Dissertationen zum Thema „Propriétés mécaniques et optiques“
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Vallayer, Julien. „Corrélations entre les propriétés optiques, diélectriques et mécaniques de l'alumine“. Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECDL0041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChligui, Miriam. „Etude des propriétés optiques et mécaniques des verres binaires silicatés d'alcalins lourds“. Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590446.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMichel, Sébastien. „Vers une détermination optique directe des coefficients opto-mécaniques et thermo-optiques des couches minces optiques“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDieudonné, Xavier. „Etude d'empilements multicouches colloidaux préparés par voie sol-gel : propriétés optiques et mécaniques“. Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMain optical deposition processes, physical vapor deposition or sol-gel, exhibit difficulties of achieving thick coatings (>1 µm) and to build multilayer stacks (dielectric mirrors, polarizers). For these reasons, we have studied the conditions to enable a significative increase of deposited sol-gel films thickness. Three main parameters have been evidenced enabling the control of the stacking ability : single layer deposited thickness, chemical interactions beetween nanoparticles and coating drying time. We have shown that these parameters depend on the sol composition and on deposition conditions (process) and that the microstructure of single material stacking is influenced. Optical and mechanical properties of sol-gel films have been studied and optimized regarding these different material and process parameters. For this reason, optical and mechanical characterization techniques have been specifically developed and can now be used for fragile and thin film characterization. In controlling all these parameters, it is now possible to prepare multilayer colloidal stack with high thicknesses enabling the fabrication of high-performance mirrors and polarizers
Guillemot, François. „Couches poreuses de silice structurées par des latex : structure, propriétés mécaniques et applications optiques“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00543809.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTremblay, Grégoire. „Étude des propriétés optiques et mécaniques d'un miroir liquide de 3,7 m de diamètre“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/NQ47589.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTié, Bi Grah Robert. „Etudes expérimentales des couplages thermomécaniques par méthodes optiques et par thermographie infrarouge, applications aux polymères“. Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2282.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBhran, Ahmed. „Etude de la fonctionnalisation de polyuréthannes : effet du spiropyranne sur leurs propriétés optiques et mécaniques“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL023N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, photochromic fibers and films are turned towards the development of intelligent “smart” materials which are applied to evaluate, signalize and react to a change in color and absorbance spectra. In this work, the photochromic activity of six commercial grades of polyurethane that contains small quantities of spiropyran [1-hexyle-3,3-diméthyle-6'-nitrospiro (indoline-2',2'-benzopyran)] has been studied. The effects of film thickness, irradiation time, and SP concentration on the photochromic response of PU/SP films have been studied and also their couplings. Furthermore, the photochromic behaviors of these films under stretching and their decoloration kinetics have been investigated. The kinetics and characterization of the photochromic system of spiropyran incorporated into polyurethane and irradiated with monochromatic light was modeled. The obtained models can be correctly applied in all cases (with and without irradiation, with and without stretching), in particular for all SP mass ratios and for all film thickness. The mechanical behavior of polyurethanes and its relation with the photochromic properties is studied and modeled. This model has the capability to determine the stretching ratio which can be translate to the local compression by employing only four photochromic measurements and this open the way for a wide range of potential applications. Of particular interest in this context are the textiles used for biomedical applications, including graduated compression stockings for preventing or treating deep vein thrombosis. Another related application is the recent development of special sport clothing for improving recovery after strong efforts
Martin, Clélia. „Films multicouches à base de nanocristaux de cellulose : relation entre structure et propriétés mécaniques et/ou optiques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCNCs are biobased nanorods that are attracting increasing attention from both the academic and industrial communities due to their numerous properties such as renewability, high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties, light weight, or non-toxicity. CNCs are thus considered as highly promising blocks for the production of high performance biobased composites. In the last ten years, negatively charged CNCs have been associated with natural or synthetic polycations or neutral biopolymers within multilayered films built by the layer-by-layer assembly technique. In the present study, we have investigated three new research axes in the CNC-based multilayers field. In a first part, polymer chains have been replaced by positively charged inorganic Gibbsite nanoplatelets (GN) to form innovative hybrid nanoparticules-based thin films. We have shown that the architecture of (CNC/GN) films can be tuned over a wide range by adjusting the physico-chemical parameters such as the aspect ratio of the CNC, the ionic strength, or the drying protocol. The detailed internal structure of the multilayered films has been elucidated by the complementary use of AFM