Dissertationen zum Thema „Property Certifications“

Dans cette thèse, nous visons à formaliser les effets calculatoires. En effet, les langages de programmation les plus utilisés impliquent différentes sortes d'effets de bord: changement d'état, exceptions, entrées / sorties, non-déterminisme, etc. Ils peuvent apporter facilité et flexibilité dans le processus de codage. Cependant, le problème est de prendre en compte les effets lorsque l'on veut prouver des propriétés de programmes. La principale difficulté dans ce genre de preuve de programmes est le décalage entre la syntaxe des opérations avec effets de bord et leur interprétation. Typiquement, un fragment de programme avec des arguments de type X qui retourne une valeur de type Y n'est pas interprété comme une fonction de X vers Y , à cause des effets.L'approche algébrique la plus connue pour ce problème permet une interprétation des programmes, y compris ceux comportant des effets, en utilisant des monades : l'interprétation est une fonction de X vers T (Y ) où T est une monade. Cette approche a été étendue aux théories de Lawvere et aux "gestionnaires algébriques" (algebraic handlers). Une autre approche, appelée logique décorée, fournit une sémantique équationnelle pour ces programmes. Nous spécialisons l'approche de la logique décorée pour les effets liés à l'état de la mémoire et à la gestion des exceptions en définissant la logique décorée pour les états (L_st) et la logique décorée pour les exceptions (L_exc), respectivement. Elles nous permettent de prouver des propriétés de programmes impliquant de tels effets. Ensuite, nous formalisons ces logiques en Coq et certifions les preuves associées. Ces logiques sont construites de manière à être correctes. En outre, nous introduisons une notion de complétude syntaxique relative d'une théorie dans une logique donnée par rapport à une sous-logique. Nous montrons que la théorie décorée pour les états globaux ainsi que deux théories décorées pour les exceptions sont relativement complets relativement à leur sous-logique pure. Non seulement nous pouvons utiliser le système développé pour prouver des programmes comportant des effets, mais également nous utilisons cette formalisation pour certifier les résultats de complétude obtenus
In this thesis, we aim to formalize the effects of a computation. Indeed, most used programming languages involve different sorts of effects: state change, exceptions, input/output, non-determinism, etc. They may bring ease and flexibility to the coding process. However, the problem is to take into account the effects when proving the properties of programs. The major difficulty in such kind of reasoning is the mismatch between the syntax of operations with effects and their interpretation. Typically, a piece of program with arguments in X that returns a value in Y is not interpreted as a function from X to Y , due to the effects. The best-known algebraic approach to the problem interprets programs including effects with the use of monads: the interpretation is a function from X to T(Y) where T is a monad. This approach has been extendedto Lawvere theories and algebraic handlers. Another approach called, the decorated logic, provides a sort of equational semantics for reasoning about programs with effects. We specialize the approach of decorated logic to the state and the exceptions effects by defining the decorated logic for states (L_st) and the decorated logic for exceptions (L_exc), respectively. This enables us to prove properties of programs involving such effects. Then, we formalize these logics in Coq and certify the related proofs. These logics are built so as to be sound. In addition, we introduce a relative notion of syntactic completeness of a theory in a given logic with respect to a sublogic. We prove that the decorated theory for the global states as well as two decorated theories for exceptions are syntactically complete relatively to their pure sublogics. These proofs are certified in Coq as applications of ourgeneric frameworks

Over the last ten years there has been a significant increase in environmental certification of buildings in the world. More and more people are getting aware of the fact that buildings use a lot of energy and affect the wellbeing of the community and our planet. The research has the last 15 years therefore produced several studies investigating different options available to decrease buildings environmental impact. Through the following report a summary is done reviewing the many opinions in the field. The goal with this Bachelor of Science thesis is thus to investigate the issue “Why should property owners and tenants choose environmentally certified buildings? What are the benefits and drawbacks for respective part?” To answer this question an extensive literature review over available materials in this field were made, both internationally and in Sweden. A closer investigation was then conducted through interviews for the market in Sweden to fill in gaps in information. The interviewed parties were all active within the field and had different perspectives representing both property owners and tenants. In our results can we see several benefits for property owners in possessing environmentally certified buildings. Some of the more significant of these benefits are potentially higher rental levels, market values, lower vacancies and energy savings resulting in better net operating income. Add thereto a competitive advantage against other property owners and a decreased risk of being deselected by tenants. Motivating why the tenant should be located in certified real estate is not as simple though, which in Sweden might be because of the high standards in many buildings and that it is hard to directly connect several of the benefits to the certification. Though, generally seen because of that the demand still is high should reasons as better indoor climate, increased productivity and quality assurance be strong arguments to choose environmental certified buildings. Furthermore could the disagreement in the business be solved with more transparency about the cost situation and clearer conformity between the different environmental certification systems.
