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Koltai, Zsuzsa. „The role of museum learning in promoting sustainability - Comparative research in Baranya County and Landkreis Görlitz“. Tudásmenedzsment 24, Nr. 4. különszám (07.11.2023): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/tm.2023.24.k4.13.
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The study explores aspects related to the role of museums in promoting sustainability among the results of a comprehensive research entitled „The role of museum learning in strengthening resilience in peripheral regions – Comparative research in Görlitz District and Baranya County” conducted with the support of the Saxon State Ministry of Science, Culture and Tourism's Saxon Visiting Professors Program 2022. Among the many aspects of the role of museums in promoting resilience, the empirical research also dealt with how much and in what way the museums/heritage sites in the two investigated areas contribute to the promotion of sustainability through their exhibitions, programs and other initiatives. Within the framework of the comparative research, based on a stratified sampling procedure, structured interviews were conducted with museum educators, museum directors, and relevant senior colleagues of 13 Baranya County and 13 Görlitz District museums/heritage sites between October 2022 and January 2023. The study compares the activities of the museums included in the research from the two regions in terms of the extent to which they promote the realization of the following seven of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN’s Agenda 2030: health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, reducing inequalities, responsible consumption and production, action against climate change, sustainable cities and communities.
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Robles-Moral, Francisco Javier. „Valoración de los docentes de la presencia de los museos de ciencias en Internet“. RELATEC Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa 20, Nr. 2 (2020): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1695-288x.20.2.50.
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Science museums are conducive places for the development of teaching and learning,through the participation of visitors in the activities and exhibitions offered by these centers. But,the experience in these centers does not end or begin with the physical visit, but there is acontinuation of the experience through the Internet, either through web pages or social networks.This work has focused on analyzing the assessment made by teachers of the presence of Spanishscience museums on the Internet, from the perspective of education. It has been possible to verifywhich are the channels used by the different science museums on the net, as well as which are thedidactic resources offered by these centers. The websites and social media profiles of 37 sciencemuseums were analyzed and 519 professors were asked about their assessment of the Internetpresence of science museum centers. Allowing to establish that the relationship between sciencemuseums and their presence on the Internet, for teachers, has a marked educational character,based on the availability of educational tools
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Robles-Moral, Francisco Javier. „Valoración de los docentes de la presencia de los museos de ciencias en Internet“. RELATEC Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa 20, Nr. 2 (2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1695-288x.20.2.49.
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Science museums are conducive places for the development of teaching and learning,through the participation of visitors in the activities and exhibitions offered by these centers. But,the experience in these centers does not end or begin with the physical visit, but there is acontinuation of the experience through the Internet, either through web pages or social networks.This work has focused on analyzing the assessment made by teachers of the presence of Spanishscience museums on the Internet, from the perspective of education. It has been possible to verifywhich are the channels used by the different science museums on the net, as well as which are thedidactic resources offered by these centers. The websites and social media profiles of 37 sciencemuseums were analyzed and 519 professors were asked about their assessment of the Internetpresence of science museum centers. Allowing to establish that the relationship between sciencemuseums and their presence on the Internet, for teachers, has a marked educational character,based on the availability of educational tool.
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Maglevanyy, А., und V. Hrynovets. „Museums of Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University“. Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2020, Nr. 2b (Dezember 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.061.
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The paper presents an overview of the museums of the Lviv National Medical University named after Danylo Halytsky, which were formed during the existence of the Medical University School in Lviv. Many generations of professors and scientists have contributed to the formation and development of the university’s historical heritage reflected in the expositions of museums at the Lviv State Medical Institute.
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Sidorova, Irina B. „Heads, assistants and employees of the Museum of Arts and Antiques of Kazan University“. Issues of Museology 13, Nr. 2 (2022): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu27.2022.210.
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The article is devoted to the history of the Museum of Arts and Antiquities of Kazan University. There are different opinions in the literature about who should be considered the founder of the Museum of Arts and Antiquities, who was the first director, who, when and how carried out the reorganization of the museum. The chronological framework of the study — 1870–1922 — also includes the history of the Museum of Ethnography, Antiquities and Fine Arts, which was considered in the literature in terms of collecting local historical, archaeological and ethnographic collections, but in reality laid the foundation for the art collection of Kazan University. The article for the first time describes the circle of persons directly connected with the Museum of Arts and Antiquities of Kazan University, as well as with its predecessor — the Museum of Ethnography, antiquities and fine arts is presented in full. These are professors-heads N.A.Firsov, D.F.Belyaev, D.V.Ainalov, D.I.Naguyevsky, A.M.Mironov; keepers D.A.Korsakov, I.V. Sokolovsky, S.K.Kuznetsov, P.V.Traubenberg, assistants B.P.Denike and K.N.Kravchenko, unofficial assistants of heads, scientific consultants. Through their activities, the continuity of the development of museums, the results of the formation of the library and art collection are traced. The article traces the continuity of the development of museums, the results of the formation of a library and an art collection. The article focuses on the following aspects of the history of the Museum: the status of the museum, financial and logistical support, the number and composition of collections, the role of the museum in scientific, educational and educational work, fate in the Soviet era.
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Nepote, Juan. „The first kiss of science - From interactivity to dialogue“. Journal of Science Communication 06, Nr. 02 (21.06.2007): C03. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.06020303.
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In the Rafael Nieto Auditorium of the National Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi Mexico, few chairs are empty. The room is full of Astrophysics professors, Solid State of Matter, Elementary Particles, Fluid Mechanics, etc. It is the 49th National Congress of Physic. Today extraordinarily- it has slip into the program an analysis round table about the new outlines in science museums in Mexico.
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Al-Jahwari, Nasser S., Khaled A. Douglas, Mohamed A. Al-Belushi, Mohamed A. Hesein und Suliman Zakria Suliman. „Teaching Archaeology in a University Museum: Archaeology Museum at Sultan Qaboos University as a Case Study“. Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol10iss3pp67-81.
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Learning environment plays an important role in the quality of the learning process, particularly in teaching archaeology. Museum environment is among the active environments contributing to this process in which it enables students to acquire skills different from those they acquire in the traditional classroom. Museums generally consist of a variety of artefacts and material that are displayed to the public, preserved, maintained and studied. University museums have an additional function: they are used as spaces for teaching and training students at all levels, particularly in the field of archaeology. Students in the museum can deal with its collections, as well as educational programs offered by their professors. A university museum offers university students with materials suitable for the study and research. It has the ability to hold a variety of educational activities, and it stimulates students' interest and motivates them to think creatively. This studyassumes that studying archaeology courses within the university museum is more useful for students than teaching within the traditional classroom of the university. To test this hypothesis, the Department of Archaeology in the College of Arts and Social Sciences at Sultan Qaboos University and its archaeology museum were taken as a case study. A number of archaeological courses are taught within this museum, while other courses are taught in traditional classrooms. In order to determine the impact of teaching of archaeological courses in the University Archaeology Museum, a questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of such an effect. It was distributed to all students studying archaeology courses in the spring of the academic year 2019 in the Department of Archaeology. The results indicate that the majority of students believe that the courses they studied at the museum contributed significantly to increasing their academic achievement and understanding of their contents more than those they studied in the normal classroom. The study has suggested the importance of using the university museum as a teaching environment that motivates students. Such environment is an important interactive source of teaching and its development and quality.
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Al-Jahwari, Nasser S., Khaled A. Douglas, Mohamed A. Al-Belushi, Mohamed A. Hesein und Suliman Zakria Suliman. „Teaching Archaeology in a University Museum: Archaeology Museum at Sultan Qaboos University as a Case Study“. Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 10, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53542/jass.v10i3.3591.
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Learning environment plays an important role in the quality of the learning process, particularly in teaching archaeology. Museum environment is among the active environments contributing to this process in which it enables students to acquire skills different from those they acquire in the traditional classroom. Museums generally consist of a variety of artefacts and material that are displayed to the public, preserved, maintained and studied. University museums have an additional function: they are used as spaces for teaching and training students at all levels, particularly in the field of archaeology. Students in the museum can deal with its collections, as well as educational programs offered by their professors. A university museum offers university students with materials suitable for the study and research. It has the ability to hold a variety of educational activities, and it stimulates students' interest and motivates them to think creatively. This studyassumes that studying archaeology courses within the university museum is more useful for students than teaching within the traditional classroom of the university. To test this hypothesis, the Department of Archaeology in the College of Arts and Social Sciences at Sultan Qaboos University and its archaeology museum were taken as a case study. A number of archaeological courses are taught within this museum, while other courses are taught in traditional classrooms. In order to determine the impact of teaching of archaeological courses in the University Archaeology Museum, a questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of such an effect. It was distributed to all students studying archaeology courses in the spring of the academic year 2019 in the Department of Archaeology. The results indicate that the majority of students believe that the courses they studied at the museum contributed significantly to increasing their academic achievement and understanding of their contents more than those they studied in the normal classroom. The study has suggested the importance of using the university museum as a teaching environment that motivates students. Such environment is an important interactive source of teaching and its development and quality.