and neutron reflectivity (NR) and was attributed to a combination of different interaction forces. In a second part, the resistance to humidity of purely biobased films was investigated by comparing films where CNCs are associated either with neutral xyloglucan chains or with oxidized ones. AFM and NR reveal that the kinetics of water intake and hydration strongly depends on the possibility to form inter- and intra-layer hemiacetal bonds forming a covalent network. The third axis concerns the production of uniformly oriented macroscopic surfaces of CNCs to build anisotropic multilayered nanocomposites. Enhanced alignment was achieved by the use of laminar shear flow.The fine tuning of the structural features of all the multilayered systems studied gives rise to specific macroscopic physical properties. The mechanical properties of films of various architectures (Young’s modulus) have thus been measured using the strain induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) technique and tentatively related to the film’s structure. The tunable properties of such multilayered systems pave the way to the design of thin films and coatings for separation membranes or supports for flexible electronics
Bellet, Gaëlle. „Relations structure-propriétés optiques et mécaniques de films de polyéthylène basse densité linéaire mis en œuvre par soufflage de gaine“. ENSMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP1222.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMichel, Eric. „Propriétés dynamiques des réseaux transitoires : diffusion de lumière et rhéologie“. Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20110.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKomla, Adéchion. „Etude de la texture de couches à propriétés optiques et catalytiques spécifiques obtenues à partir d'aciers inoxydables“. Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArnaud, Gérald. „Structure électronique et propriétés optiques des hétérostructures InGaAs-GaAs“. Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20242.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChallier, Laetitia. „Interfaces charge-matrice et propriétés de nanohybrides élastomères : vers l'élaboration de nanomatériaux multi-échelles et multi-fonctionnels“. Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4108.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work reports on the properties of organic/inorganic nanohybrids elaborated from an elastomer matrix and minerals fillers such as sepiolite (natural fibrous clay) , silica or Maya blue. The pigment Maya is itself a nanohybrid with sepiolite as matrix incorporating indigo molecules in these cavities. Dispersing the sepiolite filled with organic molecules in different matrix allows elaborate multi-scales and multi-functional hybrid materials. The sepiolite is then both the matrix for the indigo molecules and the filler for the elastomer. For these nanohybrids, we characterized thermal, optical and mechanical properties. The tensile tests highlighted the significant improvement of the mechanical properties of the PHEA filled with sepiolite for relatively low load factors. The accent was set on the importance of the fillers dispersion within the matrix, leading to increase of the interface area and consequently the number of filler/matrix interactions. We thus clearly connected the results of mechanical tests to the improvement of the state of dispersion. The existence of interactions between the fillers and the matrix was undoubtedly established by various techniques of analysis. Molecular scale interactions between sepiolite-HEA were evidenced. Moreover we show that the HEA interacts as well with the surface SiOH as with the MgOH2 sites located inside the channels and tunnels of the sepiolite. It was thus shown that these two types of interactions are directly connected to the dispersion state and consequently to the final properties of the nanohybrids
Royo, Francine. „Propriétés structurales et optiques des superréseaux InGaAs/InGaAs : mise en évidence d'une modulation tout optique“. Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20181.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRozé, Mathieu. „Verres et vitrocéramiques transparents dans l'infrarouge pour application à l'imagerie thermique“. Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is part of the active research on transparent glass ceramics in the infrared region. This study is based on the development of a new material transparent between 3 and 12µm with better mechanical properties than glasses actually commercialized. Exploration of many vitreous diagrams based on the GeSe₂-Ga₂Se₃ system with chalco-halide has been made. A composition with good thermal stability has been chosen to perform optical measurements and to deposit antireflection coatings. New glass ceramics with low thermal expansion coefficient have been developed in the Ge-Ga-Se system and a structural study has been performed to a better understanding of the crystallization process. Finally, ion exchange experiments were developed in order to enhance the mechanical properties of chalco-halide glasses
Sonnenfeld, Camille. „Fibres optiques microstructurées à réseaux de Bragg pour la production et le suivi santé-matière de matériaux composites à matrice organique renforcée par des fibres de carbone“. Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStructural health monitoring (SHM) has emerged as an exciting topic for multi-disciplinary research and development in the field of composite materials. These high-performance materials are increasingly being used in highly mechanically loaded structures such as aircrafts and wind turbines. To ensure that their integrity is not compromised, new systems that enable in-situ SHM are currently developed. This PhD thesis contributes to the development of “smart composite materials” using a novel type of optical sensor based on Bragg gratings in highly birefringent microstructured optical fibre (MOF). The MOF used in this PhD work is highly asymmetric and has been designed such that its phase modal birefringence features sensitivity to transverse strain that is one order of magnitude larger than that reported in literature, whilst being quasi-insensitive to temperature changes. Our objective is to demonstrate the capabilities of our sensors for smart material applications, and to do so we integrate our sensors inside carbon fibre reinforced polymer materials. First, we evaluate the mechanical strength of our MOFs in order to define the mechanical stress range to which MOFs can be submitted without being damaged. Then, we propose a multi-strain sensor using our MOF in order to assess the multi-axial strain field within the composite material with a strain resolution of 5µm in the transverse directions. