner les unités géomorphologiques seuil comme meilleur lieu d'échantillonnage. Comparativement aux méthodes existant dans divers pays, le protocole MMS-GUR (Macroinvertebrates living in the Mineral Substrates of the Geomorphological Unit Rifle) présente les avantages suivants : 1) Facilité de repérage des seuils et meilleure accessibilité que les autres géoformes. 2) Aire d'échantillonnage réduite. 3) Echantillonnage de surfaces identiques grâce à l'utilisation du filet Surber. 4) Protocole applicable de la source à la disparition des seuils. 5) Gain de temps répercuté sur le coût tant sur le terrain qu'en laboratoire (détermination au genre, mais réduction possible aux EPT) . 6) Possibilité de comparer un ensemble de rivières dans des conditions analogues.

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Denti, Elisabetta. „Habitudes et addiction à internet chez les adolescents italiens : impact sur la fonction visuelle d'un protocole de dramathérapie“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB018.

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En 2017, il n'est plus nécessaire de se rappeler un numéro de téléphone par cœur, de patienter gentiment pour goûter les fruits et légumes de saison ou d'attendre quelqu’un à la gare avec impatience sans avoir eu de ses nouvelles : les émotions sont d'avantage liées à des moyens de communication bien plus immédiats. Le rythme naturel du temps qui passe dans nos vies semble s’apparenter pour l'homme (et pour la femme) du nouveau millénaire, davantage à une accélération effrénée et constante, une course contre le temps, dans l'illusion d'un monde instantané, hyper-rapide, super efficace : un monde « smart ». De cette manière, plutôt que d'écouter et de respecter le rythme naturel de notre respiration, de notre corps, nous choisissons à chaque instant de courir toujours plus vite, dans l'illusion omnipotente de gagner la course contre le temps, l'infaillible gardien de notre existence. Nous exprimons le désir d'être constamment connecté, créant l'illusion de l'hyper-présence. L'évolution technologique a radicalement transformé notre style de vie, notre manière de communiquer, notre propre expérience humaine et émotive. Si d'un côté la révolution technologique à laquelle nous appartenons, et dont nous continuons à en être les acteurs a permis la transformation globale des processus de communication de masse, celle-ci a en même temps permis l'émergence de nouvelles fragilités et la manifestation évidente de psychopathologies en relation à Internet. C’est à partir de la consultation de plus de 240 articles scientifiques internationaux et avec les données fournies sur la prévalence de ces nouvelles formes d’addiction en Asie (le continent technologiquement plus avancé et concerné à ce sujet), que le comité scientifique APA (American Psychiatric Association – Société Américaine de Psychiatrie) a décidé d’introduire l’Internet Gaming Disorder dans la dernière version du DSM, en Mai 2013. Le domaine de l’addiction à Internet est une frontière extrêmement emmêlée et complexe qui représente un nœud névralgique des discussions d'une partie de la communauté scientifique internationale. Voraces et habiles consommatrices des nouvelles technologies, les nouvelles générations sont particulièrement exposées au risque de développer ces nouvelles formes de dépendance. Il est nécessaire que la communauté scientifique internationale s'interroge sur de nouvelles stratégies d'intervention pour pouvoir intercepter et accueillir ces formes de malaise juvénile, qu’elle sache les définir pour les identifier et les soigner grâce à des protocoles d'intervention pour répondre de manière toujours plus efficace aux besoins réels des ces jeunes consommateurs. D'où l’intérêt de développer des projets de recherche portant sur ce sujet. Cette thèse, décrit donc un problème en émergence et la proposition d’une approche thérapeutique possible face à ces nouvelles formes d’addiction avec les arts thérapies, plus précisément avec la dramathérapie. Le cadre expérimental de cette thèse s’articule en deux parties : la première partie correspond à l’étude des répercussions physiologiques notamment sur la variation des compétences visuelles par rapport à un usage abusif ou addictif des écrans. Cette étude, qui constitue la principale expérience psychopédagogique de prévention de cette thèse, a été adressée à 250 adolescents italiens sains. La deuxième partie est une expérience clinique de prise en charge des addictions à Internet, auprès d’un public de 13 adolescents et jeunes adultes atteints du syndrome d’Asperger, addictifs aux jeux vidéo. Un dernier projet de dramathérapie adressé à des adolescents et des jeunes adultes, souffrant d’addiction aux substances constitue l’ouverture du regard clinique face aux comorbidités possibles qui caractérisent la pratique clinique de notre champ d’étude. (...)
In 2017, there is no longer a need to remember a phone number by heart, wait for the right time to taste seasonal fruit or vegetables, or wait for someone at the station without having news briefly before hugging him on the train quay Emotions are more closely related to much more immediate communication flows. The natural rhythm of time flowing in our lives seems to be synonymous for the man (and the woman) of the new millennium of a frantic and constant acceleration against time, in the illusion of a flashy world, super-fast, super-efficient: a smart world. In this way, instead of listening to and respecting the natural rhythm of our breath, our body, we choose at any time to run faster and faster, in the omnipotent illusion of winning the race against time, the unreliable guardian of our existence. We express the desire to be constantly connected, creating the illusion of hyper-presence. Technological development has radically changed our lifestyle, our way of communicating, our human and emotional, individual and collective experience. On the one hand, the technological revolution has allowed the global transformation of the mass communication process and is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and discovery; not to be demonized but to be explored with intelligence and curiosity; it has at the same time led to the emergence of new vulnerabilities and manifestations of Internet-related psychopathological discomfort. It is through the consultation of over 240 international scientific articles and data on the prevalence of these new forms of dependence in Asia (the continent most technologically advanced and involved in this regard), that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) decided to introduce the Internet Gaming Disorder in its latest version of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) in May 2013. The field of Internet addiction is an extremely tangled and complex border that represents a nerve node discussion in part of the international scientific community. Voracious consumers and clever users of new technologies, that is the new generations, seem to be particularly at risk of developing these dependencies. This is why it is important to develop research projects and it is urgent to propose psycho-educational prevention projects for the adolescent population. This thesis describes an emergency problem and the proposal of a possible approach facing these new addiction forms through arts therapies, more precisely through dramatherapy. The experimental part of this thesis is articulated in two parts: the first one corresponds to the study of physiological repercussion on variations of visual skills related to the use or abuse of screen use.This study, that represents the psycho pedagogical and prevention experience of this thesis, was addressed to 250 Italian sound teenagers. The second part consists of a clinical experience of cure of Internet addiction addressed to 13 video games addicted adolescents and young adults with Asperger syndrome. A further project of dramatherapy addressed to drugs addicted adolescents and young adults represents a clinical perspective in front of possible comorbidities that characterize the clinical practice in our field of study. The dramatherapy approach in the field of prevention and cure of web related addictions is considered regarding two important aspects: the recovery and reclamation of the body and sensory experience (size altered in the virtual experience facing the monitors) and the possibility to expose the person to a gaming experience through a shared transitional space. The body dimension, completely abandoned or altered in the virtual experience, is recovered and exalted through dramatherapy. The therapeutical approach is born, grows and develops in the body. In our view the stage represents the appropriate mediation between the virtual space of the abuse and real space of existence. (...)

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Duvivier, Alexandra. „Traitement de la douleur aiguë chez le jeune enfant hospitalisé : état des lieux et piste de solution“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9937.

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Résumé : Introduction : La prise en charge de la douleur aiguë pédiatrique persiste à être sous-optimale. Cette situation est souvent expliquée par la présence de barrières qui nuisent à l’application des connaissances. Depuis plus de 10 ans, un protocole standardisé (algorithme) basé sur une échelle d’auto-évaluation est utilisé au CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS afin de traiter la douleur aiguë chez les enfants hospitalisés âgés entre 5 et 17 ans. Les infirmières pédiatriques ont demandé d’adapter cet algorithme afin de pouvoir l’utiliser chez les enfants plus jeunes. Pour ce faire, nous devions débuter par établir l’état des lieux de la gestion de la douleur pédiatrique. Puisqu’aucune échelle d’hétéro-évaluation de la douleur n’était utilisée au CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, l’échelle EVENDOL fut implantée. Objectifs : 1. Répertorier les scores de douleur avec l’échelle EVENDOL, les analgésiques prescrits et administrés pour les enfants âgés de 1 à 7 ans hospitalisés pour une condition douloureuse; 2. Évaluer la satisfaction et les changements de pratique des infirmières et infirmières auxiliaires suite à l’implantation de l’échelle EVENDOL. Méthodologie : 1. Une étude de cohorte fut réalisée. Tous les enfants âgés de 1 à 7 ans hospitalisés pour douleur aiguë furent inclus. Les scores de douleur ainsi que l’analgésie prescrite et reçue ont été relevés dans chacun des dossiers des enfants recrutés; 2. Les appréciations des infirmières furent consignées. Résultats : 1. Quarante patients ont participé à l’étude : 24 pour des soins chirurgicaux et 16 pour des soins médicaux. Un total de 260 scores de douleur fut relevé : la moyenne de douleur selon l’échelle EVENDOL fut de 2,3 (ÉT = 3,2) sur 15 (score maximal représentant une douleur sévère). Seulement 12 évaluations de douleur sur un total de 260 relevées furent cotées sévères (≥ 10/15); ces enfants avec douleur sévère ont reçu une analgésie proportionnelle à leur niveau de douleur. L’ensemble des patients a reçu une analgésie multimodale (deux analgésiques ou plus) dans une proportion de 95%. Plus de la moitié des prescriptions PRN (au besoin) ont été administrées sur un horaire régulier par les infirmières; 2. Les infirmières ont trouvé l’échelle simple d’utilisation à 93%. Le score global de satisfaction fut de 6,7/10. Conclusion : Les enfants ont reçu une analgésie multimodale de façon régulière et appropriée selon l’évaluation basée sur l’échelle EVENDOL. De plus, très peu de douleurs sévères furent notées. Nous suggérons que les infirmières ont donc transposé les principes de l’algorithme des 5-17 ans chez les enfants âgés de 1 à 7 ans. Ainsi, le projet subséquent de démontrer l’efficacité d’un algorithme chez les 1-7 ans fut jugé inopportun. L’application des connaissances peut être facilitée en contrant plusieurs barrières nuisant à une prise en charge optimale de la douleur en utilisant un algorithme.
Abstract : Background: Pediatric pain remains sub-optimally controlled. Many existing barriers that prevent knowledge translation (KT) are often mentioned as a reason for this situation. We used an algorithm based on an auto-evaluation scale in the CIUSSS of Estrie-CHUS for over 10 years for the 5 to 17 old hospitalized children. Pediatrics nurses ask to adapt this algorithm for using it with younger children. To do so, we had to dress an inventory of pediatric pain management. Because no hetero-evaluation scale was use in our pediatric ward, the EVENDOL scale had to be implemented. Objective: 1. Describe pain scores from the EVENDOL scale plus the prescribed and administrated analgesia from 1-7 years old hospitalized children with painful condition. 2. To evaluate the satisfaction and practice changes of nurses following the EVENDOL scale implementation. Methods: 1. This study used a cohort design. All children 1 to 7 years old admitted for painful medical or surgical conditions were evaluated using EVENDOL. Pain values and analgesia were noted for each patient by electronic and paper charting. 2. Satisfaction within the nursing staff were also evaluated. Results: 1. Forty children participate at this study: 24 were under surgical care and 16 under medical care. A total of 260 pain measurements were documented. The mean EVENDOL scores were 2.3 (SD 3.2) on 15 (maximal score that represent an intolerable pain). Only 12 of 260 pain assessments were in the severe pain category (≥ 10/15). These children with severe pain received an appropriate and timely analgesia. Overall 95% of this cohort received multimodal analgesia which are two or more types of pain medication. More than 50% of prescribed PRN medications were given on a regular basis. 2. Nurses’ ease of EVENDOL use was rated at 93%. Nurses’ global satisfaction score about the scale was 6.7/10. Conclusions: Children received a multimodal and a regular based analgesia combined to a valuable pain evaluation using the EVENDOL scale. Therefore, a low rate of severe pain was noted. We suggest that nurses spontaneously transposed the pre-existing 5 to 17 years old standardised analgesia protocol and used it in the 1-7-years-old group. Thereby, evaluating experimental group after algorithm implementation was irrelevant. KT can be facilitated to overcome several barriers to PPM by combined the use of an algorithm with several factors.

