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1
Johnson, Madeline, und Betsy D. Gelb. „Cyber-Libel: Policy Trade-Offs“. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 21, Nr. 1 (April 2002): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.21.1.152.17598.
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The laws that limit the publication of false but harmful statements about goods, services, or the companies that produce them do not extend to Internet service providers in the same way they do to older media. Companies therefore are vulnerable to negative communication from sources whose anonymity provides the heart of a legal dilemma: freedom of expression and privacy versus the right to damages when libeled. This dilemma leads the authors to suggest public policy and corporate policy remedies.
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Saxonhouse, Gary R. „What Does Japanese Trade Structure Tell Us About Japanese Trade Policy?“ Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, Nr. 3 (01.08.1993): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.3.21.
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Some argue foreign access to Japanese markets remains tightly controlled and that if Japan is to be a member in good standing of the international economic system, Japan must do more than just adhere to the formal rules of the GATT; Japan must show by the results of its international economic transactions that foreign access to its market is not tightly controlled. As this point of view is increasingly dominating American economic diplomacy with Japan, it is particularly important that its premise be examined. First I examine Japan's growth record and trade record. To the extent that Japan's trade performance is different, I explore whether the difference can legitimately be attributed to Japanese policies. This paper finds that neither the price behavior of Japanese firms nor the pattern and volume of what Japan imports or exports suggests that Japan's trade regime is different. Some of Japan's economic institutions may be distinctive but there is little evidence they produce outcomes which distort the international economic system. What remains to be explained is the conviction of so many that Japan is more a parasite than a pillar of the international economic system. The record of economic research directly and indirectly bearing on this issue does not support such a conclusion at all.
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Grindal, Karl. „Trade regimes as a tool for cyber policy“. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2018-0042.
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PurposeThis research develops a framework for assessing international trade regimes which could be used to address global cybersecurity challenges based on the corresponding costs of implementation and their distribution. Trade regimes, such as export controls, tariffs, investment restrictions and localization requirements, have disparate effects on foreign and domestic producers and consumers.Design/methodology/approachThese trade regimes and their effects are explored through a literature review and conceptual framework. A case study then assesses trends in the use of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS).FindingsCFIUS investment restrictions have justified blocking specific Chinese acquisitions of American companies, at least partially, on cybersecurity grounds using a targeted and evidence-based approach. Because of its targeted effect, CFIUS is the least likely of these trade regimes to block legitimate international trade. Restrictions on international trade, without sufficient cause, produce dead weight loss under the theory of comparative advantage.Originality/valueThese costs should be accounted for in any policy-based decision, particularly as policy entrepreneurs increasingly push for embedding cybersecurity reforms into these trade regimes. While the literature on trade regimes and cybersecurity is growing, this paper advances this research with its comparative framework.
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Hollifield, C. Ann. „The Specialized Business Press and Industry-Related Political Communication: A Comparative Study“. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1997): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400407.
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Although trade publications produce half as many copies as consumer magazines and twice as many as daily newspapers, there has been little study of their role and performance in the U.S. media system. This study compared coverage of an industry-related policy proposal, the National Information Infrastructure, by the communication-industry trade press, non-communication-industry trade press, and newspapers. The study found that trade media appear to function as an insider channel of communication in the early stages of industry-related policy processes, but that they are less likely than nonindustry-related media to cover the social implications of industry policy proposals.
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Baker, Andy. „Why is Trade Reform So Popular in Latin America?: A Consumption-Based Theory of Trade Policy Preferences“. World Politics 55, Nr. 3 (April 2003): 423–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2003.0014.
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Despite wavy national economies and a perception among observers that economic globalization is growing increasingly unpopular, aggregate support for free trade remains quite high across Latin America. This finding is robust to the wording of survey questions and has been quite resilient through time, even in the face of economic stagnation. Current theories of trade preferences, including the widely applied Heckscher-Ohlin model, do not explain this trend. Instead, the author proposes a theory of trade preferences based not on what citizens produce but on what they consume. Statistical analyses of different surveys, including one conducted in fourteen Latin American countries, demonstrate that a consumption-based approach best accounts for trade preferences across individuals and countries. Moreover, the theory provides an explanation for the overall popularity of free trade in Latin America: citizens recognize and appreciate the lower price, increased variety, and higher quality of goods that have come in the wake of trade liberalization.
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Kashyap, Usha, und Neha Bothra. „Sino-US Trade and Trade War“. Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.879180.
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Trade has been one of the most primary reasons behind economic association. Cross-border trade not only makes the markets cost-efficient but rather also brings up a higher degree of specialization to the respective nations. Bilateral trades have proven to be quintessential to both sides of the deal. However, on a parallel front, every economy has a self-interest toward the domestic produce, and they also try to defend their local manufacturers from cross-border competition. The United States has an “America-first” policy. Whenever the United States imposes tariffs and duties, similar responses have been observed by China. These moves are an area of great concern for global trade. The impact is often visible on the rest of the world. A trade-off exists between domestic economic growth and favored imports. This study is an attempt to discuss the trade relations between the United States and China and how this has led to a trade war. The trade tensions between the United States and China may continue for a few more years. There is a battle for economic supremacy and global leadership. This study explains why the United States is increasing tariffs on Chinese goods and how China is retaliating. This US–China trade war has affected not only the two economies but also the world economy. This study elucidates the repercussions of trade war on the international supply chain and the countries of the European Union. This study has also endeavored to discuss the impact of this trade war on the Indian economy. It is a golden opportunity for India to increase exports to China, the United States, and Europe.
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Shayo, Moses. „Social Identity and Economic Policy“. Annual Review of Economics 12, Nr. 1 (02.08.2020): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-082019-110313.
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I review evidence that individuals associate themselves—or identify—with groups in two fundamental ways: ingroup bias and conformity to group norms. The evidence spans many spheres of economic activity, including consumption, production, hiring, promotion, education, cooperation, financial investments, and law enforcement. Group identities are not fixed, even when it comes to ethnic and religious identities. I argue that the choice of identity can be captured by a simple trade-off between gains from group status and costs to distance from the group. I outline a simple conceptual framework that captures the main empirical regularities and illustrate how it can be used to study the two-way interaction between economic policy and social identity. The analysis implies, e.g., that inequality and immigration of low-skilled workers can strengthen nationalism and reduce redistribution, and that changes in the economic environment can produce shifts in identification patterns that feed into trade policy. Finally, I discuss open theoretical questions and domains where the interaction between identity and economic activity is not well understood. This includes the provision of public services, the evolution of gender norms, and the use of identity to motivate workers.