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility to use these MOF sensors to identify the material state changes during the cure cycle of a composite and we prove that we are able to estimate the residual strain built up within the composite as a result of the manufacturing
Alloba, Ezéchiel Idelphonse. „Extensométrie optique : aspects métrologiques et application à la mécanique expérimentale des composites“. Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10094.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBachelier, Guillaume. „Propriétés optiques de nano-structures métalliques et semi-conductrices“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008229.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoudou, Laurent. „Influence des paramètres de mise en oeuvre sur la morphologie et la conductivité électrique d'un polyéthylène destiné à la fabrication des câbles“. Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30143.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguyen, Cong Doan. „Etude expérimentale de l'impact de l'érosion par suffusion sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des sols“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0676/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis work has investigated, on the one hand, the mechanism of internal erosion by suffusion in earthen hydraulic structures, and, on the other hand, the consequences suffusion can cause on the mechanical behavior of soils, the main objective being to improve our understanding of both the suffusion process and the behavior of eroded soils. The approach adopted was mainly experimental, by a multi-scale scope: from macroscopic, at the material scale, to microscopic, at the grain scale. At the macroscopic scale, suffusion experiments were performed on gap-graded cohesionless soil samples using a newly developed testing device, called the suffusion permeameter. Then, the eroded samples are transferred by a freeze/thaw procedure to a triaxial device to study their behavior under mechanical loading. The achieved results provide a general overview of the suffusion mechanism at the sample scale and highlight its impact on soil shear resistance properties. At the microscopic scale, the suffusion mechanism has been studied by performing a suffusion test with in-operando x-ray tomography and using local visualization based on optical techniques in an artificial soil. Subsequent grain-scale analysis has provided a deeper understanding of suffusion process through the characterization of the eroded soil microstructure, particularly highlighting the occurrence and development of strong heterogeneities, which appear to play a key role in the macroscopic mechanical behavior of eroded soils
Ambid, Matthieu. „Evaluation de nanocomposites polypropylène/silicate pour l'isolation électrique : étude des phénomènes de polarisation, de conduction et des propriétés optiques“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/795/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on polyolefin matrix nanocomposite. The goal is to provide an interpretation on their macroscopic properties. We studied electrical properties, optical and chemicophysical properties of composite materials based on iso- and syndiotactic polypropylene matrix and dispersions belong to the generic class of silicates. The means employed on measures dynamic dielectric analysis, current in the time domain, electroluminescence, photoluminescence and UV-visible spectroscopy. A method of time-frequency inversion was implemented : it allows to explain the transient currents observed from the frequency data and identify the regimes of field where nonlinear phenomena occur
Mezeix, Pierre. „Verres et vitrocéramiques du système BaO – TiO₂ – SiO₂ : élaboration, propriétés mécaniques et couplage mécanoélectrique“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlasses from the BaO – TiO₂ – SiO₂ (BTS) are of great interest for their use as glass-matrix to synthesise fresnoite glass-ceramics. These materials show numerous potential applications as piezoelectric and non-linear optic devices. It has been found that the addition of TiO2 in these glasses improves the cross-linking degree of the glass network as well as the volume density of energy and the glass temperature sensitivity. When the content of titanium is increasing, island-like Si\Ti rich units surrounded by barium-rich channels might form, leading to a similarity between the fresnoite crystal and the glass structure. Thanks to an ultrasonic and thermal heat-treatment it has been possible to control the growth of oriented fresnoite cristallites from the surface of 0,30BaO – 0,20TiO2 – 0,50SiO2 glass. The transparent glass-ceramic shows improved mechanical properties as well as evidence of piezoelectricity. The electrical properties of BTS glasses were investigated with the use of impedance spectroscopy. They show an increase in electric conductivity and dielectric constant as Ti is added to their composition. One explanation lies in the formation of these Ba-rich channels which may improve the ionic conduction. The formation of TiO5 groups would also be responsible for the overall increase in polarizability of the glass. Finally, the effect of an electric field on the glass viscosity was investigated. The glass showed great reduction of its viscosity under high electric field for both AC & DC. When AC field was applied, the material showed no deterioration which might be very interesting for the potential use of this effect for the synthesis of glassy materials
