Dissertationen zum Thema „Protection of the entrepreneur“

Nacionalinė valstybių narių teisė yra įtakojama Europos Sąjungos leidžiamų reglamentų ir valstybės narės dėl teisiškai privalomų tam tikros srities teisės aktų priėmimo ir ta kompetencija direkyvų, kurių turi šalys narės laikytis, tačiau yra sričių, kuriose savo kompetencija dalijasi Europos Sąjunga valstybės narės naudojasi tik tiek, kiek ES nepasinaudojo ar nusprendė nepasinaudoti. 2013m. LR Aukščiausiasis teismas kilus klausimui dėl ES teisės autonominio aiškinimo kreipėsi į Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismą dėl prejudicinio sprendimo priėmimo. Šiame darbe keliama problema yra ta, ar advokatas gali būti pripažintas verslininku, kuris teikia atlygintines teisines paslaugas fiziniui asmeniui, vartotojų teisių apsaugos atžvilgiu. Šiame darbe siekiama: 1) atskleisti advokato profesijos veiklos principus; 2) išanalizuoti advokatų teikiamų teisinių paslaugų turinį; 3) išnagrinėti verslo ir verslininko sąvokas, veiklos ypatumus; 4) palyginti verslininko ir advokato veiklas, išskirti panašumus ir skirtumus; 5) vartotojų teisių apsaugos sutarčių analizavimas ir ES reglamentų bei direktyvų aptarimas šiuo klausimu. Vartojimo sutartis turi atitikti esminius požymius, kad silpnesniajai šaliai būtų suteikiamos vartotojų teisių apsaugos garantijos: 1) paslaugas turi įsigyti fizinis asmuo; 2) paslaugas įsigyjantis fizinis asmuo, jas turi įsigyti savo asmeniniams, šeimos, namų ūkio poreikiams tenkinti; 3) paslaugas teikia fizinis ar juridinis asmuo, kuris yra laikomas verslininku ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The title of this work: Does a lawyer providing legal services to private persons under recoverable concluded contracts for legal services must be recognized as an entrepreneur in consumer protection in law terms? The national law of Member States of the European Union is subject to the regulations and directives that must followed by the Member States, but there are areas where the competence is shared between the European Union and its Member States as concerns the legally binding law-making in a certain area, and the competence is exercised by the Member States to the extent that the EU did exercise or decided not to exercise. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuanian has applied to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling regarding the issue of autonomous interpretation of the EU law in 2013. The problem raised in this work is whether a lawyer can be recognized as an entrepreneur who provides chargeable legal services to natural persons in respect of protection of the consumer rights. This work aims to: 1) identify principles of the professional practice of lawyers; 2) analyze contents of the legal services provided by lawyers; 3) examine the concepts of business and entrepreneur, and business peculiarities; 4) compare activities of entrepreneurs and lawyers, to highlighting the similarities and differences; 5) analysis of treaties on consumer rights and discussion of EU regulations and directives on this issue. Consumer contracts must comply with the... [to full text]

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 209-229).
This dissertation addresses the puzzle of why individuals in authoritarian systems seek office in formal institutions, which are often dismissed as weak and ineffective. I argue that individuals seek office mainly to protect their property from government expropriation in China. In contrast to prior work, I argue that instead of being passive takers of existing institutional arrangements, private entrepreneurs in China actively seek opportunities within formal institutions to advance their interests. By holding seats in local legislatures, entrepreneurs signal to local bureaucrats that they have access to higher-level government officials to report illicit predatory behavior. This signal, in turn, deters local officials from demanding bribes, ad hoc taxes, and other types of informal payments. I deploy both qualitative and quantitative methods to support the argument. First, to understand state-business relations in China, I conducted 106 in-depth interviews with private entrepreneurs, government officials, and local scholars in five provinces during 16 months of fieldwork. I show that even while government expropriation is an endemic problem, private entrepreneurs who are also legislative officeholders are less likely to experience severe expropriation. Second, using a nationally representative survey of private entrepreneurs, I quantitatively show that entrepreneurs who have seats in the local legislatures on average spend 25 percent less on informal payments to local officials compared to entrepreneurs without such a political status. To investigate the causal link between formal office and protection of property, I conducted field experiments on Chinese bureaucrats to understand how local bureaucracies respond to constituents with connections to formal institutions. These experiments involved directly contacting officials to examine how they respond to realistic messages from citizens. Using an experimental manipulation, I demonstrate that Chinese bureaucrats are 35 percent more likely to respond to a constituent with connections to formal institutions. These findings challenge prominent theories of authoritarian politics, which see authoritarian institutions as instruments to arrange power sharing, rent distribution, or information collection. Adopting an "institution as resource" perspective, I show that within authoritarian institutions, entrepreneurial actors can seek opportunities to advance their interests and improve their well-being through formal means, even when these formal institutions are relatively weak..
by Yue Hou.
Ph. D.

This thesis is primarily concerned with how and why policy entrepreneurs succeed in promoting their ideas or policy proposals. In examining this, the thesis uses the case of Indonesia’s foreign and domestic policies regarding the protection of its own migrant workers who work abroad, particularly with the ratification of the 1990 United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW). There are three central questions that this thesis examines: (1) To what extent were the policy entrepreneurs important in shaping or playing roles in Indonesia’s foreign policy regarding the protection of its migrant workers and who were the main policy entrepreneurs?; (2) How did these policy entrepreneurs attempt to ensure that their policy proposals were adopted or their ideas heard?; and (3) Why were the policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their ideas? The thesis argues that the protection of Indonesian migrant workers has become a pressing issue in the context of nation’s foreign and domestic policies. This can be seen from the decision of Indonesia’s Kementerian Luar Negeri (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) in 2002 to establish a special directorate to address the issue, namely the Directorate for the Protection of Indonesian Citizens and Legal Agencies. Nonetheless, despite the establishment of this directorate, protection from this institution was still viewed as relatively poor since there were still numerous high-profile cases involving Indonesian migrant workers in cases related to torture and even some resulting in death. Recent policies developments, spurred by increasing democratisation, can be viewed as an improvement. This is demonstrated by Indonesia’s decision to ratify the CMW in 2012. With regard to this important decision, my empirical analysis showed that there were at least two categories of policy entrepreneurs that played important roles in influencing the decision: key figures operating within the important civil society organisations who worked under the umbrella movement People’s Alliance for the Ratification of 1990 Convention (ARRAK 90) and several elected members of the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR – Indonesia’s House of Representatives). Overall, the thesis argues that policy entrepreneurs were successful if: (1) they advocated cogent policy proposals; (2) these proposals were based on normative principles; and (3) they promoted their ideas with persistence. Each of these three factors is examined in the case studies. In testing the notion of persistence, the thesis measures activities such as: conducting a series of demonstrations; writing papers; and holding lobbying luncheons or dinners. The thesis concludes that there were two success factors that brought Indonesia’s foreign policy shift from non-ratification to ratification: coalition-building and advocacy persistence. In coalition-building, policy entrepreneurs believed that the emergence of ARRAK 90 significantly transformed the policy context. Working in coalition, policy entrepreneurs undertook continuous activities in terms of substantive work, demonstrations, and lobbying. As the policy context changed and window of opportunity presented themselves, policy entrepreneurs demonstrated enormous persistence in presenting their ideas. In this context, the policy entrepreneurs continuously pushed their demands, writing to influence public opinion, conducting various demonstrations for the purpose of raising public awareness, seizing government attention, and being persistent in demanding the adoption of their proposals. All these factors, particularly coalition-building and persistence, answer the primary questions of this thesis: to what extent were policy entrepreneurs important in policy change, how did they achieve change, and why were policy entrepreneurs successful in promoting their policy proposals?

Au regard du principe de l'unité du patrimoine, l'entrepreneur individuel engage tout son patrimoine. En cas de survenance de difficultés, ses créanciers pourront saisir ses biens professionnels et ses biens personnels. Cette responsabilité illimitée de l'entrepreneur individuel peut avoir des conséquences redoutables, notamment lorsqu'il est marié ou pacsé ou vivant en concubinage. Cette fragilité de l'entrepreneur individuel a poussé le législateur, aussi bien en droit français qu'en droit de l'OHADA, à créer des mécanismes lui permettant de mettre son patrimoine personnel à l'abri de la poursuite de ses créanciers professionnels. Ainsi, en dehors de toute affectation sociétaire, l'entrepreneur individuel peut, désormais, en droit français, soustraire ses biens personnels du droit de gage de ses créanciers professionnels, par le biais de la déclaration notariée d'insaisissabilité ou par le recours au statut de l'EIRL. Également, par le jeu des régimes matrimoniaux ou de la technique de la fiducie, il peut limiter les droits de ses créanciers. Cependant, l'efficacité des mécanismes de protection de l'entrepreneur individuel n'est pas absolue. En effet, elle est souvent remise en cause par les créanciers antérieurs, et même par l'entrepreneur individuel qui peut y renoncer, parfois dans le but d'obtenir du crédit. En outre, lorsque l'entrepreneur individuel est soumis à une procédure collective, l'efficacité des mécanismes de protection n'est que relative. Le cloisonnement des patrimoines recherché ou la soustraction de certains biens personnels du gage des créanciers est remis en cause. Dès lors, la protection qu'offrent ces mécanismes n'est que illusoire, d'où la nécessité de renforcer leur efficacité. A défaut de mécanismes de protection efficaces, l'entrepreneur individuel peut recourir aux différentes procédures de prévention comme alternative aux mécanismes de protection
With regard to the principle of the system of assets, the individual entrepreneur take on all his assets. In case problems occur, his creditors could seize his personal properties and business assets. This unlimited liability of the individual entrepreneur might have serious consequences, especially when he is married, in a civil partnership or in concubinage. The individual entrepreneur's fragility has encouraged the legislature, in the French as well as in the OHADA law, to create mechanisms that would give him the opportunity to put his personal assets immune from the judicial proceedings of his professional creditors. Thus, apart from any associate's appropriation, the individual entrepreneur is now able, under the French law, to keep his personal assets out of his profesional creditors' right of forfeit, through the notarized statement from seizure or the option of the EIRL. Equally, through the matrimonial systems or the technique of the trust, he may limit the rights of his creditors. However, the effectiveness of the mechanisms of protection of the individual entrepreneur is not absolute. Indeed, it is often put into question by former creditors, and even the individual entrepreneur who sometimes may renounce to it in order to get credit. Moreover, when the individual entrepreneur is subjected to a collective proceeding, the effectiveness of the protection is only but relative. The partition of expected assets or the exemption of certain personal belongings from the creditors' forfeit is questioned. Therefore, the protection offered by these mechanisms is only but fallacious, hence the need to strengthen their effectiveness. In the absence of effective mechanisms of protection, the individual entrepreneur may resort to the different procedures of prevention as an alternative to the mechanisms of protection

Thesis in the first part deals with consumer protection on Czech and European legislative level, with emphasis on information duty of an entrepreneur. The practical part focuses on information obligations of supervisory authorities, which are further shown in the famous case of CTI and its fuel checks carried out at petrol stations.