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Folfas, Pawel, und Beáta Udvari. „Chemical industry and value-added trade – A comparative study on Hungary and Poland“. Acta Oeconomica 69, Nr. 1 (März 2019): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.1.5.
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Nowadays, global production networks (GPN) and global value chains (GVC) play an important role in the world economy intensifying the trade and production networks and resulting in products having value-added in different countries. The analysis of how many intermediate products a country imports in order to produce a product and of how many products a country exports to another country in order to produce new products draws the attention to value-added trade. In the present study, we compare the Hungarian and Polish value-added trade of chemicals and chemical products. We use the OECD-WTO data of value-added trade, which is based on an input-output table. By calculating numerous indices, we reveal that the domestic value-added of chemicals and chemical products in the two countries was relatively low and should be increased by adequate economic policy.
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Mikhnevich, S. „Multifunctionality of Agriculture and Its Influence on the Process of International Trade Liberalization“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 1 (20.01.2003): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-1-117-127.
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The essence of the modern concept of multifunctionality of agriculture is analysed in the article. Three multifunctional aspects of agricultural sector, the influence of the concept of multifunctionality on the process of trade policy negotiations in the framework of the WTO, the impact of the said concept on the process of liberalization of the international trade of agricultural produce are considered.
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Nikolic, Goran. „Uticaj spoljne trgovine na ekonomski rast“. Ekonomski anali 50, Nr. 165 (2005): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0565145n.
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This paper presents a survey of a great number of recent studies which investigate relation between trade (trade openness) and economic growth by means of regression analysis. On the basis of this research, it can be concluded that there are no firm connections between foreign trade and growth but prevailing majority of studies show positive and statistically revealed moderately significant impact of foreign trade (trade openness) on growth. For developing and transition countries (such as Serbia), a more consistent trade liberalization would produce higher and hopefully sustainable growth of GDP, with reliance on prudent fiscal and monetary policy, stable and undiscriminatory foreign exchange rate and a lower level of corruption.
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D’Addona, Stefano, und Lilia Cavallari. „External Shocks, Trade Margins, and Macroeconomic Dynamics“. Economies 8, Nr. 1 (14.01.2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8010006.
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This paper studies the role of the exchange rate regime for trade of new products. It first provides VAR evidence that a rise in external productivity shifts trade away from new products and more so in fixed regimes. Then, it presents a model with firm dynamics in line with this evidence. We argue that exchange rate policy can affect firms’ entry decisions with consequences for the competitiveness of a country’s exports well beyond the short run. In our setup, fixed exchange rates can foster the competitiveness of firms that trade new products, while flexible rates favor firms that produce mature products.
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BOTTERILL, LINDA COURTENAY. „Valuing Agriculture: Balancing Competing Objectives in the Policy Process“. Journal of Public Policy 24, Nr. 2 (01.07.2004): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x04000108.
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In an era of increasing emphasis on free trade and market deregulation, agricultural policy in advanced industrialized countries remains an anomaly, with many countries continuing to intervene in markets for farm produce. Since the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations the scrutiny of these interventions has made clear that governments have a range of objectives for their agricultural policies, some unrelated to economic factors. Concern about the future of rural communities, preservation of the countryside, the environment, food safety and animal welfare goals feature to varying degrees in agricultural policy settings. This paper explores the values influencing the formulation of agricultural policy and proposes a policy map of the combination of values reflected in particular policy settings. The map can give a better understanding of why particular policy approaches emerge in some polities and not others.
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Brawley, Mark R. „“And we would have the field”: U.S. Steel and American trade policy, 1908–1912“. Business and Politics 19, Nr. 3 (18.04.2017): 424–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.9.
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AbstractRecent surveys revealed few producers in an export sector participate in trade. Economists explained this result by relaxing their assumption about firms’ operations, to produce a novel observation: Trade liberalization disproportionately benefits the most efficient producers in the sector, while potentially harming the least efficient. Political scientists have begun exploring the consequences of this variation, especially in lobbying. This article explores whether the impact of this finer-grained description of interests can be observed in the later stages of our demand-driven models of the politics of trade. I focus on one case with characteristics favorable to observing intra-industry differences: the American steel industry in Taft's presidency. A trade-based cleavage inside the sector determined firms’ interests. Demands shaped policy, as observed in three pieces of legislation: the Payne-Aldrich Act, reciprocity with Canada, and the 1912 tariff. The first liberalized trade in steel, intensifying competition in the industry. The second promised to do the same, with a similar impact. The third had no effect, however, because Taft vetoed the bill. This case illustrates intra-industry firm heterogeneity can provide additional accuracy, revealing a previously undiscovered cleavage. Nonetheless, preferences alone did not determine policy.
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Gallardo, Julio López. „Comparative advantage, economic growth and free trade“. Revista de Economia Contemporânea 9, Nr. 2 (August 2005): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-98482005000200004.
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The paper has two objectives. The first is to discuss whether developing countries can benefit by specializing according to their comparative advantage. The second objective is to discuss if an economy that adopts a free market policy, will in effect achieve greater economic efficiency. The author concludes that specialization according to comparative advantage would indeed benefit a country. He also argues that in an economy ruled by free competition and without governmental interference, market signals and forces are not by themselves sufficient to provide the necessary incentives to producers so that they fully use the available resources, and produce and trade according to comparative advantage.
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Nalley, Lanier, Michael Popp, Zara Niederman, Kristofor Brye und Marty Matlock. „How Potential Carbon Policies Could Affect Where and How Cotton Is Produced in the United States“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 41, Nr. 2 (August 2012): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003361.
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Using life cycle assessment methodology, this analysis evaluates how two carbon reduction strategies affect cotton plantings regionally and methods used to produce cotton. Because cotton production emits large amounts of carbon, the design of a reduction policy as either excluding soil sequestration through cap-and-trade or including it through carbon offset is likely to affect the success of the policy. A cap-and-trade program that ignores the amount of carbon cotton would sequester in the soil during its life cycle could increase net emissions by rewarding producers whose crops emit limited carbon directly but also sequester little carbon in the ground.
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Popiel, Pawel. „The Push to Regulate Digital Markets and Services“. Current History 122, Nr. 840 (01.01.2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.840.15.