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Kelentey, Barna. „MUSEUM OF THE FACULTY OF DENTISTRY“. Gerundium 13, Nr. 1-2 (24.06.2022): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2022/1-2/16.
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. In 2013, the Faculty of Dentistry (University of Debrecen) established a museum. The part of the museum, created primary, deals with the past of the faculty, documenting the establishment of its predecessor, the Stomatology Polyclinic, and later the Clinic itself. Its professors are ranged until the year 2000 and the textbooks and manuals in Hungarian-language are presented from 1871 to 1948. The world's first dental journal from 1839 and the first Hungarian-language newspaper from 1892 are also shown. Longstanding tools and instruments are correspondingly on display. Dental posters, recon bills and other old documents can also be seen. The glass-walled contemporary dental office, established in 2017, displays three classical dental units and machinery from the 1880s to the 1930s. A contemporary medical cabinet displays old tools, medications, and dental materials. On the wall besides the original poster, the medical diploma and the old photo, a medical caricature can also be seen. The museum principally collects contemporary dental tools and documents related to Hungary and holds only original resources. One of the largest dental museums in Hungary has been established over the years
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Czachowski, Hubert. „MARIA ZNAMIEROWSKA-PRÜFFER – AN ETHNOLOGIST AND MUSEOLOGIST“. Muzealnictwo 60 (19.07.2019): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2974.
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Born in Kybartai, Lithuania, on 13 May 1898, in the 1930s Maria Znamierowska studied ethnology at the Stephen Batory University (USB) in Vilnius under Prof. Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutz and Prof. Kazimierz Moszyński. She began working at the University Ethnographic Museum established by Prof. Ehrenkreutz; apart from the collection of material culture, the Museum researched into and collected records of oral and musical folklore. M. Znamierowska organized exhibitions on folk construction, and investigated folk fishery, the topic she dealt with in her MA thesis and doctoral dissertation. In 1925, she married the zoologist and entomologist Prof. Jan Prüffer. Following WW II, Znamierowska-Prüffer and a group of USB professors came to Toruń, where she was employed as lecturer at the Chair of Ethnology and Ethnography of the Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK). She made attempts to establish an ethnographic museum resembling the Vilnius one at her Chair, however, she was only able to set up an ethnographic section at the Toruń City Museum (1946-1958). Having received Professor’s title in 1955, in 1959 she launched a separate Ethnographic Museum in Toruń, additionally establishing an ethnographic park by the museum. Her most important exhibition: ‘Traditional Folk Fishery in Poland’, was mounted in 1963. Committed to creating open-air museums in Poland, M. Znamierowska-Prüffer also released publications on ethnographic museology. Having headed the Toruń institution for 13 years, she left the Museum boasting the collection of 15,000 exhibits and an ample Folklore Archive. In 1958-1963, she headed UMK’s Chair of Ethnography, however giving museology lectures until 1988. She participated in numerous ethnology and museology conferences around Europe. An active member of the Polish Folklore Association, she held various positions in its structures until 1978, when she became its honorary member. Retired, she continued her in-field research, and worked on her last publication meant to recapitulate all her research into fishery (1988). She died in Toruń in 1990, and was buried there. The Toruń Ethnographic Museum has been named after her since 1990.
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Bon, Oleksandr. „Ukrainian archaeologists and museumists under soviet pressure: mid 1920th“. Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 25 (28.12.2021): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2021-25-299-306.
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The objective of this research is to show the forms and methods of influence of the soviet totalitarian regime on Ukrainian archaeologists and museumists in mid 1920th. Soviets aimed at total control over the society from the very beginning of its foundation in Ukraine. Soviets were openly opposed to intellectuals. It was especially drastic in Ukraine as the majority of Ukrainian intellectuals were active participants in the Ukrainian revolution. Also, total control was established over the particular intellectuals, who were known for their opposition to the new regime. Ideological pressure was active during the period of «Ukrainisation» in the 1920th. From the beginning of the regime’s foundation in the 1920th, repressive authorities were trying to control the intellectuals. For this «seksots» were used, and people recruited among intellectuals or «inserted» there. From 1923 and beyond this system was evolving – informers were reporting as to the political views of professors and students, packages of information were formed about those, where notes of informers were saved. PolitBureau CPU has been considering multiple cases against Ukrainian intellectuals and their representatives. In 1923–1925th there were forced resignations of directors and employees of the most important museums of soviet Ukraine. In that period resigned the director of the All-Ukrainian museum named after T. Shevchenko M. Bilyashivskii, Arts Museum of VUAN M. Makarenko, Poltava regional museum M. Rudnytskiy, D. Yavornytskii in Katerynoslav was under pressure as well. The grounds for dismissal were connected to unproper performance of duties: unproper storage of artifacts, and mismanagement. Also, the ground of insufficient «proletatrisation of museums» was used – thus the dismissals were on ideological grounds. In the middle of 1920th there were a couple of types of pressure on museumists and archaeologists: administrative, criminal, and ideological, which are not uncommon in the repressions period. All that took place when the web of informers among the intellectuals was formed with the aim of control and influence. Key words: archaeologists, museumists, 1920th, soviet regime, М. Makarenko, D. Yavornytskii, M. Bilyashivskii, M. Rudnytskiy.
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Ananiev, Vitaly G. „A. S. Nikolaev in the Institute of Out-of-School Education and His ‘Museum of Archival Work’ Project“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 4 (2018): 1254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1254-1265.
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The article is devoted to the work Alexander S. Nikolaev (1877 – 1934) in the Petrograd Institute of Out-of-School Education in late 1910s – early 1920s. His teaching activities at the Institute and the place of archival issues in the program of its museum department have been studied on the basis of archival documents. The Institute initially focused on training of instructors and employees of cultural institutions, school teachers for adults and universities professors. The Institute had a museum section (department – faculty), on the basis of which several exemplary workshops for creating of manuals and their mastering were to be organized. That is the context in which A. S. Nikolaev’s projects of archival museum creation should be studied. One of such projects worked out by Nikolaev at that time has gone unnoticed until its publication in the Appendix. The connection of this project with the development level of museum affairs of the period is shown. Nikolaev's aspiration to show evolution of archiving and to follow fond formation stage by stage and his use of photographic and graphic materials are also noted. Moreover, it is the first assessment of the work of the Institute as one of the centers for teaching archiving in late 1910s – early 1920s.Training at the museum department of the Institute included a number of courses in both archiving and preservation of documentary monuments. This was due not only to the traditional proximity of archiving and museum work, but also to the circumstances of the first post-revolutionary years. Many museums (located in palaces and mansions of nobility) acquired valuable archival collections. They looked for an opportunity to use these in their scientific activities and exhibitions. The latter was due to the emphasis put on history of daily life and introduction of sociological method in museum work.
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Huseynov, Mahammad. „On the past and today of Aghdam“. SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, Nr. 12 (25.12.2020): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/106-108.
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According to some sources, the word Aghdam means "small fortress" in ancient Turkish. Archaeological excavations carried out by the famous archeologist Ideal Narimanov in Uchoglan Tepe, Aghdam, show that the first people lived in the region 6-8 thousand years ago and were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. There were many architectural and artistic monuments with ancient history in the territory of Aghdam region. Aghdam was also rich with its museums and galleries. Ensembles "Shur", "Karabakh Nightingales" operated in Aghdam Mugam Center. Many prominent scientists grew up in Aghdam. Academicians Khudu Mammadov, Adila Namazova, Ziyaddin Goyushov, professors Rafig Aliyev, Zakir Mammadov, Salman Garayev, Rashid Goyushov, Zabil Bayramov, Habil Gurbanov, and others have achieved great success in various fields of science. Key words: Aghdam, Panahali Khan, Karabakh khanate, Uchoglan hill, Gargar river, historical monuments, Khudu Mammadov, “Karabakh nightingales”
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Murawska, Agnieszka, Jarosław M. Fraś, Ewa Frąckowiak und Andrzej Rybicki. „PROFESSION OF A ‘MUSEUM CURATOR’. ON LEGAL CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EROSION OF THE ROLE PLAYED BY MUSEUM CURATORS“. Muzealnictwo 61 (24.07.2020): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3323.