Kaoukab-Raji, Jaber. „EPVOM et caractérisation de couches de Ga1-xInx(Asy)Sb1-y pour la photodétection au-delà de 2 micromètresEtude des mécanismes de croissance du Ga1-xInxSb“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaraba, Abbes Fazilay. „Etude des comportements hyperelastique et viscohyperélastique de deux élastomères de type NR et PDMS par extensométrie optique bidimensionnelle“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0567.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBayoda, Kossi Djidula. „Propriétés électriques, optiques et mécaniques d'une décharge de surface à barrière diélectrique nanoseconde pulsée. Application à la mesure de vitesse pariétale et au contrôle des écoulements aérodynamiques“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2319/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to study new design of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in 3 electrodes configuration: the sliding discharge (SL-DBD), to compare it to the conventional nanosecond DBD in 2 electrodes geometry (NS-DBD) and to show also its capacity to be used as a friction velocity or wall shear stress sensor and to be used as electromechanical actuator for flow control.In its first part, the electrical properties of these two discharges are characterized and point out the key parameter governing the transition of one regime to another. The visualizations with an intensified camera confirm this transition when the mean electric field increases over 6.5 kV/cm. Therefore they extend further and cover the inter-electrode gap. Mechanical diagnostics (Schlieren and pressure measurements) characterize the pressure wave generated by these discharges. In the second part, the electrical characterization of the SL-DBD under flow conditions shows that the courant « collected » by the third electrode is almost proportional to the wall flow velocity. However, even if other studies needed to be performed, these encouraging results reveal the ability of the SL-DBD to be used as a friction velocity or a wall shear stress sensor. Finally, the third part is addressed to the effect of the SL-DBD on aerodynamics flows in order to manipulate them. Several configurations are studied (airfoil, backward facing step, flat plate) and the results have shown the complexity of the physicals phenomena governing the control authority, without being able to fully explain them
Maria, Jérôme. „Dynamique des lasers auto-impulsionnels basée sur les propriétés d'amplification et d'absorption saturable de fibres optiques dopées“. Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4092.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe report in this thesis the study of the dynamic of self pushing laser with the aim of optimizing an all fibber passively Q-switched laser (LPQS) by saturable absorber. This work was both numerical with the simulation of a LPQS model (study of the localisation of saturable absorber in cavity…) and experimental with fiber and laser cavities characterisations. We mainly focused on ytterbium (Yb3+), the gain media, and chrome (Cr4+), the saturable absorber media. First, an original study which consists to fit experimental and simulated data of non linear transmission of saturable absorber allowed to estimate the room temperature lifetime of chromium in silica fibber less then 1 ns, well shorter than lifetime of Cr4+-doped crystal. Nevertheless, we experimentally showed that such a poorly efficient saturable absorber (with a very short lifetime) can stabilize chaotic self pulse generated by ytterbium fibber (Sustain Self Pushing, Self Mode Locking). We thus managed to make the first self-pulsing all fibber Yb3+ : Cr4+ laser. Sub-nanosecond pulses with 4W peak power were obtained
Feltrin, Emeline. „Surfaces PDMS structurées et/ou décorées par des nanoparticules : vers des propriétés optiques et de mouillage modulables“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15207/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a transparent and stretchable elastomer, is put forward in this work as a functional substrate in the field of optics and wetting. In the first part, we have developed wrinkled PDMS surfaces via controlled buckling instabilities. We were able to tune both the wavelength (λ) and the amplitude (A) of the structuration on a large length scale. We have then selectively organized some nanoparticles the textured surfaces in order to modulate its physical-chemistry. In the second part, in situ generation of gold and silver nanoparticles/plots has been developed and studied both on glass PDMS surfaces and subsequently characterized optically
Bonnet, Loïck. „Elaboration par frittage réactif de céramiques monolithiques et composites à base de grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium : Etude des relations entre microstructures et propriétés optiques“. Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0096/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is devoted to the elaboration of yttrium and aluminum garnets-based transparent composite ceramics with different (Nd+Y)/Al stoichiometric ratios ranged from 0.40 to 0.70, around the ratio corresponding to the Nd:YAG stoichiometric composition ((Nd+Y)/Al = 0.6000) by under-vacuum reactive-sintering. Pressure-casting of stable and homogeneous suspensions of mixing Al2O3-Y2O3-Nd2O3 was achieved. Study of microstructural, thermal and optical properties of these ceramics has made it possible to highlight the influence of (Nd+Y)/Al ratio on garnet phase formation and densification kinetics, and on optical properties. Thus, it appears that for ceramic with a ratio higher than 0.6000, corresponding to an yttrium-rich sample, the previously mentioned kinetics are decreased but transparence and lasers properties are less degraded, contrary to aluminum-rich ceramics ((Nd+Y)/Al < 0.6000). Moreover, study of Nd:YAP-Al2O3 powders mixing brings out Nd:YAG phase formation mechanism, suggesting the existence of solid-gas reaction with evaporation-condensation of aluminum-rich reactive phase. Finally, feasibility of Nd:YAG ceramics with high dopant content (4 at. %) has shown the interest of these materials in order to generate third-order nonlinear optical properties, especially self-focusing phenomenon of light beams by Kerr effect