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In the past few years, efforts to regulate digital platform services have grown in analytical sophistication, acquired political momentum, and started to produce legislative and regulatory interventions. The emerging policy frameworks—which tend to focus on content, data, and market power concerns—show degrees of variation, by region and by policy domain, and reflect various normative and policy goals. This essay examines their underlying policy goals, normative commitments, and the tensions and trade-offs they present.
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Thompson, William R., und Lawrence Vescera. „Growth waves, systemic openness, and protectionism“. International Organization 46, Nr. 2 (1992): 493–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830002779x.
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There is a distinctively repetitive quality about trade policy problems. Domestic economic growth slows; producers seek protection against foreign competitors; and national decision makers raise barriers to trade while at the same time criticizing their counterparts in other governments for engaging in similar practices. Because trade is one of the more important topics in international and comparative political economy and because this scenario has played itself out more than a few times, it is not surprising that a number of theorists have sought to model the underlying processes thought to produce movements toward and away from protectionism.
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Kraido Socrates, Majune, und Mwania Davis Kimuli. „Pragmatic History of Economic Thought: Explaining Trade Practices and Policies in Kenya“. Tanzanian Economic Review 10, Nr. 1 (30.06.2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ter.v10i1.59.
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This study explains trade regimes and practices in Kenya from a history of economic thought (HET) perspective using secondary materials. We find that the trade landscape in Kenya is divided into three periods: pre-colonial (before 1895), colonial (1895-1962), and post-colonial (1963 to date). The first two eras did not have a clear trade policy. The pre-colonial era had a mixture of classical doctrines and mercantilism whereby long-distance and barter trade between communities were practiced. Nonetheless, certain communities restricted trade. Classical economic thought was practiced in the colonial period (1895-1962), whereby agricultural produce was exported and less expensive consumables were imported. The postcolonial period started with a mercantilism approach (import-substitution) but successive regimes have promoted classical doctrines of trade by reducing import and export barriers, and creating trade-promotion institutions. Trade in services, which is topical in international trade, has also been promoted in this regime.
JEL Codes: B10, B17, B20, B27
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Watt, Andrew, und Volker Hallwirth. „The policy mix and policy coordination in EMU - how can it contribute to higher growth and employment?“ Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, Nr. 4 (November 2003): 610–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900407.
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This article makes a case for improved coordination between the three main areas of economic policy - monetary, fiscal and wage policy - in the context of EMU. Focusing in particular on the monetary-wage policy link, it argues that, in an uncertain world, a coordinated macro policy mix would produce superior results than the current policy assignment, raising the rate at which the European economy can grow without inflationary pressures. However, such a strategy must overcome a number of practical difficulties and political opposition. The Macroeconomic Dialogue could provide a forum for discussions between policy actors on a more cooperative, growth and employment-oriented strategy. Trade unions must play a key role both in coordinating their wage policies and in promoting greater interaction with the other policy-mix actors.
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Manu, Thaddeus. „The Complexity of Using the Patent Standards Under TRIPS for the Promotion of Domestic Industrial Development in Developing Countries in the Absence of Local Working Requirements: Rethinking the Role“. Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 3 (01.06.2017): 517–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017021.
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This article confronts the most basic question, which is whether in its traditional legislative intent the principle of patent working requirements would as an instrument of government policy in the mist of global value chains definitely guarantee industrial growth for developing countries and least developed countries LDCs. The author argues that globalization has promoted an increasing fragmentation of production, that is, in a dynamic economic efficiency and open trade environment, much of manufacturing today is trade in components from different sources, and seeking to produce all of them locally would be contrary to division of labour and undermines the very existence of the WTO’s mandate to preserve the basic principles and to further the overriding objectives underlying the multilateral trading system, which is to reduce barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations. Therefore, a key distinction in thinking about policy is that as an instrument of government policy the patent working requirement is, on its own, insufficient, less prudence and not the smartest route to secure rapid socio-economic growth, as countries have more to lose from a confrontational scenario of implementing patent working requirements, and more to gain when they join the global supply chain to exploit its numerous opportunities.
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Chan, David C., und Michael J. Dickstein. „Industry Input in Policy Making: Evidence from Medicare*“. Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, Nr. 3 (17.04.2019): 1299–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz005.
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Abstract In setting prices for physician services, Medicare solicits input from a committee that evaluates proposals from industry. The committee itself comprises members from industry; we investigate whether this arrangement leads to regulatory capture with prices biased toward industry interests. We find that increasing a measure of affiliation between the committee and proposers by one standard deviation increases prices by 10%. We then evaluate whether employing a biased committee as an intermediary may nonetheless be desirable, if greater affiliation allows the committee to extract information needed for regulation. We find industry proposers more affiliated with the committee produce less hard evidence in their proposals. However, on soft information, we find evidence of a trade-off: private insurers set prices that more closely track Medicare prices generated under higher affiliation.
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Ekanem, N. Frank. „US trade and investment in Africa: What are the prospects for the 21st century?“ South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, Nr. 1 (31.03.2002): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i1.3294.
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African countries considered in this study face many supply constraints and so lack the capacity to produce. Export promotion effort cannot be successful unless such constraints are removed. Transparency in governance, improvements in basic infrastructure and economic liberalization are some of the ways to remove such constraints. Direct private investment to accelerate economic expansion rather than exchange rate manipulations are needed before export promotion policy can be successful.
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Memon, Mohammad Salih, Abdul Sattar Shah, Mushtaque Ali Jariko, Mr Sarmad Rahat und Faiz Muhammad Shaikh. „Mapping Issues of Textile Industry of Pakistan with Trade Policy Framework“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, Nr. 6 (30.08.2015): 2241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i6.2116.
