Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Prodej tepla“

✓ There is increasing recognition that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy may provide important information in the assessment of patients with acute brain injury. However, optimum care of the acutely head injured patient requires monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). Although many monitoring modalities have been integrated into commercially available MR-compatible systems, there have been no reports of commonly used intraparenchymal ICP sensors in an MR environment. The authors describe the use of an ICP micromanometer probe in an MR environment, with a fiberoptic connection that interfaces the probe with a commercially available MR-compatible monitoring system. Phantom studies were performed to demonstrate the safety and compatibility of the modified MR system at 0.5 tesla. The safety of the device was assessed in relation to its interaction with the static, gradient, and radiofrequency fields used in MR imaging. The MR compatibility was documented by demonstrating that its performance was unaffected by the operation of imaging sequences and by showing that there was no degradation of the diagnostic quality of imaging data obtained during ICP monitoring.

The article proposes a technology for increasing the thermic ice drilling rate under the influence of hydraulic force generated by the probe (or cryobot), which increases the coefficient of conversion of thermal energy into the energy of ice melting and allows increasing the power of thermal head of the probe. A single-wire Tesla system is proposed to use for the probe power supply, which makes it possible to reduce the volume of the cable and losses of transmitted energy. The method of the probe self-lifting to the ice surface without using the hydraulic force (traction), i.e. without a load on the cable, is proposed. To study thick (up to 5 km) ice sheets and subglacial water environments on the Earth, as well as the ice cover (up to 30 km thick) and the subglacial ocean of the Europe (the Jupiter’s satellite), conceptual principal designs of the probe (or cryobot) have been developed on the basis of thermic-hydraulic drilling (THD). Implementation of the THD‑cryobot designs will allow organizing systemic studies of glaciers and subglacial water environments on the Earth and other planets, not disturbing their ice isolation with multiple savings of financial and technical means, energy and time.

Cieľom príspevku je teoreticky priblížiť teóriu vtelenej kognície, zasadiť ju do širšieho filozofického rámca a uviesť jej potenciálny prínos pre pedagogiku. Príspevok postupuje od ozrejmenia samotného pojmu vtelenie, jeho pôvod vo fenomenológii (M. Merleau-Ponty) i využitie v kultúrnej antropológii (T. J. Csordas). V ďalšej časti sa venujeme filozofickému rámcu, ktorý mal vplyv na teóriu vtelenej kognície a potlačenie dualistického pohľadu na telo a myseľ, ozrejmujeme aspekty vtelenia dotvárajúce obraz vtelenia. V rámci prínosu vtelenej kognície pre súčasnú pedagogiku sa zameriavame na dve oblasti skúmania vtelenej kognície, a to na jazyk a matematiku, ktoré sú považované za prevažne kognitívne a abstraktné koncepty oddelené od tela. Ukázalo sa, že teória vtelenej kognície nedostatočne vysvetľuje to, čo vlastne telo je, a o akom tele sa tu pojednáva. Z uvedeného vyplýva, že v oboch uvádzaných oblastiach (jazyk a matematika) je významnou časťou najmä skúmanie a význam gest a telesnej skúsenosti pre proces chápania abstraktným systémom a učenia. Zistili sme, že prínos vtelenej kognície pre pedagogiku spočíva v orientácii na telesné konanie, aktivitu a vplyv prostredia a telesnej skúsenosti na kogníciu, ktoré uľahčujú proces učenia.

A procura por maior eficiência energética no uso da eletricidade trouxe inúmeras iniciativas louváveis, no Brasil sob responsabilidade maior do Procel, com campanhas de conscientização dos usuários, pela etiquetagem de aparelhos eletrodomésticos até o panorama atual de certificação de edificações. O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o nível de eficiência energética por meio dos Requisitos Técnicos da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética para Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos (RTQ-C/Procel) do Tribunal de Contas (TC), parte do patrimônio histórico do Estado do Paraná, localizado no Centro Cívico de Curitiba. TC é composto de dois edifícios construídos e um terceiro edifício em projeto: o Edifício Sede, o Edifício Anexo e a Ampliação do Edifício Anexo. No Edifício Sede, foram analisados indicadores de possível economia energética resultante da melhoria dos sistemas de iluminação (natural e artificial). Na ampliação do Edifício Anexo, avaliou-se a aplicabilidade do sistema de sombreamento de fachadas denominado tela tensionada. Comprovou-se que os edifícios existentes apresentam grande potencial de economia energética em sistemas de iluminação e que, ao se aprimorarem os dispositivos de sombreamento da fachada no projeto de ampliação do Edifício Anexo, podem ser alcançados maiores níveis de eficiência energética no quesito envoltória.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to test the potential of a new elastin-specific molecular agent for the performance of contrast-enhanced first-pass and 3D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), compared to a clinically used extravascular contrast agent (gadobutrol) and based on clinical MR sequences. Materials and Methods. Eight C57BL/6J mice (BL6, male, aged 10 weeks) underwent a contrast-enhanced first-pass and 3D MR angiography (MRA) of the aorta and its main branches. All examinations were on a clinical 3 Tesla MR system (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). The clinical dose of 0.1 mmol/kg was administered in both probes. First, a time-resolved MRA (TWIST) was acquired during the first-pass to assess the arrival and washout of the contrast agent bolus. Subsequently, a high-resolution 3D MRA sequence (3D T1 FLASH) was acquired. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for all sequences. Results. The elastin-specific MR probe and the extravascular imaging agent (gadobutrol) enable high-quality MR angiograms in all animals. During the first-pass, the probes demonstrated a comparable peak enhancement (300.6 ± 32.9 vs. 288.5 ± 33.1, p>0.05). Following the bolus phase, both agents showed a comparable intravascular enhancement (SNR: 106.7 ± 11 vs. 102.3 ± 5.3; CNR 64.5 ± 7.4 vs. 61.1 ± 7.2, p>0.05). Both agents resulted in a high image quality with no statistical difference (p>0.05). Conclusion. The novel elastin-specific molecular probe enables the performance of first-pass and late 3D MR angiography with an intravascular contrast enhancement and image quality comparable to a clinically used extravascular contrast agent.