De senaste tio åren har det kunnat observeras en markant ökning av antalet miljöcertifierade byggnader runt om i världen. Fler och fler blir medvetna om att byggnader använder mycket energi och påverkar hur både människor och vår planet mår. Forskningen har de senaste 15 åren därför producerat många studier som utreder flertalet av de alternativ som finns för att sänka byggnaders miljöpåverkan. Genom följande rapport görs en sammanställning av en del av det brus och åsikter som finns om ämnet. Tanken med kandidatarbetet är således att utreda frågeställningen ”Varför ska fastighetsägare och hyresgäster välja miljöcertifierade fastigheter? Vad finns det för fördelar och nackdelar för respektive part?”. För att kunna svara på denna fråga genomfördes en utförlig litteraturstudie av tillgängligt material inom området, både internationellt och i Sverige. En närmare undersökning har sedan gjorts med hjälp av intervjuer för att komplettera och fylla ut bilden av miljöcertifieringssystem i Sverige. De intervjuade tillhör intressenter som är verksamma från olika perspektiv för fastighetsägare eller hyresgäster. Vi kan i resultaten se att det finns flera fördelar för fastighetsägare i att äga miljöcertifierade fastigheter. Några av de tydligare av dessa är bättre driftnetto på grund av energibesparing, potentiellt högre hyresnivåer och marknadsvärden samt lägre vakans. Lägg därtill ett konkurrensmedel mot andra fastighetsägare och minskad risk för att bli bortvald av hyresgäster. Ur hyresgästperspektiv är det svårare att motivera varför de ska vara lokaliserade till miljöcertifierade fastigheter, vilket i Sverige i många fall beror på att byggnader redan har hög standard samt att det är svårare att knyta fördelar just till själva miljöcertifieringen. Men generellt sett i och med att efterfrågan ändå är stor borde anledningar som bättre inomhusklimat, ökad produktivitet och kvalitetssäkring vara kraftiga argument för att välja miljöcertifierat. Vidare skulle oenigheten i branschen kunna lösas med mer transparens i kostnadsfrågan och en tydligare överensstämmelse mellan de olika miljöcertifieringssystemen.

Green building, as an environmentally responsible and resource-efficient product, has emerged in recent decades. Along with the growing interest in green building design and operating practices, a number of green building certification standards and rating systems have been developed by different organizations worldwide. Those rating systems allow government regulators, building professionals, and consumers to embrace green building with confidence. Many recent studies find that LEED and Energy Star certified commercial buildings gain significant rental and sales price premiums and have higher occupancy rates. However, little research has been conducted to measure the market value of certified multi-family residential buildings, for instance, green condominiums. This study investigates the price effects of LEED certification on condominium real estate assets in a local housing market, in this case Portland, Oregon. The overall dataset is developed by combining information from Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) and LEED certifications by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). A hedonic pricing model is employed to measure the effects of certification levels on sales prices. The model results indicate that, compared to non-certified condominiums in Portland, green certified properties have a 5.8 percent sales price premium on average. The result of this study confirms that LEED condominiums exhibit higher sales prices controlling for location- and property-specific factors.