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The current research investigates Mapping Issues of Textile Industry of Pakistan with Trade Policy Framework. Data were collected from Primary as well as secondary sources It is a statistical research technique in decision making that is used for the selection of a limited number of tasks that produce significant overall effect. It separates the few major problems from the many possible problems. It is named after Vilfredo Pareto, a 19th-century Italian economist. It can summarize all types of data. It can be applied to almost anything. It was revealed that four issues may be solved by the Government through trade policy of Pakistan as shown in figure 7-12 below. First and issue that in the international Markets Preferential Treatment is provided to the competitors and the second issue about Imposition of Anti-dumping duties on Pakistan’s exports may be solved by Rationalizing Tariff Protection Policy (TPP) High tariff protection maintained over a period of time tends to erode competitiveness and affects consumer welfare. Therefore to protect Industry from High Tariffs, Ministry of Commerce will adopt some guiding principles to create a competitive environment that caters for dual aspects of providing level playing field for Pakistani firms in international markets; By Signing Favorable international agreements, Promote competitive markets in Pakistan, Ensure conformity to international agreements and practices, Promote domestic and foreign investment, Create level playing field for Pakistani firms in international as well as domestic markets, Due consideration to consumer welfare, Cater to the changing needs of Pakistan’s economy and create an enabling environment to pursue the legitimate goal of Industrialization in Pakistan. Due to the prompt implementation of the above policy measure by Government on 12th December 2013 European Union granted GSP-Plus status to Pakistan, It gives exporters duty-free access to 27 European countries. GSP (Generalized system of Preference) is exemption of WTO member countries from tariffs by considering as a least developed nation and granted till 2017. It is a chance to export more than US$1 billion worth of products and earn profits of more than Rs1 trillion per year.
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Simanjuntak, Damiana, und Doriani Lingga. „Strategic Trade Policy in the Presence of International Outsourcing in a Duopoly Model“. KINERJA 21, Nr. 2 (16.09.2017): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v21i2.1285.
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This paper analyzes how domestic government sets its optimal export policy in a duopoly model when its domestic firm can only outsource its input while the rival firm is able to both produce and outsource its input. First we analyze the strategic outsourcing behavior of the foreign firm. We find that the foreign firm’s decisions on whether to outsource input or to make it by itself depend on the trade policy taken by the domestic government. The foreign firm will strategically outsource the entire quantity of its input production to the supplier with an input price higher than its in-house cost, if the domestic firm is subsidized by the domestic government. However, when the domestic firm is being charged a positive export tax by the domestic government, the foreign firm will decide to make input by itself despite the lower input price under the outsourcing regime. From the domestic government’s point of view, we find that the conditions for the foreign firm’s decisions correspond to the domestic social welfare maximization problem. When the foreign firm chooses to outsource its input to the supplier, the domestic government will impose a negative export tax on its firm, namely subsidy. While when the foreign firm chooses to make input by itself, the domestic government will impose an export tax on its firm as trade policy.Keywords: Trade Policy, Export Tax, Subsidy, Outsourcing
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Marshall, Liz. „Carving Out Policy Space for Sustainability in Biofuel Production“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 36, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2007): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007024.
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Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel are increasingly promoted as green alternatives to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Scaling up feedstock production to produce enough biofuel to displace a significant portion of current petroleum demand will put pressure on land and water resources both domestically and internationally, however, and could potentially be accompanied by unacceptable changes in landscape-level land use patterns and provisioning of ecosystem services. Ensuring that feedstock production is sustainable and that biofuels provide the social and environmental benefits that are often attributed to them will require a carefully designed portfolio of agricultural, forestry, energy, and trade policies related to biofuels and feedstock production. Despite the difficulties associated with development and application of such policies, they should be in place before further policy incentive is provided for expansion of biofuel industries.
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Khatri, Mukti Bahadur. „Trade war between China and USA: Implications to Nepal“. Economic Journal of Nepal 40, Nr. 1-4 (31.12.2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v40i1-4.35948.
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The study examines the dynamic relationship along with disputes between the trade of China and the United States of America (U.S.A.). The study used a comparative analysis by investigating relative changes in the position of the foreign trade since 1960 A.D. On the basis of more than 50 years observations, there is a significant relationship between foreign trade of China and the U.S.A. Similarly, there are different causes of trade disputes between china and the U.S.A.. Its comparative advantage is that it can produce goods for lower costs than other countries. So, recent days, American companies cannot compete with low costs of China. Another reason is the view of President Donald J Trump like 'the trade wars good and easy to win'. In short run, trade wars have a positive impact on trade, but in the long term, it makes slow rate of economic growth, employment and weak the protected domestic industry. Similarly, it affects both economies of China and the U.S.A. and also promotes regional trade and dumping policy. Accordingly, exports base of Nepal is weak and its exports to China are being affected due to trade wars, despite the fact that trade to the United States does not affect.
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Achar, Sandesh. „Early Consequences Regarding the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on International Trade“. American Journal of Trade and Policy 6, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.634.
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The consequences of this new technology for international trade have recently garnered much attention, thanks to the growing interest in AI's effects on the economy and society. Given the current reevaluation of the advantages of globalization by the world's leading nations, the focus continues to be on the policies governing international commerce. Understanding and forecasting future trade patterns is a high priority for decision-making within and between countries. This is because trade significantly impacts employment, production, pricing, and wages. Even though conventional economic models are intended to be accurate forecasters, we investigate the prospect that Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can produce more accurate predictions and associations. In addition, we describe contextual AI algorithms that can be used to analyze trade patterns disrupted by unusual occurrences such as trade wars and pandemics. The fuel for the algorithms that can forecast, recommend, and categorize policies can only be provided by open-government data; therefore, having access to these data is vital. The information gathered for this study describes the economic elements usually linked with international trade transactions. Association Rules are used for grouping commodity pairs. Finally, models and their results are presented and then appraised in terms of the quality of their predictions and associations, with example policy implications provided. This paper explores the interlinkages between AI technologies and international trade and outlines key trade policy considerations for policymakers looking to harness AI technologies' full potential. Specifically, the paper focuses on China's efforts to develop its artificial intelligence (AI) industry.
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Shin, Adrian J. „Primary Resources, Secondary Labor: Natural Resources and Immigration Policy“. International Studies Quarterly 63, Nr. 4 (17.06.2019): 805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz033.
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AbstractThis article argues that substantial natural resource wealth leads to more restrictive low-skill immigration policy in advanced democracies. High-value natural resource production often crowds out labor-intensive firms that produce tradable goods. When these proimmigration business interests disappear due to deindustrialization, also known as the Dutch Disease, the proimmigration coalition weakens in domestic politics. Without strong business pressure for increased immigration, policy-makers close their doors to immigrants to accommodate anti-immigrant interests. Using a newly expanded dataset on immigration policy across twenty-four wealthy democracies, I find that oil-rich democracies are more likely to restrict low-skill immigration, especially when their economies are exposed to foreign competition in international trade. The results supplement the voter-based theories of immigration policy and contribute to an emerging literature on the political economy of natural resources and international migration.
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Zhang, Wei. „An Empirical Study on the Impact of China's E-commerce Development on Export Trade“. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 4 (12.12.2022): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v4i.3525.