Thermal magnetic resonance (ThermalMR) accommodates radio frequency (RF)-induced temperature modulation, thermometry, anatomic and functional imaging, and (nano)molecular probing in an integrated RF applicator. This study examines the feasibility of ThermalMR for the controlled release of a model therapeutics from thermoresponsive nanogels using a 7.0-tesla whole-body MR scanner en route to local drug-delivery-based anticancer treatments. The capacity of ThermalMR is demonstrated in a model system involving the release of fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA-FITC, a model therapeutic) from nanometer-scale polymeric networks. These networks contain thermoresponsive polymers that bestow environmental responsiveness to physiologically relevant changes in temperature. The release profile obtained for the reference data derived from a water bath setup used for temperature stimulation is in accordance with the release kinetics deduced from the ThermalMR setup. In conclusion, ThermalMR adds a thermal intervention dimension to an MRI device and provides an ideal testbed for the study of the temperature-induced release of drugs, magnetic resonance (MR) probes, and other agents from thermoresponsive carriers. Integrating diagnostic imaging, temperature intervention, and temperature response control, ThermalMR is conceptually appealing for the study of the role of temperature in biology and disease and for the pursuit of personalized therapeutic drug delivery approaches for better patient care.

In recent years, the conjugation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), as tumor-imaging probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with tumor targeting peptides possesses promising advantages for specific delivery of MRI agents. The objective of the current study was to design a targeted contrast agent for MRI based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles conjugated triptorelin (SPION@triptorelin), which has a great affinity to the GnRH receptors. The SPIONs-coated carboxymethyl dextran (SPION@CMD) conjugated triptorelin (SPION@CMD@triptorelin) were synthesized using coprecipitation method and characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FTIR, Zeta, and VSM techniques. The relaxivities of synthetized formulations were then calculated using a 1.5 Tesla clinical magnetic field. MRI, quantitative cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity level of them were estimated. The characterization results confirmed that the formation of SPION@CMD@triptorelin has been conjugated with a suitable size. Our results demonstrated the lack of cellular cytotoxicity of SPION@CMD@triptorelin, and it could increase the cellular uptake of SPIONs to MDA-MB-231 cancer cells 6.50-fold greater than to SPION@CMD at the concentration of 75 μM. The relaxivity calculations for SPION@CMD@triptorelin showed a suitable r2 and r2/r1 with values of 31.75 mM−1·s−1 and 10.26, respectively. Our findings confirm that triptorelin-targeted SPIONs could provide a T2-weighted probe contrast agent that has the great potential for the diagnosis of GnRH-positive cancer in MRI.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are rarely used in the context of abdominal sepsis and in sepsis research. This study investigates the impact of MRI for monitoring septic peritonitis in an animal model (colon ascendens stent-induced peritonitis, CASP). The CASP model closely mimics that of human disease and is highly standardized. The most frequently employed readout parameter in mouse CASP studies is prolonged or decreased rate of survival. Monitoring the progression of peritonitis via MRI could provide a helpful tool in the evaluation of severity. The use of alternative readout systems could very well reduce the number of research animals. Perspectively, clinical improvement after certain treatment could be classified. Methods: This study describes for the first time MRI findings following the induction of septic peritonitis in mice using the CASP model. Two sublethal groups of mice with septic peritonitis were investigated. Each had received one of two differing stent diameters in order to control the leakage of feces into the abdominal cavity. Each mouse served as its own control. Imaging and analyses were performed blinded. Gut diameters, stomach volume, abdominal organ wall diameters, and volume of the adrenal glands were measured. Serum corticosterone levels were detected using ELISA. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 levels were screened by cytometric bead array. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric probes and the Kruskal-Wallis and t tests. Results: Using a 7-tesla MRI scanner 24 and 48 h after induction of septic peritonitis, interenteric fluid, organ swelling of spleen and adrenal glands, as well as dilatation of the stomach were compared to nonseptic conditions. Swelling of adrenal glands resulted in an increased serum corticosterone level. In addition, the wall of the intestine bowel was thickened. Based upon these findings, an MRI score (MRI sepsis score, MSS) for abdominal sepsis in mice was established. Reduced stent sizes led to reduced severity of the abdominal sepsis, which could be reproduced in the MSS, which is described here for the first time. Conclusions: Intraabdominal variations during septic peritonitis are detectable by MRI techniques. MRI methods should become a more important tool for the evaluation of abdominal peritonitis. MSS could provide an interesting tool for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies.