Since the turn of the millennium, Zimbabwe has witnessed a raft of socio-economic and political problems characterised by hyper-inflation; shortage of basic commodities; dwindling fiscal reserves; ballooning domestic and foreign debt; falling standard of living and high levels of migration. The devastating effects of the Aids pandemic have not helped the situation. With estimates indicating that there are more than million orphaned children, social security programmes have been overstretched resulting in the State failing to adequately provide for the needs of these orphans in the country. It is against this background that the study sought to explore the community level initiatives that communities are taking to meet the needs of orphans through community based programmes. The goal of the study was to explore the contribution of social entrepreneurship in meeting the needs of orphans in the Mberengwa district, Zimbabwe. The study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. The study was exploratory and the type of research was applied. The collective case study design was utilised. A total of twenty participants took part in the study; including six children who were benefiting from the income generating projects, four key informants who work closely with the projects as well as ten villagers who were involved in the day to day running of the projects. The participants were selected from two villages that have the projects benefiting orphans. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected from the children and key informants by way of interviews and from the villagers through focus group discussions. The findings show that the government of Zimbabwe lacks capacity to meet the needs of orphans due to the socio-economic and political challenges and as a result, communities in Mberengwa district have taken the initiative to care for the orphans in their area through income generating projects. The income generating projects are social entrepreneurial ventures in that they aim at generating profits which are channelled towards meeting the needs of the orphans. Through the income generating projects, the orphans in Mberengwa district are able to access their needs which include food, education, clothing, shelter, birth registration and protection from abuse. Findings also indicated that in the Mberengwa district, orphan care is viewed as a community, rather than individual responsibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the communities in Mberengwa have inherent strengths which make it possible for them to work together in achieving common objectives. Consequently, their social ties and close social relations enable them to work together to deal with problems confronting them collectively. vi projects benefiting orphans. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected from the children and key informants by way of interviews and from the villagers through focus group discussions. The findings show that the government of Zimbabwe lacks capacity to meet the needs of orphans due to the socio-economic and political challenges and as a result, communities in Mberengwa district have taken the initiative to care for the orphans in their area through income generating projects. The income generating projects are social entrepreneurial ventures in that they aim at generating profits which are channelled towards meeting the needs of the orphans. Through the income generating projects, the orphans in Mberengwa district are able to access their needs which include food, education, clothing, shelter, birth registration and protection from abuse. Findings also indicated that in the Mberengwa district, orphan care is viewed as a community, rather than individual responsibility. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the communities in Mberengwa have inherent strengths which make it possible for them to work together in achieving common objectives. Consequently, their social ties and close social relations enable them to work together to deal with problems confronting them collectively. It was concluded that income generating projects based on social entrepreneurial principles are a critical poverty alleviation and social protection mechanism for orphans in the Mberengwa communities as they lead to meeting their needs and furthermore, alleviate social problems in the community. In order to respond to the gap created by the government’s lack of capacity to care for the orphans, social entrepreneurship through income generating projects can be utilised to achieve social protection and poverty alleviation goals more so in the country’s quest to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Recommendations include the need to review the legal and policy framework governing the care and protection of orphans in the country to include community-based programmes. Furthermore, it is recommended to strengthen traditional orphan care structures in facilitating income generating projects based on social entrepreneurial principles as they have the propensity to help meet the needs of orphans at the community level.
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Social Work and Criminology
unrestricted

Le droit a longtemps été considéré comme un fleuve qui coulerait vers les grandes entreprises au détriment des PME en raison de son inflexibilité. Aujourd’hui, cette configuration semble avoir évolué puisque la singularité des entreprises de petite taille est progressivement reconnue, tant en droit français qu’en droit OHADA. Cette reconnaissance se traduit notamment par l’application en leur faveur, de plusieurs régimes dérogatoires dont l’objectif avoué est de les protéger au regard de leur vulnérabilité et de leur poids dans l’économie. À cet égard, l’étude de l’encadrement juridique et fiscal des PME permet dans un premier temps, de tester l’efficacité des mécanismes juridiques majeurs mis en place en vue de limiter le risque professionnel de ces entrepreneurs. Même si cela semble beaucoup plus net en droit OHADA qu’en droit français, le constat est que dans les deux législations, ces mécanismes sont souvent insuffisants, voire inexistants au moment où ils sont le plus attendus. L’étude permet dans un second temps, de mettre en exergue l’inadaptation de l’environnement financier des PME, lequel demeure toutefois perfectible. Pour ce faire, d’une part, en matière fiscale, les régimes de faveur applicables aux PME françaises devraient être édictés avec un souci d’harmonie et orientés en priorité vers la protection de ces structures et la promotion de l’investissement. Plus encore, dans l’espace OHADA, les spécificités des acteurs informels ainsi que les insuffisances de l’appareil fiscal devraient être suffisamment prises en compte en vue d’un rapprochement entre l’autorité fiscale et les PME africaines. D’autre part, l’accès des PME au financement pourrait être facilité par le perfectionnement des modes de financement traditionnels et par la promotion des nouveaux modes de financement tels que le capital-investissement et le financement participatif
For a long time, the law was seen as a river that would flow towards large companies to the detriment of SMEs because of its inflexibility. Today, this situation seems to have changed, as the special nature of small businesses is gradually being recognised in both French and OHADA law. This recognition is reflected, in particular, in the application to them of a number of special regimes, the avowed aim of which is to protect them in view of their vulnerability and their importance to the economy. In this respect, a study of the legal and tax framework for SMEs makes it possible, firstly, to test the effectiveness of the major legal mechanisms put in place to limit the professional risk of these entrepreneurs. Even though this seems to be much clearer in OHADA law than in French law, it is clear that in both legislations, these mechanisms are often inadequate, or even non-existent when they are most needed. Secondly, the study highlights the inadequacy of the financial environment for SMEs, which can still be improved. In terms of taxation, the preferential regimes applicable to French SMEs should be enacted with a concern for harmony and geared primarily towards protecting these structures and promoting investment. What is more, in the OHADA area, the specific characteristics of informal sector actors and the shortcomings of the tax system should be sufficiently taken into account with a view to improving cooperation between the tax authorities and African SMEs. Furthermore, SMEs' access to finance could be facilitated by improving traditional methods of financing and by promoting new methods of financing such as private equity and crowdfunding

This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the social situation of the entrepreneur and the travails of entrepreneurship. More specifically, it examines the role of the entrepreneur by acknowledging that the role is influenced by expectations and proscriptions of stakeholders, scripts for social conducts, and norms. This influence opens up situations demarcated by demanding expectations and resource inadequacies-in terms of role stress-which complicate entrepreneurs' role fulfillment. The detrimental consequences of role stress have been widely acknowledged in professions outside the entrepreneurship setting. Recognizing that role stress is a well-established field of research, the role of the entrepreneur is related to some unique characteristics but with limited prior focus earned. This study therefore aims at contributing to a better understanding of entrepreneurs' role stress, traces possible antecedents, and maps some potential consequences. The thesis is based on a selection of seven academic papers. A meta- analytic review of prominent role stress consequences, together with a narrative literature review of role stress antecedents, lays the foundation for a conceptual analysis of how role stress can be used in entrepreneurship research. A subsequent theoretical analysis of this material implied and strengthened the thesis that the inclusion of role stress is valuable in the study of entrepreneurs. Empirical examinations in different scholarly papers support the role of the entrepreneur and reveal that role stress is an important and prominent phenomenon among entrepreneurs. Role stress is found both to influence the likelihood of inclination for new venture termination and to reduce performance and satisfaction. In a two-year longitudinal data set, role stressors are shown to transform to a proclivity for venture withdrawal through feelings of burnout and dissatisfaction, which sustains over time once triggered. The effect of burnout feelings is direct but not sustained, while the effects from dissatisfaction are lagged. Examining the origin and consequences of entrepreneurs' role stress reveals the lack of fit between entrepreneurs' personality traits and environmental characteristics to develop role stress, and that invested personal resources aiming to resolve role stress can increase venture performance at the cost of exhaustion and reduced self-satisfaction. Further examinations reveal that role stress experiences transform into functional outcomes depending on the coping strategies employed and the levels of role stress experienced. Results moreover reveal that negotiating expectations and/or working harder to meet expectations positively affect venture performance, whereas suppressing perceived expectations negatively influences venture performance.

Godkänd; 2007; 20070511 (ysko)

This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted. This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation. The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR.

Title: An Indian Entrepreneur Establishing Business in Europe

Course: Master Thesis EFO705 in International Business and Entrepreneurship,

Swedish credit points (15 ECTS)

Authors: Xiaoran Wang and Amit Vaghela

Tutor: Leif Linnskog

Problem: How did Mr. Deepak Soni establish and develop his company Anora Pvt

Ltd in Poland, a company operating in the branch of textile and clothing?