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At home and abroad, this paper will concentrate on the perspective of the development of electronic commerce and the export trade development, draw lessons from advanced literature at home and abroad, and analyzes its limitations, establishing electronic commerce the influence mechanism of our country foreign trade export, and to our country's current e-commerce and the development of our country foreign trade status and the existing problems are studied. Finally, according to China's current policy and e-commerce market environment, put forward the strategy and suggestions to further expand e-commerce activities.China's e-commerce activities do have an important impact on China's export, and with the improvement of China's e-commerce level, the growth of trade volume will play a positive role in promoting China's export. Through the development of e-commerce activities, can significantly improve the export of a country's foreign trade, thus promoting the country's international trade. E-commerce can reduce international trade barriers between suppliers and the national consumers, through the logistics, information flow and cash flow, greatly reduces the country's purchase cost, reduce the cost of international suppliers, simplify the international market, improve the international suppliers and cooperation between countries, to produce more trade opportunities, promote the export of international trade.
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Yang, Runan, Katsuhito Fuyuki und Keeni Minakshi. „How Does Information Influence Consumers’ Purchase Decisions for Environmentally Friendly Farming Produce? Evidence from China and Japan Based on Choice Experiment“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 15 (02.08.2022): 9470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159470.
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In this research, 600 Chinese and Japanese consumers were divided into four groups to analyze consumers’ marginal willingness to pay for environmentally friendly farming (EFF) produce. We found that Chinese consumers had high awareness of green foods, while Japanese consumers were more familiar with organic produce than specially cultivated produce, perhaps because the latter has not yet received uniform national certification in Japan. Choice experiments show that EFF produce prices and consumers’ income critically affect consumers’ decision to pay, especially in China. After each group read different formal definitions of EFF produce, Chinese consumers still preferred green food certification, whereas Japanese consumers chose specially cultivated carrots. Both displayed different ideological purchasing behaviors through added interaction terms with an increase in education. When no information was given, Japanese consumers’ purchasing decisions became more positive as their education levels rose. Possibly, highly educated Chinese consumers emphasize pragmatism, whereas Japanese consumers emphasize the connection between environmental protection and agriculture. Therefore, EFF messaging should be differentiated by region. For distributors committed to international trade in EFF products between developing and developed markets, we suggest lower costs, differentiated product messaging, and community initiatives events to enhance trade and marketing in both China and Japan.
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Ul Haque, Nadeem, und Rizwana Siddiqui. „Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection by Industry in Pakistan: A Tariff Based Analysis“. NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3, Nr. 1 (21.01.2021): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v3i1.15.
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The study calculates nominal and effective rates of protection and their association with major characteristics of industries—labour intensity, export orientation and revealed comparative advantage. The results indicate that nominal as well as effective rate of protection has declined between two benchmark years—1990 and 2002, but vegetable oil, motor vehicles, and a sector producing intermediate good ‘other manufacturing’ remains highly protected. Overall results reveal that manufacturing import competing sectors enjoy higher protection through trade policy—tariff while negative effective rate of protection for majority of agriculture and services sectors show their disadvantage position in the economy. The results clearly indicate government priority for manufacturing sector over agriculture and services sectors. The results also reveal that effective rate of protection is negatively associated with industrial characteristics such as labour intensity, export orientation, and revealed comparative advantage indicating that a sector needs less protection if it has comparative advantage—labour intensive and produce exportable commodity. The results of the study also indicate that trade policy in Pakistan shifts trade in favours of trade in intermediate inputs in 2002 from trade in final goods in 1990. There is a need to restructure tariff structure to remove bias against agriculture and services sectors. Agriculture where majority of unskilled labour engaged ask immediate action from government to improve the condition of poor.
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Dixon, Peter B. „The Australia—China Free Trade Agreement: Some Modelling Issues“. Journal of Industrial Relations 49, Nr. 5 (November 2007): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082212.
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General equilibrium modelling has been used to analyse many policy proposals. This article aims to help non-modellers assess general equilibrium analyses, particularly of a potential Australia—China free trade agreement (FTA). General equilibrium modelling is effective in studies of unilateral tariff reductions. However, most general equilibrium modelling assumes given technologies and information. For issues where the essence is technology transfer and new information, general equilibrium models can only produce results after most of the analysis has been done outside the model. In an Australia—China FTA, tariff cuts may be only a small part of the package. The main part may be goodwill, technology transfer and increased mutual awareness. Thus, for analysing FTAs, general equilibrium modelling is of limited value. The only conclusion for Australia that general equilibrium modelling of an Australia—China FTA can deliver with any certainty is that such an agreement will cause significant contraction in the Australian clothing industry.
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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit. „Incidence of Child Labour, Free Education Policy, and Economic Liberalisation in a Developing Economy“. Pakistan Development Review 43, Nr. 1 (01.03.2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.1-25.
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The paper analyses the implications of a subsidy policy on education and of different liberalised trade and investment policies on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three-sector general equilibrium model with informal sector and child labour. The supply function of child labour is endogenously determined. The paper shows that different policies, if undertaken concurrently, may produce mutually contradictory effects, thereby producing little or no impact on the incidence of child labour. The paper provides a theoretical answer as to why the incidence of child labour has not significantly declined in the developing economies in spite of economic development and globalisation.
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Anam, Syariful, und Akhmad Solikin. „Dampak Kebijakan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan terhadap Proteksi dan Daya Saing Produk Baja Lapis Aluminium Seng“. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik 5, Nr. 3 (30.09.2020): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v5i3.202.
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Safeguard measures is a trade remedies policies regulated by World Trade Organization (WTO) to recover loss (injury) suffered by domestic industries as a result of liberalization in international trade, as an instrument to protect and increase competitiveness of domestic industries which are still at infant industry stage. In Indonssia, the steel industry sector is designated as a national priority so that its growth must be maintained. Meanwhile, the import surge phenomenon of flat-rolled products from iron or non-alloy steel has threatened the existence of domestic steel industries which produce similar commodities. The Indonesian government responded by setting the Safeguard Measures policy, with the hope that the industry would make structural adjustments during the imposition period so that its competitiveness could be increased. This study uses monthly import data from January 2012 to December 2018 to determine whether the Safeguard Measures has been effective as a protection instrument. To measure competitiveness, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) were used. The results of this study show that the policy reduced the import of the same and similar steel products which meant it is effective as an instrument of protection. In addition, there has been an increase in competitiveness even though Indonesia is still a net importer.