Background: The diagnosis of abdominal pathologies is a challenge and radiology is a very important tool in diagnosis. Various methods are often used for the diagnosis of such conditions. We in the present study tried to compare the efficacy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and ultrasonography in evaluating biliary duct diseases. Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Naganur, Karimnagar. All patients presenting with recurrent pancreatitis, hypochondriac pain, jaundice presenting to the radiology department are included in the present study. Patients with metallic implants, claustrophobia are excluded from the present study. Ultrasonography was performed using a Philips HD 15 and Philips affinity 70 machine. Both curvilinear and linear probes were used in the study. Images of the biliary tree were recorded for later review. MRI-MRCP was performed on Philips ACHIEVA 1.5 Tesla MRI Scanner. Results : In this study, n=13 subjects were clinically suspected to have cholelithiasis (n=7), choledocholithiasis (n=2), and both Cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis (n=4). Ultrasonography was able to diagnose Cholelithiasis correctly in n=5 cases, choledocholithiasis in n=1 case, Cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis in n=4 cases and rule out Cholelithiasis in n=2 cases, but failed to identify distal CBD calculus in n=1 case (choledocholithiasis) hence having a diagnostic accuracy of 92.31% for the cholelithiasis-choledocholithiasis group. Conclusion: MR Cholangiopancreatography is very accurate in demonstrating calculi at the distal end of CBD as an area of the signal void, also in demonstrating strictures as the cause of dilatation of biliary radicals. It showed the length of the stricture segment very well and differentiated stricture as malignant and benign.

In cell therapy, contrast agents T1 and T2 are both needed for the labeling and tracking of transplanted stem cells over extended periods of time through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Importantly, the metal-quercetin complex via coordination chemistry has been studied extensively for biomedical applications, such as anticancer therapies and imaging probes. Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and labeling of the iron (III)-quercetin complex, “IronQ,” in circulating proangiogenic cells (CACs) and also explore tracking via the use of a clinical 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI scanner. Moreover, IronQ had a paramagnetic T1 positive contrast agent property with a saturation magnetization of 0.155 emu/g at 1.0 T and longitudinal relaxivity (r1) values of 2.29 and 3.70 mM−1s−1 at 1.5 T for water and human plasma, respectively. Surprisingly, IronQ was able to promote CAC growth in conventional cell culture systems without the addition of specific growth factors. Increasing dosages of IronQ from 0 to 200 μg/mL led to higher CAC uptake, and maximum labeling time was achieved in 10 days. The accumulated IronQ in CACs was measured by two methodologies, an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-EOS) and T1-weighted MRI. In our research, we confirmed that IronQ has excellent dual functions with the use of an imaging probe for MRI. IronQ can also act as a stimulating agent by favoring circulating proangiogenic cell differentiation. Optimistically, IronQ is considered beneficial for alternative labeling and in the tracking of circulation proangiogenic cells and/or other stem cells in applications of cell therapy through noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging in both preclinical and clinical settings.

Object. In this article the authors report on a novel, compact device for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging that has been developed for use in a standard neurosurgical operating room. Methods. The device includes a permanent magnet with a field strength of 0.12 tesla. The poles of the magnet are vertically aligned, with a gap of 25 cm. When not in use the magnet is stored in a shielded cage in a corner of the operating room; it is easily moved into position and attaches to a regular operating table. The magnet is raised for imaging when needed and may be lowered to allow surgery to proceed unencumbered. Surgical navigation with optical and/or magnetic probes is incorporated into the system. Twenty-five patients have undergone removal of intracranial lesions with the aid of this device. Operations included craniotomy for tumor or other lesion in 18 patients and transsphenoidal resection of tumor in seven. The number of scans ranged from two to five per surgery (average 3.4); image quality was excellent in 45%, adequate in 43%, and poor in 12%. In four patients MR imaging revealed additional tumor that was then resected; in five others visual examination of the operative field was inconclusive but complete tumor removal was confirmed on MR imaging. In 21 patients early postoperative diagnostic MR studies corroborated the findings on the final intraoperative MR image. Using a water-covered phantom, the accuracy of the navigational tools was assessed; 120 data points were measured. The accuracy of the magnetic probe averaged 1.3 mm and 2.1 mm in the coronal and axial planes, respectively; the optical probe accuracy was 2.1 mm and 1.8 mm in those planes. Conclusions. This device provides high-quality intraoperative imaging and accurate surgical navigation with minimal disruption in a standard neurosurgical operating room.

