Dissertationen zum Thema „Processus d'observation“
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Faguy, Jacques. „La conception du processus d'observation scientifique chez des enseignantes du primaire“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29178.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDrot, Sébastien. „Segmentation d'images d'observation de la terre par des techniques de géométrie stochastique“. Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE5793.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProbabilist techniques used for image segmentation or image classification are generally based on a pixelwise approach. They are well-known for their robustness w. R. T. Noise because of their ability to take into account noise statistics and a priori information on the segmentation (homogeneity, texture). These methods have been proved to be particularly relevant for low and medium resolution data (AVHRR, Landsat, SPOT). With high resolution data (as for example aerial images), these methods reach their limits because they do not use any geometrical information on the underlying objects (in rural environment for example, fields are geometrical entities). So, it is desirable to develop new methods that take into account this kind of information. To keep the advantages of Bayesian approaches within taking into account simple geometrical properties, we suggest to use object point processes. We have developped two families of models based on some equilateral triangles: in the first case, triangles can have only four directions; in the second case, orientation is arbitrary. Those models embed some a priori information that favour configurations closed to a partition of the image (here, a configuration is a collection of triangles); data attachment gives a more important probability for objects that are localized on homogeneous texture. They are optimized thanks to a simulated annealing scheme based on a Reversible Jump MCMC algorithm. At this stage, we obtain an over-segmentation. Then, a post-processing enables to merge areas with similar radiometries. This approach has been applied with success to optical aerial data and radar satellite images
Yao, Yijun. „Exploration d’un équipement d'observation non intrusif pour la compréhension des processus de projection thermique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCA025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe fourth industrial revolution ushered in a new technological era characterized by digitalization and intelligence. In this context, there is a growing tendency to combine traditional technologies with more modern information technologies. This approach is opening up a new avenue of interpretation for scientific research.In the context of this study, which is specific to thermal spraying, the work involved using a non-invasive display device to collect on-line images of a jet seeded with powder particles. Processing these images using a specially developed algorithm resulted in the extraction of relevant and reliable data on the construction processes of a spray coating.Indeed, thermal spraying, as a traditional technology in the field of surface treatments, is also a very promising technique in the field of additive manufacturing. The coatings produced by this method have excellent properties and are widely applied in a variety of sectors. It therefore seems important to change the paradigm by incorporating computer technologies.The experiments carried out enabled us to observe the phenomena/processes involved in the plasma spraying of alumina particles, and an algorithm was developed to extract the interesting data contained in the images observed (size distribution of the flying particles, growth pattern of the coating on the substrate, deposition efficiency, etc.). In this way, it was possible to study the particle velocity and flight angle distributions throughout the plasma spraying process.Subsequently, validation of the observation technique and the algorithm applied to plasma spraying made it possible to study the existing cold spraying process. In situ observation of copper particles was therefore carried out to identify the stacking process of cold-sprayed layers and to quantify the size and dispersion of the particles forming the deposit. The study also combined different characterization methods to understand the process of layer stacking during cold spraying
Villesèque-Dubus, Fabienne. „Transversalité et Systèmes Budgétaires- Un essai d'observation et d'analyse“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473296.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOchi, Hanen. „Abstraction and modular verification of inter-enterprise business processes“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD064/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleToday's corporations often must operate across organizational boundaries. Phenomena such as electronic commerce, extended enterprises, and the Internet stimulate cooperation between organizations. We propose a bottom-up approach to check the correct interaction between business processes distributed over a number of organizations. The whole system's model being unavailable, an up-down analysis approach is simply not feasible. We consider two correctness criteria of Inter-Enterprise Business Processes (IEBP) composed by two (or more) business processes communicating either synchronously or asynchronously and sharing resources : a generic one expressed with the well known soundness property (and some of its variants), and a specic one expressed with any linear time temporal logic formula. Each part of the whole organization exposes its abstract model, represented by a Symbolic Observation Graph (SOG), in order to allow the collaboration with possible partners. We revisited and adapted the SOG in order to reduce the verification of the entire composite model to the verification of the composition of the SOG-based abstractions. We implemented our verification algorithms, aiming at checking both specic and generic properties using SOGs, and compared our approach to some well known verification tools. The experimental results are encouraging in terms of both the construction time and the size of the abstraction's size. This strengthen our belief that the SOGs are suitable to abstract and to compose business processes especially when these are loosely coupled