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Sadrin, Stéphane. „Evaluation du bénéfice chez l'homme des probiotiques dans la prise en charge du syndrome de l'intestin irritable : méthodologie de l'essai contrôlé randomisé et allégations nutritionnelles et de santé“. Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0007/document.

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Une allégation de santé dans l’UE nécessite des preuves cliniques de l’efficacité et de la sécuritéd’une supplémentation nutrititionnelle. Les probiotiques, en particulier les bactéries lactiques,rentrent dans ce cadre règlementaire dans lequel l’EFSA indique que les preuves obtenues chez despatients avec des troubles fonctionnels intestinaux sont transposables chez une population de sujetssains. Le protocole LAPIBSS est un essai clinique de haute qualité méthodologique évaluantl’efficacité de 2 souches de Lactobacillus acidophilus à diminuer la sévérité des symptômes dusyndrome de l’intestin irritable. Les résultats confirment la sécurité d’emploi des souches utiliséesmais ne montrent pas une diminution significative des symptômes comparée au placebo après 8semaines. L’effet global du traitement est statistiquement significatif sur le score de flatulence. Uneffet placebo et l’hétérogénéité importante de la sévérité des symptômes à l’inclusion pourraientexpliquer nos résultats. Une meilleure compréhension des effets physiologiques des probiotiqueschez l’homme pourrait améliorer le rationnel de leur utilisation en recherche clinique
A health claim across the EU requires clinical evidence about the efficacy and safety of a nutritionalsupplementation. Probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria, fall within this regulatory framework inwhich EFSA indicates that the evidence from patients with functional gastrointestinal disorder aretransferable in a population of healthy subjects. The LAPIBSS protocol is a high-quality clinicaltrial assessing the efficacy of 2 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus to reduce the irritable bowelsyndrome symptoms severity. Results confirm the safety of strains used but do not show asignificant decrease of symptoms compared with placebo after 8 weeks. The overall treatment effectis statistically significant on the flatus score. A placebo effect and the considerable heterogeneity ofsymptoms severity at baseline would explain our results. A better understanding of physiologicaleffects of probiotics in human would be needed to upgrade the rationale for their use in clinicalresearch

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Derradji, Amira. „Intégration automatisée de l'expertise du patient dans le suivi à distance de sa pathologie chronique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM060/document.

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Depuis de nombreuses années, le déploiement des TIC dans la prise en charge médicale de pathologies chroniques joue un rôle majeur notamment dans l’évolution des pratiques de santé et l’amélioration du bien-être du patient. Les pathologies chroniques sont de nature longue et évolutive et nécessitent un suivi régulier effectué par une équipe pluridisciplinaire où différents acteurs interviennent auprès du patient. Le patient à son tour, est amené à respecter à domicile, un protocole de soins déﬁni et personnalisé par cette équipe. Cependant, la forme dans la quelle le contenu du protocole est représenté n’est pas forcément complète ni facile à comprendre par les patients. De plus, chaque patient est unique, et la déﬁnition du protocole de soins doit être personnalisée et appropriée à ses soins et traitements individuels, parfois même à ses souhaits et contraintes personnelles. L’expertise du patient sur sa maladie chronique est une information précieuse que nous souhaitons intégrer dans un protocole de soins personnalisé aﬁn d’améliorer la prise en charge médicale, le suivi à distance de la maladie chronique et à terme améliorer la connaissance de la pathologie chronique. Pour ce faire,nous avons proposé (i) un langage de représentation informatisée de protocole de soins personnalisé, destiné aux professionnels de santé et aux patients,sufﬁsamment simple,intuitif et facile à comprendre.(ii) une ontologie de l’expertise patient (tirée de son vécu avec la pathologie) permettant de signaler des imprévus dans le déroulement du protocole (actions non prévus ou évènements non prévus)
For several years, the deployment of information and communication technologyintothemanagementofchronicalpathologiesistakingaconsiderableplace, more particularly in the evolution of health’s practices and in the improvement of the well-being of the patient Chronical pathologies are of long duration and they need to be under a regular monitoring of the healthcare professional, composed of multidisciplinary or different actors in charge with the patients. On the other side the patients are alsochargedoffollowingahealthcareprotocolathomepreviouslydeﬁnedbythe health care team. Nevertheless, the different forms of representing the contests of this protocol, it is not always complete and comprehensible for the patients. Furthermore, each one of the patients is unique and a proper deﬁnition of the health care protocol must be personalised and conform to his individual treatment and even to his personal wishes or constraints. But this is not the case of information guides or medical references that are supplied in general. With the intent to improve the interaction between the patient and the healthcareprofessionalsrelatedtothehealthcareprotocol,wepropose(i)alanguagefor the computerised representation of the healthcare protocol, sibling the healthcare professionals and the patients, enough simple, intuitive and easy to understand, (ii) an ontology for the patient expertise (based on his experience on the disease) allowingsotheinteractionofthepatientwithhishealthcareprotocolbyreporting all the unexpected behaviours. These behaviours are events that are not deﬁned in the initial health care protocol

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Madaoui, Said. „Prise en compte des connexions électriques dans la gestion thermique d'un pack batterie lithium-ion“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0145.

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Le temps de charge est devenu l'une des principales préoccupations limitant le développement des véhicules électriques. Pour contrer ce problème, il est impératif de concevoir des systèmes de gestion thermique adaptés pour préserver la santé des batteries et également raccourcir leur temps de charge.Pour une cellule de batterie présentant des caractéristiques spécifiques, la puissance de charge se trouve contrainte par des aspects électriques et thermiques. Cette thèse se concentre sur l'évaluation et l'optimisation de la gestion thermique d'un module batterie en exploitant le refroidissement à travers la connectique. L'approche basée sur la modélisation est utilisée comme méthode pour examiner cette solution, étayée par des simulations numériques et des tests expérimentaux visant à confirmer la justesse du modèle proposé.Tout d’abord, des modèles du comportement électrique puis thermique d’une cellule sont développés séparément, puis couplés. De manière systématique, les modèles sont présentés, leurs procédures de calibration sont décrites et ils sont comparés à des résultats expérimentaux. Une attention particulière est portée à la modélisation électrothermique de l’enroulement électrodes-séparateur dans l’électrolyte (Jelly roll) présent au cœur de la cellule en proposant un maillage adapté. Ensuite, une campagne d’essais expérimentaux est réalisée pour calibrer le modèle électrothermique d’un module batterie de 12 cellules. Ce modèle est validé grâce à une seconde vague d’essais. Une nouvelle approche de gestion thermique est proposée, où le module de cellules est refroidi non seulement par la plaque de refroidissement inférieure, mais aussi par une deuxième plaque de refroidissement posée sur la connectique de puissance (busbars). À travers des simulations et des tests expérimentaux, cette nouvelle configuration présente des améliorations significatives. La constante de temps thermique est réduite permettant un refroidissement plus rapide du module. De plus, la température maximale atteinte par la batterie lors de la charge avec ce double système de refroidissement est abaissée de quelques degrés Celsius par rapport à l'approche conventionnelle. L'un des avantages clés de cette configuration est que la plaque de refroidissement supérieure agit comme un pont thermique, favorisant l'homogénéisation de la température à l'intérieur du module de cellules. En conséquence, elle devrait conduire à un vieillissement uniforme des batteries, garantissant leurs longévités et leurs performances optimales.Enfin, un profil de charge rapide a été optimisé en suivant le protocole multiniveau (mult-step). Les travaux sur le profil de charge ont pour but de pouvoir simuler une charge rapide et réaliser une comparaison en termes de temps de charge et du gradient thermique entre l'architecture conventionnelle avec refroidissement par plaque en partie inférieure et une nouvelle configuration intégrant une source de refroidissement additionnelle via la connectique
Charging time has become one of the main concerns limiting the development of electric vehicles. To counter this problem, it is necessary to design suitable thermal management systems to both preserve the health of batteries longer and to be able to shorten their charging time. For a battery cell with specific characteristics, the charging power is constrained by electrical and thermal considerations. This thesis focuses on evaluating and optimizing the thermal management of a battery module by utilizing cooling through the connectors. The model-based design approach is employed as a method to investigate this solution, supported by numerical simulations and experimental tests to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.First, models of the electrical and thermal behaviors of a cell are developed separately and then coupled. The models are systematically presented, their calibration procedures are described, and they are compared with experimental results. Particular attention is paid to the electrothermal modeling of the Jelly roll present at the heart of the cell by proposing a suitable mesh. Then, an experimental test campaign is carried out to calibrate the electrothermal model of a 12-cell battery module. This model is validated through a second wave of tests. A new thermal management approach is proposed, where the battery module is cooled not only by the bottom cooling plate, but also by a second cooling plate located on the busbars. Through simulations and experimental tests, this new configuration presents significant improvements. The thermal time constant is reduced allowing for a faster cooling of the module. In addition, the maximum temperature reached by the battery when charging with this dual cooling system is lowered compared to the conventional approach. One of the key advantages of this configuration is that the upper cooling plate acts as a thermal bridge, promoting temperature homogenization inside the battery module. As a result, it supports a uniform aging process of batteries, ensuring their longevity and optimal performance.Finally, a fast-charging profile has been optimized for two different protocols. The first protocol is the multi-step, and the second involves transforming the discontinuous profile of the multi-step protocol into a smoother profile using splines. The work on the charging profile aims to simulate fast charging and make a comparison in terms of charging time between the conventional architecture based on bottom cooling and a new configuration integrating an additional cooling source via the connectors

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Ovsyannikov, D. „The kyoto protocol and climate change - background information“. Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26709.