Abstract Introduction Chronic transfusion therapy represents the standard of care for sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients with abnormal transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound or prior stroke. While effective, monthly transfusions produce iron overload and toxicity if not controlled with chelation therapies. Liver iron concentration (LIC) is a powerful surrogate for total body iron stores. Unfortunately, liver biopsy is not suited for longitudinal analysis because it is invasive, expensive, and prone to sampling variability. MRI transverse relaxation rates, R2 and R2*, are highly correlated with LIC and have mostly supplanted liver biopsy for iron quantification in clinical practice and clinical trials. Since R2 and R2* have different sensitivity to the size and scale of tissue iron distribution, we compared the agreement of LIC values predicted by R2 and R2* in children with SCA and transfusional iron overload from the prospective multicenter TCD with Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (TWiTCH) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01425307). Methods 133 patients underwent LIC assessment using both R2 and R2* techniques at 22 MRI sites. All sites used 1.5 Tesla magnets and torso phased array coils. Images for R2 measurements were collected on validated scanners and analyzed centrally according to the FerriScan” protocol (Resonance Health, Western Australia, see St Pierre, T.G., et al. Blood,105, 855-861, 2005). Images for R2* assessment were collected using multiple-echo gradient echo sequences (see Wood, J.C., et al. Blood,106, 1460-1465, 2005). Images were analyzed centrally at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, using an exponential-plus-constant fit to the signal decay. Bland-Altman analysis on log-transformed LIC values was used to test agreement between LICR2 and LICR2*; the residuals of this relationship were probed for association with transfusion/chelation history, markers of inflammation, and markers of hemolysis. Results Figure 1A illustrates the scattergram between LICR2* and LICR2. The variance of the disagreement between the two techniques increases with LIC, so log-transformation was performed prior to Bland Altman analysis. LICR2* was systematically higher than LICR2 below about 5 mg Fe/g dw and systematically lower above 5 mg Fe/g dw. Bland Altman comparison of the log-transformed data (Figure 1B) reveals a downward trend (r2 of 0.203, p<0.0001). After correcting for the trend, 95% limits of agreement were -0.42 to 0.42, translating to 95% limits of agreement of the ratio of the two LIC measurements of 0.66 to 1.52. After controlling for mean log LIC, differences in log LIC values were not associated with transfusion or chelation history, markers of inflammation, or markers of hemolysis. Discussion Systematic bias is present between LICR2 and LICR2* in a cohort of children with SCA and transfusional iron overload. Even after correcting these differences, LICR2 and LICR2* also demonstrate significant intrasubject variability, comparable to the error both techniques displayed with respect to biopsy, precluding use of these metrics interchangeably. This implies that LICR2 and LICR2* have potentially clinically significant deviations from true LIC. Rather than sampling or MRI measurement errors, which are consistently < 10% in multiple studies, these disparities likely reflect calibration bias introduced by intersubject differences in tissue iron distribution. Longitudinal LIC determination should lessen their impact, however, and the changes in LIC predicted by R2 and R2* will be compared using one and two year data from the TWiTCH trial. Disclosures: Wood: Novartis: Honoraria; Apopharma: Honoraria, Patents & Royalties; Shire: Consultancy, Research Funding. Off Label Use: Hydroxyurea is FDA-approved for use in adults but not children. Kwiatkowski:Shire: Consultancy; Resonance Health: Research Funding. St. Pierre:Resonance Health Ltd: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