Simon, Alain. „Propriétés électroniques des hétérostructures semiconductrices contraintes à direction d'épitaxie et profils de potentiel quelconques“. Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLin, Changgui. „Cristallisation contrôlée et propriétés physico-chimiques de vitrocéramiques de chalcogénure à base de GeS₂“. Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe crystallization behavior and related physicochemical properties of nontoxic GeS₂-based chalcogenide glasses were focused on with the addition of Ga₂S₃ and MX (Ag₂S, LiI, and CsCl) components. In this study, clear SHG was observed in β-GeS₂ crystallized glasses. Then, series of glass-ceramics with improved physiochemical properties were obtained by controllable crystallization of GeS₂-Ga₂S₃ glasses. The well-crystallized samples of 65GeS₂·25Ga₂S₃·10LiI glass present clear SHG phenomena and enhanced ionic conductivity. Based on the glass-forming region, phase transformation was determined in GeS₂-Ga2S₃-CsCl system. Subsequent to the knowledge of nucleation-rate-like curve, a set of reproducible glass-ceramics with high transparency in the mid-IR region were obtained. Structural dependence on these resultant attractive properties was investigated in detail by employing various techniques, such as DSC, SEM, Raman scattering, and solid state NMR
Di, Blasio Massimo. „Investigation théorique, modélisation atomique et spectroscopie optique en fonction de la température sur des superréseaux ZnS-ZnSe élaborés par MOVPE“. Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20087.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGhribi, Nabila. „Synthèse, caractérisations structurale et mécanique de nouveaux matériaux tellurites pour des applications en optique non linéaire“. Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTellurite materials possess exceptional nonlinear optical properties, with values of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility are 10 to 50 times higher than in pure silica, favoring then the efficiency of the nonlinear effects. The origin of these exceptional optical properties is not only associated with the presence of the electronic lone pair, but also with the very strong electronic "delocalization" along Te-O-Te bridges in polymerized chains (TeO2)p. Our experimental researches concerned the following both ternary glass systems: TeO2-TiO2-ZnO (TTZ) and TeO2-GeO2-ZnO (TGZ).The glass formation domains were determined, the thermal stability increases with the increased amount of ZnO, TiO2 and GeO2. The vibrational study carried out using Raman spectroscopy and specular infrared reflectivity, revealed that the increase of the ZnO amount leads to a slight depolymerization of the glass network by breaking chains formed via Te-O-Te bridges. For higher ZnO contents, the latter contributes to a compensation of this break by the formation of new bridges: Te-O-Zn and/or Zn-O-Zn. Mechanical properties were studied at the same time at room and high temperature, in particular around the glass transition temperature. The increase of the ZnO content in TTZ and TGZ glasses increased globally elastic modulus. Finally, the decrease of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility with the increased ZnO concentration emphasizes the role of the presence of chains consisted of Te-O-Te bridges in the structure of the tellurite glass
Lefebvre, Pierre. „Étude piézospectroscopique des puits quantiques et superréseaux III-V“. Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20218.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDubromez, Vincent. „Amélioration des performances du polycarbonate et des mélanges polycarbonate/polystyrène par des copolymères à blocs ABC“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolycarbonate (PC) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer for numerous industrial and biomedical applications, due to its exceptional use properties (transparency, mechanical and thermal behavior). Nevertheless, the PC exhibits two major defects: high viscosity and poor notch impact properties. The goal of the present study was to propose a solution for these two issues, while preserving the PC transparency. Three ways were investigated: (i) the decrease of viscosity via adding polystyrene (PS), (ii) the improvement of notch impact behavior by adding poly(styrene-b-butadiene-bmethylmethacrylate) block copolymers (SBM) and (iii) simultaneous use of PS and SBM. Adding PS to a PC matrix does decrease its viscosity, while preserving the transparency. However, the mechanical properties of PC/PS blends are inferior to those of the neat PC. The experimental study on binary PC/SBM blends point out the great influence of the nature and proportion of the copolymer in the blend, as well as of the matrix viscosity, on the final properties of the blends. The investigation of the ternary PC/PS/SBM blends demonstrate that it is possible to obtain an improvement of the notch impact properties, while preserving the PC transparency – by generating a homogeneous and well dispersed blend morphology. This requires an optimal combination between the matrix fluidity, the nature and the proportion of block copolymers and PS, and also an appropriate choice of the processing conditions