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Cocco, Stefano <1991&gt. „Climate Change: the Kyoto Protocol and the deforestation problem“. Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8021.

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Climate change is one of the top priorities of our generation. The sustainability of the present economic order is questioned by the negative impact that the industrialised society has generated from the XVII century onward. My work is motivated by the consideration that the awareness on how important and irreparable the consequences of climate change are is still insufficient, as well as the answers that the international community has provided. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are constantly growing, and global temperature has already increased by 1° C above pre-industrial levels, with an expectation to grow from 3.7 °C to 4.8 °C within the century under a business-as-usual path, with catastrophic consequences. The first global response to the challenges of climate change came with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the non-binding agreement that was signed on the issue in 1992, and with its Kyoto Protocol in 1997. My work, through the analysis of the Protocol and of its evolution hitherto, has the objective of highlighting the weaknesses and the strengths of the international process on climate change action, with a particular focus on the deforestation problem, and to offer, more than an occasion to reflect, a motivation to act. Drawing data from the IPCC, the World Bank, and the UNFCCC documentations, and from the rich climate change literature and journals, what emerges overall is the inadequacy of the “Kyoto process” to provide the necessary results on global GHG reduction. Different visions and priorities between developed and developing countries have slowed the UNFCCC negotiations, as well as its effectiveness. It was known from the start that the implementation of the Protocol was only a first step in climate change mitigation, but progresses have missed the expectations of stakeholders and civil society. Moreover, chances to enhance forests as GHG removal sinks, in particular through the REDD+ process, have been behindhand. The new Paris Agreement of December 2015 is virtually the last occasion to realise a globally coordinated effort to fight climate change, and its provisions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change have to be strengthened and embraced by all the UNFCCC’s member States to have a chance of reducing emissions. Currently, considerable gap exists between national and international purposes and actions to reduce emissions and the actual level required to keep average global temperatures rising no more than 2° C above their pre-industrial level, above which science shows that there is a much higher risk of very serious climate impacts. Responding to the climate threat requires strong government action at all levels, in a complex process that should include close cooperation between governments, the private sector, NGOs, and civil society. This challenge implies the construction of a new paradigm, which starts from the bottom, from the principles of equity, cooperation and awareness.

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MORAES, LUIZ A. G. de. „Contribuição ao estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no protocolo de Kyoto“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11688.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Jamain, Arnaud Clergeau Léon Philippe Leborgne Sylvain. „Prise en charge du risque hémorragique en odontologie rédaction des protocoles cliniques /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=44756.

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Heusse, Martin. „Routage et équilibrage de charge par agents dans les réseaux de communication“. Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0032.

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Souza, Gleice Donini de. „Aplicação do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo: o caso Novagerar“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-28012008-114705/.

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A Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, que tem como objetivo final a estabilização das concentrações de gases de efeito estufa em um nível que impeça a interferência humana perigosa no sistema climático, estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto. O Protocolo é um instrumento que permite aos Países do Anexo I (aqueles historicamente responsáveis pelas emissões de GEE) os meios de atingirem suas metas de redução de emissões de Carbono. Para que as metas sejam atingidas, o Protocolo instituiu mecanismos de flexibilização, dos quais destacamos o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). O MDL prevê financiamentos de Países do Anexo I em atividade que resultem em reduções/seqüestro de Carbono em países Não Anexo I. O primeiro projeto de MDL registrado no Comitê Executivo no mundo é o brasileiro NovaGerar, objeto deste estudo. O propósito deste trabalho é discutir o Protocolo de Kyoto, o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo e verificar suas oportunidades a partir do projeto NovaGerar.
The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has as final target to establish the greenhouse gases concentration on the atmosphere in one level that impedes the dangerous human interference on the climatic system. The UNFCCC established the Kyoto Protocol, one tool which allows Annex I Countries (that ones historically responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) to achieve their reduction targets. The Protocol put in place flexibility mechanisms - to help Annex I Countries to achieve their reduction targets - among them we highlight the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM foresees Annex I Countries financings to activities which result in reduction/sequestration of Carbon in non Annex I Countries. The first CDM project registered in the Executive Committee was the Brazilian NovaGerar, subject of this study. The purpose of this text is to discuss the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism and verify its opportunities based on NovaGerar project.

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Nasrallah, Yamen. „Energy-Efficient Battery-Aware MAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22656.

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Wireless sensor networks suffer from limited power resources. Therefore, managing the energy constraints and exploring new ways to minimize the power consumption during the operation of the nodes are critical issues. Conventional MAC protocols deal with this problem without considering the internal properties of the sensor nodes’ batteries. However, recent studies about battery modeling and behaviour showed that the pulsed discharge mechanism and the charge recovery effect may have a significant impact on wireless communication in terms of power saving. In this thesis we propose two battery-aware MAC protocols that take benefit of these factors to save more energy and to prolong the lifetime of the nodes/network without affecting the throughput. In both protocols we measure the remaining battery capacity of the node and use that measurement in the back-off scheme. The first protocol gives the nodes with higher remaining battery capacity more priority to access the medium, while the other one provides more medium access priority to the nodes with lower remaining battery capacity. The objective is to investigate, through simulations, which protocol reduces the power consumption of the nodes, improve the lifetime of the network, and compare the results with the CSMA-CA protocol.

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Murray, Laurel Alexandra. „Following protocol : the political geography of climate change policymaking in Canada“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/following-protocol-the-political-geography-of-climate-change-policymaking-in-canada(16273cca-47d3-4657-bd37-4a7be2628cbf).html.

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Canada is a country often painted as a unifying power and an honest broker in world affairs. She has a respected history within the United Nations and a tradition of championing international norms, especially to curtail dangerous actions amongst the community of nations. From NAFTA to peacekeeping missions, she has carved a respected niche in global politics, perhaps fairer than her domestic situation warrants. Recent economic and environmental problems challenge this legacy of international cooperation and the rule of law with poor implementation of key international treaties. Environmental problems, in particular, have not translated into robust environmental policies even though Canadian identity is intrinsically woven with the concepts of nature and stewardship. The issue of climate change is a case in point: Canada was one of the earliest and most vocal supporters of the international climate change regime, and simultaneously, one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters per capita. The government signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with a commitment to lower emissions by 6% of 1990 levels; yet emissions rose by 19% by the end of the commitment period. The country appears to suffer from a Jekyll and Hyde syndrome: defending international norms and the rule of law whilst at the same time ignoring the very treaties she fought to create. This thesis explores how the federal Canadian government shifted from being an international leader to a laggard in the Kyoto Protocol; and in doing so it will explain the socio-economic and political forces that shaped Canada’s Kyoto strategy. A grounded theory research design was used, combining key informant interviews, policy document analysis, and participant observation. The case study raises important questions for a country such as Canada with lessons for climate politics both within the country and other federalist countries.

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Moraes, Luiz Antonio Grell de. „Contribuição ao estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no Protocolo de Kyoto“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-21092009-164721/.

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Esta dissertação trata da história e características do Protocolo de Kyoto (PK), seguido do estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), definido pelo Artigo 12 daquele Protocolo à Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC). Nesse propósito, foram desenvolvidas análises conceituais das pretensões, possibilidades, valor e mesmo das equivocações do MDL. A grande importância desse instrumento acaba demonstrada que não é o seu objetivo primeiro, de auxilio nos compromissos dos países desenvolvidos (PDs), mas sim as diversas vantagens que promove para os países em desenvolvimento (PEDs). Esse instrumento de flexibilização, que foi concebido para auxiliar o cumprimento das obrigações (redução das emissões de CO2) dos países desenvolvidos (PDs) no Protocolo, pode ir muito além, com projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável (social, econômico, étnico, cultural, técnico e ambientalmente) adequados e favorável aos PEDs. Seus projetos podem e deve travar um bom combate à pobreza, o que garante também um avanço correto na perseguição do controle das causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas. O MDL permeia todas essas questões e constitui o instrumento já presente e de conscientização, para trazer a necessária capacidade financeira e tecnológica do Norte ao encontro do Sul para que todas essas pretensões possam ocorrer.
This paper deals with the history and characteristics of the Kyotos Protocol (KP), followed by the values study about the prospects and effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined by the 12th Article of the Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In this purpose, conceptual analyses were developed about the objectives, possibilities, values and even mistakes of the CDM. The great importance of this instrument had been demonstrated that it is not its first objective to help the commitments of the developed countries, but the many advantages that promotes to the developing countries. This instrument of facility, which was conceived to assist the fulfillment of the obligations (reducing CO2 emissions) of developed countries in the Protocol, can go far beyond, with sustainable development projects (social, economic, ethnic, cultural, technical and environmentally) appropriated and favorable to developing countries. Their projects can and should fight against poverty, which also ensures a correct advance in pursuit of the causes and effects control of the climatic changes. The CDM permeates all these issues and is the instrument already present and of awareness, to bring the necessary financial and technological capacity from the North to the South, allowing these claims occur.

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Whitbeck, John. „Réseaux mobiles opportunistes : visualisation, modélisation et application aux transferts de charge“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066304.