From this research problem, the dissertation will be focused on the

internationalization.

Purpose: The aim of thesis is to understand and describe the way an Indian

entrepreneur succeeded in establishing and developing a viable business in

Europe, i.e. to understand and describe how Mr. Deepak Soni established

and developed Anora Pvt Ltd in Poland, a company operating in the

branch of textile and clothing.

Method: This dissertation is based on qualitative study for the researchers to study

the internationalization process of Anora, Ltd in Europe. Qualitative study

is better for us to look into the internationalization process of Anora and

fulfill our purpose.

Theories: Uppsala-Model, Network Theory, and International Entrepreneurship build

the theoretical frame of reference.

Target Group: Our research findings will be submitted to the company Anora, Poland

and to students and researchers as we will provide important information

regarding their Internationalization Process

Conclusion: This paper has offered Anora’s empirical findings. During the analysis part,

with the help of theories we choose, we have had better understanding of

internationalization process. Moreover, we have successfully achieved the

aim to understand and describe the way an Indian entrepreneur succeeded

in establishing and developing a viable business in Europe. Moreover,

Researchers have displayed the components in the model refined,

commitment, knowledge, relationships and entrepreneurship are not

isolated, and each of them has interplayed with others. For researches in

internationalization process in future, we recommend researchers should

considerate all components as a whole rather than insularly thinking over

only one components.

Published Article
The concept entrepreneurship can be defined as the ordinary individual who does extraordinary things which other ordinary individuals hesitate to do. The act of doing is a distinctive element of the entrepreneur. Considering the level of unemployment, the shortage of housing, uneven distributions of wealth and income, low level of education and high population growth rate in South Africa, the entrepreneur can play a major role. Entrepreneurs must equip themselves with knowledge, skills and the right attitude. In this article the focus is on various entrepreneurs to understand the world of entrepreneurship better.

Abstract

Entrepreneurship has become an important issue in the modern society where the business landscape consists of many small and medium sized firms. These firms have all been started by an entrepreneur who has identified and business idea and developed that idea into a new venture. We therefore see the idea identification and idea development process as a central part of the creation of a new firm.

A concept that has become popular in the discussion about entrepreneurship is the cluster concept and dynamic business settings. These concepts are based on the fact that in some geographical regions more firms are started than in other geographical locations. These firms are often started in the same field or industry which has lead to theories that the environment supports and stimulates entrepreneurship. The studies about clusters have often been conducted with an organizational perspective and studied formal contacts within clusters. Therefore we in this study want to study how cluster environments support entrepreneurs in their idea identification and idea development process with the perspective of the individual entrepreneur.

The study is based on a theoretical framework built around the cluster theories develop by Michael Porter who is considered to be the father to this concept. In addition to this we also present theories about the importance of untraded interdependencies, the triple helix, spin-offs and entrepreneurs as organizational products.

The empirical material for this study has been collected through interviews with five entrepreneurs in Sweden’s famous ICT cluster Kista Science City just outside Stockholm. These interviews are later presented as five individual cases which describe the idea identification and development process. The results from these interview shows that the cluster environment can support the entrepreneurs in several ways. The support we have found in this study could be linked to the existence of untraded interdependencies that provided the entrepreneurs with access to information, knowledge and experts through networks. These factors were useful both in the idea identification and the idea development process.

With high recognized importance of women and entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship has been attached almost everywhere, and the connection between motivation and venture creation is discussed among women in small businesses.

 

Purpose

 

 

 

 

To reflect the determinants of being a women entrepreneur based on an integrated framework from psychology, sociology, and economics.

 

 

Method

Qualitative research is used. Interview and observation are conducted with five women entrepreneurs, face-to-face, understanding the complex, personal topics about their businesses motivation.

Conclusions

 

Entrepreneurs are motivated into entrepreneurship for different factors; in this study, we examined background, personal and situational factors. Motivation to entrepreneurship should research on individual level, including different scientific and environmental approaches, because the final decision to become motivated into entrepreneurship is made on individual level.

The objective of this thesis, which combines two levels of analysis, is to explore the entrepreneur as a social construct and the socially constructed nature of entrepreneurship. It builds upon a limited number of extant studies considering the socially constructed nature of entrepreneurship by focusing upon achieving a Verstehen' of these 'constructions' as articulated in stories; thereby enhancing conceptual understanding. It achieves this by concentrating upon the key issues of constructionism, namely narrative and identity; and by triangulating these by using a qualitative approach and a variety of methodologies. These include social constructionism, semiotic analysis, biographical analysis, in-depth interviews, content analysis and action research. This approach is justified because, despite an increasing body of research into aspects entrepreneurial, our basic understanding of the many social facets which influence our perception of the entrepreneur remains unclear. Clarity of definition often eludes us, although we can describe and explain it in context. Consequentially, such constructions are subjective, descriptive, often nebulous and heavily reliant upon stereotype. By examining interrelated social constructs such as gender, class and ethnicity, which are embedded in and influenced by other constructs such as childhood, family, society, culture and so on this thesis extends our knowledge of entrepreneurial process. It allows us to understand subjective issues such as ethics, value, morality, legitimacy, traits, character and personality which become visible when articulated via narrative forms and storytelling mechanisms of myth, metaphor and fable. The findings suggest that our perception of entrepreneurs may owe more to narrative convention than to the lived experience of entrepreneurs. The review of academic literature, novels (fiction), biographies, autobiographies, newspaper articles, and a semiotic analysis of images and photographs associated with the entrepreneur found that although entrepreneurs are eulogised, not all practice moral entrepreneurship - thus signalling the many forms and functions of entrepreneurship, including the immoral, amoral and criminal. In identifying a universal storybook formula the thesis shows how entrepreneurial practice is influenced by heroic stereotyping and how entrepreneurship can be understood as a communicational construct; a living, evolving narrative; and enacted story. This formula spans different media with a consistency of themes and elements which demonstrates its socially constructed nature. The multi-methodology allows one to develop deeper understanding. The contribution of this thesis is the exploration of the philosophical, ideological and epistemological issues underpinning the ontology of entrepreneurship. This thesis by adapting a process of deconstructionism, analysis and reconstruction contributes by adopting a holistic approach uniting the constructionist and Verstehen' approaches as a heuristic tool through which to achieve a greater understanding of entrepreneurship as a socio-behavioural process. Moreover it considers entrepreneurial narrative as socially mediated behavioural scripts constructed from a wide range of inter-disciplinary knowledge best understood when assembled and read as a process. In taking cognisance of the individual entrepreneur as a person and in then examining psychological, sociological, demographic and linguistic factors affecting the application of entrepreneurship, the thesis maps entrepreneurial process as socially constructed. Mapping how social constructionism shapes perception necessitates looking at the practices and processes which constitute it as a socially negotiated interaction. This thesis extends knowledge of how social constructions are formed and perpetuated in society and displays originality by focusing on how social construction impact on the entrepreneurial process. The entrepreneur is often encountered in a literary format as a heroic male personage. Masculine ideology, rhetoric, mythology, and doxa reinforce this message marginalising female entrepreneurs with whom the construction may not resonate. Entrepreneurs are presented as 'likeable rogues' a perception reinforced by a semiotic pictorial format of 'bad boys' embedded in images of masculinity, class and criminality. This thesis bridges many theoretical approaches to entrepreneurship by using narrative and communication techniques to reveal how academic conceptualisations adhere to but differ from more popular concepts. The research develops a practical narrative based theory of entrepreneurship. This study presents the socially constructed nature of entrepreneurial knowledge and process in a way not done before. However, its most substantial contribution is that it takes the notion of entrepreneurial narrative, discourse, and constructions to a new level in taking cognisance of the plethora of plots, sub-plots and storylines which constitute the socially constructed narrative that is entrepreneurship.

En constante mutation, le statut de l'artiste est lié à celui de son public, de sa production, et des acteurs du monde de l'art. En choisissant d'étudier l'artiste entrepreneur, on assiste à la disparition de l'œuvre et du spectateur. Qu'il propose des produits d'art, des services, ou une participation au capital de son entreprise artistique, l'artiste entrepreneur bouleverse les rôles de chacun. En assumant un rapport direct à l'argent, il organise une relation d'ordre économico-esthétique avec ses clients, ou actionnaires. Cette thèse défend l'idée selon laquelle la fusion de l'art et de son marché, dans une démarche artistique de type entrepreneuriale, ne peut se faire sans un fondement sur un socle éthique. La mise en place d'un code déontologique propre aux artistes entrepreneurs est ainsi suggérée; celui-ci aurait l'avantage de manifester l'existence d'un groupe, partageant des valeurs et des intérêts, en plus de favoriser le fonctionnement et la reconnaissance des pratiques artistiques entrepreneuriales.