Forholdet mellem det ’at være muslim’ og det ’at være en minoritet’ har blandt muslimer været et emne til debat, siden profeten Muhammed udvandrede eller flygtede fra Mekka til Medina for dér at leve i eksil i 8 år. I dag kan man blandt andet på arabiske islamiske satellit-kanaler følge med i, hvordan denne debat er blevet en del af muslimers hverdagspraksis i Europa, hvor de forsøger at finde svar på, hvordan de skal leve som muslimer i samfund, hvor islam ikke er majoritetsreligionen.At muslimer i Europa er en minoritet, er en commonsense betragtning, der florerer i den offentlige debat, i hverdagssproget, såvel som i forskningen på feltet. Ganske ofte tages denne betragtning af muslimers status for givet, uden at det udforskes nærmere, hvilke præmisser der ligger bag denne kategorisering, og hvad konsekvenserne er. For at komme nærmere en forståelse af sammenhængen mellem ’det at være muslim’ og at være ’en minoritet’, er det nødvendigt at udfordre denne commonsense forståelse af muslimer som værende en minoritet. Hvad menes der med, at de er en minoritet? Muslim er betegnelsen for en religiøs identitet, men hvad får det af betydning for det religiøse tilhørsforhold, den enkeltes hverdagslige tilværelse og selvforståelse, at muslimer betegnes som værende en minoritet? Er det overhovedet religionen, der er afgørende for deres minoritetsidentitet, og hvordan spiller den religiøse og den minoriserede kategorisering sammen? Set i forhold til majoritetens rolle må man blandt andet spørge, hvordan kategoriseringen af muslimer som værende en minoritet får betydning for lovgivning og institutionelle praksisser. Der er således rigtig mange aspekter af dette tema, som kunne være relevante at belyse.Dette temanummer belyser nogle udvalgte aspekter af dette omfattende emne om den religiøse og minoriserede identitet. Disse aspekter afspejler til dels den forskning, der aktuelt dominerer i det danske forskningsfelt, og er til dels influeret af politiske interesser for integration, antiradikalisering, muslimsk identitet etc. Ambitionen er en tværfaglig vinkling på konstruktioner af muslimske minoritetsidentiteter med en særlig opmærksomhed på samspillet mellem den religiøst definerede og den status- eller magt-definerede identitet, som minoritetsbegrebet refererer til. Temanummeret tager således udgangspunkt i en definition af minoriteter som en analytisk kategori, hvor minoriteten er defineret ved en asymmetrisk magtrelation til majoriteten. Det er dermed ikke det numeriske mindretal, der i sig selv gør muslimer til en minoritet, men tilskrivningen af betydning til gruppen af muslimer og dens størrelse i relationen til en majoritet. Denne – magtrelationelle – betydningstilskrivning tildeler minoriteten en anderledes, afvigende eller negativ identitet, der fratager minoriteten samfundsmæssig status og definitionsmagt. Hvilke forskelle i form af afvigelser fra normen, der konkret tillægges betydning, kan samtidig variere over tid og sted og være udgangspunkt for forhandlinger og kampe, som det tydeligt vil fremgå af dette temanummers artikler. Alle artikler i dette temanummer synes – eksplicit eller implicit – at tage udgangspunkt i denne definition af minoriteten. Daniel Henchen viser, hvordan danske missionærer i Syrien i begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede ikke blot definerer muslimer som objekter for mission, men definerer beduiner som særligt missionsmodtagelige. Definitionen af minoriteten blandt minoriteten – nemlig beduinen – bliver dermed en definition med et praktisk formål: mission, og dét er udgangspunktet for, hvordan beduinen og de andre muslimer betydningstillægges i relation til islam såvel som kristendom. Pointen, om at definitionen af minoriteten har et praktisk formål, er gennemgående for flere af artiklerne. Lasse Lindekilde spørger således til sammenhængen mellem særlige integrations- og antiradikaliseringsindsatser og radikalisering blandt muslimer. Integrationsindsatsen er formuleret på baggrund af udgrænsningen af en særlig gruppe, en minoritet i samfundet, der tilskrives et særligt behov for hjælp til at blive integreret. Spørgsmålet, som Lindekilde også rejser, er, om det er selve indsatsen, minoriteten reagerer på, eller kategoriseringen, idet denne netop af mange opleves og opfattes som en eksklusion snarere end et oprigtigt forsøg på inklusion. Minoritetsdefinitionen er altså ikke ligegyldig eller blot et spørgsmål om akademisk spilfægteri, men har direkte konsekvenser for social praksis, og er derfor også væsentlig at udforske som netop social praksis.I forlængelse af udpegningen af den ’praktiske’ minoritet, som eksempelvis enten skal omvendes eller integreres, rejser der sig et andet spørgsmål knyttet til temaet for dette nummer. Hvordan er islam – eller dét at være muslim – blevet det aspekt, der betydningstilskrives som anderledes, afvigende eller negativt, og hvordan finder det sted og opleves af de involverede parter? I denne forbindelse er det centralt at være opmærksom på, hvordan den muslimske identitet som forklaringsmodel konvergerer med andre faktorer, så som etnicitet, migrantstatus, køn, klasse etc. De fleste er opmærksomme på, at den dominerende ’praktiske’ minoritet de seneste 10-15 år i den danske politiske debat i stigende grad synes at være blevet muslimer, hvor det tidligere var flygtninge og længere igen tilbage, migrantarbejdere. Der er gode grunde til at hævde, at intersektionen af immigrant (og efterkommere heraf) og muslim derfor ikke kan adskilles. Den muslimske minoritet er stadig betydningsindskrevet i en integrationsdiskurs, der strukturerer rammerne for, hvordan den muslimske identitet tilskrives betydning. At det nu er religionen, snarere end tidligere kulturen eller klassetilhørsforholdet, der bliver tillagt betydning, ikke blot illustrerer, hvordan tilskrivningen af betydning ændres over tid og sted, men er vigtig for forståelsen af minoritetens strategier og handlemuligheder. Hvordan islam og kategorien muslim bliver til og forhandles er noget, som særligt Tekla Canger kommer ind på i sin artikel. På baggrund af livshistoriske interviews af minoriserede kvinder med muslimsk baggrund analyseres positioneringen ’muslim’ som en grundlæggende intersektionel og sammenvævet konstruktion, der på forskellig vis konvergerer med andre sociale kategorier og kontekstuelle positioneringer. Canger kommer blandt andet ind på de unges muligheder for at skabe et ”tredje rum” i deres forhandlinger af en muslimsk andethed.At skabe en ’praktisk’ minoritet indebærer for det tredje, at den tillægges betydning som anderledes, hvilket sker gennem specifikke kategoriseringer og repræsentationer. Det sker i mange forskelligartede kontekster, som herværende artikler hver især eksemplificerer. Gennem sammenligninger af fremstillinger af jøden i begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede med fremstillinger af muslimen i begyndelsen af det 21. århundrede, argumenterer Cora Alexa Døving således for, at selve konstruktionen af ’minoritetsstereotypen’ synes at have fællestræk på tværs af tid og rum. Fremstillingerne, der analyseres, er fra den norske offentlige debat i form af avisartikler, bøger, pamfletter mv. Signe Kjær Jørgensenundersøger muslimers betingelser for selvfremstilling i medierne gennem en analyse af et interview med Asmaa Abdol-Hamid i Politiken. Her argumenterer Kjær Jørgensen for, at minoriteten har stærkt afgrænsede muligheder for selvfremstilling, idet betingelserne herfor udstikkes af majoritetens normativitet og forforståelser. Medierne er således én kontekst for kategorisering og repræsentation. I Lindekildes artikel vises, hvordan det politiske tiltag om brugen af rollemodeller som integrationsfremmende og radikaliseringshæmmende redskab implicit opererer med kategoriseringer. Den institutionaliserede politiske praksis er således en anden kontekst for kategorisering. Den politiske diskurs om muslimer og særligt radikaliserede muslimer er ligeledes central i Iben Helqvists artikel, da embedsmandsværket indretter deres politiske praksis i forbindelse med valg af muslimske samtalepartnere efter politikeres og mediers offentlige kategoriseringer af specifikke muslimer og muslimske organisationer som værende radikale eller ekstreme i deres islamfortolkning. Her konvergerer de mediebårne kategoriseringer med institutionaliseret politisk praksis. Imidlertid viser Helqvists artikel, at minoritetens vilje til tilhørsforhold og krav om anerkendelse som ligeværdige borgere i det danske samfund blandt andet artikuleres gennem netop den demokratiske proces. Således peger Helqvist på muslimske organisationers forhandling af at repræsentere en dansk islam og indgå som samarbejdspartnere i en national politisk kontekst.Som det fremgår af dette bud på minoritetsperspektiver, som dette temanummers artikler kan læses med, handler temaet muslim og minoritet ikke så meget om islam, som det handler om muslimsk identitet i en særlig form for samfundsmæssighed. Adskillige af de boganmeldelser, som også rummes i dette nummer, har samme interessefelt. Det er med interesse for dette felt, at vi opfordrer læserne til at læse dette nummer af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning.