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Les appareils communicants sans fil se fondent de plus en plus dans notre vie quotidienne. Ceux-ci forment de nouveaux réseaux opportunistes qui permettent à des données de circuler entre des réseaux sans fils hétérogènes, désorganisés et souvent peu fiables. Partant de nouvelles techniques d'analyse sur les graphes dynamiques, cette thèse propose et développe un cas d'application prometteur des réseaux opportunistes: les transferts de charge entre réseaux. L'analyse des graphes de connectivité temporels se révèle difficile. Dans cette thèse, nous développons la notion de mobilité plausible, qui infère, a partir d'un trace de contacts donnée, une trace de mobilité compatible. De plus, nous définissons le concept de graphes d'accessibilité qui indiquent la connectivité spatio-temporelle. Appliqués aux jeux de données usuels, ils montrent qu'il est impossible d'atteindre des taux d'acheminement acceptables pour des communications point-à-point mais que la taille de l'ensemble minimal couvrant tend à n'être qu'une petite fraction du nombre total de noeuds. Ainsi, nous montrons comment les réseaux opportunistes peuvent être utilisés pour transférer de façon significative la charge de trafic dans des situation où deux technologies radios coexistent, l'une étant typiquement pervasive, à faible débit et chère, tandis que l'autre est à portée plus courte mais avec des débits plus élevés et un coût moindre voire nul. Cette dernière forme le réseau opportuniste que sera utilisé pour disséminer la majorité du contenu, tandis que la première sert à la fois de canal de contrôle et canal de secours pour palier aux carences de connectivité du réseau opportuniste
Wireless communicating devices are everywhere and increasingly blend into our everyday lives, they form new opportunistic networks that allow data to flow across often unreliable, unorganized, and heterogeneous wireless networks. By developing new analysis techniques for temporal dynamic graphs, this thesis proposes and implements a strong use-case for opportunistic networks: data offloading. Analyzing real-life connectivity graphs is difficult. In this thesis, we develop the plausible mobility approach, which infers, from a given contact trace, a compatible node mobility. Furthermore, we define reachability graphs that capture space-time connectivity. When applied to common contact traces, they show that acceptable delivery ratios for point-to-point communications are often out of reach, regardless of the DTN routing protocol, but that the size of the space-time dominating set tends to be a small fraction of the total number of nodes. Accordingly, we show how opportunistic networks may be used to significantly offload broadcast traffic in situations were two radio technologies coexist, typically a pervasive, low-bitrate, and expensive radio, alongside a shorter-range, high-bitrate, and cheaper one. The latter forms the opportunistic network that is used for disseminating most of the content, whereas the former serves both as a control channel for monitoring and as a data channel for bridging the connectivity gaps in the opportunistic network. In this thesis we propose Push-and-Track, a mobility-agnostic framework that leverages an opportunistic network to reliably disseminate content to large numbers of mobile nodes, while minimizing the load on the pervasive radio

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Desmouceaux, Yoann. „Network-Layer Protocols for Data Center Scalability“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX011/document.

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Du fait de la croissance de la demande en ressources de calcul, les architectures de centres de données gagnent en taille et complexité.Dès lors, cette thèse prend du recul par rapport aux architectures réseaux traditionnelles, et montre que fournir des primitives génériques directement à la couche réseau permet d'améliorer l'utilisation des ressources, et de diminuer le trafic réseau et le surcoût administratif.Deux architectures réseaux récentes, Segment Routing (SR) et Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER), sont utilisées pour construire et analyser des protocoles de couche réseau, afin de fournir trois primitives: (1) mobilité des tâches, (2) distribution fiable de contenu, et (3) équilibre de charge.Premièrement, pour la mobilité des tâches, SR est utilisé pour fournir un service de migration de machine virtuelles sans perte.Cela ouvre l'opportunité d'étudier comment orchestrer le placement et la migration de tâches afin de (i) maximiser le débit inter-tâches, tout en (ii) maximisant le nombre de nouvelles tâches placées, mais (iii) minimisant le nombre de tâches migrées.Deuxièmement, pour la distribution fiable de contenu, BIER est utilisé pour fournir un protocole de multicast fiable, dans lequel les retransmissions de paquets perdus sont ciblés vers l'ensemble précis de destinations n'ayant pas reçu ce packet : ainsi, le surcoût de trafic est minimisé.Pour diminuer la charge sur la source, cette approche est étendue en rendant possible des retransmissions par des pairs locaux, utilisant SR afin de trouver un pair capable de retransmettre.Troisièmement, pour l'équilibre de charge, SR est utilisé pour distribuer des requêtes à travers plusieurs applications candidates, chacune prenant une décision locale pour accepter ou non ces requêtes, fournissant ainsi une meilleure équité de répartition comparé aux approches centralisées.La faisabilité d'une implémentation matérielle de cette approche est étudiée, et une solution (utilisant des canaux cachés pour transporter de façon invisible de l'information vers l'équilibreur) est implémentée pour une carte réseau programmable de dernière génération.Finalement, la possibilité de fournir de l'équilibrage automatique comme service réseau est étudiée : en faisant passer (avec SR) des requêtes à travers une chaîne fixée d'applications, l'équilibrage est initié par la dernière instance, selon son état local
With the development of demand for computing resources, data center architectures are growing both in scale and in complexity.In this context, this thesis takes a step back as compared to traditional network approaches, and shows that providing generic primitives directly within the network layer is a great way to improve efficiency of resource usage, and decrease network traffic and management overhead.Using recently-introduced network architectures, Segment Routing (SR) and Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER), network layer protocols are designed and analyzed to provide three high-level functions: (1) task mobility, (2) reliable content distribution and (3) load-balancing.First, task mobility is achieved by using SR to provide a zero-loss virtual machine migration service.This then opens the opportunity for studying how to orchestrate task placement and migration while aiming at (i) maximizing the inter-task throughput, while (ii) maximizing the number of newly-placed tasks, but (iii) minimizing the number of tasks to be migrated.Second, reliable content distribution is achieved by using BIER to provide a reliable multicast protocol, in which retransmissions of lost packets are targeted towards the precise set of destinations having missed that packet, thus incurring a minimal traffic overhead.To decrease the load on the source link, this is then extended to enable retransmissions by local peers from the same group, with SR as a helper to find a suitable retransmission candidate.Third, load-balancing is achieved by way of using SR to distribute queries through several application candidates, each of which taking local decisions as to whether to accept those, thus achieving better fairness as compared to centralized approaches.The feasibility of hardware implementation of this approach is investigated, and a solution using covert channels to transparently convey information to the load-balancer is implemented for a state-of-the-art programmable network card.Finally, the possibility of providing autoscaling as a network service is investigated: by letting queries go through a fixed chain of applications using SR, autoscaling is triggered by the last instance, depending on its local state

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Nadimi, Ilghelich. „Coastal Community-based Protocols and Guidelines for Adaptation Planning“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23596.

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, “Adaptation to climate change is defined as, an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities” (IPCC 2007). Adaptation is required due to the increase in the number of natural disasters and extreme changes in environmental conditions in coastal areas that are a function of sea level rise, floods, extreme heat, drought, and coastal storm surge from severe storms. To reduce the impacts of climate change risks in the future, coastal communities through local government initiatives are compelled to develop and implement grass roots community plans. This study is part of an International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA), “C-Change” that aims to develop community-based adaptation protocols based on best practices and through the evaluation of the scientific method of problem solving designed to help coastal communities be sustainable and to protect their local coastal environments. To this end, the thesis reviews the international development and application of adaptive strategies related to climate change and evaluates these global strategies for identification of best practices and application to coastal communities. The objective of this research is to design and develop improved C-Change community adaptation frameworks by analyzing the applications of international protocols and local action plans with respect to the scientific method and of problem solving through using AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) as a tool, and by choosing best practices to provide guidelines for communities’ climate adaptation plans for the C-Change ICURA coastal communities in Canada.

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Pacheco, Luís Miguel Tavares. „Energia eólica em Portugal“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18056.

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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas
As alterações climáticas, que se têm acentuado nas últimas décadas um pouco por todo o planeta, têm conduzido a uma crescente preocupação e consciencialização para a urgência ambiental, quer por parte do cidadão comum, mas também dos decisores políticos à escala internacional, que têm procurado promover a redução da emissão de gases com efeito de estufa e a utilização de fontes de energia renováveis. A presente dissertação propõe-se investigar a motivação do significativo investimento feito em Portugal na capacidade eólica instalada nos últimos 15 anos, tornando o nosso país num dos maiores produtores da Europa de energia eléctrica a partir da força cinética do vento. Foram consideradas duas hipóteses explicativas, uma assente na existência de uma possível vantagem comparativa de Portugal no âmbito Europeu, relativamente ao recurso endógeno (vento), e uma segunda hipótese suportada na adopção, de forma estratégica, de políticas publicas de promoção e incentivo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que Portugal não dispõe de condições particularmente vantajosas para a instalação de turbinas eólicas para a produção de energia, sendo que a proliferação de parques eólicos no nosso país resulta, no essencial, da estratégia política nacional para o sector energético que, no quadro dos compromissos assumidos com a União Europeia, criou um ambiente empresarial favorável ao investimento no sub-sector eólico em Portugal.
In the last decades, climate change effects have intensified around the planet, leading to a international public and political awareness towards environmental issues, contributing to the promotion of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and the use of renewable energy sources. The aim of the present thesis is to research the motivation of the significate investment made by Portugal, in the last decade and a half, in installed wind capacity, allowing it to become one of the main producers in Europe of electrical energy obtained by the kinetic energy of the wind. To this end, two explanatory hypotheses were formulated. The first based on the existence of a potential comparative advantage of Portugal, obtained by an endogenous resource (wind), relative to other European countries, and a second, supported on the strategic adoption of public policies aiming to promote the use of wind energy. The obtained results show that Portugal does not have particular advantageous conditions for the installation of wind turbines for electricity generation. Rather, the proliferation appearance of wind farms is, essentially, due to the national policy for the energy sector, which, within the commitments assumed with the European Union, created a favourable business environment for the wind energy sector.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Chaves, Fernanda Azeredo. „Tradução e adaptação cultural do Behavior Change Protocol para a língua portuguesa-Brasil“. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ANDO-9M2NS3.