The purpose of this research report is to investigate how Entrepreneurship is being taught in the classroom of secondary schools and to see if there is a vast difference between how it is taught across the income spectrum of the students.The research used a qualitative methodological approach. Questionnaires were sent out to respondents selected by the researcher (convenient sample). Then there was a follow-up in-depth interview with all the respondents. The respondents are all teachers who currently teach entrepreneurship at secondary schools and were divided into three groups depending on the school they teach at. There is the private school, the Model C School and the public school.The research revealed that there are vast differences in the way entrepreneurship is taught between the schools. Private schools have a large component of ‘beyond the classroom’. These include company visits, guest lecturers on entrepreneurial exercises. Model C Schools were very limited with the ‘odd’ guest lecturer and ‘fund raising’ poject. Public schools have no practical component to entrepreneurship what so ever. All the previous research suggests that a practical component to teaching entrepreneurship is vital. This research high-light’s that entrepreneurial education is seriously lacking at secondary school level in that a practical component seems to be missing.This research report looked at different schools to see if there was possibly a model that could be replicated across secondary schools that could bring in a practical element to teaching entrepreneurship. A model was found called, ‘R10 in ten days’. Students are placed in pairs and given R10 on a Wednesday. The following Friday they return the R10 and profit. They pay 20% to the school and keep the rest. This is a model that can be implemented in every school. Furthermore it creates a culture of ‘entrepreneurship’. Parents, relatives and friends get involved. A culture that encourages entrepreneurs is far more successful than one that doesn’t.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

The purpose of this creative project was to provide those Black entrepreneurs interested in the trucking industry with information necessary for success in this dynamic field. This learning package was developed to satisfy two specific goals.The first goal was to provide future Black entrepreneurs with a background of the trucking industry. The second goal was to prepare an effective instructional learning tool for Black entrepreneurs going into the trucking industry.The problem of meager statistics on Blacks in the trucking industry led me to the development of my study.
Department of Urban Planning

?This collection of papers and cases seeks to provide a focussed picture of a programme of research into an area of management activity which had previously been ignored by academia -public sector entrepreneurship. Hence, they not only add significantly to the entrepreneurship literature, but also open up an area of research not hitherto explored. Entrepreneurship itself has been debated from the stand points of economics, psychology, sociology and behaviourial science since its definition by Richard Cantillon in 1734. The entrepreneurship literature base is broad, but centred firmly around the small business, with only occasional forays into the not-for-profit sector and then only where the activity, in all senses but that of creating a shareholder profit, emulates that of the small business. The collection is divided into five main areas: first, a critical appraisal of the collection providing the strategy and methodology of research; next, two papers relating particularly to the initial surveys undertaken in the school and health sectors, These papers are particularly important because, through unadulterated survey, they provide the first indication that the sectors themselves recognise the existence of entrepreneurs within their midst. The next grouping develops the information gained from the surveys and adds to it much richer research case material. Possible externalities in the form of community entrepreneurship are also explored. The next section contains examples of published case studies in each of the public sector areas within the research strategy area. The study culminates in a paper advancing the first published definition of the Public Sector Entrepreneur. The final section includes a paper and conclusion providing an indication of the ongoing research direction and a move towards a more deductive perspective. The collection also provides a description of the changes which have occurred in the public sector relevant to the arguments and analysis within each paper. Similarly, each paper provides a synopsis of the relevant literature to enable the analysis and discussion of the research activity reported.

Large and established firms tend to be greater at exploiting their current business rather than exploring the opportunities of tomorrow. In industries facing changes, such a firm could lose their market place when the surrounding environment shifts. Thus, there is a need for new ways of increasing the exploration capabilities of many large and established firms. This thesis examines a German automotive OEM that is taking measures to become more explorative through collaborations with startups. Generally, startups are characterized as agile, risk-taking, innovative, rapid, and close to the customer. However, they lack the resources, industry knowledge and scale that larger organizations have. Therefore, a collaboration of the two could be fruitful for both parties. The case company (referred to as OEM) is currently developing and evaluating a model, called the Exploration Capability Model, which includes measures for startup collaborations and creation of spinouts, upon which this thesis has its’ starting point. In parallel with the model, the OEM has recently created a so-called Venture Client unit (referenced as VCU), with the aim to facilitate startup collaborations. This study aims to identify the importance and influence of these collaborations, with regards to the individuals in the OEM. Thus, this study is a response to a gap in the research on how to possibly link the individual’s entrepreneurial characteristics to an organizational exploration capability. We argue that understanding (1) the collaborations between established organizations and startups, (2) the formation of spinouts, (3) the relationship between employees in the large corporation and the entrepreneurs in startups, is of great importance. Based on this, the research question, “How do entrepreneurial characteristics at an individual level affect organizational ambidexterity in terms of explorative capability?”, was formed. The methodology used in this research was an inductive and qualitative analysis approach, where the data gathering was done with an emphasis on a thoroughly formulated interview guide used in 16 semi-structured interviews. These interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to find patterns and discrepancies connected to the research question. The findings highlight the importance of the individual and their behavior in facilitating startup collaborations and spinout efforts. In addition, further recommendations consider how an established organization such as the OEM can approach these topics with an aim to increase the exploration capability of the company. Emphasizing how the individuals can be nurtured within the company with regards to motivation, change of mindset, organizational support, exposure to entrepreneurial ventures and the organizational view on risk.
Stora och etablerade företag tenderar att vara bättre på att utnyttja sin nuvarande verksamhet snarare än att utforska morgondagens möjligheter. I industrier som står inför förändringar, kan ett sådant företag förlora sin plats på marknaden när omgivningen ändras. Det finns således ett behov av att hitta nya sätt att öka förmågan att vara utforskande för många stora och etablerade företag. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett tyskt OEM-företag som försöker att vidta åtgärder för att bli mer explorativa genom att samarbeta med startups. I allmänhet karaktäriseras startups som agila, risktagande, innovativa, snabba och kundnära. De saknar dock resurser, kunskap om industrin och den förmåga att skala upp som större organisationer besitter. Därför kan ett samarbete mellan dessa två vara givande för båda parterna. Det undersökta företaget (här nämnd som OEM) håller just nu på att utveckla och utvärdera en modell som de kallar Exploration Capability Model. Denna innehåller förberedelser för samarbeten med startups och skapandet av spinouts, vilket är utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete. Parallellt med den modellen, har OEM-företaget nyligen skapat en så kallad Venture Client-enhet, som syftar till att underlätta samarbeten med nystartade företag. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera betydelsen och vilken påverkan dessa samarbeten har med avseende på individerna i företaget. Således försöker denna studie fylla ett gap i dagens forskning genom att hitta en koppling mellan individens entreprenörsegenskaper och organisationens möjlighet att utforska mer. Vi argumenterar att förståelse angående (1) samarbetet mellan etablerade organisationer och startups, (2) skapandet av spinout-projekt, (3) relationen mellan anställda i det stora företaget och entreprenörer i startups, är av avgörande betydelse. Baserat på detta har följande forskningsfråga använts; Hur påverkar entreprenöriella karaktärsdrag på individnivå en organisations möjlighet att utforska? Metodiken som används för analysen i denna forskning är av induktiv och kvalitativ karaktär, där datainsamlingen gjordes med en intervjuguide som användes i 16 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Dessa transkriberades, kodades och analyserades i ett försök att hitta mönster och skiljaktigheter, kopplade till forskningsfrågan. Resultaten lyfter fram vikten av individen och deras beteende när det kommer till samarbeten med startups och spinouts. Rekommendationer gällande hur en stor organisation som OEM kan bemöta problemet med att utforska mer, är presenterade. Det understryks hur individerna kan vårdas inom företaget med avseende på motivation, förändring av mindset, stöd från organisationen, exponering för startups och organisatorisk syn på risker.

With the growing importance being placed on the small business environment as having a positive influence on economic growth and vitality (Erwee, 1987: Burns & Dewhurst, 1989), there has been a corresponding increase in attention being paid to entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneur. This increased attention is due to the fact that entrepreneurs have long been linked to small business creation and recognised as an important factor in the small business development process (Boyd & Gumpert, 1983). Despite the quantity of research on entrepreneurship, there appears to be an ongoing controversy oyer what characterises an entrepreneurial business. and the specific characteristics of the small business entrepreneur. It has been argued that although there is an overlap between entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial businesses. they are in fact different entities (Carland, Hoy, Boulton & Carland, 1984: Drucker, 1985), and that not every individual who starts a business is an entrepreneur (Drucker. 1985). Small business entrepreneurship has been found to be specifically related to the psychological characteristics of the owner-manager who controls the business (Miller. 1983). The purpose of this research was to identify and describe psychological characteristics displayed by a group of South African small business entrepreneurs, thereby compiling a psychological profile of the small business entrepreneur. Given the nature of entrepreneurial activities and processes, Hofer and Bygrave (1992) recommend that accurate, precise qualitative data that is rich in its descriptive characterisation of the situation and the phenomenon involved be collected. As a result the researcher used qualitative rather than quantitative methods of investigation. Innovative behaviour has long been linked to entrepreneurship (Schumpeter. 1934) and entrepreneurial businesses were distinguished from other small businesses by their use of innovative strategic practices. Two sample groups consisting of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial businesses, were created and the data collected were analysed independently. The results, based on personal interviews with 32 small business owner-managers and the administration and interpretation of tihe Structured Objective Rorschach Test (SORT), indicate that small business entrepreneurship should not be used as a term synonymous with small business ownership and/or management. Despite similarities between small business entrepreneurs and other small business owner-managers. the results suggest that a distinction between the two groups is necessary for accurate future research on entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs differed from other small business owner-managers in terms of their psychological characteristics including their motives, their perception and attitude towards the external environment, and various sociological factors. The entrepreneurial businesses were also different in that they were more innovative and growth oriented than the non-entrepreneurial businesses. The research contributes towards a clarification of the concept of small business entrepreneurship and indicates a need for more precise sampling techniques to be used in entrepreneurial research.

This dissertation sets out to explore the phenomenon of Born Globals, a small, international entrepreneurial firm. The study aims at exploring how the entrepreneur perceives the factors that influence the creation of a Born Global. This topic has been chosen since little research has been carried out in order to investigate what the entrepreneurs find important in the creation of a Born Global. This fact has been the basis in developing our study’s aim to investigate the factors’ relative importance.

The first step in the investigation is the literature review which is carried out in order to gain significant knowledge about the phenomenon before collecting empirical data of our own, the deductive approach. The literature review revolves around the conceptual framework created by Andersson & Wictor (2003), which has been used to summarise other findings by other authors into the four subcategories that our found to facilitate the creation of a Born Global. In addition to these factors we have found that nation specific characteristics and company specific advantages, as well as entry modes are feasible facilitators to discuss further.