Tomasec, Marian. „Explosion pulping for papermaking : effect of cooking parameters on mechanical and optical properties = Mise en pâte d'explosion pour la production papetière : effet des paramètres de la cuisson sur les propriétés mécaniques et optiques“. Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1996. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6817/1/000628918.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDe, Clermont-Gallerande Jonathan. „Synthèse, structure, et étude mécanique de matériaux tellurites visant des applications en optique non-linéaire“. Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0082.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work aims to comparatively study three systems aimed at nonlinear optical application, TeO2-TiO2-ZnO (TTZ); TeO2-TiO2-Nb2O5 (TTN) and TeO2-GeO2-ZnO (TGZ). The goal is to highlight correlations between structural and mechanical properties of the studied glasses at room temperature but also as a function of temperature, and in particular around the glass transition temperature (Tg). The structural study of the glasses showed that in the TTZ system, the zinc had a coordination and hence a behavior change in the tellurite matrix as a function of the concentration. Those results were correlated to the elastic properties of the glasses, the Young modulus, the shear modulus and the Poisson ratio, who presented nonlinear evolutions as a function of the ZnO concentration. In the TGZ system, in contrary to the TTZ system, these singular evolutions were not highlighted. It was hypothesized that the germanium oxide is preventing the change in comportment of the zinc polyhedra. For the TTN system, no major structural changes were observed as a function of niobium oxide concentration, which was translated with a linear increase of the elastic properties of those glasses. The temperature dependent studies showed that before the glass transition temperature (Tg), the Boson peak frequency (Raman spectroscopy) and the elastic properties evolutions are in accordance with the vitreous network relaxation idea. After Tg, the structural and mechanical evolution showed a transition toward a viscous liquid state. At last, it was possible to evidence a correlation after Tg of the evolution of the Boson peak frequency and the elastic properties, thus allowing a prediction of the mechanical properties thanks to the low frequency vibrational study in tellurite glasses. These information are key parameters needed to help the glass shaping mastery of these types of glasses
Calatayud, José. „Etude optique de puits quantiques et superréseaux CdTe-CdZnTe“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLerouge, Sandra. „Transitions de phases induites par écoulement dans les systèmes de micelles géantes : étude optique et rhéologique“. Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Lerouge.Sandra.SMZ0037.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacan, Pascale. „Synthèses et caractérisations de matériaux hybrides élaborés par voie sol-gel : application à la préparation de membranes à transport facilité et de capteurs optiques de pH“. Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAvice, Jérémy. „Etudes des propriétés physico-chimiques de revêtements sol-gel par spectroscopie, optoacoustique et endommagement laser“. Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWithin the framework of the simulation project, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) aims to reproduce the pressure and temperature conditions of a thermonuclear fusion with the Megajoule laser (LMJ). Some of the optical components of the LMJ, in particular some focusing lenses, are coated with an antireflective (AR) layer made by a sol-gel process. These films are composed of silica nanoparticles 10 nm in diameter with 55% porosity. To increase the mechanical strength of these layers, the films are exposed to water and ammonia vapors during a post-process. This post-treatment creates covalent bonds between the silica nanoparticles and thus strengthens the colloidal film. In order to give all the qualities of an optical coating, besides the key optical properties, we have set ourselves the objective of understanding the mechanical stability of these nanomaterials. In particular, we wanted, in the context of this thesis, to have a better understanding of the ammonia hardening process and for that we undertook a complete study of the physical and chemical parameters that govern the elasticity of this assembly of nanoparticles. In a second step, we highlighted the appearance of surface cracking causing optical diffusion and a decrease in mechanical reinforcement during the post-process. In order to minimize or even eliminate these surface cracks, we performed a parametric study to identify the elements responsible for this cracking
Sexton, Alexane. „Développement de films polymères fonctionnels à propriétés de transport de gaz et d’eau contrôlées pour les applications liées au diagnostic médical“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe control of the transport mechanism for small molecules such as O2, CO2 and H2O is a crucial parameter for medical diagnosis devices. Currently, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) is used for applications which require high gas/water selectivity and transparency of the material. In the context of alternative materials, random polypropylene-ethylene copolymers were selected due to their non-polar structure. In this work, different routes have been developed to increase O2 and CO2 transport properties of PP-PE matrices prepared by melt process: the introduction of zeolite porous fillers or/and plasticizer (dioctyle sebacate) adding. The influence of the nature and quantity of each additive on morphology, polymer chain mobility, gas and water permeability as well as mechanical and optical properties were investigated. Moreover, the detailed characterization of the developed materials allowed the establishment of the structure-functional properties relations
Benchikh, Épouse Sbaï Nadia. „Couches minces nanostructurées de carbone amorphe dopées ou alliées : Elaboration par ablation laser femtoseconde et Caractérisations“. Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142211.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL'ablation laser en régime femtoseconde est la technique utilisée pour la synthèse des couches minces de DLC dopées ou alliées. Ce sujet met également en évidence l'apport de cette technique sur les propriétés morpho-structurales et physiques des DLC dopés ou alliés.