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This study aims to realisethe translation and semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual validation of the "Behavior Change Protocol" for Brazilian Portuguese.The instrument originally developed in the American English language has purpose to guide and provide evidence-based strategies for that health professionals can to conduct educational activities in Diabetes Mellitus guided in the "empowerment" approach.This approach is based on the theoretical principles of Freire (1987) and requiredformal educational practices based on dialogue,qualified listening and in redefining roles by professionals and users. In empowerment approach, it is considered that 98% of cares required for the treatment of diabetes arethe responsibility of the patient.The health professional is considered expert in knowledge relating to diabetes, butpatients are responsible to manage their daily choices and needs. In this context, the health professional acts as facilitator of the autonomy of the patient, helping the individual to assess their needs and develop a plan of care according to their daily needs.The translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument were performed according to internationally recommended by Beaton et al procedures. (2000), comprising four of the five recommended steps: 1 -Initial translation; 2 -Summary of translation; 3 -back translation or translation back to the original (back-translation) language; 4 -Evaluation of the Judges Committee. The translation of the protocol was performed independently by experts in advanced translation and linguistics. It was performed two translations (T1) and (T2) that wereconsolidated in version (T1-2).This version was submitted to third expert translator in the field of linguistics and English translation.The version(T1-2) was revised 12 times until that established a consensus that generated the final synthesis version (T12). This version was submitted to the back-translation by two independent translators that were inserted to a program of Graduate studies in linguistic.Versions (BT1) and (BT2) were generated and compared to synthetic version (T13). The comparison of the synthesis version (T13) with the original version took place during the Judges Committee that had as aim to realize semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual validation of the instrument.The collaboration of experts in translation and linguistic had fundamental importance to promote interdisciplinary dialogue, that allowed the development a qualified and judicious final version, allowing the construction of elaborate knowledge and critical bythe professionals involved in discussion. It was found semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence between final version in Portuguese and the original English version. The process of translation and semantic validation is the first step for that a quality instrument can be available in another cultural context. Stresses the importance of further analysis of the acceptability of the instrument and of the evaluation of its psychometric properties for that "Behavior Change Protocol" will be considered suitable to use in Brazilian samples.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a tradução e a validação semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual do Behavior Change Protocol para o português brasileiro. O instrumento originalmente desenvolvido na língua inglesa americana tem por finalidade orientar e oferecer estratégias baseadas em evidências científicas para que os profissionais desaúde realizemações educativas emDiabetes Mellituspautadas na abordagem empowerment.Essa abordagem é baseada nos pressupostos teóricos de Freire (1987) e requer práticas educativas diretivas, formais, pautadas no diálogo, na escuta qualificada e na redefinição de papéis por parte dos profissionais e dos usuários.Na abordagem empowerment, considera-se que 98% dos cuidados exigidos para o tratamento do diabetes são de responsabilidade do próprio usuário.Oprofissional desaúde é considerado experiente em saberes relativos aodiabetes, massão os usuáriosos sujeitos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de suas escolhas e necessidades diárias.Neste contexto, o profissional da saúde atua como facilitador do processo de autonomia do sujeito, auxiliando o indivíduo a avaliar suas necessidades e a desenvolver um plano de cuidados de acordo com as suas necessidades diárias.A tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento foram realizadas conforme procedimentos recomendados internacionalmente por Beaton et al. (2000), compreendendo quatro das cinco etapas preconizadas: 1-Tradução inicial; 2-Síntese da tradução; 3-Retrotradução ou tradução para a volta ao idioma original (back-translation) ; 4-Avaliação pelo Comitê de juízes.A tradução do protocolo foi realizada de forma independente por tradutores especialistas em linguística e tradução avançada originando duas traduções (T1) e (T2) que foram consolidadas na versão (T1-2). Essa versão foi submetida a um terceiro tradutor doutor na área de linguística e tradução inglesa. A versão (T1-2) foi revisada 12 vezes até um consenso que gerou a versão síntese final (T12). Esta versão foi submetida a etapa de retrotradução realizada por dois tradutores independentes e vinculados a um programa de Pós-Graduação em estudos linguísticos. As versões (BT1) e (BT2) foram comparadas e geraram a versão síntese (T13). A comparação da versão-síntese (T13) com a versão original ocorreudurante afase de avaliação pelo Comitê de Juízesque objetivou realizar a validação semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual do instrumento.A colaboração dos tradutores especialistas na área de linguística foi de fundamental importância, a promoção do diálogo interdisciplinar permitiu a elaboração de uma versão final qualificada e criteriosa, permitindo a construção de conhecimentos elaborados e críticos pelos profissionais envolvidos nas discussões.Constatou-se equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual entrea versão final em português e a versão originalem inglês.Oprocesso de tradução e validação semântica é o primeiro passo para que um protocolo de qualidade esteja disponível para aplicação em outro contexto cultural.Salienta-se a importância de análises futuras da aceitabilidade do instrumento e da avaliação das suas propriedades psicométricas para que o Behavior Change Protocol seja considerado apto para uso em amostras brasileiras.

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CHABERNAUD, JEAN-MARC. „Mesure des gaz respiratoires a l'effort dans l'insuffisance cardiaque congestive : comparaison de deux protocoles de charge“. Limoges, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIMO0124.

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Kwon, So Ran. „The relationship of hydrogen peroxide exposure protocol to bleaching efficacy“. Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2923.

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Objectives: To compare two in-office bleaching methods with respect to tooth color change and level of hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp cavity, and evaluate relationships between penetration level and color change. Methods: 80 extracted canines were sectioned above the CEJ and pulp tissue removed. Tooth thickness was measured from the outer labial surface to the outer boundary of the pulp cavity at the cross-sectioned root 3mm below the CEJ using a digital caliper. Baseline color was measured spectrophotometrically; acetate buffer was added into the cavity. Teeth were mounted and exposed to two different bleaching regimens (conventional versus sealed bleaching technique). After exposure to 38% hydrogen peroxide gel for one hour, buffer was removed from the cavity and placed into a volumetric flask. Hydrogen peroxide amount was estimated spectrophotometrically using leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. Specimen color was re-measured 2 hours post-bleaching. Color change was measured per Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage methodology. Linear regression was used to evaluate factors affecting color change, including bleaching technique. Results: The conventional and sealed bleaching groups showed no difference at baseline with respect to tooth thickness or any of the L*a*b color measures (p>0.51); however there was significantly greater hydrogen peroxide penetration in the conventional bleaching group (p<0.0001). Linear modeling of the change in lightness (ΔL) showed that the increase in lightness tended to be greater for teeth with lower initial L* values (r=-0.32, p=0.004). After adjustment for initial L*, there was no evidence that ΔL differed with hydrogen penetration levels (p=0.53) or bleaching technique (mean group difference in ΔL= 0.36; p=0.27). Conclusion: Both groups showed significant increases in lightness exceeding 2 units and therefore discernible to the naked eye (p<0.0001); however, mean ΔL did not differ significantly with bleaching method or hydrogen peroxide penetration.

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NOTA, ALESSANDRO. „Dentoskeletal changes after Rapid Maxillary Expansion: influence of the activation protocol“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/201811.

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Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is a common clinical orthodontic procedure[1,2] used to increase the maxillary arch dimension by opening the mid-palatal suture. The current trend in orthodontics has shifted towards the principles of dentofacial orthopedics and non-extraction treatment modalities, for this reason over the 90% of orthodontists offer this procedure as a treatment option[3] in primary, mixed or permanent dentition[4]. The main clinical use of RME appliance is to treat the maxillary arch deficiency associated with posterior crossbites, (prevalence ranging from 7.1 to 23.3% [5,6], Class II malocclusion[7,8], Class III malocclusion[8] and crowding. The Hyrax appliance is the most common type of RME appliance (figure 2), with an expansion screw that is attached to 2 or 4 teeth that is usually activated once or twice daily for about 2-4 weeks[4]. RME generates large forces to exceed the limits of orthodontic tooth movement producing maximum orthopedic repositioning, affecting the circummaxillary suture system and more specifically the mid-palatal suture, but also compressing the periodontal ligament, bending of the alveolar processes and tipping of the anchoring teeth and inducing other skeletal and dental effects as confirmed by numerous studies[9–11]. Other authors[12,13] have reported that RME with conventional appliances has some skeletal side effects as the anterior and inferior displacement of the maxilla with a consequent posterior-inferior rotation of the mandible. The expansion force depends on the activation protocol; the screw, for example, can be activated once or twice daily for about 2-4 weeks and a single activation produces approximately 3 to 10 pounds of force[14]. Some studies[15–18] compared the different dento-skeletal effects obtained in patients treated with RME and slower expansion procedures. The dentoskeletal effects of the most common activation protocol two-quarters turn per day (2QD) have been widely studied in literature; otherwise few studies analyzed the changes of one-quarter turn per day (1QD) activation protocol on trasversal diameters of superior and inferior arch[17]. The aim of this doctoral thesis is, after having assessed the effects of the RME on the craniofacial structures, to study the influence of different activation protocols on these changes.

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Doghri, Inès. „Stratégies de routage multi-chemin dans les réseaux sans fil multi-sauts“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828394.

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Un réseau sans ﬁl multi-saut est un ensemble d'entités mobiles et/ou ﬁxes formant un réseau dynamique temporaire avec ou sans l'aide de toute administration centralisée. Cette particularité rend le routage problématique en cas d'instabilité des éléments qui composent les communications non directes. Aﬁn de palier ces problèmes, de nouvelles formes de routage sont utilisées comme le routage multi-chemin (MC). Le routage MC permet d'envoyer les données sur des chemins multiples et semble être une solution eﬃcace pour ces réseaux. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier les techniques de routage MC dans un contexte sans ﬁl multi-saut en vue d'obtenir de meilleures performances. Nous avons choisi pour notre étude une extension MC du protocole OLSR, appelée MP-OLSR. Nous évaluons ses performances sous divers scénarios sous NS-2. Ces tests d'évaluation nous ont amenés à mettre en 'evidence deux problèmes dans MP-OLSR : la réactivité du protocole de routage MC suite à des ruptures de route et la stratégie de répartition des données sur les chemins multiples. Nous avons étudié la réactivité de tels mécanismes dans MP-OLSR. Nous avons proposé trois nouvelles techniques de réparation de pannes qui diminuent les temps de rétablissement d'une route et réduisent le taux de perte des ﬂux transmis. Nous proposons aussi un mécanisme qui détecte la dégradation de la qualité des liens durant le transfert d'un traﬁc de données. Les informations déduites de ce mécanisme servent à adapter la proportion de traﬁc à aﬀecter à chaque chemin selon les conditions réseaux. Cette nouvelle variante du protocole MP-OLSR est évaluée par simulation.

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Patenauden, Geneviève. „Quantifying forest carbon stocks and changes in support of the Kyoto Protocol“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d69355d-db71-45a6-b0e7-7f9673f1118b.