When considering methodology a qualitative design has been found the most suitable. The approach used is influenced by Phenomenography which aims to describe people’s perceptions and experiences of different phenomena. In order to investigate this phenomenon we have used open interviews with two different entrepreneurs that were found through careful sampling. The companies chosen are located on two different continents and in two different businesses.

The interviews have been transcribed and categorised and the empirical data have been divided into the same categories used in the literature review. This has been done in order to make it easier to read but also easier to analyse. After the summary of the empirical data we have conducted a cross analysis. In analysing the data we have looked for similarities and differences in order to draw conclusions regarding the issues set out to investigate.

The empirical results and the analysis revolve around the six areas outlined in the theory, i.e. Globalisation, Entrepreneur, Networks, Industry, Entry Modes, and A fit between nation specific characteristics and company specific advantages. The two entrepreneurs consider the same factors to have had the biggest influence for the biggest part. However they disagree regarding the importance of Networks and Market Entry. These factors have both had an impact on the companies but their relative importance is disputed.

We would like to stress that the investigated attitudes are subjective. It is the interviewees’ attitudes and opinions the study has been aiming at investigating and therefore it is important to identify the individual as a factor when discussing the investigation’s credibility. It is rather unlikely that we would have reached the same conclusions with different interviewees but since it is attitudes that have been investigated it is only natural and does therefore not clash with the purpose of the study.

Actualmente la inestabilidad de la inversión en cosas materiales se hace evidente, la atención ha pasado a centrarse en el capital humano - las personas que crean y desarrollan negocios. Esta investigación propone un estudio profundo de la construcción y cambios de identidad de los emprendedores en base al análisis de su perfil personal y profesional y la influencia de incidentes críticos, siguiendo la “Dialogical Self Theory” lo que contribuirá a aumentar la calidad de vida de los empresarios y la eficacia en sus negocios. Proponemos utilizar una metodología basada en el estudio profundo de la identidad de los empresarios identificando sus “I-positions” en función de sus conceptos y estrategias para enfrentar diferentes incidentes críticos con un alto impacto emocional. Para este propósito, creamos y ampliamos el cuestionario “Encuesta para emprendedores basada en incidentes críticos” que involucró a 430 participantes, empresarios de diferentes países de la UE. El diseño del cuestionario incluye datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Las situaciones propuestas en la encuesta se refieren principalmente al aspecto psicológico del comportamiento empresarial. La investigación nos ayudó a sistematizar el conocimiento existente sobre los distintos tipos de emprendedores y a crear una lista de los incidentes críticos más comunes en el área del emprendimiento basada en la evaluación experta. Los resultados confirman la importancia de los incidentes críticos para la formación de la identidad empresarial y la existencia de cuatro I-positions (“líderes,” “innovadores,” “luchadores,” “oportunistas”) que definen las estrategias para enfrentar incidentes críticos de acuerdo en un entorno empresarial real. Además, el estudio muestra correlaciones positivas y negativas entre diferentes variables, y también muestra las estrategias de comportamiento empresarial más frecuentes y el impacto emocional de los incidentes críticos en su vida profesional. Como un segundo paso complementario en el estudio de la construcción de la identidad empresarial, realizamos un estudio de caso en profundidad con cuatro participantes de distintos países, con menos de un año de experiencia, representantes de cada I-position según el estudio 1. Las observaciones se realizaron durante seis meses e incluyeron la aplicación de instrumentos tales como entrevistas individuales, Mapping, Journey Plot, Personal Position Repertoire y Coaching. Se mostró la variedad de escenarios para formar la identidad empresarial en la mayoría de los contextos típicos, incluidos los negocios familiares o el comienzo de un negocio propio después de trabajar en una empresa. La implicación del conjunto de herramientas no solo nos ayudó a estudiar el proceso de construcción de la identidad empresarial en la etapa profesional temprana, sino que, además, proporcionó a los participantes apoyo psicológico para desarrollar su flexibilidad en el uso de I-positions para enfrentar incidentes críticos en su forma profesional de acuerdo con los comentarios. Como etapa final de nuestra investigación, creamos un programa “I-DEAL Me: El emprendedor en el que quiero convertirme,” dirigido a la formación de una identidad empresarial equilibrada. Se orienta a favorecer entenderse a sí mismo como emprendedor, su forma de vida y los eventos que conducen a la elección de la profesión del emprendedor, formando las I-positions empresariales y capacitación para afrontar los incidentes críticos más comunes en los negocios para la construcción de identidad del emprendedor equilibrad. El programa fue evaluado y muy apreciado por los expertos por su enfoque actual, metodología y aplicación práctica. Además, consideraron que tiene un alto potencial de desarrollo y aplicación para las diferentes categorías de emprendedores. Los tres estudios de la investigación presentan una visión holística de la construcción de la identidad empresarial dirigida, no solo a la investigación académica, sino también a su utilización práctica por parte de los empresarios.
Nowadays, the instability of the investment into material things becomes evident, and the attention is focused on human capital - people who create and develop business. This research assumes the profound study of the construction and changes in the identity of entrepreneurs based on the analysis of their personal and professional way and the influence of critical incidents according to the Dialogical Self Theory (Hermans, Kempen, & van Loon, 1992) leading to increasing the quality of life for entrepreneurs and effectiveness of their business. We propose to use a methodology based on the profound study of entrepreneurs’ identity discovering their I-positions based on their concepts and the strategies for facing different critical incidents with the high emotional impact. For this purpose, we created and expanded the questionnaire “Survey for Entrepreneurs based on Critical Incidents,” which involved 430 participants, entrepreneurs from different EU countries. The design of the questionnaire includes quantitative and qualitative data. In our research, we focused on two types of critical incidents more typical for entrepreneurs: individual and collective cases. Situations proposed in the survey all mostly deal with the psychological aspect of entrepreneurial behavior. The research helped us to systematize existing knowledge of entrepreneurial types and to create a list of most common critical incidents in the entrepreneurship based on the expert evaluation. The main results confirm the high importance of critical incidents for the formation of entrepreneurial identity and existence of four identity I-positions (“leaders,” “innovators,” “fighters,” “opportunists”) which define the strategies of facing critical incidents according to these positions in a real business environment. Besides, study shows positive and negative correlations between different factors as gender, entrepreneurial experience, and educational level. It also shows the strategies of entrepreneurial behavior and emotional impact of the critical incidents on their professional life. As the second step of the studying of the construction of the entrepreneurial identity, we made a profound case-study of four participants – the representatives of each I-position according to Study 1 – the entrepreneurs with less than one-year experience from different countries. The observation was held within six months and included applying such instruments as an interview, Mapping, Journey plot, Personal Position Repertoire, and coaching. It showed the variety of scenarios of forming the entrepreneurial identity in most typical contexts, including family business or starting own business after working for the company or freelance. We can see that the implication of the set of the tools not only helped us to study the process of the construction of the entrepreneurial identity on the early professional stage but meanwhile to provide the participants with psychological support leading to the development of their flexibility in using I-positions for facing critical incidents on their professional way. As a final stage of our research, we created a program “I-DEAL Me: The entrepreneur whom I want to become,” aimed at the formation of the balanced entrepreneurial identity. It is concentrated on the understanding oneself as an entrepreneur, his lifeway and the events leading to the choosing the profession of the entrepreneur, forming the entrepreneurial I-position and training to face most common critical incidents in business for the construction of the balanced entrepreneurial identity. The program was evaluated and highly appreciated by the experts for its streamlined approach, methodology, and practical use. Besides that, it has a high potential for developing and application for the different categories of entrepreneurs. All three studies of the research present the holistic vision of the construction of the entrepreneurial identity, targeting not only for the academic research but for the practical use.