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Changes in the legislation related to museum curators and museology, introduced with small steps in harmony with the Overton Window concept, are discussed; they are leading away from the letter and spirit of the Act on Museums of 21 Nov 1996 and the traditions of Polish museology based on creating collections of museum objects and working on them in various manners. Regulations and legal opinions on the museum curator profession are presented, pointing to the fact that the initially cohesive definitions and provisions are becoming blurred, to the extent of losing their initial sense, and threatening the identity of this professional group, as well as the identity of museums as heritage-preserving organizations. Furthermore, attempts to extend the concept of museum curator to encompass also the institution’s executives or the entire museum staff undertaken in order to depreciate this professional group and deprive it of the impact on the institution’s management have been signalled. A tendency has been observed to deprive the employees fulfilling the museum’s basic activity, museum curators included, of the influence on shaping state policies with respect to museology, this clearly illustrated by the composition of the Council for Museums and National Memorial Sites. Provisions of the labour legislation as regards professions of public trust museum curators aspire to join have been quoted. Mention has also been made of certain activities they have undertaken to prevent the process of de-professionalising the profession of a museum curator in the museum-related legislation, and to subsequently reverse it. The 2016 Bill on Museum Collections and on Museums prepared by the National Section for Museums and Institutions for the Preservation of Historical Monuments of the Solidarity Trade Union has been presented. The main demands of the Bill have been pointed to: the consolidation of the status of museum collections as the main purpose of the museum’s raison d’être, the status of a museum curator as a profession of public trust, and the shift in museum management from technocratic (New Public Management) to modern, aiming to serve the national heritage and people in harmony with the principles of the New Public Service.
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Kim, Mihyeon, Jennifer Cross und Tracy Cross. „Program Development for Disadvantaged High-Ability Students“. Gifted Child Today 40, Nr. 2 (21.03.2017): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076217517690190.
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Examining lessons learned through 4 years of experience of hosting Camp Launch, a university-based residential science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) enrichment program for low-income, high-ability, middle school students, this article explores components of the program and offers suggestions for implementing programs that serve this population. The camp exposes students to a variety of learning activities, including academic classes in STEM area and writing, personal development class, evening classes beyond STEM areas such as art and drama, diverse physical activities, career conference, and field trips. For such a program to be successful, it is critical to find and develop good human resources, including teachers experienced with the population and counselors who are mature and effective communicators. Curriculum must be appropriate for high-ability students, and all staff members should be prepared to work with this special population. A network of collaborators, from university professors to museums, helps to make the program successful.
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Ferraro, José Luís Schifino, Caroline McDonald und Paul Smith. „Connecting museums“. Revista Internacional de Educação Superior 7 (11.04.2020): e021009. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/riesup.v7i0.8658203.
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O presente ensaio se constitui em um relato sobre a experiência de internacionalização entre o Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCT-PUCRS), o Great North Museum: John Hancock (GNM), da Newcastle University, e o Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH), da University of Oxford. Trata-se da constituição de uma rede entre estas instituições que discute educação, gestão e liderança em museus universitários de ciências. Desde a criação desta rede, denominada Connecting Museums, em 2016, foram realizados encontros internacionais entre pesquisadores, profissionais da área e público interessado. Como ações da rede em ensino, pesquisa e extensão – desde então –, foram organizadas formações para professores de escolas públicas e privadas em ciências, bem como a troca de expertise entre profissionais da área no que tange a gestão de museus universitários de ciências. Publicações como artigos, trabalhos científicos apresentados em conferências nacionais e internacionais e, ainda, um livro são os primeiros frutos do Connecting Museums. Todas as atividades foram fomentadas e tiveram apoio do British Council. A ampliação da rede inicia-se este ano com uma mudança na configuração do tradicional evento que leva seu nome, que pela primeira vez ocorrerá fora do MCT-PUCRS em Porto Alegre, com atividades planejadas e orientadas pelo Museum Leaders’ Report, produzido pela Saïd Business School, da University of Oxford, visando a formação de futuros líderes para os museus brasileiros.
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HAMM, E. P. „Unpacking Goethe's collections: the public and the private in natural-historical collecting“. British Journal for the History of Science 34, Nr. 3 (September 2001): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087401004423.
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This paper argues that Goethe's collections, in particular his mineralogical collections, had both public and private purposes. The public purposes were closely tied to the tradition of mineralogizing exemplified by the Freiberg Mining Academy. Abraham Gottlob Werner provided technologies for standardizing mineralogical terminology and identification, and Goethe hoped that these technologies would allow for a vast network of collectors and observers who would collate their observations and develop a model of the Earth's structure. His own cabinet, in particular his collection of rocks (Gebirgsarten), was to be a representative sample of rock formations in particular locations that could reveal features of the Earth's structure and history. Goethe was also responsible for the scientific collections of Jena University. He argued that if such collections were to be useful for teaching and research, a goal he strongly supported, they could no longer be treated as the private property of professors. He recognized that social relations within the University would have to be reordered if museums were to fulfil their epistemic functions. In this respect Goethe was on the side of the modern museum and opposed to the world of the private collection and all its idiosyncrasies. However, his own collections had very private and personal purposes. Using some of the ideas of Walter Benjamin as a foil, this paper tries to uncover some of the private passions that fuelled Goethe's almost insatiable collecting. Though these passions were peculiar to Goethe, I argue that historians of science should attend more to the passions and their place in the sciences.
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Gitsevich, Evgeniy S. „Overseas business trips of antiquity researchers: Content and models for building routes in the late 19th - early 20th centuries“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Nr. 478 (2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/478/10.
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This article examines the overseas business trips of domestic antiquity researchers in pre-revolutionary Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. For the professional development of a scholar of antiquity, the importance of foreign business trips was essential for a number of reasons. Firstly, during an overseas trip, future researchers received the opportunity to touch the materials of the epoch they were interested in while visiting museums, participating in archaeological excavations, and studying monuments. They could directly observe the places in which the historical events they were investigating took place and dive into the atmosphere and the spirit of these places. Secondly, contacts with the leading foreign professors from Germany, France, England, Italy were extremely important for young researchers. During such academic contacts, Russian researchers adopted new, advanced theories from foreign colleagues, and also mastered previously unknown methods of research and teaching work. This study was based on a wide range of sources, including sources of personal origin (letters, autobiographies), regulations governing the work of this institution, as well as obituaries of antiquity scholars who went to overseas business trips. As a result of the study, the author distinguished two models of building the routes for overseas business trips of antiquity researchers. The first model, which involved visiting leading European academic centers, was formed in the first half of the 19th century and was the most widespread until the 1880s. It was replaced by a “new” model, which suggested spending the entire period allotted for a business trip in the countries of classical antiquity rather than visiting advanced academic centers in Europe. Along with the change in the model of building routes, the content of such business trips changed significantly. If in the previous period the main occupation of antiquity scholars abroad was acquaintance with the achievements of foreign colleagues and studying with them, in the later period, it was participating in archaeological excavations, making independent archaeological discoveries, visiting local museums and monuments, conducting field work with representatives of European science in the form of equal cooperation. The emergence of a new model of building the routes for overseas business trips and its predominance at the time under consideration is due, first of all, to positive changes in our science. Achievements in the development of Russian classical studies by the end of the 19th century brought it to the level corresponding to European; therefore, there was no need to undergo additional postgraduate training with European professors. In this period of time, libraries of the capital's universities were better supplied with advanced scholarly literature, including latest foreign works.
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Michalik, Magdalena. „THE INSTITUTION OF MUSEUM, MUSEUM PRACTICE AND EXHIBITS WITHIN THE THEORY OF POSTCOLONIALISM – PRELIMINARY RESEARCH“. Muzealnictwo 59 (03.04.2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7254.
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The article contributes to considerations on the exhibits of colonial origin that exist in Western culture, and on the institution of museum with regard to the terms of postcolonial theory. Moreover, it addresses practical issues concerning museum’s policy towards artefacts of non- European origin. I referred to the basic concepts used in the theory of postcolonialism, such as: otherness, hybridity, mimicry, the Third Space, and to the interpretation of collectibles – “semiophores” (carriers of meaning) – as named by Krzysztof Pomian. I presented issues related to museum exhibitions, and the existence of museums in countries affected by colonialism, using the examples of: the return of Maori heads (mokomokai) from French museums to New Zealand, permanent exhibitions of the Cinquantenaire Museum in Brussels and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, activities of the AfricaMuseum in Tervuren, and the temporary exhibition in Berlin – “Deutscher Kolonialismus: Fragmente seiner Geschichte und Gegenwart” from 2017. The problems that have been examined reveal the hybrid structure of “semiophores” coming from outside Europe, which makes both their reception by the viewer and the way of their presentation by the museum difficult. The article helps to realise that displaying the “otherness” of the non- European cultures is quite a challenge for curators, similarly as the concept of such institution like museum must be for these cultures. This results in creation by the museum of the so-called Third Space. The soonest research should give an answer to the question asked by Professor Maria Poprzęcka: To what extent history of art co-created the massive structure of cultural supremacy and intellectual and artistic domination, which found its institutional and material form in museums that were being erected all over the world.