The buildings sector consumes approximately 40% of energy in the United States, and presents a major opportunity for reducing society's energy consumption and environmental impact. Given the potential downside impacts of climate change and resource depletion, it is imperative that the construction industry deliver buildings that meet owner requirements while using less energy and natural resources. In response to this challenge, the construction industry has adopted voluntary green building programs that provide guidelines for construction projects wishing to reduce their environmental impact. Green building programs also present the opportunity for those pushing beyond the status quo to receive increased recognition and market visibility; however, certification under these programs is not without an added cost. The added cost of certification varies by project, but building owners and builders must be able to justify this added cost through increased market recognition and sales and leasing prices. Given the relatively low recognition of a price premium for green certified residential properties by the real estate appraisal community and financial institutions, a need exists to demonstrate the added market recognition of these homes. Through the development of a hedonic regression pricing model this study isolates the effects of green building certification on housing sales prices, in order to prove the hypothesis that a significant increase in sales price is associated with green certified housing.

In this article, the author analyzes strengths and weaknesses of the domain systems of minerals, allowing us knowing the system adopted for our Constitution. Then, the author evaluates the characteristics and legal nature of mineral exploration concession and exploitation. After that, he will examine in detail the mining procedure govern by the GeneralMining Law and its Regulations, which allow domestic and foreign investors to obtain themining concession title. Finally, he will offer proposals in each of the methods related to the mining concession and its procedures in the public administration.
Mediante el presente artículo el autor analiza los defectos y virtudes de los sistemas de dominio de los minerales, permitiéndonos conocer el sistema que adopta nuestraConstitución Política, para seguidamente analizar las características y naturaleza jurídicade la concesión minera por exploración y explotación. Posteriormente, analizará de maneradetallada cada una de las etapas del procedimiento ordinario minero regulado por el TextoÚnico Ordenado (TUO) de la Ley General de Minería y sus Reglamentos, que permitirá a losinversionistas nacionales y extranjeros obtener el título de concesión minera, para finalmenteanalizar, brindar sugerencias y recomendaciones en cada uno de los procedimientos administrativos conexos o vinculados a la concesión minera por exploración y explotación.

Enquanto o mundo discute os esforços para combater as alterações climáticas globais, reconhece-se cada vez mais o papel vital das florestas na manutenção do bem-estar ecológico, social, econômico e cultural. Reafirma-se a importância da definição dos direitos de propriedade (posse e uso) sobre as florestas que pode determinar o seu destino. Para muitos países, as políticas de gestão de florestas combinam vários modos de acesso e gestão como i) áreas protegidas; ii) concessões florestais com critérios de gestão baseados em desempenho; iii) a devolução de áreas de florestas para as comunidades tradicionais e povos indígenas que farão sua gestão.O maior desafio é cumprir o planejado e implantar os diversos modos de gestão florestal para alcançar os objetivos sociais, econômicos e ambientais previstos face à pressão dos interesses econômicos internos e externos. A concessão de florestas é a forma dominante de gestão em quase todos os países da África Central e Ocidental. Ela também é o tipo dominante de exploração de florestas na Ásia (Malásia, Indonésia, Papua-Nova Guiné e Camboja). Na segunda metade dos anos 90, com o forte apoio de projetos de cooperação multilateral e de ONGs internacionais, a Bolívia introduziu a concessão florestal como um modo de conceder direitos de posse e uso sobre florestas. No Brasil, após duas tentativas fracassadas, o governo aprovou sua nova lei de gestão de florestas públicas em 2006. Bolívia e Brasil têm muito em comum em relação aos conflitos fundiários e desafios para impor novas regras relativas à maneira como as florestas podem ser exploradas nas suas regiões amazônicas, principalmente. Este trabalho de investigação centra-se sobre os principais obstáculos enfrentados pelas autoridades florestais bolivianas e brasileiras para implantar as concessões