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Jiuhardi, Jiuhardi, Dio Caisar Darma und Ariesta Heksarini. „THE POLITICAL-ECONOMY MANAGEMENT: INDONESIA'S NEEDS FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC“. Problems of Management in the 21st Century 16, Nr. 1 (20.06.2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/21.16.19.
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The Covid-19 outbreak continues to spread rapidly to almost all countries in the world. The authors need to highlight how the policy perspectives are taken by Indonesia at the national scale and international relations to improve the economic and political situation during this pandemic. Referring to this phenomenon, this research provides an in-depth study of the literature review on strategic efforts and steps to address commodity demand in Indonesia. In short, from an economic and political point of view, the dual problems on the supply and demand side make the premise of comparative advantage (which is the foundation of a free-market economy and international trade) into doubt about its validity. The classical premise argues that social welfare will be optimal if the state specializes in producing goods which are. Having the lowest opportunity cost according to the availability of production factors and buying other needs in the international market, it seems only valid if the international trade mechanism is not disrupted. Conversely, in conditions of supply and demand shocks, all countries will try to produce all their needs domestically and limit exporting products abroad as much as possible. Key words: national trade, global markets, export policy, import policy, Covid-19
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Tsai, Shoou-Rong, Pan-Long Tsai und Yungho Weng. „Cournot-Bertrand competition: a revisit of strategic trade policy in the third-market model“. Journal of Economic Studies 43, Nr. 3 (08.08.2016): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2015-0028.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the optimal policy settings of the home government for any combination of strategic variables adopted by home and foreign firms under Brander and Spencer’s third-market model framework. Design/methodology/approach – This paper follows all the assumptions of Brander and Spencer with only two modifications: firms produce differentiated products, and firms choose different strategic variables. A two-stage game is set and the subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium is deduced following backward induction. Findings – The authors arrive at a general, simple rule to determine the optimal policy of the home government for any combination of strategic variables: regardless of the strategic variable of the domestic firm, the optimal policy of the home country is an export subsidy (tax) as long as the foreign firm’s strategic variable is output (price). The optimal subsidy or tax of the home country is shown to move the equilibrium to the Stackelberg equilibrium where the domestic firm behaves as the leader while the foreign firm behaves as a follower under free trade. With appropriate interpretations and a suitable caveat, the above results still hold in the case with multiple foreign firms which may choose different strategic variables. Originality/value – This paper fills the gap in the literature, and provides some more general results not easily detected in the original model of Brander and Spencer or Eaton and Grossman.
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Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. „High-Standard Rules and Political Leadership in Japan’s Mega-FTA Strategy“. Asian Survey 60, Nr. 4 (Juli 2020): 733–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2020.60.4.733.
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This article examines Japan’s trade policy on significant geo-economic developments by focusing on its engagement in three large free trade agreements: the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, and the Japan–EU Economic Partnership Agreement. Under the Abe administration, Japan has produced successful outcomes in mega-FTA strategy, concluding the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Japan–EU Economic Partnership Agreement in 2018. The making and diffusion of high-standard rules were given high priority in Japan’s mega-FTA strategy, and Prime Minister Abe’s political leadership in employing his political allies and executive aides and managing the opposition activities of veto players has enabled his administration to produce these successful outcomes.
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Shrestha, Ram Krishna. „Fertilizer Policy Development in Nepal“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 11 (16.09.2010): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v11i0.3660.
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Fertilizer is a vital input for agriculture production. With the growing popularity of modern agriculture, fertilizer consumption in Nepal has been increasing over the years. Since, Nepal does not produce any fertilizers, demand for fertilizers are being met through formal and informal imports. Over the years, fertilizer policy changes have been observed several times in a bid to satisfy farmers' demand for quality fertilizers. While fertilizer policy change of deregulating the fertilizer trade initially produced positive impact in overall supply situation, deregulation policy could not largely ensure the supply of quality fertilizers in required quantity and time. Re-introducing subsidy regime in chemical fertilizer by the government's recent decision could be considered as a positive development towards meeting farmers demand for quality fertilizer. However, given the quota of subsidized fertilizer, which is far less than the actual demand, the problem of supply is likely to continue. To address current problem of short supply government should increase the quota at least up to three hundred thousand metric tons. Moreover, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives should come up with a long-term plan aiming at sustainable management of soil fertility.Key words: Fertilizer subsidy; Fertilizer deregulation; Fertilizer importThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 126-137Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
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Villanueva, Luis. „Are manufacturing workers benefiting from trade? The case of Mexico’s manufacturing sector“. International Journal of Development Issues 16, Nr. 1 (04.04.2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2016-0048.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the distributive implications of trade by studying how manufacturing workers’ relative earnings and employment have changed in post–North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico (1995-2011). Design/methodology/approach Input–Output analysis and inequality analysis were combined to reveal the empirical relationship between trade, wage inequality and employment in the manufacturing sector in post-NAFTA Mexico. Findings The results reveal that the manufacturing sectors that produce for the export market tend to pay among the lowest wages and yet employ around half of the manufacturing working population; wages in labor-intensive sectors have not been increasing, while wage inequality has been rising; and employment creation due to trade is not always positive and sustained, hence does not seem to be a stable source of jobs. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings. Originality/value The main focus of the existing literature has been to explain the disconnection between trade and growth. This paper shifts the focus towards the distributive dimension of trade (rather than growth) by focusing on how manufacturing workers' relative earnings and employment have changed in post-NAFTA Mexico (1995-2011). Hence it attempts to contribute to the existing literature on the distributive implications of trade.
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Grega, Libor. „Agricultural trade liberalization and positive externalities“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, Nr. 3 (2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553030035.