U drugoj polovici osamnaestog stoljeća pod utjecajem fiziokratskih strujanja nastaju skromne promjene u tradicionalnom načinu rada i života na dalmatinskom selu. One se mogu pratiti za francuske, ne toliko u prvim desetljećima austrijske uprave, dok je u drugoj polovici devetnaestog stoljeća taj proces vidniji, osobito uoči prvoga svjetskog rata. Proces modernizacije se očituje u uvođenju novih kultura, raznih sorti voćaka, primjeni novih sredstava za rad, podizanju kuća na kat i odvajanju stoke u zasebne gospodarske zgrade, osnivanju seoskih blagajni i zadruga te uključivanju u skromno turističko privređivanje. Sve će to pridonijeti racionalnom gospodarenju i štednji.Preobrazba sela i seljaštva je tekla dosta sporo zbog nerazriješenih zemljišnih odnosa u primorju i na otocima, pojavi lihve u Dalmatinskoj zagori, zaostalosti i neprosvijećenosti seljaka, primitivnih sredstava za rad te nedovoljne financijske i druge pomoći državnih vlasti. Za to se nisu zauzele ni građanske stranke, iz klasnih interesa, pa ni socijalisti, osim verbalne podrške, već ponešto Hrvatska demokratska pučka stranka preko »Seljačke sloge« uoči prvoga svjetskog rata. Stoga je vladala stalna nesnošljivost između sela i grada, kape i šešira, koja se očitovala u pasivnom i aktivnom otporu seljaka zemljišnim vlasnicima i državi s antifeudalnim i antiaustrijskiim obilježjem u primorju 1 na otocima, napose u Boki Kotorskoj. Pojava osnovnih škola, čitaonica i knjižnica na selu, zatim zdravstveno prosvjećivanje te prijelaz zemlje u ruke onih koji je obrađuju, doprinijet će gospodarskom osamostaljenju, buđenju političke, nacionalne i društvene svijesti i postupnu rađanju seljačke samosvijesti.

AbstractThermodilution cardiac output monitoring, using a thermistor-tipped intravascular catheter, is used in critically ill patients to guide hemodynamic therapy. Often, these patients also need magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnostic or prognostic reasons. As thermodilution catheters contain metal, they are considered MRI-unsafe and advised to be removed prior to investigation. However, removal and replacement of the catheter carries risks of bleeding, perforation and infection. This research is an in vitro safety assessment of the PiCCO™ thermodilution catheter during 3 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3T-MRI). In a 3T-MRI environment, three different PiCCO™ catheter sizes were investigated in an agarose-gel, tissue mimicking phantom. Two temperature probes measured radiofrequency-induced heating; one at the catheter tip and one at a reference point. Magnetically induced catheter dislocation was assessed by visual observation as well as by analysis of the tomographic images. For all tested catheters, the highest measured temperature increase was 0.2 °C at the center of the bore and 0.3 °C under “worst-case” setting for the tested MRI pulse sequences. No magnetically induced catheter displacements were observed. Under the tested circumstances, no heating or dislocation of the PiCCO™ catheter was observed in a tissue mimicking phantom during 3T-MRI. Leaving the catheter in the critically ill patient during MRI investigation might pose a lower risk of complications than catheter removal and replacement.

ABSTRACTWe have developed an instrument which simultaneously measures the thermal conductivity κ, Seebeck coefficient α, and electrical resistivity ρ of a sample, thereby determining the thermoelectric figure of merit Z = α2/(κρ). A Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) provides the temperature control from 1.9 - 390 K and applied magnetic fields of up to 14 tesla. Two small probes mounted along the sample each contain thin film Cernox chip thermometers as well as electrical contacts to monitor the temperature and voltage drops across the sample. A third probe attached to the end of the sample provides a heater and current source to stimulate the sample both thermally and electrically. The sample's response to cyclic heat pulses is analyzed in real time using DSP techniques. A nonlinear least-squares fit is used, employing a two time-constant model to determine both the thermal conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient for the material. Data acquisition using these ac techniques are expedited since we can sweep both temperature and field during a measurement. Adaptive algorithms continually adjust the thermal and electrical stimuli applied to the sample, optimizing the speed and accuracy of the measurement. We present results from some of the materials measured so far, including thermal conductivity standards and Pb in the superconducting state.