Dutraive, Marie-Sophie. „Etude des propriétés électriques du dioxyde d'étain. Nature des défauts et influence du mode d'élaboration“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842723.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRolland, Arnaud. „Comportement mécanique et durabilité de structures en béton renforcées par des armatures composites internes“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1065/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCorrosion of the steel reinforcing bars (rebars) is the main process involved in the degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, and has large repercussions on the maintenance/reparation expenses. To prevent such degradations on new infrastructures, the use of corrosion-free reinforcements, such as Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars based on glass, carbon or aramid fibers, is gaining interest. Specific guidelines are already available in several countries (USA, Canada or Japan for instance), that define the design principles and good practices for this type of internal rebars; beside, many FRP RC structures have been built and are in service in these countries. Although the development of these new reinforcing bars is quite promising, infrastructures owners are still reluctant for their wide-scale use, especially in France. There are still major concerns regarding the long term behavior of FRP RC structures, and more particularly, the durability of glass fibers reinforced polymers (GFRP) when subjected to an alkaline environment, and the ageing behavior of the GFRP/concrete bonding as well. In this context, the present study aims at developing for the first time in France, a set of methodologies that allows : to characterize the main physical/mechanical properties of different types of FRP bars from the marketto assess the durability of GFRP bars (the most common type of bar) and their interface with concrete through relevant accelerated ageing procedures. The first part of this study was thus devoted to the physical/mechanical characterization of a selection of commercially available FRP rebars, based on glass, carbon or aramid fibers, and to the mechanical behavior of corresponding FRP/concrete interfaces. Beside the microstructural characterization of the various FRP materials by microscopy and thermal analysis techniques, tensile and short beam tests were developed in order to determine the tensile properties (Young's modulus and strength) and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the bars. Specific pull-out tests then made it possible to evaluate the influence of several parameters (type of fibers, diameter and surface geometry of the bars) on the mechanism of load transfer at the bar/concrete interface. A main originality of the proposed approach relied on the instrumentation of several test bodies by optical fiber strain sensors, which were installed along the bar/concrete interface. Such a distributed measurement system provided local information in the form of tensile strain profiles of the bars along the interface, and made it possible to determine the effective transfer length of the various types of FRP bars. As a complement to the previous experimental study, an analytical and numerical modeling work was initiated to simulate the pull-out tests and investigate more closely the interfacial mechanisms involved in the FRP bar/concrete bond behavior. In this line, an improved interface model was first proposed, which was then implemented in a finite element model (cohesive zone model formulated in the context of damage mechanics).Finally, an accelerated ageing protocol was developed and applied to the GFRP bars, either alone or embedded in a concrete medium. The retention properties of both bars and interfaces were determined after various periods of exposure (up to 240 days). Except a drop of tensile properties observed for GFRP bars that were directly immersed in an alkaline solution, which is considered as a very severe environment compared to actual service conditions, no significant loss of interfacial properties was detected on aged specimens compared to the initial state
Mujica, Randy. „Layer-by-Layer assembly of nanocellulose composite films with bio-inspired helicoidal superstructures“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe remarkable optical and mechanical properties of natural materials are often associated with the complexity of their hierarchical structures. One of the most complexes is the helical structure which consists of several layers of unidirectionally aligned fibers whose orientation rotates with respect to their neighboring layers. This so-called Bouligand microstructure is responsible for the enhanced impact resistance of the shell of some crustaceans as well as the preferential reflection of circularly polarized light of certain fruits and insects. Here, we fabricated complex bio-inspired thin films made of cellulose nanofibrils and poly(vinylamine) using the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach and grazing incidence spraying (GIS), a method allowing to control the in-plane alignment of anisotropic nano-objects like cellulose nanofibrils. We demonstrated the independent direction of alignment of each cellulose layer, which allowed the preparation of thin films with well-defined internal structures, namely, unidirectional, cross-ply or helical arrangement of the reinforcing nanofibrils, which is impossible to achieve by any other fabrication process. The optical properties of these films were characterized by circular dichroism (CD) and by Mueller matrix ellipsometry. The chirality observed for helicoidal films is controlled by the rotation direction, the pitch, and the number of layers. The mechanical properties of these cellulose-based films were studied by various nanoindentation methods. A nano-contact fatigue methodology showed an increased ductility of the unidirectional and helicoidal films, which can be indirectly related to enhanced absorption of energy of this material owing to their internal structure