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Sidorov, Sergey. „V International Scientific Conference “Military History of Russia: Problems, Search, Decisions” Devoted to the 75th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War (September 11–12, 2020, Volgograd)“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, Nr. 1 (März 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.22.
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The article presents information about the V International scientific conference “Military history of Russia: problems, search, solutions” held in Volgograd on September 11–12, 2020, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The conference was held at Volgograd State University. The conference was informative and representative in its composition: more than 220 representatives of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil and military universities and centers, archives, museums and libraries in 48 cities of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, USA, Turkmenistan and Ukraine. Among the participants of the conference there was a corresponding member of RAE, 39 doctors and 82 candidates of sciences. Along with professors and associate professors, the conference was attended by young scientists: assistant lecturers, postgraduate students, master students, students and schoolchildren. The article analyzes the work of the plenary session, sections, round tables and the discussion platform. The mainstream sections were the following: “Patriotic War: history and modernity”, “National economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War”, “Social history of the Great Patriotic War”, “Lower Volga and the Don during the Great Patriotic War”, “Source base for the study of the Great Patriotic War”, “Problems of historiography of the Great Patriotic War”. The permanent sections presented reports on military history in ancient times, the middle ages, modern and contemporary times, social protection of the population in wartime, and international aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad. The round tables discussed issues of military and political security of society and the state, problems of military memorial tourism in the Russian Federation, and international aspects of military conflicts. The discussion platform was dedicated to patriotic education of children and youth.
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James, K. „A mineral collection in the Ulster Museum matched with a lecture syllabus of Sir Charles Giesecke (1761-1833)“. Geological Curator 7, Nr. 5 (Juli 2001): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc448.
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Sir Charles Giesecke (1761-1833) was a mineral collector and dealer before becoming Professor of Mineralogy at the Royal Dublin Society in 1813. After his appointment he continued to deal in minerals and he supplied collections to museums in Europe, to Trinity College, Dublin and -- it seems -- to his students. One such student collection was recently discovered in the Ulster Museum, where it had been stored unrecorded for nearly a century. It was recognised by linking numbered specimen labels to an original lecture syllabus in the museum's archives. The history of the collection was established from a succession of signatures. The uncovering of this early 19th century collection resulted from careful observation during practical hands-on curation.
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Kunkel, Sönke. „Red Cross Museums as Media of Historical Communication“. Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 3, Nr. 2 (11.11.2021): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.065.
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An accomplished academic, collector, and long-time Red Cross volunteer, Professor Dr Rainer Schlösser is head of the Red Cross Museum of the Red Cross Chapter Fläming-Spreewald in Luckenwalde. He has directed the museum since 2000. Since 2006, he has also served as official spokesperson of the Association of the Red Cross Museums in Germany, a group connecting thirteen Red Cross museums across Germany. I met Rainer Schlösser in his office at the Red Cross Museum in Luckenwalde. After an extended and insightful tour through the museum we sat down to discuss his ideas and his work at the museum.1
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Burke, Verity. „It's geology time: Redesigning the Lapworth Museum of Geology“. Journal of Science & Popular Culture 3, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jspc_00013_1.
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Abstract In 2014, the Lapworth Museum of Geology in Birmingham (United Kingdom) successfully undertook a £2.5 million redesign to restore its heritage, and to adapt its specialist-focused displays for public visitors. This essay unearths the museum's past to argue that previous displays, which required the pedagogy of geological professors to illuminate the objects for the museum's specialist visitors, are replaced by a multimedia display strategy which embeds the history of the museum's geologists within the exhibit narrative, bridging the gap between specialist and public knowledge, transforming the Lapworth into a 'museum at a university' rather than a 'university museum'.
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Bilynska, L. I. „CONTRIBUTION OF O. V. SUHOBOKOV TO THE RESEARCH OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE NORTH EAST OF THE LEFT BANK UKRAINE“. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 44, Nr. 3 (10.08.2022): 112–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.03.06.
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This article is dedicated to O. V. Sukhobokov, Ukrainian archaeologist, researcher of Slavic and Rus’ history, Doctor of Historical Sciences. His scientific interests were focused on the Early Slavic and Old Rus’ archaeology of the left bank of the Dnipro forest-steppe area, and the history of the Eastern Slavic tribe of Siverians.
The research conducted by O. V. Sukhobokov at the head of the Left Bank Slavic-Rus’ Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine became an important stage in the historical and archaeological study of the northeastern region of the Dnipro area, in particular the territory of the modern Sumy oblast. The expedition explored such significant sites as Kurgan-Azak, Bytytsia, Volyntseve, Monastyryshche, Kamiane, Nytsakha, Lukhtivka, Igorivka, and Zelenyi Gai. As a result, scientists confirmed the founding date of the cities from the Kievan Rus’ Chronicles such as Lubny, Putyvl, and Romny.
After multiple years of research on the Left Bank the original concept of the historical process in the Dnipro—Don interfluve was developed by O. V. Sukhobokov. Scientists have brought together an immense amount of materials from field research and reconstructed the ethnic processes and development of the Slavic population of the left bank Dnipro at the second half of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD.
The achievements of the Left Bank Slavic-Rus’ expedition became the basis for further research, scientific debates, and were discussed at conferences and seminars. They are presented in numerous articles, and five monographs. Three monographs are dedicated to the sites of the Sumy region: «Putyvl and its region in the Kievan Rus’ time (on the archeological materials)» (1990), «“Unknown Land”: the population of the Middle Psel basin in the 10th—13th centuries AD (on the materials of the Romny-Kievan Rus’ sites in the Kamennoe settlement)» (2012), «Ancient Putyvl» (2019) in co-authorship with S. P. Yurenko. V. Sukhobokov made a lot of efforts to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine, popularize archaeological sites, and arrange archaeological sections of the Collection of Historical and Cultural Sites of Ukraine in the Sumy and Poltava oblast (as a scientific consultant).
While working on the territory of Sumy oblast, the scientist established close cooperation with the Sumy Museum of Local Lore, as well as regional museums. The fund collections of the Putyvl, Romny, and Sumy museums have significantly grown and are represented in their exhibitions. For many years, O. V. Sukhobokov was a member of the editorial board of the journal Sumska Starovyna.
The scientific and creative heritage of O. V. Sukhobokov is currently used by historians, archaeologists, as well as museologists, university professors, and school teachers in their professional studies.
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Sobczak, Antoni Krzysztof, und Izabela Prokopczuk-Runowska. „PROFESSOR ZBIGNIEW WAWER, A MUSEUMCURATOR“. Muzealnictwo 64 (26.04.2023): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.4179.
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Following a long disease, on 12 December 2022,Zbigniew Wawer passed away: a historian, boasting a postdoctoraldegree, an associate professor, author of numerouspublications, and a film producer. In 20122017, he ran thePolish Army Museum in Warsaw, as of 2017 having becomeDirector of the Royal azienki Museum. The period of hiscareer connected with museology was marked by the processof establishing contacts with international partners focusedmainly on presenting research results. It was also characterizedby a high dynamics of displays meant to expose some uniqueartefacts, particularly Polonica, and of publishing projects.He considered these two aspects the most important in fulfillingthe museums mission. Prof. Wawer also paid similar attentionto collection extension, having demonstrated high efficiency infundraising for the purpose. Furthermore, he strongly optedfor the upgrading of his staffs qualifications, while also seeingthe necessity to verify museum-related competences. Manymuseum curators followed his encouragement to study. Thepaper presents the profile of a widely known individual in moredetail; he was a researcher focused on revealing the historicaltruth and a museum curator frequently appreciated for hisactivity.
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McCarthy, Conal, und Alison K. Brown. „Editorial“. Museum Worlds 10, Nr. 1 (01.07.2022): vii—ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2022.100101.
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Museum studies is an academic and practical field of research that is ever expanding and alive with potential, opportunity, and challenge paralleling the extraordinary growth of museums in every part of the world. Museum Worlds: Advances in Research, launched in 2012, has responded to the need for a rigorous, in-depth review of current work in museums and related industries, including galleries, libraries, archives, and cultural heritage. The inspiration for the journal came from Howard Morphy, Professor of Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, along with founding editors Kylie Message, also at the ANU, and Sandra Dudley from the School of Museum Studies at the University of Leicester.
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Jagošová, Lucie. „The concept of small museums from an international and local perspective: starting points for further research in the Czech Republic“. Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 11, Nr. 4 (2023): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2023.11.4.3.