V tokratni številki Sodobnih vojaških izzivov smo se posvetili odnosom med Evropsko unijo in Natom na varnostnem področju. 1. junija 2021 so se v Bruslju sestali zunanji ministri držav članic zavezništva, da bi se dogovorili o podrobnostih vrha Nata 14. junija 2021 v Bruslju v Belgiji, torej prav v času izida naše tematske številke. Dvajset zunanjih ministrov je predstavljalo države članice Nata, ki so obenem tudi članice EU, zaradi česar je dogodek, kot je vrh Nata, še toliko večjega pomena za prihodnost evropske varnosti. Na ministrialu so bile omenjene številne teme, kot na primer Afganistan, Belorusija, Rusija in Kitajska. Na splošno pa je bilo poudarjeno, da se mora Nato prilagajati novim varnostnim izzivom v zelo tekmovalnem okolju. Kot je omenil generalni sekretar Nata Jens Stoltenberg, se spoprijemamo s številnimi izzivi naši varnosti, s katerimi se moramo spoprijeti skupaj, kajti nobena država ali kontinent se z njimi ne more spoprijeti sama. Navedeno vključuje krepitev sedanjih partnerstev, pa tudi vzpostavljanje novih, vključno z azijsko-pacifiškimi, afriškimi in latinskomeriškimi državami. Beseda je tekla tudi o pospeševanju usposabljanja in krepitvi zmogljivosti za partnerje, pa tudi o prizadevanjih za reševanje vplivov podnebnih sprememb na varnost. Ministri so se strinjali, da morajo začeti delati po prihodnjem Natovem strateškem konceptu, saj se je varnostno okolje po letu 2010 pomembno spremenilo. Generalni sekretar je poudaril, da bo Natova prihodnja prilagoditev od članic zahtevala nadaljevanje vlaganj v obrambo in več skupnih vlaganj za dosego multiplikatorja moči in močnega sporočila o skupni enotnosti in odločnosti. V času, ko je bil predsednik Združenih držav Amerike Donald Trump, je bilo dejstvo, da Evropska unija oziroma njene države članice namenjajo premalo pozornosti in s tem tudi virov za lastno obrambo, pogosto aktualna tema političnih razprav. Leta 2016, torej že leto pred nastopom mandata ameriškega predsednika Trumpa, je Evropska unija sprejela Globalno strategijo, v kateri je predvidela nekaj možnosti, s pomočjo katerih želi okrepiti področje Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike, o čemer bomo več pisali v naslednji številki Sodobnih varnostnih izzivov. V njej so predvideli, da bodo Evropski obrambi sklad, Stalno strukturno sodelovanje, Usklajeni letni pregled obrambe ter drugi mehanizmi delovali tako, da se dejavnosti, viri in zmogljivosti ne bodo podvajali z Natovimi, temveč se bodo med seboj dopolnjevali. Res je, da je Evropska unija v okviru Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike na svojih srečanjih in v sprejetih dokumentih predvidela že veliko dejavnosti v smislu krepitve te politike, a jih je pozneje bolj malo udejanjila. Se je na tem področju v zadnjih štirih letih kaj spremenilo ali pa se mogoče še bo v času, ko se je začela konferenca o evropski prihodnosti? Tako kot zavezništvo načrtuje nov strateški koncept, tudi Evropska unija napoveduje Strateški kompas, ki bo dal nove usmeritve za prihodnje sodelovanje tudi na področju varnosti. Kako to sodelovanje med Evropsko unijo in Natom poteka leta 2021 na nekaterih področjih varnosti, nam predstavljajo avtorji v tokratni številki. Prispevek z naslovom Sodelovanje EU-NATO in slovensko predsedovanje svetu evropske unije avtorja Marka Mahniča prinaša zanimivo tezo o tem, ali so ovire za skladno delovanje Evropske unije in Organizacije severnoatlantske pogodbe na področju skupne varnosti in obrambe le tehnične narave ali pa gre morda za razlike v politiki, dvostranskih odnosih in nacionalnih ambicijah določenih držav. O tem, kakšno je Partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju informacijske oziroma kibernetske varnosti: teorija in praksa, piše Damjan Štrucl. Kot pravi, so razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije in novi izzivi sodobnega varnostnega okolja pripeljali do podpisa Skupne izjave o poglobljenem strateškem partnerstvu med organizacijama leta 2016. V prispevku avtor analizira strateško partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju varnosti in obrambe v sodobnem varnostnem okolju. Obrambne pobude za krepitev varnosti Evropske unije so k pisanju prispevka spodbudile Gregorja Garba, ki predstavlja, kaj vse je Globalna strategija Evropske unije leta 2016 prispevala za njeno strateško obrambno avtonomijo, sprva sicer v teoretičnem smislu po petih letih, pa tudi v praktičnem smislu. Vse seveda ob dejstvu, da bo Evropska unija tudi v prihodnje ohranjala močne stike in trdno sodelovanje s Severnoatlantskim zavezništvom. David Humar in Nina Raduha predstavljata proces nastajanja Vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije v Slovenski vojski. Spremembe v mednarodnem okolju so k strateškim premislekom na varnostnem področju spodbudile Nato in Evropsko unijo. Slovenija kot država članica v obeh organizacijah prav tako potrebuje strateški premislek na vojaškem in varnostnem področju. Več o procesu v prispevku Oblikovanje vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije. Reševanje nezakonitih migracij v Evropi je tema, ki se ji je posvetil Miklós Böröcz. Vse od leta 2015 so takrat množične nezakonite migracije pomenile veliko težavo za Evropo in Evropsko unijo. Množična begunska kriza se je postopoma preoblikovala v nezakonite migracije posameznikov in manjših skupin, ki so ohranile in okrepile stik z vsemi na poti, ki pri tem sodelujejo in skrbijo, da migracijski tok z nezakonitim predznakom ne pojenja. Avtor ima nekaj rešitev za to problematiko.