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Changes in the perception of economic growth within the context of sustainable development lead to the broadly defined concept of further development of all industries, while agriculture plays qualitatively new role in this concept. Agriculture is not any more viewed only as an industry ensuring nutrition of population, but also its non-production benefit has growing importance. There is growing importance of the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture both in the Czech Republic and in the whole European Union, where agriculture historically played an important role in landscape formation and determined the development of social structures, while these aspects have growing importance for formulating of agricultural policies. Multifunctionality reflects the fact, that agriculture produces many food and non-food commodities, while some of them have the character of externalities and public goods.One of important conditions of efficient conception of agricultural policy is the answer on the question, what is the impact of growing trade liberalization on social welfare, respectively welfare of producers and consumers, if there are positive agricultural externalities. The analysis brings comparison in welfare development when externalities are internalized and when they are not. There are important consequences for social welfare, if state does not evaluate extra-production benefit of agriculture in a proper way.For the distribution analysis of benefits and costs of agricultural trade liberalization in presence of positive externalities connected with agricultural production, e.g. the analysis of impacts on consumers, producers and social welfare, is used traditional international trade model.Under the present tendency to liberalization of world agricultural markets there should be an effort of policy makers to internalise agricultural externalities. If there are agricultural industries, which are net exporters and at the same time produce positive agricultural externalities, trade liberalization brings additional increase of social welfare, connected with increased production of given agricultural commodity and at the same time increased production of positive agricultural externality. Growth of social welfare will be higher if positive agricultural externality will be internalised.For agricultural industries with positive externalities which are net importers, the change of social welfare brought by trade liberalization is not obvious. It depends on concrete character of cost and demand curves. However in any case, the social welfare will be higher with internalised externality that without internalization.
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Xu, Luyuan. „A Quantitative Relationship Analysis of Industry Shifts and Trade Restructuring in ASEAN Based on Multiregional Computable General Equilibrium Models“. Complexity 2021 (04.02.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6642798.
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This paper provides an in-depth study and analysis of the quantitative relationship between ASEAN industry transfer and nuclear trade restructuring through the multiregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and categorizes the ten major projects and 57 subprojects covered by the ASEAN Information Port project investment into construction, information technology, and telecommunications, according to the key directions of investment. We design and simulate the changes in production activities, trade activities, and the balance of payments behaviour of the national economy affected by the project’s investment under 10 types of investment amount scenarios and prepare the corresponding social accounting matrix (SAM). Increased trade openness increases external risks and instability of the economy and fiscal revenues. At the same time, it creates other potential problems for the country such as environmental pollution and leading to unfair competition. Under free trade conditions, some manufacturers may choose to produce inputs that are not environmentally friendly to reduce costs, thereby harming the environment. For infant industries, if the government does not provide them with short-term protection or supportive policies, these new or developing infant industries may not have strong international competitiveness and may be vulnerable to the attacks of mature industries in the world. Therefore, based on the study of the influence of tax policy on trade openness, this paper examines the impact of changes in trade openness on a country’s economic environment and takes tax revenue as an example to conduct an empirical analysis and improve the factors that need to be considered when adjusting tax policy.
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WILSON, GAIL. „Globalisation and older people: effects of markets and migration“. Ageing and Society 22, Nr. 5 (September 2002): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008747.
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This paper discusses the material aspects of globalisation and the effects of the movements of trade, capital and people around the world on older men and women. While some older people have benefited, most notably where pensions and health care are well developed, the majority of older men and women are among the poor who have not. Free trade, economic restructuring, the globalisation of finance, and the surge in migration, have in most parts of the world tended to produce harmful consequences for older people. These developments have been overseen, and sometimes dictated, by inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Foundation (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while other IGOs with less power have been limited to anti-ageist exhortation. Globalisation transfers resources from the poor to the rich within and between countries. It therefore increases social problems while simultaneously diminishing the freedom and capacity of countries to make social policy. Nonetheless, the effects of globalisation, and particularly its financial dimensions, on a nation's capacity for making social policy can be exaggerated. Political will can combat international economic orthodoxy, but the evident cases are the exception rather than the rule.
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Manzoor, Syed Amir, Geoffrey Griffiths, David Christian Rose und Martin Lukac. „The Return of Wooded Landscapes in Wales: An Exploration of Possible Post-Brexit Futures“. Land 10, Nr. 1 (11.01.2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010059.
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Changes in agricultural policy may have a rapid impact, even on landscapes which have taken millennia to form. Here we explore the potential impact of the UK leaving the EU as a catalyst for profound changes in the pastoral landscapes of Wales. Impending change of the trading regime governing agricultural produce, concurrent with public pressure to use agricultural subsidies for environmental goals, may lead to unforeseen consequences for the Welsh natural environment. We employ a combination of change demand modelling and a ‘story and simulation approach’ to project the effect of five hypothetical plausible scenarios on land use and land use change in Wales by 2030. We show that the most extreme trade scenario would result in a significant expansion of broadleaf woodland across much of Wales. By contrast, the ‘green futures’ scenario introduced to supersede the Common Agricultural Policy, results in significant expansion of woodland but not at the level seen with the more extreme trade scenarios.
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Manzoor, Syed Amir, Geoffrey Griffiths, David Christian Rose und Martin Lukac. „The Return of Wooded Landscapes in Wales: An Exploration of Possible Post-Brexit Futures“. Land 10, Nr. 1 (11.01.2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010059.
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Changes in agricultural policy may have a rapid impact, even on landscapes which have taken millennia to form. Here we explore the potential impact of the UK leaving the EU as a catalyst for profound changes in the pastoral landscapes of Wales. Impending change of the trading regime governing agricultural produce, concurrent with public pressure to use agricultural subsidies for environmental goals, may lead to unforeseen consequences for the Welsh natural environment. We employ a combination of change demand modelling and a ‘story and simulation approach’ to project the effect of five hypothetical plausible scenarios on land use and land use change in Wales by 2030. We show that the most extreme trade scenario would result in a significant expansion of broadleaf woodland across much of Wales. By contrast, the ‘green futures’ scenario introduced to supersede the Common Agricultural Policy, results in significant expansion of woodland but not at the level seen with the more extreme trade scenarios.
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HOEKMAN, BERNARD, WILL MARTIN und AADITYA MATTOO. „Conclude Doha: it matters!“ World Trade Review 9, Nr. 3 (25.06.2010): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000297.
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AbstractThe Doha Round must be concluded not because it will produce dramatic liberalization but because it will create greater security of market access. Its conclusion would strengthen, symbolically and substantively, the WTO's valuable role in restraining protectionism. What is on the table would constrain the scope for tariff protection in all goods, ban agricultural export subsidies in the industrial countries and sharply reduce the scope for distorting domestic support – by 70% in the EU and 60% in the US. Average farm tariffs that exporters face would fall to 12% (from 14.5%) and the tariffs on exports of manufactures to less than 2.5% (from about 3%). There are also environmental benefits to be captured, in particular disciplining the use of subsidies that encourage over-fishing and lowering tariffs on technologies that can help mitigate global warming. An agreement to facilitate trade by cutting red tape will further expand trade opportunities. Greater market access for the least-developed countries will result from the ‘duty free and quota free’ proposal and their ability to take advantage of new opportunities will be enhanced by the Doha-related ‘aid for trade’ initiative. Finally, concluding Doha would create space for multilateral cooperation on critical policy matters that lie outside the Doha Agenda, most urgently the trade policy implications of climate change mitigation.