Couleau-Dupont, Annelise. „Le processus d'appropriation du référentiel IAS/IFRS au sein des organisations - Essai d'observation et d'interprétation des pratiques -“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830405.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCareau, Emmanuelle. „Processus de collaboration interprofessionnelle en santé et services sociaux : proposition d'une grille d'observation des rencontres d'équipe interdisciplinaires“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29470/29470.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZogmal, Marianne [Verfasser]. „«Savoir voir et faire voir » : Les processus d'observation et de catégorisation dans l'éducation de l'enfance / Marianne Zogmal“. Bern : Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216397546/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOsman, Julien. „Connaissances expertes et modélisation pour l'exploitation d'images d'observation de la Terre à hautes résolutions spatiale, spectrale et temporelle“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe future Earth observation space missions, Venµs and Sentinel (1 and 2), will provide us with a flow of data unseen in terms of spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. To use these data efficiently for the generation of land cover maps or change detection, we need fast, robust approaches that require as little supervision as possible. For instance, a concrete use of these data could be the identification, as early as May, of the area growing corn in all the South-West part of France. Or obtaining a monthly land cover map, in a slight delay, on large areas. Images alone don't allow us to reach such goals. Nevertheless, other information is available, which hasn't been really used. The main goal of this thesis is to identify available prior information, evaluate its revelance, and introduce it in preexisting processing chains to assess its contribution. We focused on agriculture monitoring. The information we used is knowledge on farming practices (crop rotations, irrigation, crop class alternation, etc) and the size and the topography of the fields. We mainly worked with 2 sources of prior knowledge: * Knowledge contained in databases such as the Registre Parcellaire Graphique (RPG). We used data mining methods to extract it. * Knowledge provided by experts. We modeled it with 1\up{st} order logic rules. One contribution of this thesis is the selection and assessment of a tool allowing us to extract and process information in a way that we can introduce it efficiently in preexisting classification algorithms: Markov Logic. Markov Logic is a statistical tool able to work with both information from databases and information modeled with logic rules. We show that using these data increases the quality of the land cover maps. We also show that this information allows us to obtain real time maps, whose quality increases with the arrival of new information. As a conclusion of this thesis work, we provide outlooks for applying the same methodology to other areas, such as the monitoring of tropical forests dans generic land cover mapping
Martinet, Maxime. „Initiation et organisation d'un système fortement précipitant méditerranéen dans le cadre de période d'observation spéciale HyMeX : simulations aux échelles hectométriques“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30312.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeavy precipitating events affecting the whole Mediterranean region are dangerous phenomena. They can cause flash floods leading to significant material and human damages. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model made significant progress, especially through fine scale modeling. However, the prediction of these intense rainfall events remains imprecise. In the past, studies has already highlighted the major meteorological ingredients of these extreme phenomena. However, some fine scale mechanisms (microphysics and turbulence) and their interaction with larger scale are still not well known. The HyMeX research program is dedicated to improve the understanding of these processes and their representation in numerical models based on an unprecedented observations dataset. HyMeX also provides the first observations of heavy precipitating systems and their environment over the sea. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the representation of the processes participating in the initiation and the organization of convection in numerical models, especially over sea. The meteorological context and the precipitating systems of the POI16a convective event (26/10/2012) were first studied with numerous observations and a reference simulation realized at 2.5 km horizontal resolution. The environment, the initiation and the organisation mechanisms for convection have been analyzed, showing a convection initiation triggered by a convergence in humid and unstable low-level flow and by a cold pool under the storm playing a role of deflection of the low-level flow, reinforcing the convergence. This event was then simulated at a finer horizontal resolution of 500 m. This range of resolution, toward which the operational models curently operate, is located in the grey zone of the turbulence. The representation of turbulent processes between an explicit representation and parameterization is delicate. A sensitivity study to the turbulent mixing length was carried out. A strong impact is observed on both the environment (especially on the low-levels wind and humidity), the dynamic processes (vertical speed) and the microphysics in the precipitating system (hydrometeor content, precipitation and cold pool intensity). The mixing length commonly used in this range of resolution produces less subgrid turbulence and gives a more intense convective system. Finally, to extract from the grey zone of turbulence and the associated difficulties, the resolution was refined to the LES scale. The first LES simulation of a real heavy precipitating Mediterranean event was carried out with a horizontal resolution of 150 m on a large grid covering the north-west of the Mediterranean bassin (900 million points). The simulation in the grey zone of turbulence proposed a representation of the environment quite similar, but a convective system more intense compared to the reality of the LES. A rapid analysis of the simulated precipitating system structure showed the opportunity offered by this LES simulation to study the dynamic and the microphysical organization of the system at a finer scale