Entrepreneurship as a source of economic growth and competitiveness as well as job creation and the advancement of social interests is well documented. Despite these important contributions to the economies of countries, a shortage of entrepreneurial activity exists across borders and specifically in developing countries such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception and image of an entrepreneur in the eyes of various stakeholders. The reasoning behind this was that if the image of an entrepreneur could be determined, one could establish whether the image positively or negatively influences entrepreneurial intentions as well as potential future entrepreneurial activity. More specifically, the primary objective was to identify the perception and image that potential entrepreneurs (students) and existing entrepreneurs (small business owners) have of an entrepreneur. In the body of knowledge or general literature on entrepreneurship, the most commonly discussed topics are the nature and importance of entrepreneurship, the attributes (personality traits, characteristics and skills) associated with an entrepreneur, various push and pull factors, various rewards and drawbacks of such a career and the challenges entrepreneurs face. It is these aspects of entrepreneurship that stakeholders will most likely have been exposed to, and that most possibly have influenced their perception and image of an entrepreneur. The aforementioned aspects provided an overview of the theoretical body of knowledge on which the perception and image of an entrepreneur is based. The present study adopted a qualitative research paradigm with a phenomenological approach to achieve the research objectives of the study. Within this context, the study made use of a qualitative method for data collection and a quantitative method for data analysis. As such, a mixed methods approach was adopted. More specifically, a qualitative dominant mixed research method was implemented. A continuous word association test, which is a projective technique, was adopted as the qualitative means of data collection. This test involved asking participants to recall the words that come to mind when presented with the word “entrepreneur”. This method was selected because of its ability to reveal both affective and cognitive associations with the concept “entrepreneur”. A quantitative summative (manifest) content analysis was used as the quantitative research method for analysing the data. The continuous word association test was conducted among three sample groups, namely students prior to commencing, and students after completing a module in entrepreneurship, and small business owners. Student and small business owner participants were asked to write down as many words or phrases as possible that came to mind when they thought of the word “entrepreneur”, which was the stimulus word, within a ten-minute period. These responses were then collated and coded by developing a coding framework based on brand image and entrepreneurship literature. In studies on brand image, the components of image are considered to be tristructured in nature, consisting of cognitive (what the individual knows), affective (how the individual feels) and holistic (overall symbolism, combination of affective and cognitive) evaluations. The words generated by the participants in this study were broadly coded according to these categories and further subcategorised by searching for themes within the broad categories, which was facilitated and guided by an in-depth investigation of the entrepreneurship literature. The findings of this study show that the words generated by all three groups of participants were mostly of a cognitive nature, followed by words of a general or affective nature. As such, the vast majority of words generated by all three groups related to what the participants knew about an entrepreneur (cognitive) versus how they felt about one (affective), and were grounded in the management or entrepreneurship literature. When comparing the top ten words most frequently associated with the term “entrepreneur” by the three groups of participants, the attribute risk-taker was the most frequently recalled word among all three groups. Students prior to undertaking the entrepreneurship module associated an entrepreneur with being creative and a risk-taker, having a business enterprise and being involved in the selling of goods and services. Students after completing the module in entrepreneurship associated an entrepreneur with being profit-orientated, a risk-taker, innovative and original, and being opportunistic. Small business owners, on the other hand, associated an entrepreneur with being a risk-taker, innovative and original, goal- and achievement-orientated and profit-orientated. The findings show that all groups of participants associated an entrepreneur principally with certain attributes rather than with learned skills and competencies, and that all groups had a more positive than negative image of an entrepreneur. It was also found that exposure to entrepreneurship literature has an influence on the perception and image that students have of an entrepreneur. Because the words recalled by students after completing the entrepreneurship module were more in line with those recalled by small business owners, than with those recalled by students before starting the module, it can be suggested that entrepreneurship literature contributes to a more realistic image of an entrepreneur among students. This study has contributed to the field of entrepreneurship research by adopting a qualitative dominant research paradigm in conjunction with quantitative research methods to explore the complexity of the term “entrepreneur”. Furthermore, this study has been able to establish how individuals feel about entrepreneurship, in terms of being either positive or negative, by adding an affective aspect to the cognitive aspect of entrepreneurial decision-making. By conducting a continuous word association test among students prior to beginning and after completing a module in entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial knowledge of students before being exposed to entrepreneurship literature was established, and subsequently the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship module determined. It is hoped that the findings of this study have added value to the entrepreneurship body of knowledge and can be used in future studies as a tool to address the problem of low entrepreneurial intention and activity among South Africans. Furthermore, it is hoped that by creating a positive image of an entrepreneur, entrepreneurship as a desirable career choice can be promoted and an entrepreneurial culture developed within communities and broader society.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O presente trabalho estuda a atuação social dos empresários, comumente denominada de responsabilidade social empresarial - RSE -, a partir do pressuposto de que esta intervenção social, antes de ser uma novidade na atuação dos empresários, conta com uma longa trajetória que remonta aos primórdios do desenvolvimento industrial no país. Nesta trajetória, foram estruturados diferentes modelos de intervenção que aqui são identificados como controle, incorporação e gerenciamento do social. Cada um deles expressa tanto o enfrentamento da relação capital x trabalho como a busca de legitimação do processo de acumulação, ao nível interno de sua força produtiva, como externamente envolvendo em escalas crescentes o conjunto da sociedade. A pesquisa foi estruturada em duas grandes frentes de investigação: uma primeira de perfil documental e bibliográfico buscou reconstituir a trajetória sócio-histórica da atuação social dos empresários. A segunda voltou-se para a compreensão de suas formas de ação frente às novas determinações do capitalismo contemporâneo. Ainda que, analisando processos mais amplos, este estudo focaliza uma empresa hoje multinacional, com marcante atuação no âmbito da RSE, cuja evolução produtiva percorreu os diferentes modelos de intervenção social aqui identificado. Considerando nossa hipótese de que um dos elementos fundamentais da RSE é estruturar, também, uma contraface à emergência de conflitos internos e externos aos interesses do capital, o estudo pautou-se pela identificação da manifestação contraditória entre intervenção e conflito social. Foi utilizado instrumental disponível pelas mídias digitais (internet, sites institucionais e outros endereços eletrônicos) com ênfase no YouTube, considerando-o como um modo de comunicação áudio-visual que dá visibilidade aos interesses e condições de vida de grupos sociais e sistemas ambientais atingidos (e prejudicados) pelo avanço da produção generalizada de mercadorias.
The present thesis studies entrepreneurs social responsibility from the standpoint that their social intervention, instead of being a novelty, is anchored in a long tradition that stretches back to the beginnings of Brazil s industrial development. The different models of intervention developed in this tradition are here identified as incorporation and management control of the social question. Each model expresses the way capital-work relation was coped and the search for legitimacy of the accumulation process at the internal level of its productive force, on the one hand, and at the external level envolving increasingly all society, on the other hand. The reseach was lead in two major fronts: firstly, a documentary and litterary investigation sought to reconstruct the socio-historical path of the social actions of entrepreneurs. Secondly, it turned to the understanding of their forms of action in the face of new determinations of contemporary capitalism. While analyzing broader processes, this study focuses on a Brazilian multinational company which has today significant activity in the evolution of CSR, and whose history toured the different models of social intervention identified here. Considering our hypothesis that one of the basic structure of CSR is also to oppose the emergence of internal and external conflicts concerning the interests of capital, the study was guided by the identification of the outbreak contradiction between intervention and social conflict. Sources included many digital media available in internet, corporate websites and other email addresses, with emphasis on YouTube, considered as a way of audio-visual communication that has been giving visibility to the interests and living conditions of social groups and environmental systems affected and affected by the advance of generalized commodity production.

This thesis is based upon research conducted in the North East of England during the years 1996 to 1998. It is about what it has been like for some "entrepreneurial" actors to become self-employed. The interest Originated in the author's own experience of self-employment. Her memories contrast with what it was like to be a student of sociology, giving rise to questions which drove her back into the field of self-employment, this time as a - sometimes - participant observer. The thesis begins with an overview of the sociological and business schools' literature about small to medium sized enterprises and entrepreneurs. This provides the reader with the context in which self-employment tends to be understood, and the context in which self-employed actors produce their self-employment. In the data chapters, the self-employed actors are introduced in terms of their context, as entered into and explored by the author. Biography is important in these chapters, as our understanding of the processes of becoming and doing self-employment are enlarged. The author's way of understanding the processes involved in developing a self-employed self and doing self-employment is to treat the project as located in a liminal and underconstructed part of a socially constructed world. Using frame analysis, the author asserts that self-employment requires greater constructive efforts on the part of the actor, and a greater sensitivity - a heightened consciousness - throughout the business development stage. There is not always a readily apprehensible work context available to the self-employed actor, or pre-determined role for them to adopt or emulate. Furthermore in the struggle to set up ways of being and doing self-employment, the actor is often not at liberty to drop all other roles and obligations. In sum, there is little about entrepreneuring that may be taken for granted.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This study uses a sample of 678 observations from the Community Innovation Survey 6 (CIS6) plus the Leadership Module attached in Portugal wherein 55.93% of the respondents are business Owners. It focuses on recent literature on Entrepreneurship to understand how the perceived importance of Personality Traits and Social Ties influence the decision-making process of the Entrepreneur towards an Intuitive or an Analytical Approach. It gets statistical significant values for the Founder/Sample in the traits, and for strong ties in the Founder/Owner Model shows statistical significance.

The purpose is to investigate the relationship between Entrepreneur

perspectives and education objectives in order to explore students´

attitudes towards the course and also their expectations to become an

Entrepreneur.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of institutional (environmental) factors and personal (attitude, human capital) factors on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur. In particular, this study aims to make a comparison between different types of economies. The data for this study is derived from the 2011 Adult Population Survey (APS), the 2011 National Expert Survey (NES) of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the World Bank Database, and covers 32 countries, including efficiency-driven economies and innovation-driven countries. This study applies hierarchical logistic regression and uses multilevel modeling for the cross-country, cross-individual dataset. The results reinforce the importance of environmental factors (regulative and normative), attitude factors, and human capital factors. The findings of this proposed study will contribute to the further analysis of the GEM database to understanding the diversity of nascent entrepreneurial activities in different contexts.

A velocidade das informações existentes no mundo atual provocam constantes mudanças, em um ambiente imprevisível. Nesse cenário, argumenta-se que a firma, enquanto agente econômico de produção e transação, para permanecer rentável precisa coordenar os seus recursos no intuito de desenvolver inovações para acompanhar essas mudanças e assimilar a complexidade de um mercado no qual os consumidores estão crescentemente mais informados. Com esta visão, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo aprofundar o entendimento que se tem da firma e, em especial, identificar as suas duas dimensões essenciais: a empreendedora e a coordenadora. Pesquisa-se em que medida as firmas são mais empreendedoras e/ou coordenadoras, e no quê estas dimensões resultam. Para tanto, esta pesquisa apoia-se no contexto teórico apresentado por Coase, em 1937, em sua obra The Nature of the Firm. A pesquisa foi conduzida pelo método de estudo de casos múltiplos, aplicado em seis firmas de diferentes áreas e, como técnica, foi utilizada a das entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados evidenciam tanto a existência de uma dimensão empreendedora quanto a de uma dimensão coordenadora. A primeira está relacionada com a tomada de decisão quanto ao desenvolvimento de novas alternativas para a obtenção dos recursos; e a segunda, com a tomada de decisão quanto à alocação mais eficiente destes recursos e às transações a serem feitas no mercado. Portanto, estas dimensões são complementares entre si. As firmas são mais empreendedoras ou mais coordenadoras, na medida da tomada de decisões e das capacidades do empreendedor-coordenador em seus setores de atuação. E, neste contexto, pela dinâmica e inovação adotadas, que passam a ser inerentes à mecânica de seu funcionamento, a firma se torna o agente responsável pela maior parte do comportamento do mercado, enquanto uma eficiente alternativa de coordenação da produção.
The current world information speed generates great changes, ocurring into an unpredictable environment. In such a scenary, it can be stated that the firm, considered as an economic agent of production and transactions, in order to remain profitable and competitive, it needs to coordinate its resources aiming to develop innovations both for keeping up with these changes and to assimilate the complexity of a market in which the consumers are increasingly better informed. According to this point of view, the present study aims to achieve a better general comprehension of the firm and, specifically, intends to identify its two essential dimensions: the entrepreneur and the coordinator ones. The research here reported that was focused to what extent the studied firms are more entrepreneur or more coordinator, and what are the results of such dimensions. The present research chief principles are based in the theoretical context brought by Coese, in 1937, in his work The Nature of the Firm. The researching work followed the method of multiple study cases, which was applied in six firms of different areas. The adopted technic was the one of the semistructured interviews. The attained results evidenced both, the entrepreneur dimension as well as the coordinator dimension. The first one of them is related to the decision making process, as considering the development of new alternatives for obtaining the necessary resources; and the second one, to the decision making process on managing the most efficient resources allocation and to the transactions to be made in the market. Therefore, these two dimensions are complementary to one another. The firms are preponderantly entrepreneurs or coordinators, depending on the decision-making and on the professional skills of the entrepreneurcoordinator, in his different operating and acting sectors. Additionally, into this context, and due to the dynamics and innovations adopted, which are inherent to its own functional mechanics, the firm becomes the responsible agent for the most of the market performance, as an efficient tool for coordinating of production.