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Kibona, Cornel Anyisile, Zhang Yuejie und Lu Tian. „Towards developing a beef meat export oriented policy in Tanzania: -Exploring the factors that influence beef meat exports-“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 6 (17.06.2022): e0270146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270146.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence beef meat exports in Tanzania, with a particular focus on the years 1985 to 2020, in enhancing the development of beef meat export-oriented policy in Tanzania, thereby enhancing beef exports in Tanzania. A time-series panel dataset was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses models. As per the descriptive analyses, beef meat exports reached the highest pick of 4,300 tons per year in 1990, whereas from 1991 to date, beef meat exportation in Tanzania has been in declining trends despite an increase in beef meat output and trade openness from 162,500 to 486,736 tons and 7.6 to 98.7%, respectively. Nevertheless, while the prospect of Tanzanian beef meat exports appears bright and promising, the industry will continue to encounter trade barriers and must stay competitive to produce enough volume and quality beef meat to meet the needs of its existing and expanding markets. This is because, Tanzanian beef meat competes for market share with beef meat from other countries in the global markets, where customers pay a premium for lines of beef meat that meet quality standards while discarding those that do not. This indicates that the quantity of beef meat produced has no relevance to its world market share, but its quality standards do. Furthermore, the econometric results revealed that the coefficients of the terms of trade, Tanzania GDP per capita, global beef meat consumption, trade openness, and beef meat outputs were found to be significantly positive (P < 0.05) influencing beef meat exports in Tanzania, whereas the trading partners’ GDP per capita and exchange rate were not. The findings have varying implications as to what factors need to be addressed to further improve beef meat exports. From the farmer’s perspective, better access to adequate funds as a result of increased income benefit from export will assist in improving beef cattle productivity and quality to compete effectively in the global markets. From the government’s perspective, because trade openness promotes economic growth through export benefits, the Tanzania government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies to strengthen bilateral trade relationships to generate more opportunities in global markets.
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Tosida, Eneng Tita, Fajar Delli Wihartiko, Irman Hermadi, Yani Nurhadryani und Feriadi. „The Big Data Commodity Management Model for Rice for National Food Policy“. Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 4, Nr. 1 (20.02.2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v4i1.1520.
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Rice is the main commodity in Indonesia, both for consumption and production. Rice production data are available at the Badan Pusat Statistika and at Kementrian Pertanian. The data is used to build a large data management model for Indonesia's rice trade. The model development strategy is done through analyzing agriculture big data analytic that is equipped with descriptive analysis, evaluation, predictive and prescriptive. The models and designs that are built discuss business processes, stakeholder networks and network management. Descriptive analysis results in the form of grouping and visualization of rice data. The results of the diagnostic process using classification approach produce a decision tree to see the results of the level of production in a province. In the predictive process produces a linear regression model to predict the results of the following year's production as well as in the analysis.
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Zulauf, Carl, Olena Prutska, Eleonora Kirieieva und Natalia Pryshliak. „Assessment of the potential for a biofuels industry in Ukraine“. Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, Nr. 4 (25.10.2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.08.
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Ukraine is the only major agricultural country whose production of biofuels has declined since 2010. Nevertheless, it has set a target of 11.5 percent of primary energy supply from biomass, biofuels and waste by 2035. Agricultural land needed to produce biofuels feedstock is calculated for two scenarios based on its current 11.5 percent target and previous 5.0 percent target specified as a share of transport energy consumption. The export orientation of Ukraine’s crop sector and resulting foreign currency earnings pose trade-offs if crops are diverted from exports to biofuel feedstocks. Given these trade-offs, policy options for developing a biofuels industry while satisfying Ukraine’s export and domestic markets are to (1) bring land not currently cultivated into production and (2) increase yield. Both options are found to have substantial potential.
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Jones, Michael G. K., John Fosu-Nyarko, Sadia Iqbal, Muhammad Adeel, Rhodora Romero-Aldemita, Mahaletchumy Arujanan, Mieko Kasai et al. „Enabling Trade in Gene-Edited Produce in Asia and Australasia: The Developing Regulatory Landscape and Future Perspectives“. Plants 11, Nr. 19 (27.09.2022): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192538.
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Genome- or gene-editing (abbreviated here as ‘GEd’) presents great opportunities for crop improvement. This is especially so for the countries in the Asia-Pacific region, which is home to more than half of the world’s growing population. A brief description of the science of gene-editing is provided with examples of GEd products. For the benefits of GEd technologies to be realized, international policy and regulatory environments must be clarified, otherwise non-tariff trade barriers will result. The status of regulations that relate to GEd crop products in Asian countries and Australasia are described, together with relevant definitions and responsible regulatory bodies. The regulatory landscape is changing rapidly: in some countries, the regulations are clear, in others they are developing, and some countries have yet to develop appropriate policies. There is clearly a need for the harmonization or alignment of GEd regulations in the region: this will promote the path-to-market and enable the benefits of GEd technologies to reach the end-users.
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von zur Muehlen, Peter von zur. „Prices and Taxes in a Ramsey Climate Policy Model under Heterogeneous Beliefs and Ambiguity“. Economies 10, Nr. 10 (17.10.2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10100257.
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In a Ramsey policy regime, heterogeneity in beliefs about the potential costs of climate change is shown to produce policy ambiguities that alter carbon prices and taxation. Three sources of ambiguity are considered: (i) the private sector is skeptical, with beliefs that are unknown to the government, (ii) private agents have pessimistic doubts about the model, or (iii) the policy authority itself does not trust the extant scientific climate model and fears the worst. These three sources of ambiguity give rise to four potential belief regimes characterized by differentials between the government’s and the private sector’s inter-temporal rates of substitutions, with implications for the prices of carbon and capital, framed in terms of distorted Arrow–Debreu pricing theory that establishes an equivalence between the optimal carbon tax and the permit price of an underlying asset—the government-imposed limit on emissions in economies with cap and trade. This paper shows that in most instances, skeptical beliefs and resulting ambiguities justify higher carbon taxes and lower capital taxes to offset the private sector’s increased myopia compared with rational expectations. Conversely, ambiguities created by worst-case fears in either the private sector or in government tend produce forces in the opposite direction.