Vincent, Stéphanie. „Les « altermobilités » : analyse sociologique d'usages de déplacements alternatifs à la voiture individuelle. Des pratiques en émergence ?“ Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331659.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSonon, Evariste Bivegnon. „Analyse des moyens nationaux et internationaux de contrôle du processus électoral en Afrique“. Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CERG0366.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleControl of the electoral process remains one of the political challenges related to the risk of slippages and post-electoral conflicts that Africa is facing at the beginning of the current century. One of the priorities of the new African constituents and political actors of the years 1990 was the establishment of a legal and institutional basis to oversee the electoral practice, long skewed by the interference of executive powers. To ensure equality among candidates and transparency of democratie elections, it was agreed to trust with neutral and independent bodies the organization and supervision of the process. The current study focuses on an analysis of various ways to control elections regarding the application of conventional and constitutional requirements relating to human rights. Our research primarily concems the evolution of the electoral process through some telling examples, and aims at evaluating some national tools of electoral processes monitoring. The widespread suspicion of partiality of national control bodies and election judges, leads to the suggestion of deep reforms domestically. The second part of the research highlights the commitment of the international community since the fall of the Berlin Wall in the promotion of democracy through the monitoring of elections. Organizing free and fair elections, duly certified by international observers has now become a pre-requisite condition for international aid grants. But proper follow-up of monitoring reports is still very limited for geopolitical reasons
Lheureux, Edel. „Investigating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) migration phenology using a long-term capture-recapture study : disentangling observation process from underlying ecological mechanisms using a Bayesian modelling approach“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman activities are at the root of an unprecedented biodiversity crisis. Migratoryspecies are particularly at risk, because migration is risky and makesthese species dependent on multiple environments and their connectivity. Phenology,i.e. the timing at which a species completes an event of its life cycle,has a strong influence on the overall cost of that event. In this thesis, I focuson the phenology of the first seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar, A. salmon), a crucial event in its life cycle. Climate change is increasing lydisrupting the phenology of many species, including migratory species. Inparticular, it is altering the life-history traits and environmental cues that triggermigration. This can result in asynchrony between the conditions required by the species during, or following, the migration in question. Understandingthe mechanisms underlying phenological changes is essential for predicting theimpact that these disturbances could have on species. However, these mechanismsremain poorly understood due to incomplete data and/or inadequateapproaches to their statistical analysis. To study the first seaward migration ofA. salmon, I used long-term (25 years) mark-recapture monitoring in the Scorffriver (Brittany, France). Data collected in the natural environment are subjectto variations in the observation process that can mask or bias our understandingof the underlying biological processes. This is particularly important whenan environmental factor (such as flow rate) influences both the observation (forexample, the effectiveness of a trap) and the biological process (triggering ofmigration). To avoid misinterpretations, I propose a hierarchical, mechanisticBayesian modelling approach that explicitly separates the observation process(capture efficiency) and the dynamic process of interest (migration phenology),both of which are influenced by different effects of environmental factors. Afirst model provides an estimate of capture probabilities and their variationsover time, which are then used in a second model to identify the mechanisms ofmigration phenology. This second model highlights the importance of temperature,discharge and discharge variation in the migration decision. These factorsmay be disrupted by climate change, so I conclude by exploring the possibleconsequences of climate change on the phenology and size of young salmonduring their migration to the sea, both of which are crucial to their fitness. Mythesis highlights the importance of mechanistic modelling in understandingchanges in phenology, and offers an additional perspective for understandingthe ongoing decline in Atlantic salmon populations
Thurin, Jean-Michel. „Caractériser et comprendre le processus de changement des psychothérapies complexes : modélisation des processus, mécanismes et conditions des changements associés à la psychothérapie de 66 enfants et adolescents présentant des troubles du spectre autistique“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB104/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe methodology of assessment in psychotherapy has long been limited to results from comparative group clinical trials. The objective, expressed in the 2000s, to understand what is causing its effectiveness has involved a methodological renewal. Its concrete application is poorly documented. The first part presents, from a review of the literature focusing on the introduction of research on the process associated with outcomes, how the multifactorial interactional paradigm of psychotherapy has stimulated the development of methods adapted to the complexity and observation in natural conditions. The second part introduces the general and specific methodological questions of this new orientation around five main axes: 1. an interactional and transactional epistemology; 2. A refocusing on intensive mixed case studies; 3. A multifocal clinical and theoretical investigation of the processes and mechanisms of change; 4. a strong clinical-researcher relationship; 5. an innovative statistical approach. The third part presents the experience and issues raised by the implementation of this program as part of a practice-oriented clinical research network, from data collection to analysis of processes and mechanisms of change, and results. The fourth part presents a detailed review of the literature. This work should foster collaborations with related disciplines and treatment efficiency through a better understanding of the conditions and mechanisms of change associated with the development of a case study database