florestais na escala inicialmente prevista. O desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de duas correntes teórico-metodológicas. Por um lado, buscou-se um mapeamento dos modos pelos quais os indivíduos e grupos se apropriam e formulam regras para gerir porções de florestas. Por outro lado, a abordagem teórica da sociologia econômica, mais precisamente os trabalhos de Neil Fligstein e sua abordagem política-cultural, forneceu elementos para avaliar o processo de organização social da produção florestal madeireira nas duas regiões estudadas, que depende de quatro fatores: i) os direitos de propriedade, ii) as estruturas de governança, iii) as regras de troca e iv) as concepções de controle. A abordagem política-cultural considera a participação dos atores sociais como governos, empresas e consumidores, entre outros, e os incentivos para ações de cooperação com base nos laços cognitivos que os ligam. O estudo centrou-se na região amazônica de cada país: nas terras baixas bolivianas e, no Brasil, na região da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163). Isto porque estas regiões são os principais alvos para implantação de concessões florestais. Mostra-se neste estudo que sob um cenário de confusão fundiária, no qual há batalhas por pedaços dos territórios florestais e onde as alianças políticas são forjadas para favorecer outros padrões de uso das terras, a aplicação de concessões florestais em grande escala pode ser inviabilizada ou ficar bastante reduzida.
As the world is preparing to scale up its efforts to combat global climate change, groups are increasingly recognizing the vital role forests play in maintaining ecological, social, economic and cultural well-being. They are beginning to affirm more that forest tenure plays a fundamental role in determining the fate of the worlds forests. In many countries, questions are raised on whether tropical forests should be publicly, commonly or privately owned. For many countries the forest management policies will likely involve a combination of: i) protected areas of sufficient size to provide habitat protection, and in a contiguous pattern; ii) forest concessions with enforceable performance-based management criteria; iii) community forests and community forest concessions managed by communities and indigenous groups. The challenge is to undertake the land use planning commitment and implementation to achieve this in the face of pressure from internal and external interests. Forest concessions of various types are the dominant form of forest tenure in almost all the forest countries of West and Central Africa. They are also the dominant types of forest tenure in Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Cambodia). In South America, Peru and Bolivia introduced forest concession as a possible tenure model in the early 90s with the strong support of international NGOs. In Brazil, after two failed attempts, the government has passed its new forest management law in 2006. Bolivia and Brazil have much in common regarding forest tenure conflicts and challenges to enforce new rules in the forestry sector. Forest concession implementation in these countries has generated many expectations and investments in law changes.This research work focuses on the main barriers faced by Bolivian and Brazilian forest authorities in implementing forest concession on the scale initially planned. The studies required a mapping of the property rights regimes over forest and forest resources as well as a theoretical approach of economic sociology. This approach, which provides elements to evaluate the process of social market construction, is dependent upon four essential factors: property rights, governance structures, rules of exchange and conceptions of control. The political-cultural approach emphasizes the historic perspective of the markets to understand the role of dominant groups and challengers in action arenas. It also considers the participation of social actors like governments, firms and consumers, among others, and their incentives for cooperative actions based on the cognitive ties that bind them. This empiric study focused on each countrys geographically-delimited regions of Amazon: in the Bolivian lowlands region and in the Brazilian Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (namely BR-163). Thats because they are the main targets for forest concession implementation. We show in this study that under a tenure uncertainty scenario, in which there are battles for territorial pieces and political alliances are forged that prefer other land use (and forests uses also) patterns the forest concessions implementation on a large scale will be jeopardized in these territories.