Odoni, Ludovic. „Propriétés mécaniques et effets d'échelle“. Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1884_lodoni.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation tries to conjugate the comprehension and measurement work to decrypt mechanical properties of solids at micrometric and nanometric scales. The underlying questions are both to locate the limits of bulk properties (frontier of continuous medium mechanic) when the analysis window is narrowed and furthermore to describe new properties related to the decrease in measurement scale, if any. The non-linear mechanical analysis of Intermittent Contact Mode in AFM enables the monitoring of local mechanical properties of polymer such as storage and loss modulus or adherence. The surprising result of this analysis concerns the loss modulus whose measured value is greater than the macroscopic bulk one by one order of magnitude. The nanoindentation tests operated at a constant strain rate confirm and enrich this result : a 'characteristic heterogeneity length' has been introduced to define for this material the dimension under which the mechanical response differs from the one of homogeneous matter. This concept is canonical for heterogeneous materials at micrometer scale (i. E. Polymer blends) and is extended to material which are homogeneous in composition. Beyond this characteristic length, materials can only be described through statistical means. Another development of this study concerns the macroscopic description of materials using bulk constitutive equations. A particular effort has been held to describe viscoplastic behavior of glassy polymers (PMMA and PS). The viscoplastic data obtained by nanoindentation experiments and scratch tests may be interpreted with the help of Eyring molecular theory of activation energy. The results obtained at small strain rate (<0. 1 Hz) enables the computation of an activation volume of the polymeric material (lnm3 for PMMA et 0. 4nm3 for PS). These activation volumes are in good agreement with the theoretical ones and those obtained by macroscopic analytical methods. The scratch test experimental data are showing that at high strain rate (>0. 1Hz) the viscoelastic loss in contact increases and the calculated activation volume decreases. The phenomenon is interpreted as a transition to a B type relaxation of the polymeric material. The origin of the characteristic homogeneity length is still to be enlighten. Should this be understood as an evolution of the mechanical properties due to the narrowing of the analysis window? Is this length related to intrinsic properties of surface? In this case, surface mechanical properties would thus be heterogeneous
Szadeczki, Marika. „Ozonation de pâte thermomécanique : ozonations de mélanges de pâtes thermomécaniques et chimiques : application aux fibres recyclées“. Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0192.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMurat, Denis. „Oxyde d'yttrium : élaboration et propriétés mécaniques“. Limoges, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIMO0007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRio, Sandra. „Caractérisation multi-échelles de vitrocéramiques pour modélisation de leurs propriétés optiques“. Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4088.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to link the structure and the microstructure of a glassceramic, usually called « opal glass » in glass industry, to its optical and colorimetric properties. The characterization of the material has been carried out using numerous analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, etc. In this study, the interest of this glass-ceramic results from its particular visual aspect: milky white translucent, almost opaque. This is due to the spontaneous crystallization of fluorinated binary phases NaF, CaF2 and BaF2, in the volume, during the manufacturing process. This phenomenon takes place in a few seconds while the vitreous silicate matrix solidifies, trapping nanocrystals. The modeling of the visual rendering via a program based on The four-flux method taking into account the intrinsic parameters of both the nanocrystals and the vitreous matrix, was used, based on the light scattering effect. According to conclusive results, the study aimed at predicting the visual rendering only from light scattering has been extended to the coloration of a glass-ceramic by metal oxides addition in the initial composition. This composition modification causes a dispersion of the coloring elements in the matrix implying to also consider the absorption effect. At the same time, another line of research was explored, which is the study of the interaction between the crystalline phases and the mechanical properties of the vitreous matrix