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This thesis brings together research conducted on field based, remote sensing and modelling approaches to meet reporting requirements set by the Kyoto Protocol. Parties are given the option to meet part of their greenhouse gases reduction requirements through the conservation and enhancement of the carbon stored in forest ecosystems. Two contrasting forests (Monks Wood, UK, 52°24' N, 0°14' W and Thetford UK, 52°30' N, 0°30' E) were selected for the development and assessment of the selected methods. Field-based measurements were used to quantify carbon stocks in Monks Wood, providing the first exhaustive assessment of the carbon content held in a UK semi-natural woodland. The total carbon content of the stands varied from 346 to 616 tonnes per hectare (t ha^-1) and highlighted the importance of broadleaved woodlands as carbon stores in the UK. A quantitative appraisal of remote sensing methods was also provided. For land cover discrimination, both optical and radar remote sensing have been successful. For forest carbon stock estimation, LiDAR approaches may provide the only viable remote sensing tool for this purpose. As a result, a LiDAR-based method was developed and the results compared to field-based estimates. At the stand level, the agreement between the field-based and the LiDAR estimates was r=0.85. At the woodland level, due to the enhanced capability of LiDAR to monitor the natural variability of carbon across the woodland, the estimates were nearly 24% lower than those from the ground. Remote sensing of field-based approaches are unsuitable alone for quantifying below-ground carbon content and can be resource intensive. Process-based models enable an estimation of below-ground components to be made. Much uncertainty however arises from the lack of information available on model parameter values. The 3-PG model was used to simulate forest production in Thetford forest and a Bayesian calibration was applied. The results showed that this statistical approach could provide an overall framework for integrating and quantifying the uncertainty in the combined field based, remote sensing and modelling datasets, a result highly relevant in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.

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Glatfelter, Kimberly S. „Understanding and addressing the needs of women experiencing perinatal loss leading to hospital protocol change“. Thesis, Capella University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10256114.

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Perinatal loss is a relatively common occurrence and is defined as any loss, from conception through the first 28 days of life, including miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death. In this dissertation, perinatal will refer to the death of an infant due to miscarriage or stillbirth. Researchers says that understanding how mothers perceive the care after perinatal loss can play a significant role in their care, treatment, and health. The purpose of this appreciative inquiry action research study was to examine what women need to feel supported, emotionally, physically and spiritually within a hospital setting and how these supports impact women experiencing perinatal loss. Through participation interviews from women who experienced the loss and questionnaires answered by nurses and social workers, an investigation of what women perceive to be beneficial in receiving care after perinatal loss. Interviews were used to collect information from a sample of nine women who experienced prenatal loss in a hospital setting, as well as five nurses or social workers who provided support to these individuals were asked to participate in an interview, but if unable to then a questionnaire will be email to them. The information collected in this study was useful to medical and mental health professionals to develop more effective interventions to assist staff to support the women experiencing the loss, while validating the loss and treating the women with respect.

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Jeoffroy, Matthew. „Internet protocol - based information systems : an investigation into integration issues and iterative organisational change strategies“. Thesis, Kingston University, 2001. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20681/.

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Internet-based electronic commerce is a rapidly evolving phenomenon. Organisations have reacted to the opportunities that have been presented through electronic commerce as new class of strategic information system that can be defined as an Internet Protocol Based Information System (IPBIS). As the demand for IPBIS grows, organisations are looking for ways to use it in order to leverage strategic advantage within their given markets. However, IPBIS are not yet established, and there are many unknowns surrounding its use and the change effects it may have on adopting organisations. Research is emerging that answers some of the organisational and electronic market issues that are being posed by organisations, but which are not being addressed by the increasing amounts of non-academic hyperbole that is in evidence. This study was conducted using a mixed mode of case study research within a grounded theory framework to explore the role of IPBIS as a contributing factor to organisational change. Twelve cases were studied using semi-structure interviews and observation, to assess technology implementation strategies, change effects, and management of change strategies. This study has revealed that organisations follow a staged model of integration that may start as a tentative venture with simple email facilities, and then moves through a set of discreet stages to potential full integration with internal information systems, which may be outsourced to third party solution providers. Evidence supports a substantive theory of 'Push-Pull Decision Taking' that was developed to provide an explanatory framework showing that organisations reach a stage of risk analysis and information elicited, and then feel compelled to participate in IPBIS electronic commerce initiatives, which are not always in the immediate interests of the organisation. The results of this decision taking are that the organisation and its actors try to develop appropriate management strategies, which typically support incremental change. This resulting model of change and a series of working propositions provide a basis for practitioner work, and further academic research in this domain.

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Moreira, Helena Margarido [UNESP]. „A atuação do Brasil no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas de 1995 a 2004“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93729.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O regime internacional de mudanças climáticas é um dos mais complexos regimes ambientais, por tratar simultaneamente de questões políticas, econômicas, energéticas, de desenvolvimento e ambientais. Tal regime começou a ser formado com a assinatura da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, em 1994, e adquiriu importância com a elaboração de diversos documentos para lhe conferir maior eficácia, como o Mandato de Berlim, o Protocolo de Kyoto e os Acordos de Marraqueche. Durante o processo negociador desse regime, várias coalizões de países com interesses diversos se formaram, e dentre estas coalizões, o Grupo dos 77/China. Neste processo, alguns países adquiriram maior proeminência nas negociações, contribuindo de forma substancial para a conformação do regime do clima. Um desses países é o Brasil, um país emergente com características muito particulares e que exerce um papel importante nas negociações ambientais internacionais, e que foi o objeto de análise desta dissertação. A hipótese desta pesquisa é que o Brasil possui certas particularidades, como a maior parte da floresta amazônica e sua matriz energética majoritariamente limpa, e estas ajudaram a definir grande parte da posição assumida pelo país nas negociações do regime internacional de mudanças climáticas. Para provar isso, estudamos e analisamos a posição defendida pelo Brasil nos dois principais tópicos de negociação para os países em desenvolvimento no Protocolo de Kyoto: o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e os compromissos de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, durante o período de 1995 a 2004. A metodologia utilizada para testar essa hipótese foi uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos e livros, bem como a análise de documentos oficiais e depoimentos de representantes das delegações brasileiras...
International regime of climate change is one of the most complex environmental regimes because it simultaneously addresses political, economic, energetic, environmental and development issues. This regime was launched with the signature of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994. The impact of the international regime of climate change was increased through the elaboration of several documents intended to make the regime more efficient, such as the Berlin Mandate, the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakech Accords. Throughout the negotiation process (of the regime or the mandate/protocol/accords), many coalitions of countries with different interests were formed, such as the G77/China. Within this coalition, some countries play a prominent role in the negotiations, contributing substantially to the current climate regime configuration. Brazil is one of these countries and, therefore, it is the subject of this dissertation. The hypothesis of this thesis is that certain particular characteristics of the country, especially the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and its renewable energy resources, greatly affect the country’s position on climate change negotiations. In order to prove this hypothesis, we will analyze Brazil’s position regarding two specific topics of the Kyoto Protocol: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the greenhouse gases emission reduction commitments to developing countries, during the period from 1995 to 2004. The methodology used to conduct this analysis included the bibliographical review of articles and books, and the study of official documents and reports from the Brazilian delegates present at the aforementioned meetings. Finally, we will analyze the way that Brazil’s particular characteristics influence the country’s position on these main two topics and contributed to the current configuration of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Bhardwaj, Asmita. „Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism“. Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37133.

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Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism Asmita Bhardwaj Recognizing the grave danger that climate change poses to mankind, the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 by 150 nations. Subsequent climate change negotiations were to be guided through the principles of â equity,â â common but differentiated responsibilitiesâ and respective â capabilities,â while developed countries were to take lead in combating climate change. The Kyoto Protocol amended the FCCC in 1997 and set legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries. No such commitments were mandated for the developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol, however, created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which required participation of developing countries as hosts for CDM projects. Though it faced significant opposition at the onset it was adopted by many developing countries later. This paper outlines the responses towards the CDM in India.

Many developed countries, such as the United States, have sought to include participation of developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions mainly through binding growth caps on future emissions. Since 1997, this call for â meaningful participationâ has stalled the US ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. In response some scholars have tried to link initiatives like CDM to â meaningful participationâ . This paper suggests that rather than relying on the CDM, this contention regarding commitments can be resolved on a long-term basis if only there is a fair and explicit allocation of GHG emission quotas incorporating â equityâ concerns. Meaningful participation, which might mean quantified commitments, does not take into consideration â equityâ , a key criteria for developing country participation. Full participation can only result when Southern demands are given equal importance.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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Fradet, Clémence. „Caractérisation d’élastomères synthétiques par indentation instrumentée (I.I.T.) : protocoles et applications“. Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4014.

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L’essai d’indentation instrumentée est une technique de caractérisation locale très largement développée qui a mis en lumière son potentiel considérable pour sonder le comportement des matériaux. Elle est néanmoins circonscrite aux métaux, aux céramiques voire aux polymères. De ce fait, elle est peu présente dans la littérature relatant de la mécanique des élastomères, notamment en raison de leur hétérogénéité locale et de leur viscoélasticité, qui sont responsables de biais expérimentaux non négligeables. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif premier de mettre en place un protocole expérimental robuste de manière à apporter des éléments de réponse pertinents à des problématiques industrielles concrètes. Pléthore de phénomènes locaux dans les élastomères sont de très bons candidats à l’emploi de cette technique. Ces travaux s’intéressent spécifiquement à l’influence de la micro-morphologie et de la cinématique de chargement-déchargement sur les essais d’indentation d’un élastomère synthétique. Le protocole ainsi ajusté s’est vu appliqué à des matériaux de l’industrie aéronautique et automobile pour capturer les effets locaux d’un vieillissement thermique, d’une fatigue mécanique, de différents taux de vulcanisation et des gradients interfaciaux d’un composite polymère-élastomère
Instrumented indentation testing (IIT) is a local method of caracterization which has highlighted a significant potential to probe materials’ behaviors. Nevertheless, for now, its use has been limited to metals, ceramics or more polymers. Thus IIT is rare in literature about mechanics of elastomers, mainly due to their local heterogeneity and viscoelasticity which are responsible for non-negligible experimental bias. The first aim of this thesis is to set up a robust protocol so as to bring relevant responses to practical industrial issues. Plethora of local phenomena in elastomers are serious candidates for the application of this technique. These works deal specifically with the influence of the micro-morphology and the loading-unloading kinematics when indenting a synthetic elastomer. The established protocol has then been used on industrial materials, for aeronautic and automotive uses, so as to probe the effects of a thermal ageing, a mechanical fatigue, different vulcanization rates and interfacial gradients of a polymer-elastomer composite

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Pedroso, Daniel Silva. „Interações entre a televisão e o telespectador na sociedade em vias de midiatização: um estudo de caso do quadro a Empregada mais cheia de charme do Brasil do programa Fantástico“. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3758.