Chainais, Pierre. „Processus aléatoires invariants d'échelle et analyse multirésolution pour la modélisation d'observations de systèmes physiques“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808965.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChevalier, Stéphanie. „Inférence logique de réseaux booléens à partir de connaissances et d'observations de processus de différenciation cellulaire“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDynamic models are essential tools for exploring regulatory mechanisms in biology. This thesis was guided by the need expressed in oncology and developmental biology to automatically infer Boolean networks reproducing cellular differentiation processes.By considering observations and knowledge that the modelers have at their disposal, this thesis presents an approach that allows to model the richness of this cellular behavior by inferring all the compatible Boolean networks at that scale of the regulatory networks commonly considered in biology.To develop this method, three main contributions are presented.The first contribution is a formal framework of the properties of data collected to study cellular differentiation. This framework allows reasoning about the desired dynamic properties within Boolean networks to be consistent with this cellular behavior.The second contribution concerns the encoding of the model inference problem as a Boolean satisfiability problem whose solutions are the Boolean networks compatible with the biological data. For this, constraints on the dynamics of Boolean networks corresponding to the previously formalized properties have been implemented in logic programming.The last contribution was to apply to real biological problems the model inference method, named BoNesis, which was developed thanks to the constraints. These applications showed the benefit of inferring a set of models for the process analysis and illustrated the modeling methodology, from the preparation of biological data to the analysis of the inferred models
Rojas, Muñoz Oscar Javier. „Le rôle des nuages et des processus de surface sur la variabilité de la température à l'échelle locale : analyse d'observations multi-variables“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLarge-scale dynamics dominate the surface temperature variations and atmospheric conditions in Western Europe to the first order. However, this large-scale air mass circulation alone does not explain all the temperature and precipitation variability. At the second order, this variability depends on small-scale processes via the atmospheric boundary layer and the surface energy balance (SEB), which itself depends largely on radiation and thus on cloud properties.The objective of this thesis is to better understand local processes and their influence on local climate variability, with a particular focus on the role of clouds.To do so, the first objective is to quantify the specific local contribution of the main SEB terms acting on short-term (i.e. hourly) temperature variations in Ile de France, and to determine their importance and the conditions under which one or the other of these terms will be preponderant. The four terms acting on the temperature variations are radiation (which can be separated into clear sky and cloud contribution), heat exchange with the atmosphere, heat exchange with the ground, and temperature advection. We develop the OTEM model that allows us to estimate these terms almost exclusively from observations, using the SIRTA-ReOBS dataset. We show that the sum of these four terms gives a good estimate of the hourly temperature variations. The weight of each term of the SEB on the hourly temperature variations is analyzed using the random forest method, whose main advantage is its ability to handle thousands of input variables and identify the most significant ones. This analysis showed that regardless of the season, clouds are the main modulator of the sun's effect on hourly temperature variations during the day, and they completely dominate during the night.The second objective is to study the specific role of clouds in temperature variations. For this purpose, other observations including lidar profiles have been used, exclusively under cloudy conditions. Several cases were created from the radiative effect of clouds during the day and night to (i) better understand how they affect the state of the atmosphere and thus other variables at the surface, and (ii) characterize the type of predominant clouds according to their radiative effect.Finally, we investigate the spatio-temporal variability of the previously obtained results: (1) spatial variability by applying the same method to the Meteopole site in Toulouse to understand how local specific conditions affect each of the terms involved in the surface temperature variations; (2) variability as a function of large-scale air circulation conditions by separating our results as a function of North Atlantic weather patterns
Rohmer, Tom. „Deux tests de détection de rupture dans la copule d'observations multivariées“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5933.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAulagnier, Céline. „Apport d'un modèle de transport méso-échelle sur l'estimation des sources et puits de CO2 à l'échelle régionale européenne par inversion du transport et assimilation d'observations in-situ“. Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066327.
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