At the heart of any philosophical exercise lies an understanding, be it explicated or taken for granted, of Nature. This thesis explores how Nature may have come to be understood as it is in our everyday life in the late twentieth century.The life and work of one Victorian Entrepreneur - William Hesketh Lever, First Viscount Leverhulme of the Western Isles - is explored to reveal a cultural dynamic behind entrepreneurial activity. His personal philosophies, his legacy including Port Sunlight village, the Leverhulme Trust and the product for which he is best known, namely Sunlight Soap, are examined to reveal the extent to which his understanding of Nature impacted on his thought. What he expressed in his philosophy as his thought is questioned and it is suggested that in Leverhulme's life and work can be seen the organising dynamic of subjectivity. Leverhulme, it is suggested, was as subject to this process of organisation as were, and are, the consumers of his products. The symbolism of soap is explored through order, not only in the literal sense of personal and public hygiene but, also, by extension, of order in the wider sense, that of organisation.Thus this thesis extends from the analysis of soap as a product and its marketability through the metaphor of Sunlight, which is taken to stand for an idealized, anthropocentric Nature, an understanding of which underpins the sociology of order upon which much organisation is premised. Soap as an intimate tool of personal organisation, through its contact with the body and with clothing is taken, in Freud's terminology, to be a yardstick of civilization. As a permanent feature of the mass-consumer market it shares the physical intimacies of the body, the domestic economy of the household and, in the wider economy, the technological developments in the saponide industry, the regulation of the governance of the 'environment' as well as impacting on 'popular' culture. As such it is particularly susceptible to analysis through some of the work of Foucault, in particular his work on subjectivity, power/knowledge and technology of the self.

Thesis (S.M. in Management Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74).
As the necessary technology and methodologies become much more accessible every day, barriers to entry to become an entrepreneur keep decreasing. However total investment funds raised by venture capital firms every year stays at the same level, and therefore it is now more critical to use this money wisely and invest in entrepreneurs that are bound to success. This thesis tries to shed light on the entrepreneur evaluation process that can sometimes be equally important to market due diligence. In this research, correlation between entrepreneur characteristics and the level of success of the firms that they founded are explored in detail. Moreover, this research also looks from another point of view by providing interviews with the venture capitalists in the Boston area. From the initial stages, main aim was to conclude this research with practical advises. As a result, a scorecard and an Excel sheet are provided for investors that can be used to determine and track potential entrepreneurs` characteristics. In the end, this thesis also hopes to add a new level of information to the existent literature on the correlation of entrepreneurial characteristics with the success of the startup.
by Deren Gursel.
S.M.in Management Studies

Abstract. There are three popular terms in the software development industry recently, they are Agile, Lean and Entrepreneurs. Agile is an approach in which requirements and solutions for the products evolve through short cycles. Entrepreneur can be defined as the process of designing, launching and running a new business based on potential opportunities and often is a small business. In recent years, entrepreneurs firms follow Lean concepts in Information Technology industry are trying to adopt Agile methodologies because they believe it helps them to avoid failures and grow faster. However, when growing they often face problems to maintain the agility which they have when they were smaller. The aim of this study is to find out approaches and lessons which can be used to adopt Agile practices in young expanding firms. In addition, those methods were compared to those from large-scale Agile frameworks to give conclusions on adoption approaches. Three interviews were conducted with the high-level managers of target case companies and two of them based in Oulu, Finland and one located in Hanoi, Vietnam. All of the companies which joined the research are working software development area but each of them has a different pathway and side services. They also share are similar numbers of employees above 9 and smaller than 30, which is the reason that they were chosen. Another reason for this selection is that all of them called themselves a Lean start-up or following core concepts of it. On another hand, large-scale Agile frameworks were introduced as an approach for big organizations to adopt Agile practices. In this research, lessons from those frameworks were proposed as suggestions and a new point of view for maintaining agility. The results of the research can be concluded that focusing on customer requirements, forming small Agile teams and giving more freedom to members are three practices that companies in the interview are using. Furthermore, from designed frameworks, it showed that having dynamic teams, enhancing the value of each iteration and improving the training process are ways to improve the adoption process in large firms.

Today is the era of millennial generation, many researchers in social sciences claim that Millennials are well-educated, confident, achieving, taking advantage of opportunities and so forth. Nowadays, the world is full of changes and uncertainty the whole nation needs talents of entrepreneurs more than ever before. The challenge for us is that we only know entrepreneurs when they appear themselves. Therefore, there is a great amount of potential entrepreneurs who keep in the background, while others take the best from developing their enterprises. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate in entrepreneurial potential of present millennial generation and to understand about potential, external and environment characteristics which contribute our interviewees to become entrepreneurs. The research is conducted by applying both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The face to face interview is conducted with Swedish young entrepreneurs whereas web-based questionnaire survey is conducted with Master students in Sweden by applying FACETS Framework (the facets of entrepreneur: identifying entrepreneurial potential). Regarding application of literature review, conceptual framework, empirical data and discussion of findings part are concluded.

Ozawa Ichiro is presented as a policy entrepreneur in the Kingdonian sense, dedicated to turning Japan into what he calls "a normal nation". In so doing, he is attacking Japanese exceptionalism - the idea that the Japanese are somehow unique. The thesis takes the form of a political biography based on three hypotheses: that Ozawa's ideas were distinctive; that he was a policy entrepreneur; and that he had an impact on political change. The time frame covers 18 years, beginning with Ozawa appointment as LDP Secretary General in 1989, and ending with the upper house election of 2007, in which Ozawa for the first time achieved his goal of victory in an election by an opposition party strong enough to compete with the long-ruling LDP.

In response to social and environmental concerns, a new type of entrepreneur has recently entered the research literature on sustainable development in business (Hall, Daneke, & Lenox, 2010). Sustainability entrepreneurs are guided by a strong set of values that place environmental and social well-being before materialistic growth (Abrahamsson, 2007; Choi & Gray, 2008; Parrish & Foxon, 2009; Schaltegger & Wagner, 2011; Young & Tilley, 2006). For them, business success is about maintaining financial stability, while enhancing community and improving the health of our planet. This is reflected in their business design, processes, and work culture. Sustainability entrepreneurs are committed to making business decisions that reduce their carbon footprint, promote local or fair trade, support employee wellness, and give back to the community.

This social phenomenological study explores the lifeworld structures of six women in Calgary who are running small businesses based on sustainability principles. Drawing on the work of Alfred Schütz (1967, 1970a, 1970b; Schütz & Luckmann, 1973), it examines their typifications, stocks of knowledge, and motives, as well as notions of intersubjectivity and spatiality or lived space. From the findings, three Schützian puppets or personal ideal types are constructed to personify values of community, quality, connection, and environmental preservation. Ms. A.L.L. Green, Ms. Carin Relationships, and Ms. I.N. Tentional characterize aspects of the female sustainability entrepreneur that were identified by participants as central to their motives and actions. Together, they form a new general ideal type called the integrative entrepreneur. The integrative entrepreneur personifies the unique contributions of the women interviewed, and extends our understanding of sustainability entrepreneurship in meaningful ways.