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The study deals with the question, what is a small museum and what are its specifics compared to other museums. Based on available foreign and local sources, it summarizes the current state of research which is largely focused on searching for the consensus on how to clearly define this type of museums. The study is based on the published results of key research in the past twenty years, it outlines selected approaches to the characteristics of a small museum and summarizes its typical features. Analogously, it looks at the state of research in the Czech museum sphere, where the topic of small museums has been repeatedly opened, examined and debated from different perspectives of professional activities and professions in a small museum. The study raises the question of how to effectively build on this state of research and develop it further within the Czech Republic, where this type of museums seems to be insufficiently mapped so far.
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Ashrafyan, Konstantin Eduardovich. „The extinct Calusa tribe as the hegemon of the South Florida in the XVI-XVII centuries: reasons for its military leadership among other aborigines of Florida“. Samara Journal of Science 9, Nr. 1 (28.02.2020): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091205.
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The result of this work was the identification and designation of several cornerstones in the deep thousand-years history of the aboriginal society of South Florida - the Calusa Indians, who led this people to the leader position in the region. The results of the study combined and used numerous of old written sources that mention various points of contact between Spaniards and disappeared civilizations, as well as new documents - books and dissertations, thesis of leading professors of Florida and the United States, dedicated to the extinct peoples of the Florida region. In addition, artefacts and reconstructions of local life in South Florida were investigated, studying them during numerous visits to Florida museums by the author. It has been hypothesized that there is an important link between the creation of large dwellings among the Calusa people and their way of life as a fishing-hunting-gathering society with the mobile organization of the armed forces and the mobility of the entire community in the face of annual Florida natural disasters. The result of the work was also an elimination of the white spot in the Soviet and Russian scientific literature about a fairly ancient and atypical settled people of fishermen-hunter-gatherers when covering the events of the era of great discoveries and the collision of two worlds during the Spanish conquest.
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Dmitrienko, Nadezhda M., und Ivan S. Karachencev. „Participation of women in the formation and development of the museum science of Tomsk university (1880s - early 1920s)“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, Nr. 46 (2022): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/46/22.
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The authors of this article highlight the contribution of women to the creation and functioning of museums of Tomsk University. The using of authentic sources suggests that in the early years of the university's creation, the participation of women in the museum science was limited to charity. Women donated collections of their deceased relatives to Tomsk University or donated their own collections of museum objects. It is known about the generous gift of F.E. Tsibulskaya, Siberian gold-miner' widow. She donated a collection of Siberian minerals to the university. Anna Nordenschild (Smit), the widow of the Norwegian collector Gustav Nordenschild, presented a large collection of butterflies. It was highly appreciated by the head of the University Zoological Museum, professor Kashchenko. It mentioned that among the women-donors were ordinary townswomen, and high-society ladies. For example, the collection of coins and tokens, sent to Tomsk by E.V. von Geyser, the Minister of Public Education I.D. Delyanov had accompanied. The situation was changed by the law of July 3, 1914. This law allowed women to work in university museums on equal terms with men. The implementation of the law began in 1915. The Ministry of Public Education sent additional assignation for the maintenance of educational and auxiliary institutions (offices, laboratories, museums) of the Imperial Tomsk University. In 1915-1916, the first female employees were admitted to the museums of Tomsk University. Graduates of the Siberian Women's Courses Taisiya Tripolitova, Enafa Nikitina and Lidia Sergiyevskaya worked at the Botanical Museum (Herbarium)) on a permanent basis. They participated in scientific expeditions conducted under the leadership of professor of Botany Department V.V. Sapozhnikov, as well as the curator of the Botanical Museum P.N. Krylov. They processed their herbariums, published the first scientific articles. Elizaveta Kiseleva, a graduate of the Siberian Women's Courses, worked at the Zoological Museum. Under the guidance of Professor M.D. Ruzsky, she collected a collection of ants and was engaged in the processing and description of this collection. In 1919, E.F. Kiseleva collaborated at the Institute of Siberian Studies. She studied the fauna of the Ob River and brought a collection of Ob fish to the Zoological Museum. So the study of the causes of the “fish kill” in Ob River was began. In addition to full-time employees in Tomsk University museums female students who specialized in the study of Siberian vegetation worked as well. Their collections replenished the Herbarium of Tomsk University and were used for scientific and educational purposes. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that at the turn of the 1910-20s, Tomsk University formed a core of women researchers, around whom professional museum employees were concentrated.
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Sołtan, Andrzej. „PROFESSOR JANUSZ DURKO (1915–2017)“. Muzealnictwo 59 (08.01.2018): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0593.
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Janusz Durko, Prof. Dr with habilitation, was a historian, an archivist, and a distinguished museologist. Born in Warsaw, he graduated from Warsaw University, history faculty (1938); then spent a whole WWII here. After the liberation from German occupation, he worked in the Capital City Reconstruction Office (Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy), then in the Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej) founded to conduct research on contemporary history. His doctorate degree he obtained in 1948, habilitation in 1955, professorship in 1964. In 1951, he was appointed to the post of a director of the Main Historical Museum, which two years later was changed into the Historical Museum of Warsaw. The permanent exhibition he opened in 1955 was the first, exhaustive and complete, attempt to give the synthetic presentation of Warsaw past; the museum itself – as an institution of the greatest importance in the field of historical museums in Poland at the time – was inspiring a development of historical exhibitions also in museums of other countries. This helped Janusz Durko to establish his highly regarded professional position: he had been invited to be a member of many committees, councils (including museum ones) and associations, as well as editorial boards of magazines, inter alia, “Museology”. In the years 1951–2003, when Janusz Durko was the head of the Historical Museum of Warsaw, it was one of the main institutions for research on Warsaw history, the venue of numerous conferences, sessions and temporary exhibitions. It was maintaining good relations with many other countries, creating intensely its own collection, and offering an attractive educational programme. The number of its branches was steadily growing. Among Professor’s publications (ca. 140) of various kind there is one of an undoubtedly monumental character: eight volumes of the Bibliografia Warszawy (1958–2006) edited by him, where he registered everything, or nearly everything, that was being published on Warsaw in the years 1795–1970. In recognition of Professor’s achievements he had been awarded a number of times with, inter alia: the Minister of Culture and Arts Award of 1st degree for protection of cultural heritage, the Award of Capital City of Warsaw (twice), title of “Homo Varsoviensis”, the Order of Polonia Restituta First Class – the Grand Cross with Star, the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture “Gloria Artis”. After getting retired in 2003, Professor Durko still maintained close relation with museum by being a member of the Museum Council (2004–2008). In 2015, the institution he had been running for 52 years had an honour of hosting him for the last time during the celebration of his 100th birthday. He died a year after and was buried in the Powązki Military Cemetery.
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Karachencev, Ivan S., und Nadezhda M. Dmitrienko. „THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE MUSEUM SCIENCE OF IMPERIAL TOMSK UNIVERSITY“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, Nr. 42 (2021): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/42/23.
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This article is dedicated to solving the actual scientific problem about the legislative foundations of museum construction. The materials of Imperial Tomsk University make it possible to examine the application of such important act documents as the University Charter of 1863 and the tsarist decree on the opening of the university in Tomsk in 1888. The authors analyze the content of the legislativ acts, find out the list of museums allowed by the authorities. The historical paradox in the museum history of Tomsk University is revealed. According to the University Charter of 1863, there were four faculties in Russian universities as a rule. They created rooms and museums of zoology, mineralogy, botany, anatomy, history and archaeology. These museums also were planned at Tomsk University during its foundation in 1878. Following the law, the head of the construction committee professor V.M. Florinskiy founded the Archaeological Museum at Tomsk University in 1882. However, the opening of Imperial Tomsk University took place in 1888 and only single medical faculty was opened. On the basis of provisional states, university museums of zoology, mineralogy, botany and anatomy were financed from the state treasury. The Archaeological Museum was out of state, and F.M. Florinskiy himself provided its work. He attracted donations in the form of money and museum collections, formed rich funds for archaeology, ethnography, and history. Without any outside support, he made and published a catalogue in three volumes of the Archaeological Museum. Therefore, he transformed the university’s museum into one of the most famous in Russia. Four other museums relied on state support as well as charity. They were equipped well and provided with money for scientific expeditions to collect museum subjects. Prominent researchers such as botanists S.I. Korzhinskiy and P.N. Krylov, geologist A.M. Zaitsev zoologist N.F. Kashchenko and anatomist N.M. Maliev worked in the university museums. The government's decision to allow females to work in the museums played an important part in the personnel provision of the university museums. In 1916, two graduates of the Siberian Higher Women's Courses, T. Tripolitova and E. Kiselyova, were admitted to the botanical and zoological museums of Imperial Tomsk University. At the end of the article, the authors admit that the legislative regulation of museum science at Imperial Tomsk University in the late 19th and early 20th century had some shortcomings. But complete rejection of laws issued before 1917 had an adverse effect on Tomsk University’ museums of Soviet era.