Hållbar utveckling är ett omtalat ämne i dagens fastighetsbransch. Med flera färdplaner och globala mål som främjar en långsiktig hållbar utveckling har det framkommit system för hur man ska miljöanpassa byggnader. Miljöbyggnad och Svanenmärkning är två system som utvecklats i Sverige. För att följa ett hållbart strategiskt arbetet följer flera fastighetsbolag uppmaningen om ett netto noll utsläpp av växthusgaser 2045 i fastighetsbranschen. Detta föranleder ett ökat initiativ av att bygga hållbart och miljöanpassa redan befintliga byggnader.   Syftet med uppsatsen är att utföra en studie på hur de svenska miljöcertifieringssystemen, Miljöbyggnad och Svanen, förhåller sig till ett hållbarhetsarbete samt hur dessa certifikat värderas i fastighetsvärderingsprocessen. Studien kommer i förhållande till certifieringarna granska värderingsprocessen för att undersöka om certifikatet har ett ekonomiskt värde och analysera sambandet mellan miljöcertifiering och marknadsvärdet.  Resultatet av denna undersökning antyder att bostäder som är miljöcertifierade inte påvisar ett tydligt ekonomisk värde i relation till marknadsvärdet. Dock konstateras det att avgiften som erläggs på dessa bostadsrätter är betydligt lägre än de konventionella bostadsrätterna. Ett resultat av detta visar att miljö- och hållbarhets attributerna som existerar i dessa bostäder resulterar till en lägre avgift i jämförelse med de icke-miljöcertifierade bostadsrätterna. Småhusen påvisar ingen ökning av marknadsvärdet om en Svanenmärkning finns. Slutsatsen som tagits i detta arbete är att värderingen kring både bostadsrätter samt småhus vare sig dessa är miljöcertifierade eller ej ger en svår bedömning om det finns en tydligt korrelation mellan miljöcertifieringen och marknadsvärdet.
Sustainable development is an ongoing topic in today's real estate industry. With several roadmaps and global goals that promote a long-term sustainable development, systems for how to adapt buildings to the environment have emerged. Environmental Building and Nordic Swan Ecolabel are two systems developed in Sweden. In order to follow sustainable strategic work, several real estate companies follow the goal for a net zero emission of greenhouse gases by 2045 in the real estate industry. This leads to an increased initiative of sustainable development and adapting existing buildings to the environment. The purpose of the thesis is to carry out a study of how the Swedish environmental certification systems, Environmental Building and Nordic Swan Ecolabel, relate to sustainability work and how these certificates are valued in the property valuation process. In relation to the certifications, the study will investigate the valuation process to examine whether the certificate has an economic value and analyze the connection between environmental certification and market value. Results of this survey suggest that homes that are environmentally certified do not show a clear economic value in relation to the market value. However, it is noted that the fee paid on these condominiums is significantly lower than the conventional condominiums. A result of this shows that the environmental and sustainability attributes that exist in these homes result in a lower fee in comparison with the non-environmentally certified condominiums. The single-family homes do not show an increase in market value for houses with a Nordic Swan Ecolabel.  The conclusion drawn in this study is that the valuation of both a condominium and a single-family home, whether these homes are environmentally certified or not, is difficult to assess whether there is a clear correlation between the certification and the market value.