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A pesquisa se inscreve no âmbito dos estudos acerca da midiatização, descrevendo e problematizando as formas de interação entre a televisão e o telespectador, no contexto da Sociedade em vias de Midiatização. Desenvolve-se por meio do estudo de caso do quadro A empregada mais cheia de charme do Brasil, exibido pelo programa Fantástico da Rede Globo de Televisão, no período de junho a julho de 2012. Examinam-se, portanto, as marcas dessas novas relações que são instituídas mediante a inserção da atividade discursiva do telespectador na produção televisiva, através de um conjunto de vídeos enviados ao programa que materializam instruções e regras sobre as quais funciona certo tipo de contrato de leitura. A análise do caso abarcou como foco principal a constituição e o funcionamento de uma zona de contato enquanto instância interacional, que é acionada pela televisão por meio de protocolos de indução e de incursão, que estimulam a atividade discursiva e a participação do ator social, no sistema produtivo televisivo. Tais estratégias são verificadas no âmbito relacional - produção e recepção - a partir de operações tecnodiscursivas que são engendradas pelo Fantástico, tanto em sua versão televisiva, quanto em sua página na Internet. Como resultado, apontou-se que a participação do ator social na textualidade do programa é consequência de um complexo processo de indução, por meio do qual se gera um novo tipo de relação e de acesso do ator social ao sistema midiático. A pesquisa propõe como conclusão que os processos sociotécnicos evidenciados pela midiatização - como as novas condições de circulação e os novos dispositivos técnicos convertidos em meios de comunicação - ao serem transformados em estratégias de contato e de interação pela televisão, redesenham as formas de geração de vínculos com a sociedade. Nessa perspectiva, o telespectador é inserido de outra forma no processo de interação, gerando marcas de uma nova textualidade, a qual tem como base as coenunciações e as novas formas de acesso do ator social ao sistema midiático.
The research is concerned about studies of mediatization, describing and discussing the ways of interaction between television and viewer, in the Society context in Mediatization. It was developed through the study case of A empregada mais cheia de charme do Brasil (The charmest maid of Brazil) broadcasted by the program Fantático by Globo Network, from June to July of 2012. It is examined, therefore, the marks of these new relations stablished on this new interactional apparatus, by means of inserting the viewer discursive activity on the television production, through a set of videos sent to the program that bring instructions and rules about which certain type of reading contract work. The case analysis approached as main focus the constitution and the functioning of a contact zone while interactional instance, that is actuated by the television through induction and incursion protocols which stimulate the discursive activity and the social actor participation on the television production system. Such strategies are verified on relational range – production and reception – from techno-discursive operations which are produced by Fantástico, as much on its televised version as on its Internet webpage. As a result, it was pointed that the social actor participation in the program textuality is a consequence of a complex induction process, by which is created a new type of relation and access of the social actor to the mediatization. The research suggests as a conclusion that the sociotechnical process evidenced by the mediatization process – as the new circulation conditions and the new technical devices converted into means of communication - by being converted into contact and interaction strategies by the television, they redraw the ways of connection generation from the television to the society. On this perspective, the viewer is inserted in a different way in the interaction process, producing marks of a new textuality, which has as base the co-enunciations and the new ways of access of the social actor to the mediatization.

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Nathan, Ari. „Market mechanisms and cultural values in negotiating multilateral environmental agreements : the case of the Kyoto Protocol /“. Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2000.

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Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2000.
Adviser: William Moomaw. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 295-309). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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Amini, Richard, Lori A. Stolz, Nicholas C. Hernandez, Kevin Gaskin, Nicola Baker, Arthur Barry Sanders und Srikar Adhikari. „Sonography and hypotension: a change to critical problem solving in undergraduate medical education“. Dove Press, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617204.

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UA Open Access Publishing Fund
Study objectives: Multiple curricula have been designed to teach medical students the basics of ultrasound; however, few focus on critical problem-solving. The objective of this study is to determine whether a theme-based ultrasound teaching session, dedicated to the use of ultrasound in the management of the hypotensive patient, can impact medical students’ ultrasound education and provide critical problem-solving exercises. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using an innovative approach to train 3rd year medical students during a 1-day ultrasound training session. The students received a 1-hour didactic session on basic ultrasound physics and knobology and were also provided with YouTube hyperlinks, and links to smart phone educational applications, which demonstrated a variety of bedside ultrasound techniques. In small group sessions, students learned how to evaluate patients for pathology associated with hypotension. A knowledge assessment questionnaire was administered at the end of the session and again 3 months later. Student knowledge was also assessed using different clinical scenarios with multiple-choice questions. Results: One hundred and three 3rd year medical students participated in this study. Appropriate type of ultrasound was selected and accurate diagnosis was made in different hypotension clinical scenarios: pulmonary embolism, 81% (95% CI, 73%–89%); abdominal aortic aneurysm, 100%; and pneumothorax, 89% (95% CI, 82%–95%). The average confidence level in performing ultrasound-guided central line placement was 7/10, focused assessment with sonography for trauma was 8/10, inferior vena cava assessment was 8/10, evaluation for abdominal aortic aneurysm was 8/10, assessment for deep vein thrombus was 8/10, and cardiac ultrasound for contractility and overall function was 7/10. Student performance in the knowledge assessment portion of the questionnaire was an average of 74% (SD =11%) at the end of workshop and 74% (SD =12%) 3 months later (P=0.00). Conclusion: At our institution, we successfully integrated ultrasound and critical problemsolving instruction, as part of a 1-day workshop for undergraduate medical education

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Silva, Maria Betânia Ferreira da. „Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no Brasil e os agrocombustíveis: etanol e biodiesel“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2983.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
As acções decorrentes das actividades económicas e industriais, nos últimos três séculos, têm vindo a influenciar de forma perversa, o percurso natural do planeta. Essa influência é denominada no meio científico, de influência antrópica. Travar os danos, provenientes da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, e sua interferência no clima do planeta, constitui-se um dos maiores desafios enfrentados pela humanidade na busca da sobrevivência. Conjugar mitigação climática e desenvolvimento é o objectivo de um dos mais complexos tratados da cooperação internacional, o Protocolo de Quioto e seus mecanismos de flexibilização, um deles, o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), o qual foi proposto com o objectivo de estimular o crescimento económico, em bases sustentáveis, nos países em desenvolvimento.Esta dissertação pretende apresentar de forma sucinta, a situação actual dos projectos de MDL no Brasil e a possibilidade de projectos ligados aos agrocombustíveis, etanol e biodiesel, concorrerem no mercado global de carbono através do MDL no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto. A experiência brasileira neste domínio será colocada num contexto global e comparativa, particularmente no que concerne aos países em desenvolvimento.
Actions arising from economic and industrial activities in the past three centuries have influenced, in a perverse way, the natural course of the planet. This influence is called in scientific circles, of human influence. Halting the damages from the emission of greenhouse gases, and its interference in the global climate, is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces in its quest for survival. To combine climate mitigation and development is the objective of one of the most complex treaties of international cooperation, the Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms of flexibility, one of them, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was proposed with the aim of stimulating economic growth, on a sustainable basis in developing countries.This paper specifically intends to present in a summary form, the current status of CDM projects in Brazil and the possibility of projects related to biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, competing in the global carbon market through the CDM under the Kyoto protocol. Moreover, the Brazilian experience in this field will be put within a more global and comparative environment, particularly as far as developing countries are concerned.

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Haynes, Patricia L., Graciela E. Silva, George W. Howe, Cynthia A. Thomson, Emily A. Butler, Stuart F. Quan, Duane Sherrill et al. „Longitudinal assessment of daily activity patterns on weight change after involuntary job loss: the ADAPT study protocol“. BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625975.

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Background: The World Health Organization has identified obesity as one of the most visible and neglected public health problems worldwide. Meta-analytic studies suggest that insufficient sleep increases the risk of developing obesity and related serious medical conditions. Unfortunately, the nationwide average sleep duration has steadily declined over the last two decades with 25% of U.S. adults reporting insufficient sleep. Stress is also an important indirect factor in obesity, and chronic stress and laboratory-induced stress negatively impact sleep. Despite what we know from basic sciences about (a) stress and sleep and (b) sleep and obesity, we know very little about how these factors actually manifest in a natural environment. The Assessing Daily Activity Patterns Through Occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study tests whether sleep disruption plays a key role in the development of obesity for individuals exposed to involuntary job loss, a life event that is often stressful and disrupting to an individual's daily routine. Methods: This is an 18-month closed, cohort research design examining social rhythms, sleep, dietary intake, energy expenditure, waist circumference, and weight gain over 18 months in individuals who have sustained involuntary job loss. Approximately 332 participants who lost their job within the last 3 months are recruited from flyers within the Arizona Department of Economic Security (AZDES) Unemployment Insurance Administration application packets and other related postings. Multivariate growth curve modeling will be used to investigate the temporal precedence of changes in social rhythms, sleep, and weight gain. Discussion: It is hypothesized that: (1) unemployed individuals with less consistent social rhythms and worse sleep will have steeper weight gain trajectories over 18 months than unemployed individuals with stable social rhythms and better sleep; (2) disrupted sleep will mediate the relationship between social rhythm disruption and weight gain; and (3) reemployment will be associated with a reversal in the negative trajectories outlined above. Positive findings will provide support for the development of obesity prevention campaigns targeting sleep and social rhythms in an accessible subgroup of vulnerable individuals.

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Quintero, Cedeño Vanessa Lisbeth. „Design of a medium-access-control protocol for wireless sensor networks considering the battery state of charge and state of health“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170130.

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Tesis para optar al grado de Doctora en Ingeniería Eléctrica
La disponibilidad de energía es una de las limitaciones que presentan las Redes de Sensores Inalámbricas (WSN, Wireless Sensor Network). Tradicionalmente, las baterías han sido utilizadas para proveer energía a los nodos de sensores y al tener una vida útil limitada afectan el tiempo de vida de la red. Soluciones como el uso de baterías de gran tamaño o el reemplazo de ellas no son viables, debido al gran número de sensores que componen la red y a que pueden ser desplegados en zonas de difícil acceso. Esta situación ha motivado que las soluciones para la conservación de la energía en las WSNs se enfoquen en el desarrollo de técnicas que actúen a nivel de las capas física y de enlace de datos, como es el caso de los protocolos de Control de Acceso al Medio (MAC, Medium Access Control). Los protocolos MAC son una de las soluciones ampliamente estudiadas y utilizadas porque permiten un equilibrio entre la conservación de energía y otros parámetros críticos de la red, como el rendimiento, latencia, reducción de colisiones y mensajes de control. También tienen la facilidad de adaptarse a las nuevas aristas de trabajo que surgen al incorporar nuevas tecnologías como lo son los Dispositivos de Recolección de Energía (EHD, Energy Harvesting Device). Otro aspecto que está siendo considerado y estudiado en el diseño de los protocolos MAC es la información que se puede extraer de la batería, ya que al estimar la capacidad disponible de la misma, el mecanismo del Duty Cycling (DuC) puede ser ajustado con el propósito de aumentar la eficiencia energética y por lo tanto, extender la vida útil de la red. Es necesario desarrollar técnicas que incorporen un mecanismo de conservación de energía que integre información de la batería a través de indicadores como el Estado de Carga (SOC, State of Charge) y Estado de Salud (SOH, State of Health) para mejorar la eficiencia energética en WSN. La idea de incorporar información de la batería se debe a que la capa MAC está a cargo de controlar los modos de operación del nodo sensor, lo que está directamente relacionado con la cantidad de corriente exigida a la batería. Conocidos los perfiles de uso de la batería es posible estimar los indicadores SOC y SOH que se han utilizado ampliamente en diversas aplicaciones para conocer la cantidad de energía disponible en la batería y la degradación que ha sufrido la misma. En este trabajo se propuso el desarrollo de un protocolo que actúa en la subcapa MAC y que considera la información de la batería para tomar decisiones con respecto al tiempo activo y de reposo del nodo de sensor, con la finalidad de promover el uso eficiente de la energía y extender la vida útil de la red. Los resultados obtenidos validan esta nueva propuesta de algoritmo y establecer pautas para guiar el diseño de protocolos MAC que se centren en minimizar el consumo de energía teniendo en cuenta los dispositivos de recolección de energía y la información de la batería.