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White, Maureen. „Think of Me When I Am Gone: Assessing Faculty Archives at the Yale Peabody Museum“. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (15.06.2018): e26571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26571.
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For universities with museums and galleries, the inevitability of faculty retirements, departures, and passings is a challenge for collection managers. The preservation and retrieval of archival field records and research is critical to the documentation of museum collections. Unfortunately, there are no expectations for faculty members to donate their personal papers to the museums which curate their collections. The potential to lose essential data, such as provenance information, stresses the importance of tackling these problems early. All too often, decisions about retention of these materials are made by uninformed academic departments or family heirs, and these decisions can be detrimental to the future value of museum collections. The best solution is to be proactive and work with the professor or researcher and academic departments before they are gone. The Harold C. and Jean M. Conklin Archives at the Yale Peabody Museum will be used as a case study to illustrate the efforts necessary by an institution to preserve vital supporting documentation to its collections. Conklin was a Professor of Anthropology at Yale, a Curator at the Peabody, and a researcher in the field of Southeast Asian studies for over six decades.
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Zolberg, Vera L. „Museums as Contested Sites of Remembrance: The Enola Gay Affair“. Sociological Review 43, Nr. 1_suppl (Mai 1995): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1995.tb03425.x.
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In recent years, controversies concerning the construction of displays of historical events have turned attention to the role of these public sitings. Although virtually any location to which access is relatively unrestricted may give rise to disputes, museums in particular have become foci of these debates. Their prominence is not surprising, since they are institutions in which a nation's qualities are ‘written’ or ‘shown.’ In this chapter I turn my attention to an important polemic in which two nations are involved: the United States and Japan. The subject is how the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was to be represented by a museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. It allows me to examine more deeply the interactions of groups representing divergent interests within the United States, in the context of global relations with a relative equal, rather than a dominated subject. In the process, I analyze the role of the museum as an institution involved in the construction of national narratives in two countries, the political controversies unveiled, and the lost opportunities for innovation in the museum's relationship to its public as politicians intrude upon professions.
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Kulikova, E. B. „The history of transport education in the exhibits of the Museum of the Russian University of Transport“. Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, Nr. 3 (14.09.2021): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.3.347-352.
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One of the oldest transport universities in the country — the Russian University of Transport (RUT (MIIT)) — is 125 years old. The history of the university and transport education in general is reflected in the expositions of the university museum.The main historical periods of the development of the museum, starting from 1896, are noted: tsarist Russia, the soviet period until the Great Patriotic war of 1941-1945, the war and post-war years, the post-soviet period.The RUT Museum (MIIT), being the same age as the university, today is one of the oldest museums in Moscow. The collections of items collected in its funds are striking in their diversity and uniqueness. The museum has over 12,000 items, 7,000 of which are on permanent display for visitors. All cultural heritage sites are inextricably linked with the rich history of the university and the history of Russia. Most of the museum's collection is traditionally collected thanks to the help and support of the university staff, as well as its graduates from different years, who honor the traditions of the Alma mater and carefully preserve the history of the university for posterity.Taking into account the specifics of the museum, it is obvious that the number and themes of its expositions will only expand over time, which means that it will not lose its relevance for a very long time and will be of interest to guests of all ages and professions.
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Liu, Tengfei. „SCIENTIFIC BASE OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE PALEONTOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF LIAONING IN CHINA“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, Nr. 40 (2020): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/40/21.
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The article covers the formation of the scientific base for working with visitors at the Paleontological Museum of Liaoning in China. The original reason for the creation of the museum is stated, it was connected with 1990s, when numerous fossils were discovered in Liaoning province. The first of them were Sinosauropteryx and the Liaoning ancient fruit (Archaefructus liaoningensis). Later large number of fossils were discovered, they represent the flora and fauna of China existed more than 3 billion years ago. It is important to say that the Liaoning Provincial Department of Land Resources and Shenyang University saw scientific value of the paleontological findings. They decided to build a paleontological museum on a parity basis. Construction of the museum building at Shenyang University began in 2006, and the Paleontological Museum of Liaoning was opened in 2011. The world-famous paleontologists contributed immensely to the formation of the Paleontological Museum of Liaoning. They are Sun Ge (Chinese researcher), M.A. Akhmetyev (Russian scientist), F. Mosbrugger (director of the Museum of Natural History of Germany), K. Johnson (director of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA) and professor P. Godfroy (Royal Institute of Natural History of Belgium). The staff of the Liaoning Museum, part-time researchers, as well as student volunteers of the Shenyang University participated in the development of the museum resources. Thanks to joint hard work, the museum has collected more than 30 thousand paleontological fossils. At present, the collection of the Liaoning Museum includes all kinds of animals and plants of ancient China, they are subdivided into seven classification groups. The reliance on the rich resources of the museum ensured the creation of the exposition, which occupies eight exhibition halls. They exhibit genuine monuments of paleontology, as well as replicas and models. They acquaint visitors with the ancient world of China, communicate the geological history of the Liaoning province, and reveal the kingdom of dinosaurs. The author of article emphasizes that in 2011, when the museum was opened, a department for the popularization of science was formed along with other departments. The main task of the workers of this department was to carry out cultural and educational activities with specialists and ordinary visitors. The department organizes exhibitions in China and abroad, conducts seminars for workers of Chinese nature museums. The scientific and educational section within the department for popularization of science also work with schoolchildren. During the first nine years of the museum's creation, three million single visitors and twenty thousand social groups have visited Paleontological Museum of Liaoning. So the article reveals the importance of cultural and educational activities that ensures the cooperation of the Liaoning Museum with other schools and museums in China, brings the museum to the international level.
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Rudžianskaitė, Angelė, Anita Dabužinskienė, Lena Green und Vega Kriaučiūnienė. „August Rauber’s ideas for the creation of an Anatomy Museum in Lithuania (1920–1940)“. Papers on Anthropology 30, Nr. 1 (29.09.2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2021.30.1.03.
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Professor August Rauber (1841–1917) created the most important school of anatomy in the Baltic region. His students continued his educational and research work in their native countries. One of them was Professor Jurgis Žilinskas (1885–1957) who laid the foundation to Lithuanian anatomy and anthropology. From 1906–1912, he studied medicine at the University of Yuryev (Tartu) where Prof. A. Rauber worked for 25 years as Head of the Institute of Anatomy. In 1890, A. Rauber opened the Anatomy Museum there. In the university, J. Žilinskas maintained close contacts with Professors A. Rauber (1841–1917), N. N. Burdenko (1876–1946), W. Zoege-Manteuffel (1857–1926) and E. Landau (1878–1959). After graduation from the university, J. Žilinskas as a talented student was invited to work as an assistant at the Department of Hospital Surgery at Yuryev University. After Lithuania restored its independence on 16 February 1918, Prof. J. Žilinskas participated actively in the organization of medical studies in Lithuania (1922–1940) and was one of the creators and the principal patron of the Museum of Anatomy. Returning to Lithuania, J. Žilinskas brought along the most advanced ideas of his professors, especially of his honoured Prof. A. Rauber. During this period, the collection of the museum increased to 3,890 specimens. Osteological specimens comprised 1,925 (around 50%) of the specimens, wet specimens – 753 (19.3%), corrosion specimens – 467 (12%), transparent specimens – 201 (5.2%), dry specimens – 107 (2.8%) and models – 437. Professor J. Žilinskas’ collection constitutes 50% of the present exhibits at the Anatomy Museum of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences.
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Wawrzak, Małgorzata. „MIECZYSŁAW TRETER (1883–1943): PRECURSOR OF POLISH MUSEOLOGY“. Muzealnictwo 60 (25.09.2019): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5008.
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Mieczysław Treter is by no means an ordinary individual: an art historian, aesthetician, museum practitioner and theoretician-museologist, an individual of many professions, lecturer, journal editor, member of numerous organizations, propagator of Polish art abroad, manager, exhibition organizer. In the interwar period one of the most influential critics and art theoreticians, among the museum circles he was mainly known as the author of the recently reissued 1917 publication called Contemporary Museums. Museological Study. Beginnings, Types, Essence, and Organization of Museums. Public Museum Collections in Poland and Their Future Development. Born on 2 August 1883 in Lvov, in 1904 Mieczysław Henryk Treter started working with the Prince Lubomirski Museum as the scholarship holder of the Lvov Ossolineum. In 1910, he became Curator at the Museum, performing this function until the outbreak of WW I. He participated in the First Congress of Polish Museologists, held in Cracow on 4 and 5 April 1914. During WW I, he was in Kharkov and Crimea, and it was there that he wrote his most important study Contemporary Museums. In 1917, having moved to Kiev he became involved in the activity of the social movement for the care of Polish monuments throughout the former Russian Empire. In 1918, he returned to Lvov, became member of the national Eastern Galicia Conservation Circle, and retook the position of the Curator at the Prince Lubomirski Museum, to finally become its Director. On 4 February 1922, Mieczysław Treter was appointed Director of the State Art Collections, the position he retained until 1924. In 1926, he became Director of the Society for the Promotion of Polish Art Abroad, whose main task was to promote works of Polish artists in Poland and abroad. He passed away in Warsaw on 25 October 1943. Systematizing the theoretical knowledge and the report on the existing museums in the country deprived of its statehood in the book Contemporary Museums created a departure point for its Author, who following Poland’s regaining independence worked out the organization of state collections. Treter’s proposals were to regulate the position of Polish museum institutions complicated due to the partition period, for them, while rivaling foreign museums, to become elements boosting the young state’s prestige.