V tokratni številki Sodobnih vojaških izzivov smo se posvetili odnosom med Evropsko unijo in Natom na varnostnem področju. 1. junija 2021 so se v Bruslju sestali zunanji ministri držav članic zavezništva, da bi se dogovorili o podrobnostih vrha Nata 14. junija 2021 v Bruslju v Belgiji, torej prav v času izida naše tematske številke. Dvajset zunanjih ministrov je predstavljalo države članice Nata, ki so obenem tudi članice EU, zaradi česar je dogodek, kot je vrh Nata, še toliko večjega pomena za prihodnost evropske varnosti. Na ministrialu so bile omenjene številne teme, kot na primer Afganistan, Belorusija, Rusija in Kitajska. Na splošno pa je bilo poudarjeno, da se mora Nato prilagajati novim varnostnim izzivom v zelo tekmovalnem okolju. Kot je omenil generalni sekretar Nata Jens Stoltenberg, se spoprijemamo s številnimi izzivi naši varnosti, s katerimi se moramo spoprijeti skupaj, kajti nobena država ali kontinent se z njimi ne more spoprijeti sama. Navedeno vključuje krepitev sedanjih partnerstev, pa tudi vzpostavljanje novih, vključno z azijsko-pacifiškimi, afriškimi in latinskomeriškimi državami. Beseda je tekla tudi o pospeševanju usposabljanja in krepitvi zmogljivosti za partnerje, pa tudi o prizadevanjih za reševanje vplivov podnebnih sprememb na varnost. Ministri so se strinjali, da morajo začeti delati po prihodnjem Natovem strateškem konceptu, saj se je varnostno okolje po letu 2010 pomembno spremenilo. Generalni sekretar je poudaril, da bo Natova prihodnja prilagoditev od članic zahtevala nadaljevanje vlaganj v obrambo in več skupnih vlaganj za dosego multiplikatorja moči in močnega sporočila o skupni enotnosti in odločnosti. V času, ko je bil predsednik Združenih držav Amerike Donald Trump, je bilo dejstvo, da Evropska unija oziroma njene države članice namenjajo premalo pozornosti in s tem tudi virov za lastno obrambo, pogosto aktualna tema političnih razprav. Leta 2016, torej že leto pred nastopom mandata ameriškega predsednika Trumpa, je Evropska unija sprejela Globalno strategijo, v kateri je predvidela nekaj možnosti, s pomočjo katerih želi okrepiti področje Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike, o čemer bomo več pisali v naslednji številki Sodobnih varnostnih izzivov. V njej so predvideli, da bodo Evropski obrambi sklad, Stalno strukturno sodelovanje, Usklajeni letni pregled obrambe ter drugi mehanizmi delovali tako, da se dejavnosti, viri in zmogljivosti ne bodo podvajali z Natovimi, temveč se bodo med seboj dopolnjevali. Res je, da je Evropska unija v okviru Skupne varnostne in obrambne politike na svojih srečanjih in v sprejetih dokumentih predvidela že veliko dejavnosti v smislu krepitve te politike, a jih je pozneje bolj malo udejanjila. Se je na tem področju v zadnjih štirih letih kaj spremenilo ali pa se mogoče še bo v času, ko se je začela konferenca o evropski prihodnosti? Tako kot zavezništvo načrtuje nov strateški koncept, tudi Evropska unija napoveduje Strateški kompas, ki bo dal nove usmeritve za prihodnje sodelovanje tudi na področju varnosti. Kako to sodelovanje med Evropsko unijo in Natom poteka leta 2021 na nekaterih področjih varnosti, nam predstavljajo avtorji v tokratni številki. Prispevek z naslovom Sodelovanje EU-NATO in slovensko predsedovanje svetu evropske unije avtorja Marka Mahniča prinaša zanimivo tezo o tem, ali so ovire za skladno delovanje Evropske unije in Organizacije severnoatlantske pogodbe na področju skupne varnosti in obrambe le tehnične narave ali pa gre morda za razlike v politiki, dvostranskih odnosih in nacionalnih ambicijah določenih držav. O tem, kakšno je Partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju informacijske oziroma kibernetske varnosti: teorija in praksa, piše Damjan Štrucl. Kot pravi, so razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije in novi izzivi sodobnega varnostnega okolja pripeljali do podpisa Skupne izjave o poglobljenem strateškem partnerstvu med organizacijama leta 2016. V prispevku avtor analizira strateško partnerstvo EU-Nato pri zagotavljanju varnosti in obrambe v sodobnem varnostnem okolju. Obrambne pobude za krepitev varnosti Evropske unije so k pisanju prispevka spodbudile Gregorja Garba, ki predstavlja, kaj vse je Globalna strategija Evropske unije leta 2016 prispevala za njeno strateško obrambno avtonomijo, sprva sicer v teoretičnem smislu po petih letih, pa tudi v praktičnem smislu. Vse seveda ob dejstvu, da bo Evropska unija tudi v prihodnje ohranjala močne stike in trdno sodelovanje s Severnoatlantskim zavezništvom. David Humar in Nina Raduha predstavljata proces nastajanja Vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije v Slovenski vojski. Spremembe v mednarodnem okolju so k strateškim premislekom na varnostnem področju spodbudile Nato in Evropsko unijo. Slovenija kot država članica v obeh organizacijah prav tako potrebuje strateški premislek na vojaškem in varnostnem področju. Več o procesu v prispevku Oblikovanje vojaške strategije Republike Slovenije. Reševanje nezakonitih migracij v Evropi je tema, ki se ji je posvetil Miklós Böröcz. Vse od leta 2015 so takrat množične nezakonite migracije pomenile veliko težavo za Evropo in Evropsko unijo. Množična begunska kriza se je postopoma preoblikovala v nezakonite migracije posameznikov in manjših skupin, ki so ohranile in okrepile stik z vsemi na poti, ki pri tem sodelujejo in skrbijo, da migracijski tok z nezakonitim predznakom ne pojenja. Avtor ima nekaj rešitev za to problematiko.