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Calcagni, Nicolas. „L’évaluation des prises en charge non-médicamenteuses dans le cadre d’affections chroniques. Etudes interventionnelles basées sur des Protocoles Expérimentaux à Cas Unique“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0222.

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Les Interventions Non-Médicamenteuses (INM), et autres procédures qui peuvent leur être associées (Médecine Traditionnelle, Médecines Complémentaires et Alternatives), sont aujourd’hui d’une prépondérance à ne pas sous-estimer dans l’optique d’une santé intégrative. Une évaluation scientifique robuste est nécessaire afin de trier les pratiques néfastes ou inefficaces, de celles attestant de réels bénéfices. Dans ce domaine, les essais randomisés contrôlés (ERC) font loi, à un titre discutable du fait de leurs limites intrinsèques. Par le biais d’une revue systématique de littérature centrée sur les pratiques de manipulation corporelles comme soins de support proposés en oncologie, nous confirmons la difficulté qu’ont les ERCs de tirer des conclusions fermes et bien appuyées. Nous présentons alors une méthode interventionnelle différente et peu enseignée, les protocoles expérimentaux à cas unique, et proposons leur illustration à travers quatre études. Celles-ci portent sur l’évaluation de différentes interventions dans des contextes de maladies chroniques ou de problèmes de santé variables : 1) Jeu vidéo thérapeutique dans le cadre de la réadaptation physique de la maladie de Parkinson, 2) Intervention musicale en Soins Palliatifs, 3) Hypnose face aux restrictions hydriques de patients sous hémodialyse et 4) Séances de shiatsu face à la dysménorrhée primaire. Ces études rendent compte de résultats intéressants, et permettent de discuter des forces et faiblesses de cette méthode. Nous plaidons alors en sa faveur du fait de ses principes expérimentaux légitimes ainsi que son adéquation avec la pratique fondée sur la preuve. Nous profitons enfin de la faible qualité des études que nous avons menées pour dresser une liste de recommandations et d’écueils à considérer afin de les employer de façon optimale
Today, Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs), and other procedures that may be associated with them (Traditional Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine), are of a preponderance that should not be underestimated in the perspective of integrative health. A robust scientific evaluation is necessary to sort out the harmful or inefficient practices from those that show real benefits. In this field, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reign supreme, but their intrinsic limitations are debatable. Through a systematic review of the literature focusing on manipulative and body-based practices as supportive care in cancer, we confirmed the difficulty of RCTs to infer a definitive decision. We then presented a different and little-taught intervention method, the single-case experimental design (SCED) and illustrated them through four studies in various health topics for the evaluation of different NPIs (Parkinson's Disease and Serious Game, Musical Intervention in Palliative Care, Hypnosis and Renal Disease, and Shiatsu and Painful Menstruations). These studies reported interesting results and provided an opportunity to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this method. We then argued in favor of its use given its legitimate experimental principles and its adequacy with evidence-based practice. Finally, the low quality of the studies we conducted gave us an opportunity to propose a list of recommendations and pitfalls to consider when using SCED

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Gangal, Neha S. M. S. „Association between a Law Change Allowing Pharmacists to Provide Naloxone under a Physician-Approved Protocol and Naloxone Dispensing Rates“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin159216924639219.

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Rosen, Amanda M. „Emission Impossible: The Impact of the International Climate Regime on Sub-National Climate Change Policymaking“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1250098617.

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Friman, Mathias. „Historical Responsibility : The Concept’s History in Climate Change Negotiations and its Problem-solving Potential“. Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7140.

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The thesis primarily tracks the history of historical responsibility in negotiations to and under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The concept aims at attributing individual country burdens in mitigating climate change based on the relative levels of past emissions. A hermeneutic approach and discursive theory has been applied to the empirical material consisting of documents form UNFCCC’s main bodies. Even though the concept was part of the discursive struggle over the content of the UNFCCC, it has been more central in the struggle to operationalise the Convention’s principles on equity. Historical responsibility has been most elaborated in a proposal by Brazil to the 1997 pre-Kyoto negotiations. This proposal combined a biophysical approach (preferred by the North) with that of a political economic approach (preferred by the South). However, the proposal was soon pushed of the central agenda and discussions on the topic turned technical and centred on scientific uncertainties. The biophysical framing excluded equity. At the same time as the proposal was marginalised within UNFCCC as a whole, it was central in discussions on comprehensive approaches to historical responsibility. Any that wanted to discuss comprehensive approaches were referred to this forum wherein talks on equity were excluded from the rules of discussion. This echoes a world system of a periphery, the global South, dependent upon core countries, the global North. The last mentioned have the capacity to set the agenda. The argument for marginalising the Brazilian proposal has been compared to the accepted Kyoto protocol with the result that the official arguments for marginalisation do not hold. The thesis also investigates historical responsibility’s problem solving potential as a concept that could create much needed dialogue across the North/South divide.

Uppsatsen söker främst följa konceptet ”historisk skuld” i klimatförhandlingarna som ledde till, och som senare fördes under, FNs ramkonvention om klimatförändringar (FCCC). Historisk skuld tillskriver länder eller regioner ett ansvar för klimatförändringar som baseras på dess historiska utsläppsnivåer av växthusgaser. Ansvarsberäkningarna ligger sedan till grund för bördefördelning. Empirin, beståendes av dokument från FCCCs organ, har analyserats genom hermeneutik och diskursteori. Historisk skuld fanns med i den diskursiva kampen över FCCC men blev centralt först i kampen över hur FCCCs rättviseprinciper skulle operationaliseras. Som mest genomarbetat har konceptet varit i det så kallade brasilianska förslaget vilket lades fram inför Kyotoförhandlingarna. Förslaget kombinerade en naturvetenskaplig gestaltning, som föredras av länder i nord, med en politisk ekonomisk dito, vilken föredras av syd. Det exkluderades emellertid fort från den beslutsfattande agendan och hänvisades till rådgivande organ där frågan teknifierades med fokus på vetenskapliga osäkerheter. Den naturvetenskapliga gestaltningen exkluderade samtal om rättvisa. Samtidigt som förslaget marginaliserades inom FCCC som helhet så blev det centralt i detaljerade diskussioner om historisk skuld. Om någon ville diskutera operationaliserade varianter av historisk skuld inom FN så hänvisade de till detta forum, ett forum där samtal om rättvisa exkluderats genom de tysta regler som styr diskussionen. Detta speglar ett världssystem där en periferi, det global syd, är beroende av centrala länder, det globala nord. De sistnämnda har kapaciteten att styra dagordningen. Argumenten bakom marginaliseringen av det brasilianska förslaget har sedan jämförts med det accepterade Kyotoprotokollet. Det visar sig då att de officiella argumenten för marginalisering inte håller. Uppsatsen undersöker också konceptets potential till att initiera välbehövlig dialog mellan nord och syd.

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Xu, Chuan. „Power-Aware Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS498/document.

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Ce manuscrit contient d'abord l'étude d'une extension du modèle des protocoles de populations, qui représentent des réseaux de capteurs asynchrones, passivement mobiles, limités en ressources et anonymes. Pour la première fois (à notre connaissance), un modèle formel de consommation d'énergie est proposé pour les protocoles de populations. A titre d'application, nous étudions à la complexité en énergie (dans le pire des cas et en moyenne) pour le problème de collecte de données. Deux protocoles prenant en compte la consommation d'énergie sont proposés. Le premier est déterministe et le second randomisé. Pour déterminer les valeurs optimales des paramètres, nous faisons appel aux techniques d'optimisation. Nous appliquons aussi ces techniques dans un cadre différent, celui des réseaux de capteurs corporels (WBAN). Une formulation de flux est proposée pour acheminer de manière optimale les paquets de données en minimisant la pire consommation d'énergie. Une procédure de recherche à voisinage variable est développée et les résultats numériques montrent son efficacité. Enfin, nous considérons le problème d'optimisation avec des paramètres aléatoires. Précisément, nous étudions un modèle semi-défini positif sous contrainte en probabilité. Un nouvel algorithme basé sur la simulation est proposé et testé sur un problème réel de théorie du contrôle. Nous montrons que notre méthode permet de trouver une solution moins conservatrice que d'autres approches en un temps de calcul raisonnable
In this thesis, we propose a formal energy model which allows an analytical study of energy consumption, for the first time in the context of population protocols. Population protocols model one special kind of sensor networks where anonymous and uniformly bounded memory sensors move unpredictably and communicate in pairs. To illustrate the power and the usefulness of the proposed energy model, we present formal analyses on time and energy, for the worst and the average cases, for accomplishing the fundamental task of data collection. Two power-aware population protocols, (deterministic) EB-TTFM and (randomized) lazy-TTF, are proposed and studied for two different fairness conditions, respectively. Moreover, to obtain the best parameters in lazy-TTF, we adopt optimization techniques and evaluate the resulting performance by experiments. Then, we continue the study on optimization for the power-aware data collection problem in wireless body area networks. A minmax multi-commodity netflow formulation is proposed to optimally route data packets by minimizing the worst power consumption. Then, a variable neighborhood search approach is developed and the numerical results show its efficiency. At last, a stochastic optimization model, namely the chance constrained semidefinite programs, is considered for the realistic decision making problems with random parameters. A novel simulation-based algorithm is proposed with experiments on a real control theory problem. We show that our method allows a less conservative solution, than other approaches, within reasonable time

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