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Beisaw, April M., und Penelope H. Duus. „Repatriation as Inspiration“. Museum Worlds 4, Nr. 1 (01.07.2016): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2016.040108.
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ABSTRACTAt the turn of the twentieth century, American museums helped to legitimize archaeology as a scientific discipline. By the next century, repatriation legislation had forced archaeologists to confront the dehumanization that can take place when bodies and sacred objects are treated as scientific specimens. Charting the future(s) of archaeology-museum relationships requires us to (1) recognize where, when, and how harm has been done, (2) confront those harmful precedents, and (3) restructure collections and exhibits in ways that heal wounds and advance research. Current research on the 1916 Susquehanna River Expedition, an archaeology-museum project funded by George Gustav Heye, provides insight into how our predecessors viewed their work. Using the expedition project as backdrop, an archaeology professor and an undergraduate student engage in a dialogue that explores the changing roles of American museums as the public faces of archaeology, training grounds for young professionals, and cultural centers for us all.
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Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe, Daniel Caracanhas Cavallari, Douglas Rands und Barbara Mizumo Tomotani. „Publication practice in Taxonomy: Global inequalities and potential bias against negative results“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 6 (01.06.2022): e0269246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269246.
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There is broad recognition by practicing taxonomists that the field is going through a crisis, which has been dubbed the “taxonomic impediment”. There are many aspects involved in said crisis, but publication practices in taxonomy are often neglected or relegated to the backseat. We provide an initial foray into this topic via a worldwide survey with taxonomists, spanning all botanical and zoological groups, and career stages. Demographically, most of the respondents identified themselves as males (70%), working in Europe or North America (68%), in universities (50%) or museums (27%). Over half of the respondents are established/late-career researchers (only about 25% of full professors were female), with a low number of early-career researchers and graduate students (i.e., taxonomists in training). Nearly 61% of the men acquired their highest title at least eleven years ago, while only 41% of the women did so. Nearly 92% of the respondents have published new species descriptions, while around 60% and 26% have synonymized, respectively, species-level or subspecies-level taxa. In general, respondents perceive the act of describing new species to be easier than synonymizing species (p = 0.05). Established/late-career researchers and male researchers, particularly in Oceania and North America, found it easier to publish nomenclatural acts such as new species descriptions, while early-career researchers had their acts contested more often. Our results reaffirm the low academic recognition of the field, the lack of funding for research and publishing charges especially in the Global South, and the difficulty in finding specialized outlets (and the low impact factor of those journals) as persistent issues in taxonomy. Other significant problems raised by respondents include ethical issues in the peer-review process, a bias against newcomers in the field coming either from established researchers or committees, and taxonomic vandalism.
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Toșa, Ioan. „Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei și regii României“. Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 33 (20.12.2019): 206–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2019.33.13.
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The author presents several archive documents regarding the relations between the Transylvanian Museum of Ethnography and the Kings of Romania, providing useful information for knowing the Museum’s history. The first document presented is Decision 7487 of December 21, 1922, signed by Prince Carol; this Decision, by appointing Professor Romulus Vuia as the institution’s director, recognizes all the achievements of the Commission that Professor Vuia had established in the spring of 1922 for the purchase of A. Orosz Collection, in order to set up an ethnographic museum in Cluj. The article presents the List of objects to be collected for the Ethnographic Museum; in this list the first attempt was made to specify the notion of ethnographic object and to establish the field of ethnography as an independent science. In the next part of the paper, there are some documents showing the contribution of the Royal Foundation and of the Ministry of Arts and Religious Affairs to supporting Professor Vuia in the creation and development of ethnographic museography by establishing modern systems of evidence, conservation and valorization of the museum heritage. At the end of the article, the author presents several documents regarding the two visits of King Carol II to the Museum, the first visit in 1930, with the Queen Mother, and the second in 1937, when the Museum was inaugurated in the City Park building; the author also presents two photos taken during the visit of King Michael and Queen Anne at the Museum in 2008.
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Tatarko, Iryna. „ELEMENTS OF THE FORMATION OF MARITIME EDUCATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF MARITIME MUSEUMS“. Pedagogical Education:Theory and Practice 35 (21.03.2024): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-9763.2023-112-122.
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The article refers to the development of maritime museums in Ukraine and their influence on maritime education. The author highlights that one of the urgent tasks of significant economic increase in Ukraine during the years of independence is the preservation and development of the maritime industry. Higher educational institutions and maritime museums are of considerable importance in achieving this goal. There are many museums in Ukraine; however, the researchers have paid little attention to the study of maritime ones. It has been ascertained that there are 14 maritime museums in Ukraine. They are considered to be an appropriate place to preserve maritime traditions and longstanding artefacts, some of them being dated back the centuries. They contain unique exhibits of ships and submarines, photographs and particularly striking documents, clothing and devices, paintings and other antiques. The maritime museums were created with the help of employees, teachers, students, individuals, and people who used to work in the navy and merchant fleet. The author confirms that the museums have become the centres of research. Their objects and stores are used by schoolchildren, as well as by students when undertake projects, any scientific papers and diploma theses. The museums have become the basis for various clubs in the field of tourism and local history. The main problems of the museum sector nowadays have been identified; some of them are as follows: imperfection of the legislation in this area, lack of exhibition space, lack of a reliable system of accounting and storage of museum funds, inadequate level of protection of exhibits, insufficient staffing and information support. But the most crucial problem is the war: all the museums are under the threat of destruction every day. For example, on August 2, 2023, the building that housed the Museum of the History of the Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company in Izmail was destroyed. Museums on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol are under annexation. The author concludes that maritime museums in Ukraine play an important role in the system of maritime education and influence the formation of patriotism and interest in one of the oldest and most romantic professions in the world, the profession of a seafarer.
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Kazantseva, Olga A. „Museum education of history students at the Udmurt State University“. Issues of Museology 14, Nr. 2 (2024): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu27.2023.207.
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The article considers the museum education of students (on the example of educational, museum practice) at the university, which is an integral part of the general culture of modern youth and is based on the experience of communication with museums in the family and school. Educational museum practice at the Institute of History and Sociology of the Udmurt State University of Izhevsk (direction of training 46.03.01 “History”, bachelors) has a purpose and objectives, stages, program and base of conduct. The results of the students’ museum practice in the field of formation of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, development of professional competencies are presented. The experience of conducting is summarized and certain problems are identified both in the organization of educational practice by the university (per diem and the amount for accommodation in practice, the choice of a museum as a place of practice, mutually beneficial cooperation “university to museum”, “museum to university”), and in the implementation of students’ activities in various departments of museums. The idea is expressed about the prospects of the work of students-historians during the internship at the museum, not only as museum employees, but also as volunteers (guides, fund workers, researchers, etc.) in the organization of events held by the institution. Volunteering helps students to better understand the content of the work of a particular museum, have a clearer idea of modern professions in the museum, immerse themselves in the museum space. The work of students in the field of project activities on the subject of the department, the formation of a student’s personal interest in the course work or tasks of the basic museum is relevant in educational practice.
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Pidvalna, Uliana, und Lesya Mateshuk-Vatseba. „Mortui vivos docent [The dead teach the living]“. Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2019): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698377.
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AbstractMedical museums are a record of the history of the medical thought processes. The Anatomical museum of the Department of Normal Anatomy located in the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University was founded in 1894 by Professor Henryk Kadyi (1851–1912). The museum includes a number of unique objects and displays > 2,000 specimens. These medical artifacts include both normal anatomy and malformed artifacts. The museum is divided into three sections that are arranged according to the systems of the body and a method of preparing specimens. The vast array of preserved specimens represents comparative, developmental, gender, systemic, dynamic, plastic, and descriptive anatomy. Besides the Anatomical museum, the historical treasure is the Anatomical Theater, the oldest auditorium at the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University that preserved its authenticity. These educational places teach us not only about morphology, but also help us appreciate the beauty of the human body.