L’agriculture et l’alimentation dépendent, en grande partie, des rapports entre le droit et le végétal. Cette interdépendance, source d’enjeux vitaux actuels et futurs, est, notamment, cristallisée par la réservation des innovations variétales. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont les premiers maillons de la chaîne alimentaire, nécessaires à la production d’aliments. Or, l’immixtion de la propriété industrielle a conditionné l’amélioration variétale et l’utilisation des semences justifiant une étude en droit privé en associant plusieurs matières telles que le droit des biens, le droit des contrats spéciaux, le droit des obligations, le droit rural et les propriétés intellectuelles. Présenter l’existant, déterminer les interactions juridiques et envisager des évolutions afin de sauvegarder les intérêts des innovateurs et de la société participent à la protection de l’innovation et à la sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, l’étude, décomposée en deux temps, se focalise, tout d’abord, sur la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales et ses conséquences puis sur des alternatives possibles. Un régime original de réservation, dédié à la protection de nouvelles variétés végétales, indépendant du droit des brevets d’invention, est apparu au début des années 1960 au plan international, puis a également été intégré aux niveaux européens et français. L’adoption de la Convention internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales le 2 décembre 1961, ratifiée en 1968, puis révisée en 1972, en 1978 et 1991, a consacré, via l’octroi d’un titre de propriété industrielle (certificat d’obtention végétale), de nouveaux droits exclusifstemporaires sur un type d’innovation variétale. Toutefois, seules les nouvelles variétés végétales distinctes, homogènes et stables peuvent faire l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale. Le standard, imposé dans ce régime par l’ensemble des critèrescumulatifs, exclut, de facto, d’autres innovations variétales, prouvant une non-automaticité de la protection. Les droits exclusifs du réservataire sur l’obtention végétale ne sont pas absolus, ni illimités. De nombreuses exceptions attestent d’un exclusivisme relatif, témoignant d’un régime de réservation nuancé. L’autonomie de la réservation exclusive des innovations variétales standardisées, par rapport au droit des brevets d’invention protégeant les inventions biotechnologiques végétales, en fort développement, renforce la singularité du régime et conforte la nécessité de le sécuriser. Néanmoins, malgré les dérogations aux droits exclusifs de l’obtenteur, l’utilisation des innovations variétales, faisant l’objet d’un certificat d’obtention végétale, conditionne les pratiques agricoles ancrées dans le droit rural. Les semences, contenant les variétés végétales, sont nécessaires à la production agricole. Une mauvaise utilisation ou une utilisation sans autorisation du titulaire du certificat d’obtention végétale, hormis dans le cas des semences de ferme, peut justifier la qualification de ces agissements en actes de contrefaçon. Ainsi, le champ d’application spécifique et les réalités pratiques n’altèrent pas la dichotomie entre le bienintellectuel et son enveloppe corporelle. Des alternatives, proposées à partir de ce régime original de réservation et en parallèle de celui-ci, doivent émerger pour assurer une meilleure sécurité alimentaire. La réservation de l’innovation variétale par lapromotion d’un modèle inclusif, reposant à la fois sur le droit des contrats et sur la protection de biens communs privés, est une voie pour faire évoluer l’existant au niveau interne. De plus, la reconnaissance des innovations variétales alternatives, jusqu’alors exclues, en leur dédiant un régime autonome inséré dans le Code rural, permettrait un nouvel équilibre
Non fourni

This study analyses the impact of land registration and certification scheme on sustainable use of farmlands in Debre Mawi and Densa Bahta rural kebeles of Amhara region in northwestern Ethiopia, with a view to contributing to the theoretical debate on tenure security and more realistic policy advocacy on the sustainable use of farmlands. Within the framework of qualitative research methodology, the case study approach helps to observe and understand the relationship between land titling and sustainable use of farmlands in Densa Bahta and Debre Mawi kebeles of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Specific methods employed were focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and observation, complemented by context analyses of relevant documents. It was found that land titling has contributed to a high perception of security of land tenure among study respondents. However, results show that land titling has both positive and negative impacts on sustainable use of farmlands. The positive impact of land titling is ascribed to its assurance effect and legal obligation imposed on farmers to adopt proper land management practices. The negative impact of land titling arises from its failure to address the existing inequality in possession of farmlands among the village communities. Failure of farmers’ high perceptions of their security of land tenure to translate into sustainable land use practices has implications for the relative importance of productive asset endowments, self-efficacy and risk perception on the sustainable use of farmlands in the Amhara region. Interviewees that follow unsustainable farming practices were endowed with relatively lower pieces of farmland and disadvantaged in possession of other productive assets. They also demonstrated a low level of self-efficacy and a risk-averse attitude to adopting conservation technologies, as they possessed smaller sizes of farmland compared with the village and regional average. The study urges a holistic approach and comprehensive analytical framework to understand the synergy of several factors that affect the sustainable use of farmlands.
Environmental Sciences
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)