This PhD thesis examines the factors that have shaped entrepreneurial cognition and practice in entrepreneurs from within the world’s oldest monotheistic religious community; the Zarathustrian community. Zarathustrianism is the religion that was founded by a Prophet named Zarathustra in approximately 1200 BCE. Marketing and Entrepreneurship have, until quite recently, remained two quite independent scholarly domains. In 2002, Morris et al., provided a definition of Entrepreneurial Marketing as, "an integrative construct for conceptualising marketing in an era of change, complexity, chaos, contradiction, and diminishing resources, and one that will manifest itself differently as companies age and grow. It fuses key aspects of recent developments in marketing thought and practice with those in the entrepreneurship area into one comprehensive construct". Since then, research in this field has grown in significance across the globe. A recent book by Sethna, Jones and Harrigan (2013) presents important theoretical developments with regard to research at the Marketing and Entrepreneurship Interface and which addresses critical issues for businesses, both small and large, from global perspectives, and covers topics such as new venture creation, marketing in Small-to-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) as well as large companies, renewal of existing businesses facing market challenges, internationalization, innovative cost-effective marketing strategies and practices, along with recent exploration of entrepreneurship theory and entrepreneurial behaviour of individuals and, in organisations. Zarathustrianism has not only been instrumental in shaping nascent civilisation of ancient Iran, but has also wielded a considerable influence on Biblical religions and Greaco-Roman philosophical thought. Zarathustra gave his followers a basic and comprehensive ethical rule to live by, namely that they should think Good Thoughts, speak Good Words and perform Good Deeds (Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta in the ancient Persian language called Avestan). This PhD thesis explores the impact of these basic tenets – Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds - on Zarathustrian entrepreneurship. The researcher takes the stance that the realities of the Entrepreneur/Owner-Manager (EOM) are socially constructed, using ‘thoughts, words and deeds’, rather than objectively determined. In doing so, this research is interested in understanding why things are happening to those Zarathustrian EOMs (actors) and how their different experiences eventually shape, nurture and affect the actors’ entrepreneurial behaviour. Thus, throughout this research study, a qualitative research design based on the Carson et al. (2005) perspectives on an ‘integrative multiple mix of methodologies’ is used, but primarily all centred around ethnographic form. The use of narrative theory and life story techniques is further overlaid with the use of the EMICO framework, a qualitative research model developed by Jones and Rowley (2009) as the basis for exploring ‘entrepreneurial marketing and the Zarathustrian entrepreneur’. The findings reveal that whilst the dimensions of the EMICO framework are both usable and valid for Zarathustrian entrepreneurs, when applied to these firms in the context of ‘ethnic’ entrepreneurs, the framework is lacking in two particular areas; Family Support and Religio-Cultural Identity and Influences of business practice. The thesis makes a significant contribution to the EM and ethnic entrepreneurship literature by first of all re-developing and re-naming the framework, 2e(EMICO), and secondly by further extending the knowledge in respect to Zarathustrian entrepreneurship, about which nothing currently exists in the EM literature.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
106
This paper mainly focuses on the issue of the acquisition of shareholders' fund at new ventures, the protection of controlling shareholders’ and minority shareholders’ rights, also focusing on the cases of startup companies in Taiwan. In order to highlight opportunities and threats of new ventures, cases in this paper is arranged by time, the development process of startup companies to further discuss the parties that involved in separately. In addition, for advancing the efficiency of the operation and development of innovation ecosystem in Taiwan, this paper examine the shutdown of startups caused by inflexibility of norms, and certain better sources of business funding as well. In order to protect minority shareholders’ rights, learning how entrepreneurs in startups working with non par value stock, the operation of stock discounts issue and issue prices becomes a crucial issue. Also, ordinary corporate bond, private placement of corporate bonds, and private placement of convertible corporate bonds or corporate bonds with warrants also play significant roles as minority protection mentioned. Further, the issuance of multiple voting rights, plural voting share for specific matters, and power over special shares works too, and these mechanisms mentioned above could solve the problem of insufficient funds as well. Taiwan completed the largest revamp on company act, concerning the ease of rules on fundraising on July 6 2018. As a result, the amendments increased flexibility in equity fundraising and related shareholder arrangements, and lowered technical barriers between changing the status from a close company into a non close company. To certain degree, the pass of company act amendment creates better startup environment in Taiwan. This study reviews not only the fundamental structure of corporations, but take startup’s financing flexibility into consideration, and examines current legal protection to entrepreneurs in corporations, compared with regulations in the U.S. and the U.K. Making it a reference when constructing or promoting the protection of startups in Taiwan.

La sous-traitance est une pratique constante dans le domaine de la construction, en raison de ses atouts économiques et techniques. Par cette pratique, les sous-traitants effectuent des travaux sans être, sur le plan juridique, liés contractuellement au maître de l’ouvrage. Comment assurer le paiement de leurs créances, eu égard au risque de défaillance de l'entrepreneur. Le législateur a prévu un régime légal de protection et la pratique a élaboré des mécanismes. Le régime légal, bien qu’il assure efficacement la protection des créances des sous-traitants, comporte certaines faiblesses dans son application qui peuvent causer des inconvénients aux sous-traitants et au propriétaire. L’assurance de titres et des retenues de fonds par l’institution financière ou le notaire peuvent pallier ces difficultés pour le propriétaire. Les mécanismes de protection élaborés par la pratique, tels que le cautionnement et les garanties monétaires, accroissent la protection des sous-traitants lorsqu’ils sont utilisés parallèlement au régime légal et profitent au propriétaire.
Subcontracting is an established practice in the construction industry, because of its economic and technical strengths. Through this practice, sub-contractors perform work without being contractually bound to the client. How to ensure payment of their claims, given the risk of default by the contractor. The legislature has provided a statutory system of protection and the practice has developed mechanisms. Although the statutory scheme ensures effective protection of subcontractors’ claims, it has certain weaknesses in its application, which may cause inconveniences to the subcontractors and the owner. Title insurance and the withholding of funds by the financial institution or notary can overcome these difficulties for the owner. The protection mechanisms developed through practice, such as bond and currency guarantees, increase the protection of subcontractors when used in conjunction with the statutory scheme and benefits the owner.

Conclusion of adhesion contracts by entrepreneurs Abstract The aim of this work is to describe the conditions under which the protective provisions of the Civil Code on the conclusion of contracts in an adhesive manner are applied in relations where the entrepreneur acts. In this regard, attention is focused on the definition of the weaker party and the individual conditions that the entrepreneur must meet if he is to enjoy the protection of the weaker party. Subsequently, the work deals with the institute of concluding contracts in an adhesive manner, formulating its individual features and manifestations, especially in commercial practice. This work consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter forms the basis for the rest of this work, by defining the weaker party with an emphasis on relations between entrepreneurs. Furthermore, this form describes the form of protection of the weaker party with an analysis of private and public protection of the weaker entrepreneur. The second chapter deals with contracts concluded in an adhesive manner and burden of proof beard by the contracting party. Subsequently, this work captures the most common forms in contractual practice such as general terms and conditions, form documents or framework contracts. A specific form of adhesion...

L’hypothèque légale de la construction est le principal mécanisme de protection des créances des intervenants de l’industrie de la construction. Par l’adoption de ce régime, le législateur a voulu protéger l’intégrité économique de cette industrie. Par contre, l’utilisation de notions mécaniques plus ou moins efficaces dans la mise en œuvre de l’hypothèque légale, la prolifération d’outils de contournement contractuels et les mécanismes de protection des propriétaires nuisent à l’efficacité du régime légal à protéger les créances des sous-traitants. Des correctifs pourraient néanmoins être apportés pour restaurer l’équité du régime légal. Par ailleurs, lorsqu’un immeuble appartient à l’État ou l’un de ses mandataires, il devient pratiquement impossible pour un sous-traitant d’exercer ses recours hypothécaires compte tenu des privilèges et immunités dont jouissent l’État et de ses mandataires. Les biens affectés à l’utilité publique des personnes morales de droit public non-mandataires de l’État jouissent également d’une grande protection, surtout dans le domaine municipal. Ceci rend bien illusoire tout recours hypothécaire intenté par un sous-traitant malgré le fait le législateur cherchait justement, par le maintien d’un régime légal, à protéger leurs créances.
The construction hypothec is the main mechanism for the protection of the claims of every participant in the construction industry. With the adoption of this legal regime, the Quebec legislator tried to protect the economic integrity of this industry. However, the use of notions more or less efficient for the execution of this legal regime, the increase of contractual mechanisms which avoid the application of the legal regime and legal dispositions which protect the owners harm the efficiency of the legal regime to correctly protect subcontractor's claims. Nevertheless, some correctives can be found to restore the legal regime's equity. Moreover, when a immoveable is owned by the State or any of its agents, it is practically impossible for a subcontractor to exercise his hypothecary rights because of the State's privileges and immunities. The property appropriated to public utility of the legal persons established in the public interest which are not agents of the State enjoy also a strong protection, particularly in the municipal sector. In any case, it is rendering illusory the exercise by a subcontractors of any of his hypothecary rights despite the fact that the legislator's goal, by maintaining this legal regime, was precisely to protect their claims.

碩士
國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
97
Numerous papers relating “the motives of entrepreneurs” have been published, yet literally few discussed “why do others don’t”. Based on the phenomenon, this study aims at discussing whether significant cognitive differences about entrepreneurial activities exist between entrepreneurs and others and to find key factors causing these behaviors in order to test the hypotheses derived from the concept that “everyone could be an entrepreneur”. This research applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the foundation and categorizes study objects into two groups by “entrepreneurial activities” – “entrepreneurs”, and “non-entrepreneurs”. Results of the thesis are: I. The two groups possess no significant difference in the “attitude” category of TPB: The “attitude” part aims at measuring the importance of certain entrepreneurial motives cognized by people involved, such as: realizing dreams, feeding back to the society, increasing wealth and so on. The results indicate that both “entrepreneurs” and “non-entrepreneurs” address significant importance on the category, i.e. this might not be a key distinguishing factor of entrepreneurial activities. II. The two groups possess significant differences in the “subjective norms”: The “subjective norms” part aims at measuring how one’s decisions are influenced by others, such as whether parents’, spouse’s and others’ support matter when one considering starting a business. The results indicate that “entrepreneurs” paid significantly less importance on the category than “non-entrepreneurs”, which indicating that this might be a critical factor affecting entrepreneurial activities’ appearance. III. The two groups possess significant differences in the “perception behavior control”: The “perception behavior control” part aims at measuring one’s concept of the importance of resources when considering starting a business, such as practicability, possession of capital and information, etc. The results indicate that “entrepreneurs” paid significantly more attention on the category than “non-entrepreneurs”, thus this might also be a critical factor affecting entrepreneurial activities’ appearance. In addition, this study categorizes the “non-entrepreneurs” into four categories by their willingness of starting a business, they are: “never thought of / not-willing”, “thought of / not-willing”, “might-be / willing” and “desperately want to / willing” in order to examine the differences between “non-entrepreneurs” who possess different levels of willingness and the “entrepreneurs”. It is expected that this thesis could be served as an important source of information for domestic entrepreneur-related groups and to address the problems, for the sake of boosting the entrepreneurship of citizens and the economy as a whole.