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Vayron, Olivier. „Le patrimoine scientifique des Invisibles. Reconsidérer les Petites–Mains au service de l’anatomie comparée au Muséum de Paris“. ORGANON 53 (29.11.2021): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00786500.org.21.005.14790.
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Au sein du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, les assistants naturalistes formaient une classe particulière au XIXe siècle. Ces employés produisaient une grande partie des collections de l’institution, contribuaient activement aux travaux des professeurs, et participaient même parfois à leur renommée. Néanmoins, ces assistants étaient plongés dans l’ombre des scientifiques, à tel point que nombre d’entre eux ont complètement disparu de la mémoire du Muséum. Dans certains cas, notamment pour les moulages d’après le vivant, leur travail est même attribué à de grandes personnalités, souvent à des professeurs. Les assistants naturalistes semblent historiographiquement peu étudiés; pourtant l’examen de ces employés à travers leurs productions matérielles permettrait de mieux comprendre l’histoire du Muséum et le développement de ses chaires. The Scientific Patrimony of the Invisibles: a Reconsideration of the Little Hands in the Service of Comparative Anatomy at the Muséum de Paris Within the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, the assistant naturalists of the 19th century formed a particular class. These employees produced a large part of the institution’s collections, actively contributed to the work of the professors, and sometimes even participated in their renown. Nevertheless, these assistants were engulfed in the shadows of the scientists, to such an extent that many of them have completely disappeared from the memory of the Museum. In some cases, especially for life casts, their work is even attributed to the great personalities, often to professors. Assistant naturalists appear to be under–studied; yet the examination of these employees through their material productions would allow a better understanding of the Museum’s history and the development of its departments.
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Gomes Moreira, Priscila Carla. „EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUMS“. Revista da FUNDARTE 58, Nr. 58 (25.03.2024): e1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.19179/rdf.v58i58.1065.
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Este artigo analisa as ações educativas em arte contemporânea referentes à Exposição Eu Estou Aqui Agora promovida pela Fundação Vera Chaves Barcellos (FVCB) em 2019, a partir do Programa Educativo da instituição que é responsável pela criação e desenvolvimento das ações através do material educativo impresso e digital, cursos de formação para Professores, entre outras ações que fazem parte do programa. O presente texto busca compreender os impactos e a importância na realidade dos educadores e dos alunos envolvidos. A identificação das ações ocorreu a partir do site da instituição, do material educativo impresso, de entrevistas com a coordenação do setor educativo da referida Fundação, da coordenadora pedagógica da Secretaria de Educação de Viamão e de um Professor que participou das ações educativas da exposição e que pôde trabalhar com os seus alunos as atividades propostas por essas ações, relatando a importância das suas experiências vividas na instituição, na escola e com os seus alunos. O estudo descreve as potencialidades no processo educacional em arte contemporânea em uma formação dedicada especialmente à comunidade onde está localizada a FVCB.
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Gillbank, Linden. „University Botany in Colonial Victoria: Frederick McCoy's Botanical Classes and Collections at the University of Melbourne“. Historical Records of Australian Science 19, Nr. 1 (2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr08002.
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Botany was part of the broad intellectual territory of one of the University of Melbourne's four foundation chairs. From his appointment in 1854 until his death in 1899, Frederick McCoy was the Professor of Natural Science and, for most of that time, also honorary Director of the Colony of Victoria's National Museum. McCoy gained ideas about botany and botanic gardens and museums while studying and working at the University of Cambridge, where he attended Professor John Stevens Henslow's botany lectures in 1847. With help from Henslow and Victoria's Government Botanist, Ferdinand Mueller, McCoy acquired botanical collections and developed a class (system) garden at the University of Melbourne, where he taught botany to arts and medical students from 1863 until the establishment of the science degree and arrival of the Professor of Biology in 1887 left him only a rarely-taken botanical subject.
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Saladino, Alejandra, und Tiago Silva Alves Muniz. „Percepções sobre patrimônio cultural, efetividades e possibilidades“. Cadernos do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) 17, Nr. 34 (22.12.2020): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/lepaarq.v17i34.19228.
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As Perguntas Respostas (QA) abaixo convidam à reflexão sobre patrimônio cultural, sua institucionalização, conflitos/negociação e abordagens desde o patrimônio aplicado aos estudos de patrimônio crítico. Aspectos sobre patrimônio integral, educação patrimonial, patrimônio arqueológico e sua relação com museus, profissionais da arqueologia e sociedade são alguns dos tópicos aqui abordados. Para debater tais tópicos, Alejandra Saladino, museóloga, especialista em conservação, mestra em arqueologia e professora Departamento de Estudos e Processos Museológicos da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) e do Mestrado Profissional em Preservação do Patrimônio Cultural (IPHAN) compartilha seu ponto de vista mirado para uma sociedade sustentável. Abstract: The Questions Answers (QA) below invites to reflect on cultural heritage, its institutionalization, conflicts / negotiation and approaches from applied heritage to critical heritage studies. Aspects about integral heritage, heritage education, archaeological heritage and its relationship with museums, archeology professionals and society are some of the topics covered here. To discuss such topics, Alejandra Saladino, museologist, conservation specialist, master in archeology and professor Department of Museological Studies and Processes at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) and the Professional Master in Cultural Heritage Preservation (IPHAN) shares their point of view aimed at a sustainable society.
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PICKSTONE, JOHN. „Obituary: Professor Donald Cardwell (4 August 1919–8 May 1998)“. British Journal for the History of Science 32, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1999): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499003799.
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Before the Second World War, few scholars knew how to incorporate science, technology and medicine into social, political or economic history. Nowadays many historians know the methods: university courses, books and (some) museums manifest their skills. For the ‘greats’ of science, and for many lesser figures and groups, we are able to relate scientific ‘works’ to ‘lives’, contexts and audiences, with an analytical sophistication matching the best of current intellectual and cultural history. This progress in historiography owes much to the intellectual and institutional bases built in the 1950s and 1960s, not least in the universities of northern England. Among the pioneers, Donald Cardwell was a perspicacious and persistent innovator, especially in Manchester, where he helped develop both a school of historians and a marvellous museum of science and industry.
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Bergdoll, Barry. „Memento mori or eternal Modernism? The Bauhaus at MoMA, 1938“. Education and Reuse, Nr. 61 (2019): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/61.a.xgbb50il.
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On the occasion of the exhibition which I co-curated at New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) with Leah Dickerman in 2009 for the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Bauhaus (and the 80th anniversary of the founding of the museum), I delved into the museum’s archives to shed light on the political context as well as the complex logistics of the museum’s earlier Bauhaus exhibition staged in 1938. The museum’s 1938 book that accompanied that important episode in the early reception of the Bauhaus in America remained the standard work on the school and its art philosophy in the English speaking world until the publication of the English translation of Hans Maria Wingler’s monumental Bauhaus in 1969. This essay, addressing the exhibition staged in New York and the misconceptions about the Bauhaus it set in motion for many years, is based on a lecture I gave at the exhibition symposium; a version of that text was published for the first time in a book of essays published in honor of one of my professors at the University of Cambridge, Jean Michel Massing, in 2016. This is a slightly modified version for the 100th anniversary of the Bauhaus, a decade later.
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Prudencienne, Maguia Momo Danielle, Bela Cyrille und Atsa Etoundi Roger. „Implementation of the Digital Transformation of Museum Collection Management Processes in the City of Yaounde – Cameroon“. East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature 6, Nr. 09 (29.09.2023): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjehl.2023.v06i09.007.
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Objective: the aim of this article is to present the contributions of digital transformation to the process of managing museum collections. Methodology: this study is descriptive and analytical. It focuses on the "implementation of digital transformation in the management of museum collections in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon". The research itself, along with direct and participant observations, took place from 1 February to 30 March 2022. The qualitative research made it possible to take stock of the conservation of collections in the museums of Blackitude, the Fondation Salomon Tandeng Muna (FSTM) in the district of Yaoundé 1, and the Bénédictins - in the district of Yaoundé 2, the political capital of Cameroon, which is also the experimental zone. The collection and analysis of non-quantifiable data led to the following results. Results: Digitised collections, websites, virtual spaces... these are just a few examples of the multitude and variety of systems that have gradually become part of the museum world. However, museums in general, and those in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, still face challenges that cannot be managed manually. These include the organisational and technical changes brought about by the use of digital technology, and the financial problems that arise when museums have to manage themselves. Digital technology is bringing new business models to the fore. Lastly, there is the problem of employability for young people, because according to the experts, 80% of digital jobs are still unknown to the public. Conclusion: The use of digital technology in the management of museum collections is leading to organisational changes in both the conservation and display of collections, new working methods, a new economic model, new professions (IT security, digital hanging, digital labelling, etc.) and those that will remain unchanged (cleaning, disinsectisation).